英语语言学概论大纲

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英语语言学概论教学大纲

英语语言学概论教学大纲

《英语语言学概论》教学大纲课程编号:S032022 课程类型:专业必修课课程名称:英语语言学概论英文名称:Introduction to English Linguistics学分:2 适用专业:英语专业第一部分大纲说明一、课程的性质、目的和任务《英语语言学概论》课是英语专业的一门专业必修课。

本课程主要是让学生系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识,掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论,了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用,熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。

通过本课程的学习,学生可以从不同的角度了解语言,了解有关语言问题的最基本研究方法、研究领域、概念范畴,掌握语言的本质、功能、结构以及语言的存在和发展规律,提高学生对语言的社会、人文、经济、科技以及个人修养等方面重要性的认识,培养语言意识,发展理性思维,拓宽思路和视野,初步具备用科学方法分析语言事实和语言现象的能力。

本课程的特点是:专业术语多,概念多,内容抽象,学生在学习本课程之前应先学习提高语言读写能力的课程,如《基础英语》、《高级英语》、《翻译理论与实践》和《英语写作》等,这样可以减少语言障碍,有利于学好语言学的理论知识。

二、课程的基本要求通过对本课程的学习,学生应对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。

具体应达到以下要求:1、了解语言和语言学的基本概念、研究范围、分支及其在它学科领域的应用;2、熟悉语言的性质、功能和现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物;3、掌握语言学各分支中相关的理论与概念,能初步运用语言学理论分析相关的语言现象。

三、本课程与相关课程的联系本课程涵盖范围很广,既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学,又涉及许多交叉学科,如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学(包括语言学理论与外语教学),以及神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。

语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。

《语言学概论》教学大纲汇总

《语言学概论》教学大纲汇总

《语言学概论》课程教学大纲一、基本信息课程编号:10601100540课程名称:语言学概论英文名称: Linguistics课程性质:必修课程总学时:64 学分:4理论学时:64 实验学时:0实践学时:0 指导自学学时:0适用专业:英语专业(医药贸易方向)适用层次:本科先修课程:英语语法,精读等承担院部:人文学院学科组:英语专业学科组二、课程介绍(一)课程目标及地位本课程是高等院校英语专业必修课程之一,一般安排在第七学期,向学生介绍语言学领域的重要研究成果,包括语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学、语用学的基本理论以及语言与文化、社会、思维等的关系。

通过本课程的学习,学生将具备语言学的基本知识,并通过所获得的知识加深对英语的理解及增强对英语中一些语言现象的观察和分析的能力。

本课程的教学目的有两个,即:掌握英语语言学的基础知识、以及应用英语从事语言学方面研究的能力。

1、掌握语言学的基础知识本课程以英语为主要研究对象,重点介绍英语语言的内部结构、表现形式和意义以及与人的心理、社会、文化艺术、信息科学、教育等的关系,要求学生通过听讲与自学,对英语语言学、语言学分支、流派及其发展等有一个比较全面地了解,掌握英语语言学的基本概念、研究方法及其应用等,提高对英语的理性认识,初步具备发现问题和解决问题的能力。

