写字楼框架结构设计文献综述+开题报告+外文翻译
框架结构外文文献
框架结构外文文献标题：框架结构的研究综述摘要：框架结构是一种广泛应用于建筑工程中的结构设计模式，它能够提供良好的承载能力和抗震性能。
本文通过综述国内外的相关研究文献，总结了框架结构在建筑工程中的应用、设计方法和优化技术等方面的研究成果。
研究发现，随着计算机技术的发展，框架结构的设计方法和优化技术也得到了很大的改进和提升，利用数值模拟和优化算法可以实现更加精确和高效的框架结构设计。
但是，目前对于框架结构的材料使用、施工工艺以及环境友好性等方面的研究还较少，有待进一步深入研究和探索。
关键词：框架结构、设计方法、优化技术、建筑工程1.引言框架结构是一种常用的建筑结构模式，它具有良好的承载能力、刚度和抗震性能，广泛应用于各种建筑工程中。
框架结构的设计和优化是一个复杂的问题，涉及到结构力学、材料力学和计算机技术等多个领域。
本文通过对国内外相关研究文献的综述，总结了框架结构的应用、设计方法和优化技术等方面的研究成果，并提出未来研究的方向和建议。
2.框架结构的应用框架结构广泛应用于建筑工程中，包括住宅、办公楼、商业中心、桥梁等各类建筑物。
它可以通过组合不同形状的框架单元，实现不同尺度和功能的建筑设计。
框架结构在建筑工程中的应用研究主要集中在结构形态设计、材料选择和施工工艺等方面。
3.框架结构的设计方法框架结构的设计是一个复杂的过程，需要综合考虑结构形态、材料性能和施工工艺等因素。
传统的设计方法主要是基于经验公式和手工计算，存在设计效率低、精度不高的问题。
近年来，随着计算机技术的发展，基于数值模拟和优化算法的框架结构设计方法逐渐成为研究的热点。
数值模拟方法可以对框架结构进行力学分析和性能评估，优化算法可以实现结构的最优设计。
研究发现，利用数值模拟和优化算法可以得到更加精确和高效的框架结构设计。
4.框架结构的优化技术框架结构的优化是为了实现结构的最优设计和性能的最大化。
目前广泛应用的优化技术包括遗传算法、粒子群优化算法、模拟退火算法和人工神经网络等。
办公楼毕业设计英文翻译（外文翻译）
办公楼毕业设计英文翻译（外文翻译）办公楼毕业设计英文翻译（外文翻译）原文：The future of the tall buildingAnd structure of buildingsZoning effects on the density of tall buildings and solar design may raise ethical challenge.A combined project of old and new buildings may bring back human scale to our cities. Owners and conceptual designers will be challenged in the 1980s to produce economically sound, people-oriented buildings.In 1980 the Level House, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merril1 (SOM) received the 25-year award from the American Institute of Architects “in recognition of architectural design of enduring significance”. This award is given once a year for a building between 25and 35 years old .Lewis Mumford described the Lever House as “the first office building in which modern materials, modern construction, modern functions have been combined with a modern plan”. At the time, this daring concept could only be achieved by visionary men like Gordon Bunshaft , the designer , and Charles Luckman , the owner and then-president of Lever Brothers . The project also included a few “first” : (1) it was the first sealed glass tower ever built ; (2) it was the first office building designed by SOM ;and (3) it was the first office building on Park Avenue to omit retail space on the first floor. Today, after hundreds of look-alike and variations onthe grid design, we have reached what may be the epitome of tall building design: the nondescript building. Except for a few recently completed buildings that seem to be people-oriented in their lower floors, most tall buildings seem to be a repletion of the dull, graph-paper-like monoliths in many of our cities. Can this be the end of the design-line for tall buildings? Probably not. There are definite signs that are most encouraging. Architects and owners have recently begun to discuss the design problem publicly. Perhaps we are at the threshold of a new era. The 1980s may bring forth some new visionaries like Bunshaft and Luckman. If so, what kinds of restrictions or challenges do they face?译文：高层建筑展望及建筑结构区域规划对高层建筑物的密度和对自然采光设计可能引起道德问题将产生影响。
土木工程框架结构设计开题报告文献综述外文翻译
毕业设计（论文）开题报告（含文献综述、外文翻译）题目南凯信办公楼设计姓名学号专业班级土木工程（结构方向）1班指导教师学院土木建筑工程学院开题日期 2013年3月10日文献综述框架结构设计1.前言随着社会的发展,钢筋混凝土框架结构的建筑物越来越普遍.由于钢筋混凝土结构与砌体结构相比较具有承载力大、结构自重轻、抗震性能好、建造的工业化程度高等优点；与钢结构相比又具有造价低、材料来源广泛、耐火性好、结构刚度大、使用维修费用低等优点。
因此，在我国钢筋混凝土结构是多层框架最常用的结构型式。
例如：我国20世纪60年代的北京民航办公大楼是装配整体式框架结构；80年代建造的北京长城饭店是现浇延性框架结构。
2.框架结构的优缺点框架结构体系是由梁、板、柱组成。
优点：建筑平面布置灵活，可以做成有较大空间的会议室、车间、教室等。
需要时还可以隔断分隔成小房间，或拆除隔断变成大房间，因而使用非常灵活。
外墙用非承重构件，可以使立面设计灵活多变。
使用轻质隔墙和外墙，还可以大大降低结构自重，节省材料。
缺点：框架结构的缺点也很明显，因为框架结构的抗侧刚度主要取决于梁、柱的截面尺寸，通常梁、柱截面惯性矩小，侧向变形较大，因此限制了框架结构的使用高度。
在我国目前情况下，框架结构建造高度以15～20层以下为宜。
综上所述，在高度不大的结构中框架结构是一种比较好的结构体系。
3.框架结构布置框架结构在进行平面布置时，首先要确定柱网，柱网的尺寸必须满足建筑使用和结构受力合理要求，同时还有考虑施工方便和经济因素。
柱网的开间及进深。
可设计成大柱网和小柱网，在抗震结构中，过大的柱网将给实现延性框架增加一定的困难。
承重框架及抗侧力框架。
承重框架是指直接支承楼板传来的竖向荷载的框架，根据楼板中梁板布置的不同一般可分为横向承重、纵向承重和双重承重等几种布置方式。
由于风及地震可能从任何一方向作用，所以不管横向还是纵向都是抗侧力框架。
抗侧力框架必须做成刚接框架，不得采用横向为框架、纵向为铰接排架的结构体系。
框架结构天城商业外文献翻译
1 外文翻译1.1 Reinforced ConcretePlain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system.The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete.Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface cracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full chemical hydration.It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in the choice of concrete sections, with assumptions based on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in contrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sections in steel structures.A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses.The trial-and –adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, and personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and speedy instructional method compared with the traditional approach of treating the analysis of reinforced concrete separately from pure design.1.2 EarthworkBecause earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other branch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers.Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cuts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office by drawing cross sections of the earthwork. On the site when further information becomes available he can make changes in jis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will not have been lost. It will have helped him to reach the best solution in the shortest time.The cheapest way of moving earth is to take it directly out of the cut and drop it as fill with the same machine. This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick and cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this. The largest radius is obtained with the dragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force into compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate.Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines. They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline. Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel.Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel. They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping. For hard digging it is often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper.Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines;many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m ³ heaped. The largest self-propelledscrapers are of 19 m ³ struck capacity ( 25 m ³ heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers.Dumpers are probably the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallest dumpers have a capacity of about 0.5 m ³, and the largest standard types are of about 4.5 m ³. Special types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m ³and the articulated type of about 0.5 m ³. The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered .dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks are heavy, strengthened tipping lorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumped behind him, so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucks.1.3 Safety of StructuresThe principal scope of specifications is to provide general principles and computational methods in order to verify safety of structures. The “ safety factor ”, which according to modern trends is independent of the nature and combination of the materials used, can usually be defined as the ratio between the conditions. This ratio is also proportional to the inverse of the probability ( risk ) of failure of the structure.Failure has to be considered not only as overall collapse of the structure but also as unserviceability or, according to a more precise. Common definition. As the reaching of a “ limit state ” which causes the construction not to accomplish the task it was designed for. There are two categories of limit state :(1)Ultimate limit sate, which corresponds to the highest value of the load-bearing capacity. Examples include local buckling or global instability of the structure; failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure into a mechanism; failure by fatigue; elastic or plastic deformation or creep that cause a substantial change of the geometry of the structure; and sensitivity of the structure to alternating loads, to fire and to explosions.(2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. Examples include excessive deformations and displacements without instability; early or excessive cracks; large vibrations; and corrosion.Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety conditions can be separated into:(1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are considered asnonrandom parameters.(2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as random parameters.Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, computational methods can be separated into:(1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses computed under maximum loads are compared with the strength of the material reduced by given safety factors.(2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be proportioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ).The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are compared with prescribed values ( service limit state ) . From the four possible combinations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some useful computational methods. Generally, two combinations prevail:(1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses.(2)Probabilistic methods, which make use of limit states.The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at least in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then combined to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon :(1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions of fabrication and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the structure );(2) Uncertainty of the geometry of the cross-section sand of the structure ( faults and imperfections due to fabrication and erection of the structure );(3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure;(4)Uncertainty related to the approximation of the computational method used ( deviation of the actual stresses from computed stresses ).Furthermore, probabilistic theories mean that the allowable risk can be based on several factors, such as :(1) Importance of the construction and gravity of the damage by its failure;(2)Number of human lives which can be threatened by this failure;(3)Possibility and/or likelihood of repairing the structure;(4) Predicted life of the structure.All these factors are related to economic and social considerations such as：(1) Initial cost of the construction;(2) Amortization funds for the duration of the construction;(3) Cost of physical and material damage due to the failure of the construction;(4) Adverse impact on society;(5) Moral and psychological views.The definition of all these parameters, for a given safety factor, allows construction at the optimum cost. However, the difficulty of carrying out a complete probabilistic analysis has to be taken into account. For such an analysis the laws of the distribution of the live load and its induced stresses, of the scatter of mechanical properties of materials, and of the geometry of the cross-sections and the structure have to be known. Furthermore, it is difficult to interpret the interaction between the law of distribution of strength and that of stresses because both depend upon the nature of the material, on the cross-sections and upon the load acting on the structure. These practical difficulties can be overcome in two ways. The first is to apply different safety factors to the material and to the loads, without necessarily adopting the probabilistic criterion. The second is an approximate probabilistic method which introduces some simplifying assumptions ( semi-probabilistic methods ) .From《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》。
工程框架结构,说明的范文
工程框架结构,说明的范文英文回答：Engineering framework structure refers to the overall organization and arrangement of components, modules, and functionalities within a software or system development project. It provides a blueprint for the project and guides the development team in building a robust and scalable solution.There are several key components that make up an engineering framework structure. First, there is the core framework, which serves as the foundation of the project. This includes the basic infrastructure, such as libraries, utilities, and frameworks, that provide common functionalities and services. For example, in web development, the core framework may include a web server, database management system, and authentication module.Next, there are the modules or components that arebuilt on top of the core framework. These modules are responsible for specific functionalities or features of the project. They are designed to be modular and reusable, allowing developers to easily add or remove them as needed. For instance, in an e-commerce website, there may be modules for product catalog management, shopping cart, and payment processing.In addition to the core framework and modules, thereare also the integration and testing components.Integration involves bringing together different modulesand ensuring they work together seamlessly. This mayinvolve integrating third-party APIs or services into the project. Testing, on the other hand, involves verifying the functionality and performance of the project. This includes unit testing, integration testing, and system testing.Finally, there is the user interface component, whichis responsible for presenting the project to the end-users. This includes designing and implementing the user interface, as well as handling user interactions and feedback. Theuser interface component is crucial for providing a user-friendly and intuitive experience. For example, in a mobile app, the user interface component may include screens, buttons, and navigation menus.中文回答：工程框架结构指的是软件或系统开发项目中组件、模块和功能的整体组织和安排。
外文翻译英文_【9层】9462.13平米框架培训大楼毕业设计
