2010年美国心脏病学会心肺复苏指南(英文版)

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“2010心肺复苏指南”

“2010心肺复苏指南”
2010 美国心脏协会 心肺复苏及心血管急救指南
1960 心肺复苏首次被提出
封闭胸部按压
Kouwenhoven & Jude
+
口对口人工呼吸
Safar & Hackett
1960 – AHA成立早期CPR基金会
1960年,Drs. James Jude, William Kouwenhoven和Guy Knickerbocker 在美国 医学会的杂志中发表了 CPR对于118位病人的 运用。它们是由美国心 脏协会马里兰联盟成立 的.
Malcolm R. Parker, M.D. Los Gatos, California
顾问
C. W. Guildner, M.D.
Everett, Washington
Ambrose G. Hampton, Jr., M.D. Columbia, South Carolina
William Edward Kaye, M.D.
联络人 Lance Becker, MD, FAHA Group Robert Hickey, MD Mgt Comm Edward Jauch, MD Council Mary E. Mancini, RN, PhD, FAAN Vinay Nadkarni, MSc, FAHA ILCOR Co-Chairperson Venugopal Menon, MD, FAHA Cardiol Scott Silvers, MD Physicians Andrea Gabrielli, MD Terry Vanden Hoek, MD Emerg Medicine George Sopko, MD, MPH Inst Oscar Tovar, MD

2010国际心肺复苏及心血管急救指南

2010国际心肺复苏及心血管急救指南

2010国际心肺复苏及心血管急救指南美国心脏协会(AHA )[1]每五年根据临床和科研的最新进展推出一个新版本的“心肺复苏指南”。

该指南系统提供心肺复苏应遵循的原则并提供临床实践的操作指南。

2000年版 2005年版 2010年版[2]1. 婴儿和儿童CPR 时,按压/通气比为5:1;成人CPR 时,按压/通气比为15:2;2. 未强调胸外按压的质量和速率,胸腔完全恢复状态,以及减少中断胸外按压的重要性。

1. 强调胸外按压的质量和频率,要求“用力而快速的按压,按压频率100次/分”; 2. 所有单人CPR 时,按压/通气比均为30:2;3. 每次按压后使胸廓完全恢复到正常位置,压/放时间50%:50%。

5. 应尽量控制中断胸外按压的时间。

1. 2010年指南,调整了心肺复苏的流程,由A-B-C 更改为C-A-B ,把心脏按压放在了最重要的位置。

2. 在除颤之前进行胸外按压,在除颤1次结束之后马上再进行胸外按压。

3. 按压频率至少100次/分,按压深度至少5cm. 4. 连续按压,尽可能减少按压中断。

持续按压,不过早放弃病人。

5. 可以在治疗科室使用机械按压。

比较中我们发现了以下的趋势:1、 AHA 心肺复苏指南中的按压通气要求比发生了显著变化,从5:1到15:2到目前的30:2或连续按压,并要求避免过度通气。

在2005年版本之后,美国 亚利桑那大学心脏中心Gordon A. Ewy 等提出了纯胸外按压不通气的方式,并通过临床证实持续胸外按压即可提供充足的氧供。

2、 指南越来越强调在除颤之前,先行进行胸外按压,使得心脏得到足够的灌注。

尤其是2010年指南,调整了心肺复苏的流程,由A-B-C 更改为C-A-B ,并要求更高的按压频率和按压深度。

强调高质量的的有效胸外按压。

[3]3、 指南越来越重视不间断按压,和持续按压,减少中断次数并且不要过早放弃病人。

4、 2010年指心肺复苏指南,心肺复苏机(17张)南针对心肺复苏的高质量要求促使我们考虑使用一种高效、便携的移动心肺复苏设备来辅助或部分替代人工按压。

美国心脏协会2010年心肺复苏和心血管急救指南全文

美国心脏协会2010年心肺复苏和心血管急救指南全文

美国心脏协会2010年心肺复苏和心血管急救指南全文第一部分实施概要2010 美国心脏病学会心肺复苏和心血管急症救治指南的出版,标志着现代CPR 经历了50 周年。

1960 年,Kouwenhoven、Knickerbocker 和 Jude 发表了心脏骤停后经闭胸式心脏按压存活 14 例病人的文献,同年,在 Ocean 市召开的 Maryland 医学会学术会议上介绍了胸外按压联合人工呼吸的方法。

两年后,即1962 年,介绍了直流电单项波除颤法。

1966 年美国心脏病学会(AHA)编写了第一个心肺复苏(CPR)指南,此后定期进行更新。

过去的50 年间,以早期识别和呼叫、早期CPR、早期除颤和早期开展急诊医疗救治为基础的方法,已成功挽救了全世界成千上万条生命,这些成功抢救的生命证明心肺复苏研究和临床验证的重要性,也是庆祝 CPR 50 周年的原因。

如果我们全面征求同行复苏科学家的评议,仍有很多挑战。

我们知道不同系统(译注:指机构或专业)之间心脏骤停后的存活预后方面仍存在很大的差异,有些报告较另一些报告的存活率高达5 倍。

虽然诸如整合到自动体外除颤仪(AED)中的技术有助于提高心脏骤停的存活率,但没有那种初始介入措施可用于心脏骤停者,除非目击者准备、愿意且有能力实施救治。

而且,要抢救成功,目击者和其他医务人员的行动应在一个系统下充分合作、并将各种行动有机地融合在一起,目标是让患者能够存活出院。

本实施摘要总揽2010 美国心脏病协会CPR 和心血管急救(ECC)指南中最主要的变化和最引人关注的推荐。

科学家和医务人员参与到广泛的证据评估过程中,根据目前科学进展分析 CPR 过程中的系列环节和优先步骤,以确定对存活最大的潜在影响因素。

根据可获得的证据强度,对最有希望的支持措施确定推荐等级。

专家们一致支持继续强调实施高质量的CPR,即充分的按压频率和深度,允许胸廓充分回弹(或回复),最少的按压间断时间和避免过度通气。

心肺复苏指南(2010年版)

心肺复苏指南(2010年版)
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AMSA 技术用于除颤治疗 有望能在 2010 年的心肺复苏指南中得
以推荐
• Weil 心脏医学研究院近年对于 VF波形的分析研 究取得突破性进展
• 组合心电波形幅度与频率数值的幅度谱面积 (AMSA) 技术 , 根据 VF 波形分 析决定优先除颤、 还是先行 CPR 后再除 颤
• 整合 AMSA 技术的新一代智能商品化自动体外除 颤器现已进入临床试验阶段
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图1 美国心脏协会 2010 年《心肺复苏指南》制定进程 (注 :ILCOR, 国际复苏联络委员会)
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(一)心肺复苏优先次序的选择
• 专家达成的共识:
• 及早除颤的重要性达成共 识 • 现有指南建议当院外心跳骤停事件 被目击或者发
生院内心跳骤停事件时 , 假如在现场可以立刻获 得 AED 或者人工除颤器 , 急救人员应当立刻进行 CPR和尽早使用 除颤器
• 有人提出在猝死二级预防中应使用胺腆酮
• 猝死高危者一级预防 ; 心梗或心衰者射血分数 (EF)<35%; 微伏 T 波电交替 ; 频发非持 续性室 速没有条件接自动除颤器 (ICD) 植入治疗的患者
• 胺腆酮和硫酸镁合用
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美托洛尔
• 交感风暴 ----反复发作性的室性心 动过 速 / 心室颤动
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2. 恶性心律失常的药物治疗
• 2005 美国心脏协会 《心肺复苏指南》建 议:
• CPR时 , 如果 24 次电击、持续的心肺复苏 和应 用血管升压药物之后室性心动过速和 心室颤动仍然存在 , 应考虑给予抗心律 失 常药物
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胺腆酮
• 近年各相关指南建议胺腆酮作为治疗恶性心律失 常的首选药物