2、应用英语从事语言学研究的能力作为语言学方面的专门课程,本课程的最终目的是培养学生应用英语从事英语语言学或一般语言学研究的能力。

因此,本课程要求那些对语言学有兴趣并有意从事这方面研究的学生,能够运用英语和所学的语言学知识从事语言学或英语语言学方面的研究,用英语进行表达或撰写论文。

(二)教学基本要求1.“语言学概论”是汉语言文学专业的一门专业基础课程,是语言理论基础课。

它从理论上探讨人类语言的本质、结构和演变的规律。

学生通过本课程的学习,能比较系统地掌握语言学的基本概念、基本理论和基础知识,为提高语言理论水平、进一步学习和深入研究其他语言课程奠定必要的语言理论基础。

英语语言学概论

英语语言学概论

英语语言学概论GE GROUP system office room 【GEIHUA16H-GEIHUA GEIHUA8Q8-Chapter 1 Language语言1.Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of humanlanguage that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2.Productivity (能产性) refers to the ability that people have in makingand comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language.3.arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon thatthere is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning.4.symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, orsound that represents something else by association or convention.5.discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that thesounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.6.displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact thathuman language can be used to talk about things that are not in theimmediate situations of its users.7.duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into twolevels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality ofstructure.8.culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the factthat language is passed on from one generation to the next throughteaching and learning, rather than by inheritance.9.interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any humanbeing can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.1.★What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication. This definition has captured the main features of language.First, language is a system.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense.The third feature of language is symbolic nature.2.★What are the design features of language?Language has seven design features as following:1) Productivity.2) Discreteness.3) Displacement4) Arbitrariness.5) Cultural transmission6) Duality of structure.7) Interchangeability.3.Why do we say language is a system?Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a languageoperates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other.4.★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initialfunctions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language?I.Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functionsof children’s language:1) Instrumental function. 工具功能2) Regulatory function. 调节功能3) Representational function. 表现功能4) Interactional function. 互动功能5) Personal function. 自指性功能6) Heuristic function. 启发功能 [osbQtq`kf`h]7) Imaginative function. 想象功能II.Adult language has three functional components as following:1) Interpersonal components. 人际2) Ideational components.概念3) Textual components.语篇Chapter 2 Linguistics语言学1.general linguistics and descriptive linguistics (普通语言学与描写语言学)The former deals with language in general whereas the latter isconcerned with one particular language.2.synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics (共时语言学与历时语言学) Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of thelanguage and records the changes that have taken place in it betweensuccessive points in time. And synchronic linguistics presents anaccount of language as it is at some particular point in time.3.theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics (理论语言学与应用语言学)The former copes with languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structures and functions whereas the latter is concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks.4.microlinguistics and macrolinguistics (微观语言学与宏观语言学) Theformer studies only the structure of language system whereas the latter deals with everything that is related to languages.ngue and parole (语言与言语) The former refers to the abstractlinguistics system shared by all the members of a speech communitywhereas the latter refers to the concrete act of speaking in actualsituation by an individual speaker.petence and performance (语言能力与语言运用) The former is one’sknowledge of all the linguistic regulation systems whereas the latter is the use of language in concrete situation.7.speech and writing (口头语与书面语) Speech is the spoken form oflanguage whereas writing is written codes, gives language new scope.8.linguistics behavior potential and actual linguistic behavior (语言行为潜势与实际语言行为) People actually says on a certain occasion to acertain person is actual linguistics behavior. And each of possiblelinguistic items that he could have said is linguistic behaviorpotential.9.syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation (横组合关系与纵聚合关系)The former describes the horizontal dimension of a language while the latter describes the vertical dimension of a language.10.verbal communication and non-verbal communication (言语交际与非言语交际) Usual use of language as a means of transmitting information iscalled verbal communication. The ways we convey meaning without using language is called non-verbal communication.1.★How does John Lyons classify linguistics?According to John Lyons, the field of linguistics as a whole can be divided into several subfields as following:1) General linguistics and descriptive linguistics.2) Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics.3) Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.4) Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics.2.Explain the three principles by which the linguist is guided:consistency, adequacy and simplicity.1) Consistency means that there should be no contradictions betweendifferent parts of the theory and the description.2) Adequacy means that the theory must be broad enough in scope to offersignificant generalizations.3) Simplicity requires us to be as brief and economic as possible.3.★What are the sub-branches of linguistics within the language system?Within the language system there are six sub-branches as following:1) Phonetics. 语音学 is a study of speech sounds of all human languages.2) Phonology. 音位学 studies about the sounds and sound patterns of aspeaker’s native language.3) Morphology. 形态学 studies about how a word is formed.4) Syntax. 句法学 studies about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.5) Semantics. 语义学studies about the meaning of language, includingmeaning of words and meaning of sentences.6) Pragmatics. 语用学★The scope of language: Linguistics is referred to as a scientific study of language.★The scientific process of linguistic study: It involves four stages: collecting data, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis and drawing conclusions.Chapter 3 Phonetics语音学1.articulatory phonetics(发音语音学) The study of how speech organsproduce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2.acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) The study of the physical properties andof the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3.auditory phonetics (听觉语音学) The study of the way hearers perceivespeech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4.consonant (辅音) Consonant is a speech sound where the air form thelanguage is either completely blocked, or partially blocked, or where the opening between the speech organs is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction.5.vowel (元音) is defined as a speech sound in which the air from thelungs is not blocked in any way and is pronounced with vocal-cordvibration.6.bilabials (双唇音) Bilabials means that consonants for which the flow ofair is stopped or restricted by the two lips. [p] [b] [m] [w]7.affricates (塞擦音) The sound produced by stopping the airstream andthen immediately releasing it slowly is called affricates. [tX] [dY] [tr] [dr]8.glottis (声门) Glottis is the space between the vocal cords.9.rounded vowel (圆唇元音) Rounded vowel is defined as the vowel soundpronounced by the lips forming a circular opening. [u:] [u] [OB] [O]10.diphthongs (双元音) Diphthongs are produced by moving from one vowelposition to another through intervening positions.[ei][ai][Oi] [Qu][au]11.triphthongs (三合元音) Triphthongs are those which are produced bymoving from one vowel position to another and then rapidly andcontinuously to a third one. [eiQ][aiQ][OiQ] [QuQ][auQ]x vowels (松元音) According to distinction of long and short vowels,vowels are classified tense vowels and lax vowels. All the long vowels are tense vowels but of the short vowels,[e] is a tense vowel as well, and the rest short vowels are lax vowels.1. ★How are consonants classified in terms of different criteria?The consonants in English can be described in terms of four dimensions.1)The position of the soft palate.2)The presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration.3)The place of articulation.4)The manner of articulation.2.★How are vowels classified in terms of different criteria?Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors.1)The state of the velum2)The position of the tongue.3)The openness of the mouth.4)The shape of the lips.5)The length of the vowels.6)The tension of the muscles at pharynx.3.★What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ fromeach other?Phonetics has three sub-branches as following:1)Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech organs produce thesounds is called articulatory phonetics.2)Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties and ofthe transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3)Auditory phonetics is the study of the way hearers perceive speechsounds is called auditory phonetics.4.★What are the commonly used phonetic features for consonants andvowels respectively?I. The frequently used phonetic features for consonants include thefollowing:1)Voiced.2)Nasal.3)Consonantal.4)Vocalic.5)Continuant.6)Anterior.7)Coronal.8)Aspirated.II. The most common phonetic features for vowels include the following:1)High.2)Low.3)Front.4)Back.5)Rounded.6)Tense.Chapter 4 Phonology 音位学1.phonemes (音位) Phonemes are minimal distinctive units in the soundsystem of a language.2.allophones (音位变体) Allophones are the phonetic variants andrealizations of a particular phoneme.3.phones (单音) The smallest identifiable phonetic unit found in a streamof speech is called a phone.4.minimal pair (最小对立体) Minimal pair means words which differ fromeach other only by one sound.5.contrastive distribution (对比分布) If two or more sounds can occur inthe same environment and the substitution of one sound for anotherbrings about a change of meaning, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.plementary distribution (互补分布) If two or more sounds neverappear in the same environment ,then they are said to be incomplementary distribution.7.free variation (自由变异) When two sounds can appear in the sameenvironment and the substitution of one for the other does not cause any change in meaning, then they are said to be in free variation.8.distinctive features (区别性特征) A distinctive feature is a featurewhich distinguishes one phoneme from another.9.suprasegmental features (超切分特征) The distinctive (phonological)features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are known as suprasegmental features.10.tone languages (声调语言) Tone languages are those which use pitch tocontrast meaning at word level.11.intonation languages (语调语言) Intonation languages are those whichuse pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level.12.juncture (连音) Juncture refers to the phonetic boundary featureswhich may demarcate grammatical units.1. ★What are the differences between English phonetics and English phonology?1)Phonetics is the study of the production, perception, and physicalproperties of speech sounds, while phonology attempts to account for how they are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particularlanguages.2)Phonetics is the study of the actual sounds while phonology isconcerned with a more abstract description of speech sounds and tries to describe the regularities of sound patterns.2.Give examples to illustrate the relationship between phonemes, phonesand allophones.When we hear [pit],[tip],[spit],etc, the similar phones we have heard are /p/. And /p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes in English, while [ph] and [p] are allophones.3.How can we decide a minimal pair or a minimal set?A minimal pair should meet three conditions:1)The two forms are different in meaning.2)The two forms are different in one sound segment.3)The different sounds occur in the same position of the two strings.4.★Use examples to explain the three types of distribution.1)Contrastive distribution. Sounds [m] in met and [n] in net are incontrastive distribution because substituting [m] for [n] willresult in a change of meaning.2)Complementary distribution. The aspirated plosive [ph] and theunaspirated plosive [p] are in complementary distribution becausethe former occurs either initially in a word or initially in astressed syllable while the latter never occurs in such environments.3)Free variation. In English, the word “direct” may be pro nounce intwo ways: /di’rekt/ and /dia’rekt/, and the two different sounds/i/ and /ai/ can be said to be in free variation.5.What’s the difference between segmental features and suprasegmentalfeatures? What are the suprasegmental features in English?I. 1) Distinctive features, which are used to distinguish one phonemefrom another and thus have effect on one sound segment, are referred to as segmental features.2) The distinctive (phonological) features which apply to groupslarger than the single segment are known as suprasegmental features.3) Suprasegmental features may have effect on more than one soundsegment. They may apply to a string of several sounds.II.The main suprasegmental features include stress, tone, intonation and juncture.6.What’s th e difference between tone languages and intonation language?Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level while intonation languages are those which use pitch todistinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level7.★What’s th e difference between phonetic transcriptions and phonemictranscriptions?The former was meant to symbolize all possible speech sounds, including even the most minute shades of pronunciation, while the latter wasintended to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language.Chapter 5 Morphology 形态学1.morphemes (语素) Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units in thegrammatical system of a language.allomorphs (语素变体) Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morpheme.morphs (形素) Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemes.2.roots (词根) Roots is defined as the most important part of a word thatcarries the principal meaning.affixes (词缀) Affixes are morphemes that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.free morphemes (自由语素) Free morphemes are those which can exist as individual words.bound morphemes (粘着语素) Bound morphemes are those which cannot occur on their own as separate words.3.inflectional affixes (屈折词缀) refer to affixes that serve to indicategrammatical relations, but do not change its part of speech.derivational affixes (派生词缀) refer to affixes that are added to words in order to change its grammatical category or its meaning.4.empty morph (空语子) Empty morph means a morph which has form but nomeaning.zero morph (零语子) Zero morph refers to a morph which has meaning but no form.5.IC Analysis (直接成分分析) IC analysis is the analysis to analyze alinguistic expression (both a word and a sentence) into a hierarchically defined series of constituents.6.immediate constituents (直接成分) A immediate constituent is any one ofthe largest grammatical units that constitute a construction. Immediate constituents are often further reducible.ultimate constituents (最后成分) Ultimate constituents are thosegrammatically irreducible units that constitute constructions.7.morphological rules (形态学规则) The principles that determine howmorphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphological rules.8.word-formation process (构词法) Word-formation process mean the rule-governed processes of forming new words on the basis of already existing linguistic resources.1. ★What is IC Analysis?IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression (both a word and a sentence) into a hierarchically defined series of constituents.2.How are morphemes classified?1)Semantically speaking, morphemes are grouped into two categories:root morphemes and affixational morphemes.2)Structurally speaking, they are divided into two types: freemorphemes and bound morphemes.3.★Explain the interrelations between semantic and structuralclassifications of morphemes.a)All free morphemes are roots but not all roots are free morphemes.b)All affixes are bound morphemes, but not all bound morphemes areaffixes.4.What’s the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph?a)Empty morph means a morph that has form but no meaning.b)Zero morph refers to a morph that has meaning but no form.5.Explain the differences between inflectional and derivational affixesin term of both function and position.a)Functionally:i.Inflectional affixes sever to mark grammatical relations and nevercreate new words while derivational affixes can create new words.ii.Inflectional affixes do not cause a change in grammatical class while derivational affixes very often but not always cause a change in grammatical class.b)In term of position:i.Inflectional affixes are suffixes while derivational affixes can besuffixes or prefixes.ii.Inflectional affixes are always after derivational affixes if both are present. And derivational affixes are always before inflectional suffixes if both are present.6.What are morphological rules? Give at least four rules with examples.The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphological rules.For example:a)un- + adj. ->adj.b)Adj./n. + -ify ->v.c)V. + -able -> adj.d)Adj. + -ly -> adv.Chapter 6 Syntax 句法学1.syntagmatic relations (横组关系) refer to the relationships betweenconstituents in a construction.paradigmatic relations (纵聚合关系) refer to the relations between the linguistic elements within a sentence and those outside the sentence.hierarchical relations (等级关系) refer to relationships between any classification of linguistic units which recognizes a series of successively subordinate levels.2.IC Analysis (直接成分分析) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which makemajor divisions at any level within a syntactic construction.labeled IC Analysis(标记法直接成分分析) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction and label each constituent.phrase markers (短语标记法) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction, and label each constituent while remove all the linguistic forms.labeled bracketing(方括号标记法) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which is applied in representing the hierarchical structure of sentences by using brackets.3.constituency (成分关系)dependency (依存关系)4.surface structures (表层结构)refers to the mental representation of alinguistic expression, derived from deep structure by transformational rules.deep structures (深层结构) deep structure of a linguistic expression isa theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures.5.phrase structure rules(短语结构规则)are a way to describe a givenlanguage's syntax. They are used to break a natural language sentence down into its constituent parts.6.transformational rules (转换规则)7.structural ambiguity (结构歧义)1.What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure?They are different from each other in four aspects:1)Surface structures correspond directly to the linear arrangements ofsentences while deep structures correspond to the meaningful grouping of sentences.2)Surface structures are more concrete while deep structures are moreabstract.3)Surface structures give the forms of sentences whereas deepstructures give the meanings of sentences.4)Surface structures are pronounceable but deep structures are not.2.Illustrate the differences between PS rules and T-rules.1) PS rules frequently applied in generating deep structures.2) T-rules are used to transform deep structure into surface structures.3.What’s the order of generating sentences? Do we start with surfacestructures or with deep structures? How differently are they generated?To generate a sentence, we always start with its deep structure, and then transform it into its corresponding surface structure.Deep structures are generated by phrase structure rules (PS rules) while surface structures are derived from their deep structures by transformational rules (T-rules).4.What’s the difference between a compulsory constituent and an optionalone?Optional constituents may be present or absent while compulsory constituents must be present.5.What are the three syntactic relations? Illustrate them with examples.1) Syntagmatic relations2) Paradigmatic relations.3) Hierarchical relations.Chapter 7 Semantics 语义学1.Lexical semantics (词汇语义学) is defined as the study of word meaningin language.2.Sense (意义) refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3.Reference(所指) means what a linguistic form refers to in the realworld.4.Concept (概念) is the result of human cognition, reflecting theobjective world in the human mind.5.Denotation(外延) is defined as the constant ,abstract, and basicmeaning of a linguistic expression independent of context and situation.6.Connotation(内涵) refers to the emotional associations which aresuggested by, or are part of the meaning of, a linguistic unit.ponential analysis (成分分析法) is the way to decompose the meaningof a word into its components.8.Semantic field(语义场) The vocabulary of a language is not simply alisting of independent items, but is organized into areas, within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways. The areas are semantic fields.9.Hyponymy (上下义关系) refers to the sense relation between a moregeneral, more inclusive word and a more specific word.10.Synonymy (同义关系) refers to the sameness or close similarity ofmeaning.11.Antonymy (反义关系) refers to the oppositeness of meaning.12.Lexical ambiguity (词汇歧义)13.Polysemy (多义性) refers to the fact that the same one word may havemore than one meaning.14.Homonymy(同音(同形)异义关系) refers to the phenomenon that wordshaving different meanings have the same form.15.Sentence semantics(句子语义学) refers to the study of sentencemeaning in language.1.What’s the criterion of John Lyons in classifying semantics into itssub-branches? And how does he classify semantics?In terms of whether it falls within the scope of linguistics, John Lyons distinguishes between linguistic semantics and non-linguistic semantics.According John Lyons, semantics is one of the sub-branches of linguistics; it is generally defined as the study of meaning.2.What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning?1) Object, 2) concept, 3) symbol, 4) user, 5) context.3.What is the difference between the theory of componential analysis andthe theory of semantic theory in defining meaning of words?。

