物流英语课件之：库存

③Inventory ordering costs
(transaction costs)
Ordering costs include the purchasing agent's salary and travel/entertainment budget, administrative and secretarial support, office space, copiers and office supplies, forms and documents, long-distance telephone bills, and computer systems and support. Also, some firms include the cost of shipping the purchased goods. It varies very much, depending on company routines.
Marketing and Operations Inventory increases responsiveness to demand and ability to achieve economies of scale
What ’s inventory?
Inventory refers to stocks of good that are maintained for a variety of purposes,such as for resale to others,as well as to support manufacturing or assembling processes.
Inventory in manufacturing and distribution Normally considered: raw materials purchased parts (components) work in process (WIP) finished goods (unsold, undelivered) maintenance/repair/ operating (MRO）
Speculative stock Refers to inventory held for reasons other than satisfying current demand, often acquired to reach economies of scale or to generate seasonal stock. Dead stock Dead stock includes items for which no demand has been registered and may become obsolete.
Visibility to inventory level helps to identify priorities and therefore can achieve better customer service
CHAPTER 4 Inventory Management
Basic Inventory Trade Off What ’s inventory? Inventory classifications Costs associated with inventory
Key Words
work in process (WIP) 在制品库存,半成品 maintenance/repair/ operating (MRO）维修库存
Transit stock Refers to the goods on the way from one point to anther point. If the goods cannot be sale or be transported before they arrived the destination, we can regard those goods as a part of cycle stock
①Inventory Carrying Cost
Inventory service costs Inventory carrying costs
Insurance Taxes
warehouse rent or depreciation
Storage costs heating, cooling, energy cost Labor cost
Costs associated with inventory
Inventory carrying cost Stock-out cost Ordering cost
(include only those costs that vary with the level of inventory)
Obsolescence Inventory risk costs Inventory shrinkage
②out cost
Stock-out refers to the situation when customer demands items and those items are not immediately available. Estimating the cost or consequence for a stockout involve an understanding of customer reaction to a company being out of stock—three responses: delay sales, loss sale and loss customer Therefore, possible costs of a stock-out include: Back order costs Lost sales costs Lost customer costs
ALSO INCLUDE:
goods in transit (when volume is considerable and transport times is long). packaging, waste, recycled materials (when it is an integrated part of the main business, such as return paper, plastics or bottles, where volume is considerable) products rejected by the customer and returned to us for repair or compensation.
Stockout 缺货 JIT 准时制 VMI 供应商管理库存
Basic Inventory Trade Off
Logistics and Finance Inventory increases costs and decreases ROA (return on assets)
VS.
VMI
Under vendor-management inventory (VMI), the vendor (can be manufacturer or other kind of supplier) is responsible for maintaining the customer’s inventory levels. The vendor has access to the customer’s inventory data and is responsible for generating purchase orders. This access is accomplished electronically by EDI and / or Internet.
The pros of VMI
To customer:
Decrease the stock-out and inventory levels. The overall service level is improved by having the right product at the right time. Planning and ordering cost will decrease due to the responsibility being shifted to the Manufacturer. Allow the company to focused on their core business
Cycle (base) stock refers to inventory that is needed to satisfy normal demand during the course of an order cycle. If demand and lead time is constant, only cycle stock is necessary. Safety (buffer) stock refers to inventory that is held in addition to cycle stock to guard against uncertainty in demand and/or lead time.
cycle (or base) stock 经常库存 safety (or buffer) stock 安全库存 in-transit (pipeline) stock 在途库存 speculative stock投机库存 Dead stock 呆滞存货
Inventory carrying (holding) costs 库存持有成本 obsolescence 陈仓
pros of JIT
Reduced inventory