2010年心肺复苏指南更新

2010年心肺复苏指南更新

2010年心肺复苏指南更新心脏停搏、呼吸骤停是临床上最紧急的情况。

如未能在现场得到及时正确的抢救,患者将因全身严重缺氧而由临床死亡转为生物学死亡。

常温下,心脏停搏3秒时病人就感到头晕;10秒即出现昏厥;30~40秒后瞳孔散大;60秒后呼吸停止、大小便失禁;4~6min后大脑发生不可逆的损伤。

因此,对心脏停搏、呼吸骤停病人的抢救应当在4min内进行心肺复苏,开始复苏的时间越早,成活率越高。

据统计,在心脏停搏4min内进行基础生命支持(basic life support,BLS),并于8min内进行进一步生命支持(advanced life support,ALS),则病人的生存率达43%。

BLS和ALS开始的时间与病人存活率的关系见下表。

开始BLS时间(min)开始ALS时间(min)存活率(%)< 4 < 4 8~ 12 8~ 12 > 12 < 816< 16> 16> 1643106一、《2010 美国心脏协会心肺复苏及心血管急救指南》继续强调实施高质量心肺复苏的需要,包括:(1)按压速率至少为每分钟100 次(而不再是每分钟“大约”100 次)(2)成人按压幅度至少为 5 厘米;婴儿和儿童的按压幅度至少为胸部前后径的三分之一(婴儿大约为 4 厘米,儿童大约为 5 厘米)。

(3)保证每次按压后胸部回弹(4)尽可能减少胸外按压的中断(5)避免过度通气二、新“生存链”的五个环节2010年AHA CPR-ECC指南更新的流程,在原“生存链”的基础上新增了第五个环节,即早期识别求救、早期CPR,早期电除颤、早期救治以及心脏骤停后的救治(见图1)。

这个变化更加强调自主循环恢复(ROSC)后只是CPR复杂的临床病理过程和救治的开始,需要采用多学科的综合优化进行救治的重要性。

(1)早期识别求救:施救者发现患者突然倒地,快速检查患者无反应、无呼吸或无正常呼吸(叹息样呼吸),首先立即拨打急救电话,大声求救,启动急救反应(EMS)系统,要求取带除颤器(AED)。

2010国际心肺复苏指南

2010国际心肺复苏指南

基础生命支持—BLS
• 非医务人员亦可实施,开始的时间越早越好 • 目前国际上普遍采用的BLS手法是根据1980年
日内瓦国际会议决定的,由美国心脏病学会经历数次 国际心肺复苏会议不断改进完善所颁布的标准 • 2005第二次国际心肺复苏会议仍然推荐BLS按照英 文字母A、B、C、的顺序进行:A-气道;B-呼吸 支持;C-循环支持。
心跳骤停的心电图分型
• 心室停搏(伴或不伴心房静止) 心 肌完全失去电活动能力,心电图上表 现为一条直线。常见窦性、房性、结 性冲动不能达到心室,且心室内起搏 点不能发出冲动。
气道阻塞的常见病因
呼吸道阻塞系指呼吸器官(口、鼻、 咽、喉、气管、支气管、细支气管和肺 泡)的任何部位发生阻塞或狭窄,阻碍 气体交换,或呼吸道邻近器官病变引起 的呼吸道阻塞,以至发生阻塞性呼吸困 难的总称。
无氧缺血时脑细胞损伤的进程
脑循环中断: • 10秒—— 脑氧储备耗尽 • 20-30秒—— 脑电活动消失 • 4分钟 ——脑内葡萄糖耗尽,糖无氧代谢停止 • 5分钟——脑内ATP枯竭,能量代谢完全停止 • 4-6分钟——脑神经元发生不可逆的病理改变 • 6小时—— 脑组织均匀性溶解
心跳骤停的常见病因
心肺复苏
A:即判断有无意识、畅通呼吸道。
a) 使病人去枕后仰于地面或硬板床上,解开衣领 及裤带;
b) 畅通呼吸通道,清理口腔、鼻腔异物或分泌物 、假牙等;
c) 开放气道手法:仰面抬颌法、仰面抬颈法、托 下颌法。
开放气道手法
• 仰面抬颌法 要领:用一只手
按压伤病者的前额, 使头部后仰,同时用 另一只手的食指及中 指将下颏托起。
心肺复苏
B:即人工呼吸 人工呼吸就是用人工的方法帮助病人呼吸, 是心肺复苏基本技术之一。

AHA心肺复苏指南2010

AHA心肺复苏指南2010

4
胸外按压速率: 每分钟至少 100 次

2010(新):非专业施救者和医务人员以每分钟至少 100 次


按压的速率进行胸外按压较为合理。 理由:心肺复苏过程中的胸外按压次数对于能否恢复自主循 环以及存活后是否具有良好神经系统功能非常重要。每分钟 的实际胸外按压次数由胸外按压速率以及按压中断(例如, 开放气道、进行人工呼吸或进行 AED 分析)的次数和持续时 间决定。 在大多数研究中,在复苏过程中给予更多按压可提高存活率, 而减少按压则会降低存活率。进行足够胸外按压不仅强调足 够的按压速率,还强调尽可能减少这一关键心肺复苏步骤的 中断。 如果按压速率不足或频繁中断(或者同时存在这两种情况), 会减少每分钟给予的总按压次数.
强调胸外按压




如果旁观者未经过心肺复苏培训,则应进行Hands-Only™ (单纯胸按压)的心肺复苏,即仅为突然倒下的成人患者进 行胸外按压并强调在胸部中央用力快速按压,或者按照急救 调度的指示操作。 施救者应继续实施单纯胸外按压心肺复苏,直至 AED 到达且 可供使用,或者急救人员或其他相关施救者已接管患者。 所有经过培训的非专业施救者应至少为心脏骤停患者进行胸 外按压。 如果经过培训的非专业施救者有能力进行人工呼吸,应按照 30 次按压对应 2 次呼吸的比率进行按压和人工呼吸。 理由:单纯胸外按压(仅按压)心肺复苏对于未经培训的施 救者更容易实施,而且更便于调度员通过电话进行指导。另 外,对于心脏病因导致的心脏骤停,单纯胸外按压心肺复苏 或同时进行按压和人工呼吸的心肺复苏的存活率相近。不过, 对于经过培训的非专业施救者,仍然建议施救者同时实施按 压和通气。

同步电复律
室上性快速心律失常

美国心脏病协会(AHA)发布2010年国际心肺复苏与心血管急救指南

美国心脏病协会(AHA)发布2010年国际心肺复苏与心血管急救指南

美国心脏病协会(AHA)发布2010年国际心肺复苏与心血管急救指南美国心脏病协会(AHA)发布2010年国际心肺复苏与心血管急救指南美国心脏病协会最新心肺复苏(CPR)指南:第一步骤- 胸部挤压2010年10月18日-美国心脏协会(AHA)公布的最新心肺复苏(CPR)指南,此指南重新安排了CPR传统的三个步骤, 从原来的A-B-C改为C-A-B。