英语语言学教学大纲 (函授)

英语语言学教学大纲 (函授)

《英语语言学概论》教学指南总学时:21一、教学目的和要求语言学导论是英语专业本科生专业限定选修课程,属英语专业知识课程之一,为语言学方向首选必修课程,是选修其它语言学分支课程的先决条件。

本课程旨在通过系统地阐释语言和语言学领域中各个方面的基础理论,为学生今后的英语学习和理论研究奠定基础。

通过语言学课程的学习,要求学生达到:1)了解语言学领域中的一些基本概念和专有名词的内涵;2)了解语言学传统分支领域的基础理论知识;3)能基本了解各个语言学流派的观点和主张;4)激发学生学习语言学的兴趣,能运用所学理论解释一些基本语言现象。

二、教学内容、要点和学时安排第一章绪论(讲授3学时研讨1学时自学12学时)教学内容、要点:语言的定义、特征及功能;语言学的分类。

教学方法:教学中采用教师为主导,学生为主题的教学模式; 采用启发式、讨论式的教学方法。

自学要求:预习第二章,自学语言学中的几对重要区分。

自学测试题:Ⅰ.Define the following termsdesign features arbitrariness duality displacement Ⅱ. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the bracket s.1.The feature that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew byeach speaker refers to ______ .A. displacementB. cultural transmissionC. schoolingD. educationnguage is used to establish and maintain people’s status in a society isreferred to as ______ function.A.emotiveB.performativeC.interpersonalrmative3. The fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to theirmeaning is referred to as _____ of human language.A. DualityB. arbitrarinessC. displacementD. cultural transmission4. The concept of competence is first put forward by ___ .A. HymesB.ChomskyC. HallidayD. Saussure5. A linguistic study is ________ if it describes and analyses facts observed.A. prescriptiveB. synchronicC. diachronicD. descriptiveⅢ.Questions for discussionment on the merits and weakness of descriptive grammar and prescriptivegrammar. .2. What kind of evident supports the idea that language is culturally transmitted ?3. Explain the primacy of speech over writing.4. What distinguishes prescriptive studies of language from descrip tive studies oflanguage ?第二章语音(讲授4学时研讨学时自学 12学时)教学内容、要点:语音学的定义及分类;语音的分类及描述;音位学及其与语音学的关系;语音、音位和音位变体;音位理论;超切分音位特征。