英文：High-Rise Buildings and StructuralDesignAbstract：It is difficult building . One may say that low-rise building ranges from 1 to 2 stories . A medium-rise building probably ranges between 3 or 4 stories up to 10 or 20 stories or more . Although the basic principles of vertical and horizontal subsystem design remain the same for low- , medium- , or high-rise buildings , when a building gets high the vertical subsystems become a controlling problem for two reasons . Higher vertical loads will require larger columns , walls , and shafts . But , more significantly , the overturning moment and the shear deflections produced by lateral forces are much larger and must be carefully provided for .Key Words：High-Rise Buildings Structural Design Framework Shear Seismic SystemIntroductionThe vertical subsystems in a high-rise building transmit accumulated gravity load from story to story , thus requiring larger column or wall sectionsto support such loading . In addition these same vertical subsystems must transmit lateral loads , such as wind or seismic loads , to the foundations. However , in contrast to vertical load , lateral load effects on buildings are not linear and increase rapidly with increase in height . For example under wind load , the overturning moment at the base of buildings varies approximately as the square of a buildings may vary as the fourth power of buildings height , other things being equal. Earthquake produces an even more pronounced effect.When the structure for a low-or medium-rise building is designed for dead and live load , it is almost an inherent property that the columns , walls , and stair or elevator shafts can carry most of the horizontal forces . The problem is primarily shear resistance . Moderate addition bracing for rigid frames in“short”buildings can e asily be provided by filling certain panels ( or even all panels ) without increasing the sizes of the columns and girders otherwise required for vertical loads.Unfortunately , this is not is for high-rise buildings because the problem is primarily resistance to moment and deflection rather than shear alone . Special structural arrangements will often have to be made and additional structural material is always required for the columns , girders , walls , and slabs in order to made a high-rise buildings sufficiently resistant to much higher lateral deformations .As previously mentioned , the quantity of structural material required persquare foot of floor of a high-rise buildings is in excess of that required for low-rise buildings . The vertical components carrying the gravity load , such as walls , columns , and shafts , will need to be strengthened over the full height of the buildings . But quantity of material required for resisting lateral forces is even more significant .With reinforced concrete , the quantity of material also increases as the number of stories increases . But here it should be noted that the increase in the weight of material added for gravity load is much more sizable than steel , whereas for wind load the increase for lateral force resistance is not that much more since the weight of a concrete buildings helps to resist overturn . On the other hand , the problem of design for earthquake forces . Additional mass in the upper floors will give rise to a greater overall lateral force under the of seismic effects .In the case of either concrete or steel design , there are certain basic principles for providing additional resistance to lateral to lateral forces and deflections in high-rise buildings without too much sacrifire in economy .1.Increase the effective width of the moment-resisting subsystems .This is very useful because increasing the width will cut down theoverturn force directly and will reduce deflection by the third powerof the width increase , other things remaining cinstant . However ,this does require that vertical components of the widened subsystembe suitably connected to actually gain this benefit.2.Design subsystems such that the components are made to interact inthe most efficient manner . For example , use truss systems with chords and diagonals efficiently stressed , place reinforcing for walls at critical locations , and optimize stiffness ratios for rigid frames . 3.Increase the material in the most effective resisting components . Forexample , materials added in the lower floors to the flanges of columns and connecting girders will directly decrease the overall deflection and increase the moment resistance without contributing mass in the upper floors where the earthquake problem is aggravated .4.Arrange to have the greater part of vertical loads be carried directlyon the primary moment-resisting components . This will help stabilize the buildings against tensile overturning forces by precompressing the major overturn-resisting components .5.The local shear in each story can be best resisted by strategicplacement if solid walls or the use of diagonal members in a vertical subsystem . Resisting these shears solely by vertical members in bending is usually less economical , since achieving sufficient bending resistance in the columns and connecting girders will require more material and construction energy than using walls or diagonal members .6.Sufficient horizontal diaphragm action should be provided floor .This will help to bring the various resisting elements to work togetherinstead of separately .7.Create mega-frames by joining large vertical