这一改变适用于成人,儿童和婴儿,但不包括新生儿。

原有的步骤为:保持气道通畅,人工呼吸,胸部挤压。

最新公布的步骤为:胸部挤压,保持气道通畅,人工呼吸。

美国心脏病协会心血管急救委员会主席迈克尔R •塞尔博士表示,仅就始于胸部挤压一项将挽救许多垂危病人的生命。

传统方法把胸部挤压滞后,而胸部挤压对全身血液循环至关重要。

塞尔又说,改进后的指南将鼓舞更多的人来实施心肺复苏术,因为如果不加以专业培训,口对口人工呼吸动作很难完成,而任何人都可以做胸部挤压。

正确的胸外挤压的确能够挽救生命。

在许多情况下,人从前一次呼吸中储备在血液和肺部一些氧气。

而我们就是利用这个储备的氧气来做胸部挤压。

以下就是最新心肺复苏的步骤:1. 拨打120或要求别人拨打;2. 判断患者有无反应。

如无反应,使其平躺;3. 开始胸部挤压:将一只手放置伤者的胸部中央,另一只手压在第一只手背部,十指交错;4. 开始下压。

下压深度成人及儿童在至少2英寸,婴儿在至少1.5英寸。

下压频率为每分钟100次左右。

5. 如果你曾受过心肺复苏术方面的培训,这时候你就可以将患者的头略微后翘,仰起下巴,使气道通畅;6. 捏住患者的鼻子,做一次正常的吸气后,实施与患者口对口封闭式的,一次一秒,连续两次的人工呼吸,同时观察患者有无自主呼吸;7. 在救护人员抵达前,循环做胸部挤压和人工呼吸– 30次挤压接两次人工呼吸。

引用:迈克尔R •塞尔医师,美国心脏病协会心血管急救委员会主席,2010年美国心脏协会心肺复苏和心血管急救指南联合修订作者,俄亥俄州立大学医学院急诊医学对此的点评,中国医学救援协会、武警医学院、武警总医院、海军总医院首席急救专家及美国心脏协会(AHA)中国首位急救顾问(Advisor)李宗浩教授(Prof. Li Zonghao),中国医学救援协会科学家委员会委员、中国急救复苏与灾害医学杂志副总编、资深心血管病专家钱方毅教授(Prof. Qian Fangyi)近期内将在本网发表意见。

2010版心肺复苏

2010版心肺复苏
2010 • 急诊 • 基地 • 培训
不主张口对口 双人操作 使用呼吸囊
原因
1、胸外按压能够向心脏和脑提供重要的血流量,研究表 明,心脏骤停时,患者经过抢救的生存率要比那些未作 CPR的高。 2、动物数据表明,延误胸外按压会减少生存率,所以被 延误的情况应最小化。 3、胸外按压不受体位的影响,可以即时进行,而定位头 部和进行嘴对嘴呼吸都需要花费时间。 4、在双人抢救时,C-A-B的优势更突出,在第一个抢救 者进行胸外按压的同时,第二个抢救者施行开放气道。在 开始做人工呼吸时,第一个30次胸外按压也就结束了。 5、不管是单人还是多人抢救,以胸外按压开始CPR不会 推迟进行人工呼吸这点应该明确。
以每分钟至少100次的 以每分钟100次的频 频率,进行胸外按压。 率,进行胸外按压 ≥100次/分 =100次/分
2010 • 急诊 • 基地决定了胸外按压的频率。 这也是影响正常循环和神经功能的重要因素。 在大多数研究中,胸外按压次数与存活率成正 比。 作为CPR组成的重要部分,胸外按压不仅要把 重点放在按压频率上,也要尽量缩短中断时间。 按压不足或频繁中断将会使每分钟的按压次数 减少。
2010与2005比较
2010 2005
CAB
(胸外按压, 气道,呼吸)
ABC
(气道,呼吸, 胸外按压)
2010 • 急诊 • 基地 • 培训
2010与2005比较
2010
胸外按压先于通气
2005
成人心肺复苏,首先开放 气道,检查是否有正常呼 吸,2次通气后再做30次 胸外按压,如此循环 口对口 单人操作 徒手
2010 • 急诊 • 基地 • 培训


1)胸外按压频率由2005年的100次/分 改为“至少100次/分” (2)按压深度由2005年的4-5cm改为 “至少5cm” (3)人工呼吸频率不变、按压与呼吸 比不变 (4)强烈建议普通施救者仅做胸外按 压的CPR,弱化人工呼吸的作用,对普 通目击者要求对ABC改变为“CAB”即 胸外按压、气道和呼吸

2010美国AHA心肺复苏及心血管救治指南

2010美国AHA心肺复苏及心血管救治指南

• 证据水平 • 水平 1 随机临床试验或有确切疗效的多个临床试验的荟萃 分析 • 水平 2 小样本或显著性疗效较少的随机临床试验 • 水平 3 前瞻性,对照,非随机的队列研究 • 水平 4 历史性,非随机的队列或病例-对照研究 • 水平 5 病例系列;同类病例收集,无对照组 • 水平 6 动物研究或力学模型研究 • 水平 7 由现有的为其他目的收集的资料推断,理论分析 • 水平 8 合理推测(共识);循证指南以前的常规
• 本指南含有12个美国心脏学会心肺复苏和 心血管急救流程,重点关注必要的评估和 推荐用于治疗心脏骤停或危重情况的干预 措施。 • 指南中最重要的变化在于简化了心肺复苏 程序,并且在心肺复苏期间增加了每分钟 胸外按压的次数和减少胸外按压的间歇。 下面是本指南的一些最重要的新建议:
• 对非专业急救者的培训改为遇到呼吸停止 的无意识患者时,先进行2 次人工呼吸后立 即开始胸外按压(第4和11章)。 • (2)、简化了人工呼吸的程序:所有人工 呼吸(无论是口对口,口对面罩,球囊— 面罩,或球囊对高级气道)均应持续吹气1 秒以上,保证有足够量的气体进入并使胸 廓有明显抬高(第4和11章)。
• 建议紧急医疗服务(EMS)人员对无目击者的心脏停跳患者除颤前, 可考虑先行约5 组(约2 分钟)心肺复苏,特别是在事发地点由呼叫 到EMS抵达反应时间超过4到5分钟时(第5章)。 • (8)、无脉性心脏停跳患者治疗期间,推荐两次心跳检查之间给予 约5 组(或者约2 分钟)心肺复苏(第5、7.2和12章)。急救者不应 在电击后立即检查心跳或脉搏—而是应该重新进行心肺复苏,先行胸 外按压,而心跳检查应在5组(或者约2分钟)心肺复苏后进行。 • (9)、推荐所有的急救措施,包括高级气道开放(例如气管内导管, 食管—气管导管[Combitube],或喉部面罩气道[LMA])、给药和对患 者重新评价时,均应保证胸外按压间隔最短化。推荐无脉性心脏骤停 治疗期间应限制对脉搏的检查(第4、5、7.2、11和12章)。 • (10)、心室颤动/无脉性室性心动过速治疗时,推荐电击1次后而非 电击3次后立即进行心肺复苏(开始胸外按压):这是因为新式除颤 器首次电击具有很高的成功率,并且已知道如果首次的电击失败,给 予胸外按压可以改善氧供和养分运送到至心肌,使得随后进行的电击 更可能除颤成功(第5、7.2和12章)。