自考英语语言学概论大纲考核章节精华中文版教材

自考英语语言学概论大纲考核章节精华中文版教材

第一章语言(Language)●本章主要考点●课文理解与重点内容分析:本章介绍语言的基本知识,包括语言的定义、语言的识别性特征和语言的功能。

1. 语言的定义语言是用于人类交际的任意性的发音的符号系统。

该定义有五个要点,即系统、任意性的、发音/声的、系统、用于人类交际。

2. 语言的识别性特征语言的识别性特征指人类语言区别于任何其他动物交流系统的特点。

主要包括:1)能产性:能产性也称创造性,人们能用语言创造新的意义,并立即被从未接触过它的人所理解。

创造性归因于语言的二重性和递归性。

2)离散性:3)不受时空限制的属性/位移性:人类语言可以让使用者表达说话时(时间和处所)并不存在的物体、事件和观点。

这一特性赋予人们概括和抽象的能力。

4)任意性:任意性是语言的核心特征,指符号的形式或声音与意义间没有理据或逻辑关系。

任意性有不同的程度。

5)文化传递性:语言不是靠遗传,而是通过教与学,由人们接触的文化代代传递的。

6)结构二重性:二重性指底层有限的语音结构是上层词、句和语篇结构的组成成分,每层都有自身的组合规则,使语言拥有强大的能产性。

7)互换性:互换性指人可以是信息的发出者,也可以是信息的接收者。

3. 语言的功能按照韩礼德的表述,幼儿语言有如下七个功能:1)工具功能:说话人可以使用语言做事情。

2)调节功能:语言可用来控制事件。

3)表现功能:语言可用来传达知识、汇报事件、进行陈述、说明、解释关系、传递信息等。

4)互动功能:语言可用来与周围的人进行交际。

5)自指性功能:语言可以用来表达个人的情感并展示个性。

6)启发功能:使用语言可以获得知识、了解世界。

语言可以用于学习,语言可以用于问答、用于争辩,用于验证假设、推导结论和新奇发现。

7)想象功能:语言用于创造想象系统,可以是文学作品、哲学领域里,也可以是空想、白日做梦和发呆遐想。

成人语言有三大元功能:人际功能、概念功能和语篇功能。

国内著名学者胡壮麟等人在其《语言学教程》中,用如下词语来表达语言的七大功能:1)信息功能:被认为是语言最主要的功能。

(完整版)英语语言学概论--整理

(完整版)英语语言学概论--整理

Chapter 1 Language语言1. Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2. Productivity(能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in theirnative language.3. arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and itsmeaning.4. symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention.5. discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.6. displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in theimmediate situations of its users.7. duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality ofstructure.8. culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next throughteaching and learning, rather than by inheritance.9. interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.1. ★What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language.First, language is a system.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense.The third feature of language is symbolic nature.2. ★What are the design features of language?Language has seven design features as following:1) Productivity.2) Discreteness.3) Displacement4) Arbitrariness.5) Cultural transmission6) Duality of structure.7) Interchangeability.3. Why do we say language is a system?Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other.4. ★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the threefunctional components of adult language?I. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:1) Instrumental function. 工具功能2) Regulatory function. 调节功能3) Representational function. 表现功能4) Interactional function. 互动功能5) Personal function. 自指性功能6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h]7) Imaginative function. 想象功能II. Adult language has three functional components as following:1) Interpersonal components. 人际2) Ideational components.概念3) Textual components.语篇1. general linguistics and descriptive linguistics (普通语言学与描写语言学) The former deals with language in general whereas the latter isconcerned with one particular language.2. synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics (共时语言学与历时语言学) Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of thelanguage and records the changes that have taken place in it between successive points in time. And synchronic linguistics presents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time.3. theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics (理论语言学与应用语言学) The former copes with languages with a view to establishing atheory of their structures and functions whereas the latter is concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks.4. microlinguistics and macrolinguistics(微观语言学与宏观语言学) The former studies only the structure of language system whereas thelatter deals with everything that is related to languages.5. langue and parole (语言与言语) The former refers to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech communitywhereas the latter refers to the concrete act of speaking in actual situation by an individual speaker.6. competence and performance (语言能力与语言运用) The former is one’s knowledge of all the linguistic regulation systems whereas the latteris the use of language in concrete situation.7. speech and writing (口头语与书面语) Speech is the spoken form of language whereas writing is written codes, gives language new scope.8. linguistics behavior potential and actual linguistic behavior (语言行为潜势与实际语言行为) People actually says on a certain occasion to acertain person is actual linguistics behavior. And each of possible linguistic items that he could have said is linguistic behavior potential.9. syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation(横组合关系与纵聚合关系) The former describes the horizontal dimension of a languagewhile the latter describes the vertical dimension of a language.10. verbal communication and non-verbal communication(言语交际与非言语交际) Usual use of language as a means of transmittinginformation is called verbal communication. The ways we convey meaning without using language is called non-verbal communication.1. ★How does John Lyons classify linguistics?According to John Lyons, the field of linguistics as a whole can be divided into several subfields as following:1) General linguistics and descriptive linguistics.2) Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics.3) Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.4) Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics.2. Explain the three principles by which the linguist is guided: consistency, adequacy and simplicity.1) Consistency means that there should be no contradictions between different parts of the theory and the description.2) Adequacy means that the theory must be broad enough in scope to offer significant generalizations.3) Simplicity requires us to be as brief and economic as possible.3. ★What are the sub-branches of linguistics within the language system?Within the language system there are six sub-branches as following:1) Phonetics. 语音学is a study of speech sounds of all human languages.2) Phonology. 音位学studies about the sounds and sound patterns of a speaker’s native language.3) Morphology. 形态学studies about how a word is formed.4) Syntax. 句法学studies about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.5) Semantics. 语义学studies about the meaning of language, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.6) Pragmatics. 语用学★The scope of language: Linguistics is referred to as a scientific study of language.★The scientific process of linguistic study: It involves four stages: collecting data, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis and drawing conclusions.1. articulatory phonetics(发音语音学) The study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2. acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) The study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3. auditory phonetics (听觉语音学) The study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4. consonant (辅音) Consonant is a speech sound where the air form the language is either completely blocked, or partially blocked, or where theopening between the speech organs is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction.5. vowel (元音) is defined as a speech sound in which the air from the lungs is not blocked in any way and is pronounced with vocal-cord vibration.6. bilabials (双唇音) Bilabials means that consonants for which the flow of air is stopped or restricted by the two lips. [p][b] [m] [w]7. affricates (塞擦音) The sound produced by stopping the airstream and then immediately releasing it slowly is called affricates. [t X] [d Y] [tr] [dr]8. glottis (声门) Glottis is the space between the vocal cords.9. rounded vowel (圆唇元音) Rounded vowel is defined as the vowel sound pronounced by the lips forming a circular opening. [u:] [u] [OB] [O]10. diphthongs (双元音) Diphthongs are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.[ei][ai][O i] [Q u][au]11. triphthongs(三合元音) Triphthongs are those which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another and then rapidly andcontinuously to a third one. [ei Q][ai Q][O i Q] [Q u Q][au Q]12. lax vowels (松元音) According to distinction of long and short vowels, vowels are classified tense vowels and lax vowels. All the long vowelsare tense vowels but of the short vowels,[e] is a tense vowel as well, and the rest short vowels are lax vowels.1. ★How are consonants classified in terms of different criteria?The consonants in English can be described in terms of four dimensions.1) The position of the soft palate.2) The presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration.3) The place of articulation.4) The manner of articulation.2. ★How are vowels classified in terms of different criteria?Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors.1) The state of the velum2) The position of the tongue.3) The openness of the mouth.4) The shape of the lips.5) The length of the vowels.6) The tension of the muscles at pharynx.3. ★What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other?Phonetics has three sub-branches as following:1) Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2) Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3) Auditory phonetics is the study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4. ★What are the commonly used phonetic features for consonants and vowels respectively?I. The frequently used phonetic features for consonants include the following:1) Voiced.2) Nasal.3) Consonantal.4) Vocalic.5) Continuant.6) Anterior.7) Coronal.8) Aspirated.II. The most common phonetic features for vowels include the following:1) High.2) Low.3) Front.4) Back.5) Rounded.6) Tense.1. phonemes (音位) Phonemes are minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.2. allophones (音位变体) Allophones are the phonetic variants and realizations of a particular phoneme.3. phones (单音) The smallest identifiable phonetic unit found in a stream of speech is called a phone.4. minimal pair (最小对立体) Minimal pair means words which differ from each other only by one sound.5. contrastive distribution (对比分布) If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for anotherbrings about a change of meaning, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.6. complementary distribution(互补分布) If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment ,then they are said to be incomplementary distribution.7. free variation (自由变异) When two sounds can appear in the same environment and the substitution of one for the other does not cause anychange in meaning, then they are said to be in free variation.8. distinctive features (区别性特征) A distinctive feature is a feature which distinguishes one phoneme from another.9. suprasegmental features (超切分特征) The distinctive (phonological) features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are knownas suprasegmental features.10. tone languages (声调语言) Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level.11. intonation languages (语调语言) Intonation languages are those which use pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level.12. juncture (连音) Juncture refers to the phonetic boundary features which may demarcate grammatical units.1. ★What are the differences between English phonetics and English phonology?1) Phonetics is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology attempts to account forhow they are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages.2) Phonetics is the study of the actual sounds while phonology is concerned with a more abstract description of speech sounds and tries todescribe the regularities of sound patterns.2. Give examples to illustrate the relationship between phonemes, phones and allophones.When we hear [pit],[tip],[spit],etc, the similar phones we have heard are /p/. And /p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes in English, while [ph] and [p] are allophones.3. How can we decide a minimal pair or a minimal set?A minimal pair should meet three conditions:1) The two forms are different in meaning.2) The two forms are different in one sound segment.3) The different sounds occur in the same position of the two strings.4. ★Use examples to explain the three types of distribution.1) Contrastive distribution. Sounds [m] in met and [n] in net are in contrastive distribution because substituting [m] for [n] will result in achange of meaning.2) Complementary distribution. The aspirated plosive [ph] and the unaspirated plosive [p] are in complementary distribution because theformer occurs either initially in a word or initially in a stressed syllable while the latter never occurs in such environments.3) Free variation. In English, the word “direct” may be pronounce in two ways: /di’rekt/ and /dia’rekt/, and the two different sounds /i/ and /ai/can be said to be in free variation.5. What’s the difference between segmental features and suprasegmental features? What are the suprasegmental features in English?I. 1) Distinctive features, which are used to distinguish one phoneme from another and thus have effect on one sound segment, are referred toas segmental features.2) The distinctive (phonological) features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are known as suprasegmental features.3) Suprasegmental features may have effect on more than one sound segment. They may apply to a string of several sounds.II.The main suprasegmental features include stress, tone, intonation and juncture.6. What’s the difference between tone languages and intonation language?Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level while intonation languages are those which use pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level7. ★What’s the difference between phonetic transcriptions and phonemic transcriptions?The former was meant to symbolize all possible speech sounds, including even the most minute shades of pronunciation, while the latter was intended to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language.1. morphemes (语素) Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units in the grammatical system of a language.allomorphs (语素变体) Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morpheme.morphs (形素) Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemes.2. roots (词根) Roots is defined as the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning.affixes (词缀) Affixes are morphemes that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.free morphemes (自由语素) Free morphemes are those which can exist as individual words.bound morphemes (粘着语素) Bound morphemes are those which cannot occur on their own as separate words.3. inflectional affixes (屈折词缀) refer to affixes that serve to indicate grammatical relations, but do not change its part of speech.derivational affixes (派生词缀) refer to affixes that are added to words in order to change its grammatical category or its meaning.4. empty morph (空语子) Empty morph means a morph which has form but no meaning.zero morph (零语子) Zero morph refers to a morph which has meaning but no form.5. IC Analysis (直接成分分析) IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression (both a word and a sentence) into a hierarchicallydefined series of constituents.6. immediate constituents(直接成分) A immediate constituent is any one of the largest grammatical units that constitute a construction.Immediate constituents are often further reducible.ultimate constituents (最后成分) Ultimate constituents are those grammatically irreducible units that constitute constructions.7. morphological rules (形态学规则) The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphologicalrules.8. word-formation process (构词法) Word-formation process mean the rule-governed processes of forming new words on the basis of alreadyexisting linguistic resources.1. ★What is IC Analysis?IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression (both a word and a sentence) into a hierarchically defined series of constituents.2. How are morphemes classified?1) Semantically speaking, morphemes are grouped into two categories: root morphemes and affixational morphemes.2) Structurally speaking, they are divided into two types: free morphemes and bound morphemes.3. ★Explain the interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes.a) All free morphemes are roots but not all roots are free morphemes.b) All affixes are bound morphemes, but not all bound morphemes are affixes.4. What’s the difference between an empty morph and a zero mor ph?a) Empty morph means a morph that has form but no meaning.b) Zero morph refers to a morph that has meaning but no form.5. Explain the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes in term of both function and position.a) Functionally:i.Inflectional affixes sever to mark grammatical relations and never create new words while derivational affixes can create new words.ii.Inflectional affixes do not cause a change in grammatical class while derivational affixes very often but not always cause a change in grammatical class.b) In term of position:i.Inflectional affixes are suffixes while derivational affixes can be suffixes or prefixes.ii.Inflectional affixes are always after derivational affixes if both are present. And derivational affixes are always before inflectional suffixes if both are present.6. What are morphological rules? Give at least four rules with examples.The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphological rules.For example:a) un- + adj. ->adj.b) Adj./n. + -ify ->v.c) V. + -able -> adj.d) Adj. + -ly -> adv.1. syntagmatic relations (横组关系) refer to the relationships between constituents in a construction.paradigmatic relations (纵聚合关系) refer to the relations between the linguistic elements within a sentence and those outside the sentence.hierarchical relations (等级关系) refer to relationships between any classification of linguistic units which recognizes a series of successively subordinate levels.2. IC Analysis (直接成分分析) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction.labeled IC Analysis(标记法直接成分分析) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction and label each constituent.phrase markers (短语标记法) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction, and label each constituent while remove all the linguistic forms.labeled bracketing (方括号标记法) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which is applied in representing the hierarchical structure of sentences by using brackets.3. constituency (成分关系)dependency (依存关系)4. surface structures (表层结构)refers to the mental representation of a linguistic expression, derived from deep structure by transformationalrules.deep structures (深层结构) deep structure of a linguistic expression is a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures. 5. phrase structure rules (短语结构规则)are a way to describe a given language's syntax. They are used to break a natural language sentencedown into its constituent parts.6. transformational rules (转换规则)7. structural ambiguity (结构歧义)1. What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure?They are different from each other in four aspects:1) Surface structures correspond directly to the linear arrangements of sentences while deep structures correspond to the meaningful groupingof sentences.2) Surface structures are more concrete while deep structures are more abstract.3) Surface structures give the forms of sentences whereas deep structures give the meanings of sentences.4) Surface structures are pronounceable but deep structures are not.2. Illustrate the differences between PS rules and T-rules.1) PS rules frequently applied in generating deep structures.2) T-rules are used to transform deep structure into surface structures.3. What’s the order of generating sentences? Do we st art with surface structures or with deep structures? How differently are theygenerated?To generate a sentence, we always start with its deep structure, and then transform it into its corresponding surface structure.Deep structures are generated by phrase structure rules (PS rules) while surface structures are derived from their deep structures by transformational rules (T-rules).4. What’s the difference between a compulsory constituent and an optional one?Optional constituents may be present or absent while compulsory constituents must be present.5. What are the three syntactic relations? Illustrate them with examples.1) Syntagmatic relations2) Paradigmatic relations.3) Hierarchical relations.1. Lexical semantics (词汇语义学) is defined as the study of word meaning in language.2. Sense (意义) refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3. Reference (所指) means what a linguistic form refers to in the real world.4. Concept (概念) is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.5. Denotation (外延) is defined as the constant ,abstract, and basic meaning of a linguistic expression independent of context and situation.6. Connotation (内涵) refers to the emotional associations which are suggested by, or are part of the meaning of, a linguistic unit.7. Componential analysis (成分分析法) is the way to decompose the meaning of a word into its components.8. Semantic field (语义场) The vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized into areas, within whichwords interrelate and define each other in various ways. The areas are semantic fields.9. Hyponymy (上下义关系) refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.10. Synonymy (同义关系) refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.11. Antonymy (反义关系) refers to the oppositeness of meaning.12. Lexical ambiguity (词汇歧义)13. Polysemy (多义性) refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.14. Homonymy (同音(同形)异义关系) refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.15. Sentence semantics (句子语义学) refers to the study of sentence meaning in language.1. What’s the criterion of John Lyons in classifying semantics into its sub-branches? And how does he classify semantics?In terms of whether it falls within the scope of linguistics, John Lyons distinguishes between linguistic semantics and non-linguistic semantics.According John Lyons, semantics is one of the sub-branches of linguistics; it is generally defined as the study of meaning.2. What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning?1) Object, 2) concept, 3) symbol, 4) user, 5) context.3. What is the difference between the theory of componential analysis and the theory of semantic theory in defining meaning of words?4. What are the sense relations between sentences?1) S1 is synonymous with S2.2) S1 entails S2.3) S1 contradicts S2.4) S1 presupposes S2.5) S1 is a tautology, and therefore invariably true.6) S1 is a contradiction, and therefore invariably false.7) S1 is semantically anomalous.1. Speech act theory (言语行为理论)2. Cooperative principle and its maxims (合作原则及其准则)3. Politeness principle and its maxims (礼貌原则及其准则)4. Conversational implicature (会话含义)5. Indirect speech act (间接言语行为)6. Pragmatic presupposition (语用学预设)7. Relevance theory (关联理论)8. Illocutionary act (言外行为)9. (Horn’s) Q-Principle and R-Principle10. Perfrmative verbs (施为句动词)1. Make comments on the different definitions of pragmatics.2. What are the main types of deixis?3. Explain the statement: context is so indispen sable in fully understanding interpreting the speaker’s meaning.4. How are Austin’s and Searle’s speech act theories related to each other?5. What’s the relationship between CP and PP?6. What do you know about presupposition triggers in English? Explain them briefly with examples.7. What is ostensive-referential communication?8. Explain the obvious presupposition of speaker who say each of the following:1) When did you stop beating your wife?2) Where did Tom buy the watch?3) Your car is broken.9. What do you think of the fol lowing statement? “Tom participated in spreading rumors” entails “Tom engaged in spreading rumors”.Chapter 9 话语分析1. text(语篇) = discourse 语篇是指实际使用的语言单位,是一次交际过程中的一系列连续的话段或句子所构成的语言整体。