心肺复苏2010指南

心肺复苏2010指南

碳酸氢钠
• 适应症:
• 有效通气及胸外心脏按压10分钟后,PH 值仍低于 7.2
• 心跳骤停前已存在代谢性酸中毒 • 伴有严重的高钾血症
2010心肺复苏方法
呼救
C (circulation)
心外按压的作用原理:
• 胸泵机制 胸外按压造成胸内压升高,动静脉均承受压 力,但动脉的对抗力大于静脉,在按压时保持开放, 主动脉收缩而将血液泵入大循环;而大静脉则被压陷, 回流停止;放松按压时胸内压下降,静脉回流心脏, 动脉停止泵血,回流的动脉血被主动脉瓣阻挡,血液 不能返流入心脏,部分可从冠状动脉开口流入心脏冠 状动脉 。
电除颤
2010年的指南未对除颤、电复律和起搏进行很大的修 改,强调在给与高质量的心肺复苏同时早期除颤是提 高心肺复苏存活率的关键。
电除颤
• 对一个室颤患者来说,能否成功地被给予电除颤,使 其存活,决定于从室颤发生到进行首次电除颤治疗的 时间。
• 应尽早除颤,5分钟之内开始。除颤延迟1分钟,存活 率降低7—10%,超过10分钟再除,存活率仅为2—5%。
• 心泵机制 超声技术已经证实,在按压时,心脏内的瓣 膜出现与生理情况一致的交替开放与关闭。
定位1
• 两乳头连线中点
定位2
• 定位在剑突上方2横指处
要点
★按压部位 ★姿势 ★按压与放松
间隔相等 ★幅度及频率 ★按压/通气比

胸外按压
• 双手指交叉垂直按 压胸骨。
• 心脏按压的 • 频率:至少100次/
分 • 深度:至少5cm
2010心肺复苏方法
2010心肺复苏方法
一手的鱼际处紧贴 在按压部位上,双 手重叠握紧,双臂 绷直,双肩在病人 胸骨上方正中,垂 直向下按压,按压 力量应足以使胸骨 下沉大于5 厘米, 压下后放松,但双 手不要离开胸壁。 反复操作,频率大 于100次/分钟

2010年国际心肺复苏指南

2010年国际心肺复苏指南

2010年国际心肺复苏指南心肺复苏术是指救护者在现场对呼吸、心跳骤停者及时实施人工胸外心脏按压和人工呼吸的急救技术,为维持基础生命提供必要的氧气及充分的血液循环的紧急急救措施。

心搏骤停一旦发生,如得不到即刻及时地抢救复苏,4~6min后会造成患者脑和其他人体重要器官组织的不可逆的损害,因此心搏骤停后的心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR)必须在现场立即进行。

不学医的人们也应该学会,急救不存在简单与复杂,只要做了胸外按压,一定会为急救人员争取营救时间。

1.发现病人倒地,确认现场是否存在危险因素,以免影响救治;2.判断病人意识,(注意做到轻拍重唤!)如无反应,立即呼救并请求他人拨打电话,与急救医疗救护系统联系。

如现场只有一个抢救者,则先进行1分钟的现场心肺复苏后,再联系求救;3.立即将病人置于复苏体位(平卧位),触摸颈动脉,未触及立即施行胸外心脏按压!4.按压30次后立即开放气道,进行口对口人工呼吸。

人工呼吸与胸外按压比例为2:30。

单纯进行胸外心脏按压时,每分钟频率至少为100次。

有条件要及早实施体外除颤。

由美国心脏学会(AHA)和其它一些西方发达国家复苏学会制订的每五年更新一次的“国际心肺复苏指南”对指导和规范在全球范围内的心肺复苏具有重要的积极意义。

2010年美国心脏学会(AHA)和国际复苏联盟(ILCOR)发布最新心肺复苏和心血管急救指南修改了操作程序。

大家比较熟悉的紧急状况下心肺复苏的程序是:A 开放气道;B 人工呼吸;C 维持循环。

这套理论延续了很多年。

现今,此程序更改为:C 维持循环(胸外按压);A 开放气道(畅通呼吸道);B 人工呼吸(吹气)。

请大家记住复苏程序由ABC变成CAB。

心肺复苏的适应症•病人意识突然丧失,昏倒于任何场合;•心音无、大动脉无;•心跳呼吸停止;•面色苍白或紫绀,瞳孔散大;•心电图:一直线、心室颤动和心电机械分离。

心搏骤停的识别心搏骤停的识别一般并不困难,最可靠且出现较早的临床征象是意识突然丧失和大动脉搏动消失,一般轻拍病人肩膀并大声呼喊以判断意识是否存在,以食指和中指触摸颈动脉以感觉有无搏动,如果二者均不存在,就可做出心搏骤停的诊断,并应该立即实施初步急救和复苏。

2010心肺复苏全24

2010心肺复苏全24

2010指南主要变化
按ABC顺序,现场急救者开放气道、嘴对嘴呼吸、放置防 护隔膜或其他通气设备会导致胸外按压延误。通过改变顺 序,使胸外按压开始的更快。
不足50%的心脏骤停者能得到在场目击者所施CPR。其原 因很多,但其中之一是ABC的顺序,开放气道和人工呼吸 对救援者开始做最为困难。开始就胸外按压可使更多心脏 骤停者得到CPR,特别对不能或不愿予人工通气者至少会 实施胸外按压。
是有效的方法; • 上世纪六十年代末期,人工呼吸+胸外按压; • 1974年,美国心脏协会开始制定了心肺复苏指南; • 1980、1986、1992、2000、2005年多次修订; • 2010年10月修订出版新的心肺复苏指南。
国际复苏联合委员会
2010复苏指南---是一个全球性的国际CPR 标准指南,也是当今最领先的复苏理论和 操作规范
2010指南主要变化
1.生存链:由2005年的四早生存链改为五个链环: “生命链”是指现场从“第一反应者”(第一日击者)发现伤者 开始,到专业急救人员到达进行抢救的一系列行为 ① 早期通路; ② 早期徒手心肺复苏; ③ 早期心脏除颤; ④ 早期高级心肺复苏;
⑤ 、完整的心脏骤停后处理。
2010指南主要变化
治疗性低温:保护心脑、推荐应用
研究证明,在心脏骤停的代谢期降低核心体温能保护 心肌,减轻心肌再灌注损伤。低温对脑也有保护作用, 可能通过降低颅内压和预防脑缺血性损伤来发挥作用。 复苏后轻、中度低温(32~34℃)可改善室颤后心脏 骤停患者的不良神经系统预后 。
虑予以降低体温,一旦低温治疗方案准备就 绪应立即启动,并保证在推荐的24小时降温期间细心 监督核心体温和血流动力学,同时预防寒颤,以及维 持足够的灌注压。
药物治疗:证据缺乏、有待探索

2010AHA心肺复苏指南

2010AHA心肺复苏指南

非 专 业 简施 化救 流者 程成 人
BLS
专业施救者成人BLS流程
BLS步骤总结
快速除颤
• 先电击?先C-A-B ?先胸前捶击? • 对于院内心脏骤停、有心电监护的患者, 从VF到电击的时间应<3 min,并且应在等 待除颤器就绪时进行心肺复苏。 • 儿童(1~8岁)首选剂量衰减型AED • 婴儿(<1岁)建议首选手动除颤器 • 电极位置:前-侧(或前-后、前-左肩胛以 及前-右肩胛) • 装有植入式心律转复除颤器者:应避免将 电极片或电极板直接放在植入装置上。
专业与非专业施救者BLS区别
• 非专业施救者成人心肺复苏
• 经过心肺复苏培训者: C-A-B • 未经过心肺复苏培训者,可进行HandsOnly™(单纯胸外按压)的心肺复苏或按照 急救调度的指示操作
• 专业施救者
• 未触摸到脉搏(<10 秒钟):C-A-B并尽早 使用 AED。 • 不建议常规性地采用环状软骨加压。 • 根据最有可能的骤停病因展开施救行动。 • 团体合作。
2010
美国心脏协会(AHA) 心肺复苏及心血管急救
• • • • • 立即识别心脏骤停并启动急救系统 尽早进行心肺复苏,着重于胸外按压 快速除颤 有效的高级生命支持 综合的心脏骤停后治疗
立即识别心脏骤停 并启动急救系统
发现患者突然倒地:
• 立即检查:
• 无反应 • 无呼吸或无正常呼吸(即仅有濒死喘息)
电复律与除颤能量
心律失常 室上性心 动过速 室性心动 过速
Af 双相波 单相波 AF 稳定型单型 性 无脉性或多 形性 Vf(成人) Vf(儿童) 双相/单相波 双相波
2005
未确定 100 - 200 J 未建议 未建议 非同步电击

2010 美国心脏协会心肺复苏及心血管急救指南

2010 美国心脏协会心肺复苏及心血管急救指南

Gordon)
体表电除颤 (1956-57年,Zoll,
Kouwenhoven)
闭式胸外心脏按压 (1960年,Kouwenhoven,
Jude,Knicherbocker) 肾上腺素等药物的应用 (1963年,Redding, Pearson)
心搏骤停的原因
心肌收缩力减弱
严重心律失常
心搏骤停
冠脉血流量减少
血流动力学剧烈改变
心搏骤停的诊断
必须迅速、果断(10s内),凡符合下列条 件者均应诊断为心搏骤停
原来清醒的病人神志突然丧失,呼之不应 呼吸停止或呈喘息样呼吸 下列条件可作为诊断的参考指标 大动脉搏动消失 测不到血压,心音消失 瞳孔散大,对光反射消失
CPCR的阶段
三个阶段
循环支持(胸内心脏按压, OCCM )
ECCM存活率5%~15% 新法CPR—改善不显 改变观念 OCCM存活率28%~58% 遗憾 — OCCM —目前未广泛使用 1960年代推崇——OCCM ECCM转变 —也许是一错误 ※重拾OCCM——可能能抢救成活更多CA患者
首选
循环支持(胸内心脏按压, OCCM )
心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)
建立人工循环——血液流动
CPR 进行人工通气——血液氧合
▲所有急救技术中最基本最急杂设备与技术
▲只要按照规范化流程标准实施
现代CPR四大基本技术
口对口人工通气 (1950s末,Elam,Safar,
呼吸支持
压额抬颌法
施救者位于患者一侧,一 手置患者前额向后加压使 头后仰,另一手(除拇指 外)的手指置于下颌骨骼 部分接近下颌的地方,将 下颌抬高。