英语语言学教学大纲

英语语言学教学大纲

《英语语言学概论》教学大纲课程编号:学时数:72 (讲课:72 实验:0 实习:0)学分数:4适用专业:英语开课学期:6一、课程的性质和目的1. 课程性质:普通语言学是英语专业的一门专业必修课。

2. 目的和任务:学生通过学习本大纲规定的内容,了解和掌握普通语言学有关语音、音系、词汇、句法、语义、语用、文体、语言与社会文化、语言与心理、语言与认知、语言与计算机、语言学与外语教学、语言学流派等基本理论和语言研究的基本方法。

二、课程教学内容及学时分配第一章导论(6学时)关于语言:语言的定义、起源、特征、功能。

关于语言学:语言学的主要分支学科,宏观语言学。

语言学中一些重要的基本概念:描写与规定、共时与历时、语言和言语、能力与表现。

第二章语音(6学时)语音学:语音的发生与感知,发音器官,国际音标,辅音,元音,语音的描写,协同发音。

音系学:音位理论和音位变体、音系规则,区别特征,音节,重音,语调,声调。

第三章词汇(4学时,学生自学为主,教师讲授为辅)词汇概说:词的含义,词的识别,词的分类。

形态学:词的构成,语素,屈折,派生,义素、音素和语素的关系。

词的变化。

第四章句法(6学时)句法关系:位置关系,替换关系,同现关系。

语法结构:语法结构,直接成分,内向结构、外向结构,并列关系,从属关系。

句法功能:主语,谓语,宾语,词类和功能的关系。

语法范畴:数、性、格,一致关系。

语句构成:短语,小句,语句。

递归性:连接,嵌入。

句法之外:句子的连接,衔接手段。

第五章语义学(6学时)词汇语义学:“意义”的意义,指称论,涵义关系,成分分析。

句子语义学:组合理论,逻辑语义学。

第六章语言与认知(6学时)什么是认知?心理语言学:语言习得,语言理解,语言的产生。

认知语言学:识解,范畴化,图式理论,隐喻,转喻,整合理论。

第七章语言、文化、社会(6学时)社会语言学:语言变异,双语现象和多语现象,语言民俗学,标准语和方言,礼貌原则,语码选择,语言中的性别歧视。

英语语言学概论笔记

英语语言学概论笔记

《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲一、课程说明:《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。

《语言学概论》研究始于20世纪初,其目的是揭示人类深层结构,对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。

现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。

语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。

对于主修语言学的学生来说,了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。

本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生,在本科阶段第6学期和第7学期开设。

其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修,其余章节为选修。

二、教学目的及要求:本课程的具体要求是:比较全面,系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果,以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则,从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识,并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。

本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。

在教学过程中,应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法,使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论,在理解消化的基础上记忆。

本课程的对象是英语专业学生,在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例,但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。

应鼓励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论,以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。

三、教学重点与难点:本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论,语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。

本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。

四、与其它课程的关系:本课程是一门主干性课程。

与其相关的课程,如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支,属于选修课程。

五、学时与学分:学时:72学时学分:4学分六、教学内容:第一章绪论本章主要教学内容:1.语言学习的意义。

2.语言的定义。

3.语言的定义特征。

4.语言的起源。

5.语言的功能。

6.语言学的定义。

英语语言学概论课程教学大纲

英语语言学概论课程教学大纲

《英语语言学概论(1)》课程教学大纲课程教学大纲(course syllabus)*学习目标(Learning Outcomes)本课程的具体学习目标如下:1.提升学生语言学的基础知识和知识水平(A1)2.接触和探索语言学学科的研究方法及入门知识(A2)3.掌握语言学的基础知识和基本概念(A5.2)。

4.掌握普通语言学的理论和方法(A5.2.1)5.培养学生批判性思考和创造性工作的能力(B3)6.培养学生勤于思考、善于钻研、富有探索精神并渴望解决问题的能力(C4)*教学内容、进度安排及要求(Class Schedule& Requirements)教学内容学时教学方式作业及要求基本要求考查方式介绍本课程目标/内容等2讲授、讨论课程材料准备、阅读相应材料材料下载准备、理解绪论内容检查准备情况绪论语言的本质和语言学的内容2讲授、讨论回答和完成课后习题掌握语言的本质属性、语言学研究的范围、分支等批阅、讨论语音学2讲授、讨论完成课后习题和材料阅读掌握语音学研究的本质、范畴和方法讨论与报告音位学2讲授、讨论完成课后习题和阅读材料掌握音位学的重要概念和基础知识展示与讨论语音学和音位学对比2讲授、思考、讨论思考和回答课后习题掌握语音学和音位学的相同和不同小组讨论和回答问题形态学2讲授、讨论完成课后习题和阅读任务掌握形态学的基本理论知识讨论与回答问题形态学2阅读、讲授、讨论完成课后习题和论文阅读任务掌握英语形态构词的基本方法和手段陈述与讨论期中考试2考试期中考试掌握前四章节内容阅卷与讲评语义学2阅读、分析、讲授完成课后习题掌握“意义”、语义与指代课堂讨论和回答备注说明:1.带*内容为必填项。

2.课程简介字数为300-500字;课程大纲以表述清楚教学安排为宜,字数不限。

《语言学概论》教学大纲

《语言学概论》教学大纲

《语言学概论》教学大纲课程英文名称:General course of linguistics 课程编号:总学时:32 先修课程:英语精读、英语泛读、现代汉语、英美概况等适用专业:英语专业本科学生一、课程性质与任务1.课程性质:本课程是英语专业的专业必修课。

2.课程任务:学习完本大纲规定的内容后,应达到下列基本要求:掌握英语语言学的基础知识、英语语言的性质、结构、特征和功能,以及它们与外语教学的关系,从而加强英语语言的学习和英语教学法的研究,提高英语语言水平和英语语言教学能力。

了解语言在时空中的变异及其与社会、文化、语境、思维等外部因素的关系,同时了解部分主要语言学流派。

学生通过对该课程的学习,既能借助语言学理论整理和吸收语言知识,又能运用正确的观点评价语言。

二、课程教学内容、形式和结业标准1. 教学内容:本课程由7章构成(1)导论:导论:语言学的概念和意义,语言学的概念和意义,语言学的概念和意义,语言的区别性特征和语言学里一些重要区别性概语言的区别性特征和语言学里一些重要区别性概念。

(2)语音学:语音学的概念和范畴,辅音的发音方式和发音部位。

了解发音器官和国际音标。

(3)音系学:音位学的定义,音素的区别性特征以及跟音素相关的几个重要概念。

超语段特征:音节、重音、音高等。

(4)形态学:形态学相关的基本概念和词素的类型,构词法种类。

(5)句法学:短语结构规则和转换生成规则;直接成分分析法,句法功能和范畴。

(6)语义学:语义学的研究范畴吗,各种意义关系以及意义分析的方法,历史上不同的意义观和研究语义学的方法。

(7)语用学:语用学的概念,意义和语境的关系、言语行为理论,会话合作原则,了解会话含义,礼貌原则。

了解会话含义,礼貌原则。

(8)语言和文化:)语言和文化: 语言、文化和社会的关系,语言的变体,Sapir -Whorf 假说。

2. 教学形式:本课程采用课堂讲授与课后作业相结合的方式进行。

:本课程采用课堂讲授与课后作业相结合的方式进行。

语言学导论课程教学大纲

语言学导论课程教学大纲

《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲课程代码:ENGL2016课程类别:专业必修课授课对象:英语、英语教育开课学期:秋(第5学期)学分:2主讲教师:徐健等指定教材:戴炜栋、何兆熊等,《新编简明英语语言学教程》,上海外语教育出版社,2002年第一版教学目的:教学目的:《英语语言学概论》是普通高校英语专业学生的必修课程,是进一步学习其它语言学分支课程的先决条件。

本课程旨在介绍语言学的基本理论和概念;培养学生对于人类语言主要特性和基本元素的感性和理性认识;使学员逐步形成对语言现象进行观察、思考以及抽象概括的能力;为部分同学将来进一步从事语言文学研究打好基础。