2010国际心肺复苏指南

2010国际心肺复苏指南
2010国际心肺复苏指南
2010 International Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation guidelines
伊春市中心医院ICU
孟楠
概述
伊春市中心医院ICU 孟楠
2010年1月31日—2月6日国际复苏联合会 (ILCOR)和美国心脏协会(AHA)共同 在美国达拉斯洲酒店举行的2010心肺复 苏指南(CPR)暨心血管急救(ECC)国 际科学共识推荐会既要。 2010年10月18日-美国心脏协会(AHA) 公布最新心肺复苏(CPR)指南
开放气道
伊春市中心医院ICU 孟楠
开放气道手法
伊春市中心医院ICU 孟楠
仰面抬颌法 要领: 用一只手按压伤病 者的前额,使头部后仰, 同时用另一只手的食指 及中指将下颏托起
复苏步骤第三步(B)人工呼吸
伊春市中心医院ICU 孟楠
B:即人工呼吸
人工呼吸是心肺复苏基本技术之一 开放气道后应立即进行人工呼吸。最常见、最方便的人 工呼吸方法是采取口对口人工呼吸和口对鼻人工呼吸。 方法: 口对口人工呼吸时要用一手将病人的鼻孔捏紧(防止吹 气气体从鼻孔排出而不能由口腔进入到肺内),深吸一 口气,屏气,用口唇严密地包住昏迷者的口唇(不留空 隙),注意不要漏气,在保持气道畅通的操作下,将气 体吹入人的口腔到肺部。吹气后,口唇离开,并松开捏 鼻的手指,使气体呼出。观察人的胸部有无起伏,如果 吹气时胸部抬起,说明气道畅通,口对口吹气的操作是 正确的。
伊春市中心医院ICU 孟楠
心肺复苏—BLS(CAB)
伊春市中心医院ICU 孟楠
按压方法: 按压时上半身前倾,腕、 肘、肩关节伸直,以髋关 节为支点,垂直向下用力孟楠
心肺复苏—BLS(CAB)
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ISSN: 1524-4539Copyright © 2010 American Heart Association. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online72514Circulation is published by the American Heart Association. 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TXDOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.9708892010;122;S640-S656Circulation HoekCallaway, Brett Cucchiara, Jeffrey D. Ferguson, Thomas D. Rea and Terry L. VandenMark S. Link, Laurie J. Morrison, Robert E. O'Connor, Michael Shuster, Clifton W. Marc D. Berg, John E. Billi, Brian Eigel, Robert W. Hickey, Monica E. Kleinman,Neumar, Mary Ann Peberdy, Jeffrey M. Perlman, Elizabeth Sinz, Andrew H. Travers, Farhan Bhanji, Diana M. Cave, Edward C. Jauch, Peter J. Kudenchuk, Robert W.Schexnayder, Robin Hemphill, Ricardo A. Samson, John Kattwinkel, Robert A. Berg, John M. Field, Mary Fran Hazinski, Michael R. Sayre, Leon Chameides, Stephen M. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Part 1: Executive Summary: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for/cgi/content/full/122/18_suppl_3/S640located on the World Wide Web at:The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is/reprints Reprints: Information about reprints can be found online atjournalpermissions@ 410-528-8550. E-mail:Fax:Kluwer Health, 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21202-2436. Phone: 410-528-4050. Permissions: Permissions & Rights Desk, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a division of Wolters/subscriptions/Subscriptions: Information about subscribing to Circulation is online atPart1:Executive Summary2010American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care John M.Field,Co-Chair*;Mary Fran Hazinski,Co-Chair*;Michael R.Sayre;Leon Chameides; Stephen M.Schexnayder;Robin Hemphill;Ricardo A.Samson;John Kattwinkel;Robert A.Berg;Farhan Bhanji;Diana M.Cave;Edward C.Jauch;Peter J.Kudenchuk;Robert W.Neumar;Mary Ann Peberdy;Jeffrey M.Perlman;Elizabeth Sinz;Andrew H.Travers;Marc D.Berg; John E.Billi;Brian Eigel;Robert W.Hickey;Monica E.Kleinman;Mark S.Link;Laurie J.Morrison; Robert E.O’Connor;Michael Shuster;Clifton W.Callaway;Brett Cucchiara;Jeffrey D.Ferguson;Thomas D.Rea;Terry L.Vanden HoekT he publication of the2010American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care marks the50th anniversary of modern CPR.In1960Kouwenhoven,Knickerbocker,and Jude documented14patients who survived cardiac arrest with the application of closed chest cardiac massage.1That same year,at the meeting of the Maryland Medical Society in Ocean City,MD,the combination of chest compressions and rescue breathing was introduced.2Two years later,in1962, direct-current,monophasic waveform defibrillation was de-scribed.3In1966the American Heart Association(AHA) developed the first cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) guidelines,which have been followed by periodic updates.4 During the past50years the fundamentals of early recogni-tion and activation,early CPR,early defibrillation,and early access to emergency medical care have saved hundreds of thousands of lives around the world.These lives demonstrate the importance of resuscitation research and clinical transla-tion and are cause to celebrate this50th anniversary of CPR. Challenges remain if we are to fulfill the potential offered by the pioneer resuscitation scientists.We know that there is a striking disparity in survival outcomes from cardiac arrest across systems of care,with some systems reporting5-fold higher survival rates than others.5–9Although technology, such as that incorporated in automated external defibrillators (AEDs),has contributed to increased survival from cardiac arrest,no initial intervention can be delivered to the victim of cardiac arrest unless bystanders are ready,willing,and able to act.Moreover,to be successful,the actions of bystanders and other care providers must occur within a system that coordi-nates and integrates each facet of care into a comprehensive whole,focusing on survival to discharge from the hospital.This executive summary highlights the major changes and most provocative recommendations in the2010AHA Guide-lines for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care(ECC). The scientists and healthcare providers participating in a comprehensive evidence evaluation process analyzed the sequence and priorities of the steps of CPR in light of current scientific advances to identify factors with the greatest potential impact on survival.On the basis of the strength of the available evidence,they developed recommendations to support the interventions that showed the most promise. There was unanimous support for continued emphasis on high-quality CPR,with compressions of adequate rate and depth,allowing complete chest recoil,minimizing inter-ruptions in chest compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation.High-quality CPR is the cornerstone of a system of care that can optimize outcomes beyond return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC).Return to a prior quality of life and functional state of health is the ultimate goal of a resuscitation system of care.The2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC are based on the most current and comprehensive review of resuscitation litera-ture ever published,the2010ILCOR International Consensus on CPR and ECC Science With Treatment Recommendations.10 The2010evidence evaluation process included356resuscita-tion experts from29countries who reviewed,analyzed,evalu-ated,debated,and discussed research and hypotheses through in-person meetings,teleconferences,and online sessions(“web-inars”)during the36-month period before the2010Consensus Conference.The experts produced411scientific evidence re-views on277topics in resuscitation and emergency cardiovas-cular care.The process included structured evidence evaluation, analysis,and cataloging of the literature.It also included rigor-The American Heart Association requests that this document be cited as follows:Field JM,Hazinski MF,Sayre MR,Chameides L,Schexnayder SM, Hemphill R,Samson RA,Kattwinkel J,Berg RA,Bhanji F,Cave DM,Jauch EC,Kudenchuk PJ,Neumar RW,Peberdy MA,Perlman JM,Sinz E,Travers AH,Berg MD,Billi JE,Eigel B,Hickey RW,Kleinman ME,Link MS,Morrison LJ,O’Connor RE,Shuster M,Callaway CW,Cucchiara B,Ferguson JD,Rea TD,Vanden Hoek TL.Part1:executive summary:2010American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.Circulation.2010;122(suppl3):S640–S656.*Co-chairs and equal first co-authors.(Circulation.2010;122[suppl3]:S640–S656.)©2010American Heart Association,Inc.Circulation is available at DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970889ous disclosure and management of potential conflicts of interest, which are detailed in Part2:“Evidence Evaluation and Man-agement of Potential and Perceived Conflicts of Interest.”The recommendations in the2010Guidelines confirm the safety and effectiveness of many approaches,acknowledge ineffectiveness of others,and introduce new treatments based on intensive evidence evaluation and consensus of experts. These new recommendations do not imply that care using past guidelines is either unsafe or ineffective.In addition,it is important to note that they will not apply to all rescuers and all victims in all situations.The leader of a resuscitation attempt may need to adapt application of these recommenda-tions to unique circumstances.New Developments in Resuscitation ScienceSince2005A universal compression-ventilation ratio of30:2performed by lone rescuers for victims of all ages was one of the most controversial topics discussed during the2005International Consensus Conference,and it was a major change in the2005 AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC.11In2005rates of survival to hospital discharge from witnessed out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation(VF)were low,averagingՅ6%worldwide with little improvement in the years immediately preceding the2005conference.5Two studies published just before the2005International Consen-sus Conference documented poor quality of CPR performed in both out-of-hospital and in-hospital resuscitations.12,13The changes in the compression-ventilation ratio and in the defibrillation sequence(from3stacked shocks to1shock followed by immediate CPR)were recommended to mini-mize interruptions in chest compressions.11–13There have been many developments in resuscitation science since2005,and these are highlighted below. Emergency Medical Services Systems andCPR QualityEmergency medical services(EMS)systems and healthcare providers should identify and strengthen“weak links”in the Chain of Survival.There is evidence of considerable regional variation in the reported incidence and outcome from cardiac arrest within the United States.5,14This evidence supports the importance of accurately identifying each instance of treated cardiac arrest and measuring outcomes and suggests additional opportunities for improving survival rates in many communities. Recent studies have demonstrated improved outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,particularly from shockable rhythms,and have reaffirmed the importance of a stronger emphasis on compressions of adequate rate and depth,allowing complete chest recoil after each compression,minimizing interrup-tions in compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation.15–22 Implementation of new resuscitation guidelines has been shown to improve outcomes.18,20–22A means of expediting guidelines implementation(a process that may take from18 months to4years23–26)is needed.Impediments to implemen-tation include delays in instruction(eg,time needed to produce new training materials and update instructors and providers),technology upgrades(eg,reprogramming AEDs), and decision making(eg,coordination with allied agencies and government regulators,medical direction,and participa-tion in research).Documenting the Effects of CPR Performance by Lay RescuersDuring the past5years there has been an effort to simplify CPR recommendations and emphasize the fundamental importance of high-quality rge observational studies from investiga-tors in member countries of the