第一章Introduction课时:1周,共2课时教学内容第一节What Is Linguistics?第二节What is Language?思考题:1.What does “language” mean?2.“Language” is human-specific.” How would you interpret this statement?3.Would you say that language is arbitrary? What would language be like if it were notarbitrary?4.What is linguistics?5.What is the difference between descriptive linguistics and prescriptive linguistics?6.What is the difference between diachronic linguistics and synchronic linguistics?第二章Phonology课时:1周,共2课时教学内容第一节The Phonic Medium of Language第二节Phonetics第三节Phonology思考题:1.What is phonetics?2.In what ways do vowels differ from each other?3.What is difference between narrow transcription and broad transcription?4.What is a phoneme? How is it from a speech sound?5.What is an allophone? How is it related to a phoneme?6.How do we determine sentence stress?第三章Morphology课时:1周,共2课时教学内容第一节Morphology第二节Morphemes第三节Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes第四节Morphological Rules第五节Compounds思考题1.What is morphology?2.What is a morpheme?3.What are the major processes of word formation in English?4.What is a function word? And what is a lexical word?第四章Syntax课时:3周,共6课时教学内容第一节What Is Syntax?第二节Categories第三节Phrases Structure Rule第四节Phrases Elements第五节Sentences第六节Transformations思考题1.What is Immediate Components (IC) Analysis?2.How do you understand a construction in IC analysis?3.What is Transformational-Generative grammar?4.How do you understand the distinction between deep structure and surface structure?5.What is structural ambiguity? Is it possible for us to avoid this? And how?第五章Semantics课时:2周,共4课时第一节What Is Semantics?第二节Some Views Concerning the Study of Meaning第三节Lexical Meaning第四节Sense Relations between Sentences第五节Analysis of Meaning思考题1.What is your definition of meaning as a linguistic term?2.What is semantic triangle?3.What is the difference between reference and sense?4.How do you differentiate between hyponymy and part-whole relationship?5.Give examples to illustrate the difference between polysemy and homonymy.第六章Pragmatics课时:2周,共4课时第一节Some basic Notions第二节Speech Act Theory第三节Principle of Conversation思考题1.What is the difference between the sentence meaning and the speaker meaning?2.How do you understand the context of situation?3.Explain the difference between locution, illocution and perlocution.4.Give as many illocutions as possible for the utterance “It’s cold in here.”5.What is the Cooperative Principle?6.What is the Politeness Principle?第七章Language Change课时:1周,共2课时第一节Introduction第二节Sound Change第三节Morphological and Syntactic Change第四节Vocabulary Change第三节Some Recent Trends第三节Causes of Language Change思考题ment with examples on the following statement: “Words and expressions will beforced into use in spite of all the exertions of all the writers in the world.”2.Give at least two expels to show the influence of American English on British English.3.Find in any books, newspapers, or journals newly coined words in association withsocial and political needs, the Internet or computer language.4.With examples, give some plausible explanations for linguistic change.第八章Language and Society课时:1周,共2课时第一节The Scope of Sociolinguistics第二节Varieties of Language第三节Standard Dialect第四节Pidgin and Creole第五节Bilingualism and Diglossia思考题1.How is language related to society?2.What are the main social dialects?3.In what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language?4.What is register as used by Halliday? Illustrate it with an example of your own.5.What linguistic features of Black English do you know?6.What peculiar features does pidgin have?7.How do bilingualism and diglossia differ?第九章Language and Culture课时:2周,共4课时第一节Introduction第二节What Is Culture?第三节The Relationship between Language and Culture第四节Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis第五节Linguistic Evidence of Cultural Differences第六节The Significance of Cultural Teaching and Learning第七节Cultural Overlap and Diffusion第八节Intercultural Communication思考题1.Try to sum up the relation between language and culture.2.What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?3.Can you find some loan words in Chinese from other languages? Explain how they wereused in the original language and how they are used now?4.Please illustrate to what extent it is necessary to learn its culture when learning a foreignlanguage.5.What do you think of linguistic imperialism and cultural imperialism?第十章Language Acquisition课时:1周,共2课时第一节Introduction第二节Theories of Child Language Acquisition第三节Cognitive Factors in Child Language Development第四节Language Environment and the Critical Period Hypothesis第五节Stages in Child Language Development第六节Atypical Development思考题1.What is language acquisition device?2.Explain the term Critical Period Hypothesis.3.Which language acquisition theory do you think is more reasonable and convincing?Why?第十一章Second Language Acquisition课时:2周,共4课时第一节Introduction第二节Connection between First Language Acquisition and Second Language Acquisition第三节Contrastive Analysis第四节Error Analysis第五节Interlanguage第六节The Role of Native Language in Second Language Learning第七节Second Language Learning Models and Input Hypothesis第八节Individual Differences第九节Second Language Acquisition and Its Pedagogical Implications思考题1.To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning?2.Do you use Chinese in English learning and how?3.List the learning strategies you use frequently.4.Identify personality factors that may contribute to the success of learning a secondlanguage.第十二章Language and Brain课时:1周,共2课时第一节Introduction第二节Neurolinguistics第三节Psycholinguistics思考题1.What distinguishes the human brain from a non-human brain?2.Describe the major symptoms of Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia, and acquireddyslexia.3.What are the relative advantages and disadvantages of the techniques used to investigatethe brain in terms of ethics, cost, intrusiveness and type of information yielded?4.Describe Levelt’s speech production model in your own words/参考书目1.Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An introduction to English morphology: Words and theirstructure. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.2.Ellis, R. (1994). The study of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.3.Fromkin, V. & Rodman, R. (1998). An introduction to language. New York: Holt, Rinehart &Winston.4.Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthiessen. C.M.I.M. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar.Second Edition. London: Edward Amo1d.koff, G. & Johnson, M. (2003).Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress.6.Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.7.Lyons, J. (1995). An introduction to semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.8.Van Valin, R. Jr. (2001). An introduction to syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.。

12《语言学概论》教学大纲.doc

12《语言学概论》教学大纲.doc

《语言学概论》教学大纲课程编号031B15一、课程说明课内总学时36学时,学分2分,开课对象:英语专业三年级学生,课程类别:专业必修课。

课程英文译名: A Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English二、课程的任务和目的英语语言学是英语各类专业方向研究一般性语言相关问题的理论型课程。

其主要任务是让学生了解有关语言问题的最基本研究方法、研究领域、概念范畴,了解语言在时空中的变异,语言与思维、文化、社会、语境、文字等外部因素的关系。

掌握语言的本质、功能、结构、历史发展以及语言的存在和发展规律,提高学生对语言的社会、人文、经济、科技以及个人修养等方面重要性的认识,培养语言意识,发展理性思维,拓宽思路和视野,初步具备用科学方法分析语言事实和语言现象的能力。

三、课程内容与基本要求(一)绪论介绍本课程的研究对象、内容、语言研究的基本原则、语言的本质以及语言学的总体结构。

介绍传统语法的起源、发展、现状及缺陷;历史比较语言学的理论基础、主要成果及缺陷;科学语言学的兴起、发展和现状。

(二)音系学介绍发音器官及其作用,分清宽式标音法和窄式标音法的区别,弄清音系学和语音学的联系和区别,对音系学中的一些最基本的概念如音位、音位对立、互补分布、最小对立对等有所了解,知道几条音系学规则如序列规则、同化规则,掌握重音、语调、声调等几种超切分音系特征的表意作用。

(三)形态学介绍构成单词的最小意义单位一语素,包括语素的类型、常见词根和词缀的意义,并且通过对词素的学习加强对英语派生词和复合词的理解和运用能力。

(四)句法学介绍句法所包含的规则系统、句子结构、语法关系、组合规则、移位规则、普遍语法等部分,目的是让学生认识语言的句法体系是一套高度抽象的自律性规则体系。

通过对句法的学习,理解句子的语法性,明确句子的基本成分和类型,弄清句子的线性与层次性,形式与逻辑,深层与表层等关系。

《英语语言学概论》-课程教学大纲

《英语语言学概论》-课程教学大纲

《语言学概论(英)》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码:16083302课程名称:语言学概论(英)英文名称:Introduction to Linguistics For Students of English课程类别:专业课学时:32学时学分:2学分适用对象: 英语专业考核方式:考查先修课程:专业技能课二、课程简介《语言学概论(英)》课程是英语专业必修课程,为英语语言文学各专业本科生提供语言学的基础理论知识。

本课程介绍现代语言学一个世纪以来语言研究各个领域所取得的重要成果,包括语言学的重要区分、语言的定义、特征和功能,重点介绍结构主义语言学、生成语法理论对语言的三个层面即音系、语法和语义的描述,即语言学的核心分支音系学、形态学、句法、语义学和语用学的基本概念和理论以及分析方法。

同时,会用马克思主义的语言观来评价语言学家的研究路径。

通过本课程的学习,学生应掌握语言学基本概念、理论知识和分析方法,并能运用所学理论和方法分析和解释语言现象。

Introduction to Linguistics for Students of English is a compulsory course, providing the students of English majors with some basic theories and specialized knowledge in linguistics. The course, starting from Saussure’s language views, introduces the important research achievements in the scope of linguistics, important distinctions in linguistics, definition of language, design features of language and functions of language. The important points of this course lie in the description of sound system, structure system and meaning system, namely, the core branches of linguistics: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics from perspectives of structuralism, generative grammar. Meanwhile, Marxist language view will be used to evaluate some linguistic theories and approaches. After the study of the course, the students will learn the basic concepts and theories in linguistics and methods for linguistic researches. They are expected to be able to apply the linguistic concepts and theories to analyze and explain language phenomena.三、课程性质与教学目的《语言学概论(英)》课程是为英语专业本科生开设的英语专业必修课之一。

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一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求(一)课程性质和特点《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业(本科段)的一门重要的专业理论课程,其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识,掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论,了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用,熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物;通过该课程的学习,考生可以从不同的角度了解语言(的性质),了解语言学习和语言教学,为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。

本课程的特点是:专业术语多,概念多,内容抽象,所以,考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程,如高级英语、泛读(三)、写作等,这样可以减少语言障碍,有利于学好语言学的理论知识。

(二)本课程的基本要求本课程共分为本书共分四编,计十三章。

第一编(一至二章)介绍了语言和语言学;第二编(三至八章)介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学;第三编(九至十二章)为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学,以及语言学理论与外语教学;第四编(十三章)介绍了现代语言学流派。

通过对本书的学习,要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。

具体应达到以下要求:1、掌握语言的性质、功能,以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念;2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论;3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用;4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。

(三)本课程与相关课程的联系英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程,其含盖范围很广,既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学,又涉及许多交叉学科,如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学(包括语言学理论与外语教学),以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。