Resuscitation Council of Asia (the newest member of ILCOR)27,28–30and other studies31,32 have provided important information about the positive impact of bystander CPR on survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. For most adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,bystander CPR with chest compression only(Hands-Only CPR)appears to achieve outcomes similar to those of conventional CPR(com-pressions with rescue breathing).28–32However,for children, conventional CPR is superior.27CPR QualityMinimizing the interval between stopping chest compressions and delivering a shock(ie,minimizing the preshock pause) improves the chances of shock success33,34and patient sur-vival.33–35Data downloaded from CPR-sensing and feedback-enabled defibrillators provide valuable information to resus-citation teams,which can improve CPR quality.36These data are driving major changes in the training of in-hospital resuscitation teams and out-of-hospital healthcare providers. In-Hospital CPR RegistriesThe National Registry of CardioPulmonary Resuscitation (NRCPR)37and other large databases are providing new infor-mation about the epidemiology and outcomes of in-hospital resuscitation in adults and children.8,38–44Although observa-tional in nature,registries provide valuable descriptive informa-tion to better characterize cardiac arrest and resuscitation out-comes as well as identify areas for further research. Deemphasis on Devices and Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support Drugs During Cardiac ArrestAt the time of the2010International Consensus Conference there were still insufficient data to demonstrate that any drugs or mechanical CPR devices improve long-term outcome after cardiac arrest.45Clearly further studies,adequately powered to detect clinically important outcome differences with these interventions,are needed.Importance of Post–Cardiac Arrest Care Organized post–cardiac arrest care with an emphasis on multidisciplinary programs that focus on optimizing hemo-dynamic,neurologic,and metabolic function(including ther-apeutic hypothermia)may improve survival to hospital dis-charge among victims who achieve ROSC following cardiac arrest either in-or out-of-hospital.46–48Although it is not yet possible to determine the individual effect of many of these therapies,when bundled as an integrated system of care,their deployment may well improve outcomes.Therapeutic hypothermia is one intervention that has been shown to improve outcome for comatose adult victims of Field et al Part1:Executive Summary S641witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest when the presenting rhythm was VF.49,50Since2005,two nonrandomized studies with concurrent controls as well as other studies using historic controls have indicated the possible benefit of hypo-thermia following in-and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from all other initial rhythms in adults.46,51–56Hypothermia has also been shown to be effective in improving intact neurologic survival in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopa-thy,57–61and the results of a prospective multicenter pediatric study of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest are eagerly awaited.Many studies have attempted to identify comatose post–cardiac arrest patients who have no prospect for meaningful neurologic recovery,and decision rules for prognostication of poor outcome have been proposed.62Therapeutic hypother-mia changes the specificity of prognostication decision rules that were previously established from studies of post–cardiac arrest patients not treated with hypothermia.Recent reports have documented occasional good outcomes in post–cardiac arrest patients who were treated with therapeutic hypother-mia,despite neurologic exam or neuroelectrophysiologic studies that predicted poor outcome.63,64Education and ImplementationThe quality of rescuer education and frequency of retraining are critical factors in improving the effectiveness of resusci-tation.65–83Ideally retraining should not be limited to2-year intervals.More frequent renewal of skills is needed,with a commitment to maintenance of certification similar to that embraced by many healthcare-credentialing organizations. Resuscitation interventions are often performed simulta-neously,and rescuers must be able to work collaboratively to minimize interruptions in chest compressions.Teamwork and leadership skills continue to be important,particularly for advanced cardiovascular life support(ACLS)and pediatric advanced life support(PALS)providers.36,84–89 Community and hospital-based resuscitation programs should systematically monitor cardiac arrests,the level of resuscitation care provided,and outcome.The cycle of measurement,interpretation,feedback,and continuous qual-ity improvement provides fundamental information necessary to optimize resuscitation care and should help to narrow the knowledge and clinical gaps between ideal and actual resus-citation performance.Highlights of the2010GuidelinesThe Change From“A-B-C”to“C-A-B”The newest development in the2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC is a change in the basic life support(BLS)sequence of steps from“A-B-C”(Airway,Breathing,Chest compressions)to “C-A-B”(Chest compressions,Airway,Breathing)for adults and pediatric patients(children and infants,excluding newly borns).Although the experts agreed that it is important to reduce time to first chest compressions,they were aware that a change in something as established as the A-B-C sequence would require re-education of everyone who has ever learned CPR.The 2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC recommend this change for the following reasons:●The vast majority of cardiac arrests occur in adults,and the highest survival rates from cardiac arrest are reported among patients of all ages with witnessed arrest and a rhythm of VF or pulseless ventricular tachycardia(VT).In these patients the critical initial elements of CPR are chest compressions and early defibrillation.90●In the A-B-C sequence chest compressions are often delayed while the responder opens the airway to give mouth-to-mouth breaths or retrieves a barrier device or other ventilation equipment.By changing the sequence to C-A-B,chest compressions will be initiated sooner and ventilation only minimally delayed until completion of the first cycle of chest compressions(30compressions should be accomplished in approximately18seconds).●Fewer than50%of persons in cardiac arrest receive bystander CPR.There are probably many reasons for this,but one impediment may be the A-B-C sequence,which starts with the procedures that rescuers find most difficult:opening the airway and delivering rescue breaths.Starting with chest compressions might ensure that more victims receive CPR and that rescuers who are unable or unwilling to provide ventilations will at least perform chest compressions.●It is reasonable for healthcare providers to tailor the sequence of rescue actions to the most likely cause of arrest.For example,if a lone healthcare provider sees a victim suddenly collapse,the provider may assume that the victim has suffered a sudden VF cardiac arrest;once the provider has verified that the victim is unresponsive and not breathing or is only gasping,the provider should immediately activate the emergency response system,get and use an AED,and give CPR.But for a presumed victim of drowning or other likely asphyxial arrest the priority would be to provide about5cycles(about2minutes)of conventional CPR(including rescue breathing)before ac-tivating the emergency response system.Also,in newly born infants,arrest is more likely to be of a respiratory etiology,and resuscitation should be attempted with the A-B-C sequence unless there is a known cardiac etiology. Ethical IssuesThe ethical issues surrounding resuscitation are complex and vary across settings(in-or out-of-hospital),providers(basic or advanced),and whether to start or how to terminate CPR.Recent work suggests that acknowledgment of a verbal do-not-attempt-resuscitation order(DNAR)in addition to the current stan-dard—a written,signed,and dated DNAR document—may decrease the number of futile resuscitation attempts.91,92This is an important first step in expanding the clinical decision rule pertaining to when to start resuscitation in out-of-hospital car-diac arrest.However,there is insufficient evidence to support this approach without further validation.When only BLS-trained EMS personnel are available, termination of resuscitative efforts should be guided by a validated termination of resuscitation rule that reduces the transport rate of attempted resuscitations without compro-mising the care of potentially viable patients.93Advanced life support(ALS)EMS providers may use the same termination of resuscitation rule94–99or a derived nonvali-dated rule specific to ALS providers that when applied willS642Circulation November2,2010decrease the number of futile transports to the emergency department(ED).95,97–100Certain characteristics of a neonatal in-hospital cardiac arrest are associated with death,and these may be helpful in guiding physicians in the decision to start and stop a neonatal resuscitation attempt.101–104There is more variability in ter-minating resuscitation rates across systems and physicians when clinical decision rules are not followed,suggesting that these validated and generalized rules may promote uniformity in access to resuscitation attempts and full protocol care.105 Offering select family members the opportunity to be present during the resuscitation and designating staff within the team to respond to their questions and offer comfort may enhance the emotional support provided to the family during cardiac arrest and after termination of a resuscitation attempt. Identifying patients during the post–cardiac arrest period who do not have the potential for meaningful neurologic recovery is a major clinical challenge that requires further research.Caution is advised when considering limiting care or withdrawing life-sustaining therapy.Characteristics or test results that are predictive of poor outcome in post–cardiac arrest patients not treated with therapeutic hypothermia may not be as predictive of poor outcome after administration of therapeutic hypothermia. Because of the growing need for transplant tissue and organs,all provider teams who treat postarrest patients should also plan and implement a system of tissue and organ donation that is timely, effective,and supportive of family members for the subset of patients in whom brain death is confirmed or for organ donation after cardiac arrest.Resuscitation research is challenging.It must be scientifically rigorous while confronting ethical,regulatory,and public rela-tions concerns that arise from the need to conduct such research with exception to informed consent.Regulatory requirements, community notification,and consultation requirements often impose expensive and time-consuming demands that may not only delay important research but also render it cost-prohibitive, with little significant evidence that these measures effectively address the concerns about research.106–109Basic Life SupportBLS is the foundation for saving lives following cardiac arrest.Fundamental aspects of adult BLS include immediate recognition of sudden cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system,early performance of high-quality CPR,and rapid defibrillation when appropriate.The 2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC contain several important changes but also have areas of continued emphasis based on evidence presented in prior years.Key Changes in the2010AHA Guidelines for CPRand ECC●The BLS algorithm has been simplified,and“Look,Listen and Feel”has been removed from the algorithm.Performance of these steps is inconsistent and time consuming.For this reason the2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC stress immediate activation of the emergency response system and starting chest compressions for any unresponsive adult victim with no breathing or no normal breathing(ie,only gasps).