语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。

在自考课程中,词汇学与语言学关系最为密切,词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。

高级英语、泛读(三)、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。

文学与语言学并非对立的关系,这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴,日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究,这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。

二、课程内容与考核目标第一章语言(一)课程内容本章简要介绍了语言的定义、性质和功能。

(二)学习要求了解语言的定义、性质和功能。

(三)考核知识点和考核要求1、领会:语言的功能;2、掌握:语言的定义和性质。

第二章语言学(一)课程内容本章介绍了语言学的研究范围、语言学研究的科学程序、语言学的分支和几组重要的区别性概念。

(二)学习要求通过本章的学习,要求了解语言学的研究范围和语言学研究的科学程序,深刻理解并掌握语言学的分支(语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学)的研究对象,掌握语言与言语、语言能力与语言运用、共时与历时、言语与书面语、语言行为潜势与实际语言行为、横组合与纵聚合、言语交际与非言语交际、传统语法与现代语言学等区别性概念。

(三)考核知识点和考核要求1、掌握:语言学的研究范围,语言学研究的科学程序,语言学的分支(语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学)的研究对象。

2、熟练掌握:语言与言语、语言能力与语言运用、共时与历时、言语与书面语、语言行为潜势与实际语言行为、横组合与纵聚合、言语交际与非言语交际、传统语法与现代语言学等区别性概念。

第三章语音学(一)课程内容本章介绍了语音学及其分支的定义、发音器官的名称和位置、英语辅音和元音的描述与分类、协同发音与国际语音表以及语音特征。

(二)学习要求理解并掌握语音学及其分支的定义、发音器官的名称和位置、英语辅音和元音的描述与分类、协同发音与国际语音表以及语音特征。

(三)考核知识点和考核要求1、领会:发音器官的名称和位置、协同发音与国际语音表。

2、掌握:语音学及其分支的定义。

3、熟练掌握:英语辅音和元音的描述与分类以及语音特征。

第四章音位学(一)课程内容本章介绍了语音学和音位学的区别、音位学的重要概念(音位、音子、音位变体、最小对立体、分布类型等)、鉴别音位的原则、区别性特征、音位规则、超切分特征、严式音标和宽式音标等。

(二)学习要求通过本章的学习,了解并掌握语音学和音位学的区别、音位学的重要概念(音位、音子、音位变体、最小对立体、分布类型等)、鉴别音位的原则、区别性特征、音位规则、超切分特征、严式音标和宽式音标等。

(三)考核知识点和考核要求1、领会:语音学和音位学的区别。

2、掌握:鉴别音位的原则、区别性特征、音位规则、超切分特征、严式音标和宽式音标等。

3、熟练掌握:音位学的重要概念(音位、音子、音位变体、最小对立体、分布类型等)。

第五章形态学(一)课程内容本章介绍了形态学的研究范围、语素的定义、几组重要概念之间的关系或区别(包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间,前缀、后缀和中缀之间,屈折词缀和派生词缀之间,词根、词干和词基之间,语素、语子和语素变体之间,空语子和零语子之间)、直接成分分析、以及构词法。

(二)学习要求通过本章的学习,了解并掌握形态学的研究范围、语素的定义、几组重要概念之间的关系或区别(包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间,前缀、后缀和中缀之间,屈折词缀和派生词缀之间,词根、词干和词基之间,语素、语子和语素变体之间,空语子和零语子之间)、直接成分分析、以及构词法。

(三)考核知识点和考核要求1、领会:形态学的研究范围。

2、掌握:语素的定义以及几组重要概念之间的关系或区别(包括词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素之间,前缀、后缀和中缀之间,屈折词缀和派生词缀之间,词根、词干和词基之间,语素、语子和语素变体之间,空语子和零语子之间)。

3、熟练掌握:直接成分分析方法以及构词法。

第六章句法学(一)课程内容本章介绍了句法学的定义、语法与词法和句法之间的联系、三种句法关系(横组合关系、纵聚合关系、等级关系)、分析句法关系的几种方法(直接成分分析、标记法直接成分分析、短语标记法、方括标记法)、成分关系与依存关系的区别、表层结构与深层结构的区别、生成句子深层结构的短语结构规则、将深层结构转化为表层结构的转化规则、以及结构歧义现象。

(二)学习要求通过本章的学习,了解并掌握句法学的定义、语法与词法和句法之间的联系、三种句法关系(横组合关系、纵聚合关系、等级关系)、分析句法关系的几种方法(直接成分分析、标记法直接成分分析、短语标记法、方括标记法)、成分关系与依存关系的区别、表层结构与深层结构的区别、生成句子深层结构的短语结构规则、将深层结构转化为表层结构的转化规则、以及结构歧义现象。

(三)考核知识点和考核要求1、领会:句法学的定义、成分关系与依存关系的区别、以及结构歧义现象。

2、熟练掌握:语法与词法和句法之间的联系、三种句法关系(横组合关系、纵聚合关系、等级关系)、分析句法关系的几种方法(直接成分分析、标记法直接成分分析、短语标记法、方括标记法)、表层结构与深层结构的区别、生成句子深层结构的短语结构规则、以及将深层结构转化为表层结构的转化规则。

第七章语义学(一)课程内容本章介绍了语义学的定义、语义学的分支、有关意义的理论、语义学的一些重要概念(reference, denotation, referent, sense, extension, intension, concept)、意义的类型、意义的要素、成分分析理论、语义场理论、词汇关系、决定句子意义的基本因素、句子之间的意义关系以及述位结构理论。

(二)学习要求通过本章的学习,了解并掌握语义学的定义、语义学的分支、有关意义的理论、语义学的一些重要概念(reference, denotation, referent, sense, extension, intension, concept)、意义的类型、意义的要素、成分分析理论、语义场理论、词汇关系、决定句子意义的基本因素、句子之间的意义关系以及述位结构理论。

(三)考核知识点和考核要求1、领会:语义学的定义、语义学的分支、有关意义的理论、语义学的一些重要概念(reference, denotation, referent, sense, extension, intension, concept)以及述位结构理论。

2、掌握:意义的类型、意义的要素、成分分析理论、语义场理论、词汇关系、决定句子意义的基本因素。

(第八章——第十二章内容不做考核要求)第十三章现代语言学流派(一)课程内容本章重点介绍了索绪尔与现代语言学的关系、欧洲结构主义(布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派)、美国结构主义、乔姆斯基与转换生成语法、伦敦学派、韩礼德与系统功能语法等。

(二)学习要求了解并掌握现代语言学影响较大的重要流派:索绪尔与现代语言学的关系、欧洲结构主义(布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派)、美国结构主义、乔姆斯基与转换生成语法、伦敦学派、韩礼德与系统功能语法等。

(三)考核知识点和考核要求1、领会:各个语言学流派的特点。

2、掌握:每个流派的代表人物。

三、有关说明和实施要求(一)关于“课程内容与考核目标”中的有关说明在大纲的考核要求中,提出了“领会”、“掌握”、“熟练掌握”等三个能力层次的要求,它们的含义是:1、领会:要求应考者能够记忆规定的有关知识点的主要内容,并能够林归和理解规定的有关知识点的内涵与外延,熟悉其内容要点和它们之间的区别与联系,并能根据考核的不同要求,作出正确的解释、说明和阐述。

2、掌握:要求应考者掌握有关的知识点,正确理解和记忆相关内容的原理、方法步骤等。

3、重点掌握:要求应考者必须掌握的课程中的核心内容和重要知识点。

(二)自学教材本课程使用教材为:《英语语言学概论》,王永祥、支永碧主编,南京师范大学出版社,2007年版。

(三)自学方法的指导本课程作为一门的专业理论课程,综合性强、专业术语和概念多、内容丰富而抽象、理解难度大,应考者在自学过程中应该注意以下几点:1、学习前,应仔细阅读课程大纲的第一部分,了解课程的性质、地位和任务,熟悉课程的基本要求以及本课程与有关课程的联系,使以后的学习紧紧围绕课程的基本要求。

2、在阅读某一章教材内容前,应先认真阅读大纲中该章的考核知识点、自学要求和考核要求,注意对各知识点的能力层次要求,以便在阅读教材时做到心中有数。

3、阅读教材时,应根据大纲要求,要逐段细读,逐句推敲,集中精力,吃透每个知识点。

对基本概念必须深刻理解,基本原理必须牢固掌握,在阅读中遇到个别细节问题不清楚,在不影响继续学习的前提下,可暂时搁置。

4、学完教材的每一章节内容后,应认真完成教材中的习题和思考题,这一过程可有效地帮助自学者理解、消化和巩固所学的知识,增加分析问题、解决问题的能力。

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