●Encourage Hands-Only(compression only)CPR for the untrained lay rescuer.Hands-Only CPR is easier to perform by those with no training and can be more readily guided by dispatchers over the telephone.●Initiate chest compressions before giving rescue breaths(C-A-B rather than A-B-C).Chest compressions can be started immediately,whereas positioning the head,attaining a seal for mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing,or obtaining or assembling a bag-mask device for rescue breathing all take time.Begin-ning CPR with30compressions rather than2ventilations leads to a shorter delay to first compression.●There is an increased focus on methods to ensure that high-quality CPR is performed.Adequate chest compres-sions require that compressions be provided at the appro-priate depth and rate,allowing complete recoil of the chest after each compression and an emphasis on minimizing any pauses in compressions and avoiding excessive ventilation. Training should focus on ensuring that chest compressions are performed correctly.The recommended depth of com-pression for adult victims has increased from a depth of11⁄2 to2inches to a depth of at least2inches.●Many tasks performed by healthcare providers during resus-citation attempts,such as chest compressions,airway man-agement,rescue breathing,rhythm detection,shock delivery, and drug administration(if appropriate),can be performed concurrently by an integrated team of highly trained rescuers in appropriate settings.Some resuscitations start with a lone rescuer who calls for help,resulting in the arrival of additional team members.Healthcare provider training should focus on building the team as each member arrives or quickly delegat-ing roles if multiple rescuers are present.As additional personnel arrive,responsibilities for tasks that would ordi-narily be performed sequentially by fewer rescuers may now be delegated to a team of providers who should perform them simultaneously.Key Points of Continued Emphasis for the2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC●Early recognition of sudden cardiac arrest in adults is based on assessing responsiveness and the absence of normal breathing.Victims of cardiac arrest may initially have gasping respirations or even appear to be having a seizure. These atypical presentations may confuse a rescuer,caus-ing a delay in calling for help or beginning CPR.Training should focus on alerting potential rescuers to the unusual presentations of sudden cardiac arrest.●Minimize interruptions in effective chest compressions until ROSC or termination of resuscitative efforts.Any unnecessary interruptions in chest compressions(including longer than necessary pauses for rescue breathing)de-creases CPR effectiveness.●Minimize the importance of pulse checks by healthcare providers.Detection of a pulse can be difficult,and even highly trained healthcare providers often incorrectly assess the presence or absence of a pulse when blood pressure is abnormally low or absent.Healthcare providers should take no more than10seconds to determine if a pulse is present. Chest compressions delivered to patients subsequently found not to be in cardiac arrest rarely lead to significant Field et al Part1:Executive Summary S643injury.110The lay rescuer should activate the emergency response system if he or she finds an unresponsive adult. The lay rescuer should not attempt to check for a pulse and should assume that cardiac arrest is present if an adult suddenly collapses,is unresponsive,and is not breathing or not breathing normally(ie,only gasping).CPR Techniques and DevicesAlternatives to conventional manual CPR have been devel-oped in an effort to enhance perfusion during resuscitation from cardiac arrest and to improve pared with conventional CPR,these techniques and devices typically require more personnel,training,and equipment,or apply to a specific setting.Some alternative CPR techniques and devices may improve hemodynamics or short-term survival when used by well-trained providers in selected patients. Several devices have been the focus of recent clinical trials. Use of the impedance threshold device(ITD)improved ROSC and short-term survival when used in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,but there was no significant improvement in either survival to hospital discharge or neurologically-intact survival to discharge.111One multicenter,prospective,randomized con-trolled trial112,112a comparing load-distributing band CPR(Auto-pulse)with manual CPR for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest demonstrated no improvement in4-hour survival and worse neurologic outcome when the device was used.More research is needed to determine if site-specific factors113or experience with deployment of the device114influence effectiveness of the load-distributing band CPR device.Case series employing me-chanical piston devices have reported variable degrees of success.115–119To prevent delays and maximize efficiency,initial training, ongoing monitoring,and retraining programs should be offered on a frequent basis to providers using CPR devices. To date,no adjunct has consistently been shown to be superior to standard conventional(manual)CPR for out-of-hospital BLS,and no device other than a defibrillator has consistently improved long-term survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Electrical TherapiesThe2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC have been updated to reflect new data on the use of pacing in bradycar-dia,and on cardioversion and defibrillation for tachycardic rhythm disturbances.Integration of AEDs into a system of care is critical in the Chain of Survival in public places outside of hospitals.To give the victim the best chance of survival,3actions must occur within the first moments of a cardiac arrest120:activation of the EMS system,121provision of CPR,and operation of a defibrillator.122One area of continued interest is whether delivering a longer period of CPR before defibrillation improves out-comes in cardiac arrest.In early studies,survival was im-proved when1.5to3minutes of CPR preceded defibrillation for patients with cardiac arrest ofϾ4to5minutes duration prior to EMS arrival.123,124However,in2more recent randomized controlled trials,CPR performed before defibril-lation did not improve outcome.125,126IfՆ2rescuers are present CPR should be performed while a defibrillator is being obtained and readied for use.The1-shock protocol for VF has not been changed. Evidence has accumulated that even short interruptions in CPR are harmful.Thus,rescuers should minimize the interval between stopping compressions and delivering shocks and should resume CPR immediately after shock delivery. Over the last decade biphasic waveforms have been shown to be more effective than monophasic waveforms in cardio-version and defibrillation.127–135However,there are no clin-ical data comparing one specific biphasic waveform with another.Whether escalating or fixed subsequent doses of energy are superior has not been tested with different wave-forms.However,if higher energy levels are available in the device at hand,they may be considered if initial shocks are unsuccessful in terminating the arrhythmia.In the last5to10years a number of randomized trials have compared biphasic with monophasic cardioversion in atrial fibrillation.The efficacy of shock energies for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is waveform-specific and can vary from120to 200J depending on the defibrillator manufacturer.Thus,the recommended initial biphasic energy dose for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is120to200J using the manufacturer’s recommended setting.136–140If the initial shock fails,providers should increase the dose in a stepwise fashion.Cardiover-sion of adult atrial flutter and other supraventricular tachycardias generally requires less energy;an initial energy of50J to100J is often sufficient.140If the initial shock fails,providers should increase the dose in a stepwise fashion.141Adult cardioversion of atrial fibrilla-tion with monophasic waveforms should begin at200J and increase in a stepwise fashion if not successful. Transcutaneous pacing has also been the focus of several recent trials.Pacing is not generally recommended for pa-tients in asystolic cardiac arrest.Three randomized controlled trials142–144indicate no improvement in rate of admission to hospital or survival to hospital discharge when paramedics or physicians attempted pacing in patients with cardiac arrest due to asystole in the prehospital or hospital(ED)setting. However,it is reasonable for healthcare providers to be prepared to initiate pacing in patients with bradyarrhythmias in the event the heart rate does not respond to atropine or other chronotropic(rate-accelerating)drugs.145,146 Advanced Cardiovascular Life SupportACLS affects multiple links in the Chain of Survival,including interventions to prevent cardiac arrest,treat cardiac arrest,and improve outcomes of patients who achieve ROSC after cardiac arrest.The2010AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC continue to emphasize that the foundation of successful ACLS is good BLS, beginning with prompt high-quality CPR with minimal interrup-tions,and for VF/pulseless VT,attempted defibrillation within minutes of collapse.The new fifth link in the Chain of Survival and Part9:“Post–Cardiac Arrest Care”(expanded from a subsection of the ACLS part of the2005AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC)emphasize the importance of comprehensive multidisciplinary care that begins with recognition of cardiac arrest and continues after ROSC through hospital discharge and beyond.Key ACLS assessments and interventions provide anS644Circulation November2,2010。

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