and horizontalcomponents such as two or more elevator shafts at multistoryintervals with a heavy floor subsystems , or by use of very deepgirder trusses .Remember that all high-rise buildings are essentially vertical cantilevers which are supported at the ground . When the above principles are judiciously applied , structurally desirable schemes can be obtained by walls , cores , rigid frames, tubular construction , and other vertical subsystems to achieve horizontal strength and rigidity . Some of these applications will now be described in subsequent sections in the following .Shear-Wall SystemsWhen shear walls are compatible with other functional requirements , they can be economically utilized to resist lateral forces in high-rise buildings . For example , apartment buildings naturally require many separation walls . When some of these are designed to be solid , they can act as shear walls to resist lateral forces and to carry the vertical load as well . For buildings up to some 20storise , the use of shear walls is common . If given sufficient length ,such walls can economically resist lateral forces up to 30 to 40 stories or more .However , shear walls can resist lateral load only the plane of the walls( i.e.not in a diretion perpendicular to them ) . Therefore ,it is always necessary to provide shear walls in two perpendicular directions can be at least in sufficient orientation so that lateral force in any direction can be resisted . In addition , that wall layout should reflect consideration of any torsional effect .In design progress , two or more shear walls can be connected to from L-shaped or channel-shaped subsystems . Indeed , internal shear walls can be connected to from a rectangular shaft that will resist lateral forces very efficiently . If all external shear walls are continuously connected , then the whole buildings acts as a tube , and is excellent Shear-Wall Systems resisting lateral loads and torsion .Whereas concrete shear walls are generally of solid type with openings when necessary , steel shear walls are usually made of trusses . These trusses can have single diagonals , “X”diagonals , or“K”arrangements . A trussed wall will have its members act essentially in direct tension or compression under the action of view , and they offer some opportunity and deflection-limitation point of view , and they offer some opportunity for penetration between members . Of course , the inclined members of trusses must be suitable placed so as not to interfere with requirements for windows and for circulation service penetrations though these walls .As stated above , the walls of elevator , staircase ,and utility shafts form natural tubes and are commonly employed to resist both vertical and lateral forces . Since these shafts are normally rectangular or circular in cross-section ,they can offer an efficient means for resisting moments and shear in all directions due to tube structural action . But a problem in the design of these shafts is provided sufficient strength around door openings and other penetrations through these elements . For reinforced concrete construction , special steel reinforcements are placed around such opening .In steel construction , heavier and more rigid connections are required to resist racking at the openings .In many high-rise buildings , a combination of walls and shafts can offer excellent resistance to lateral forces when they are suitably located ant connected to one another . It is also desirable that the stiffness offered these subsystems be more-or-less symmertrical in all directions .Rigid-Frame SystemsIn the design of architectural buildings , rigid-frame systems for resisting vertical and lateral loads have long been accepted as an important and standard means for designing building . They are employed for low-and medium means for designing buildings . They are employed for low- and medium up to high-rise building perhaps 70 or 100 stories high . When compared to shear-wall systems , these rigid frames both within and at the outside of a buildings . They also make use of the stiffness in beams and columns that are required for the buildings in any case , but the columns are made stronger when rigidly connected to resist the lateral as well as vertical forces thoughframe bending .Frequently , rigid frames will not be as stiff as shear-wall construction , and therefore may produce excessive deflections for the more slender high-rise buildings designs . But because of this flexibility , they are often considered as being more ductile and thus less susceptible to catastrophic earthquake failure when compared with ( some ) shear-wall designs . For example , if over stressing occurs at certain portions of a steel rigid frame ( i.e.,near the joint ) , ductility will allow the structure as a whole to deflect a little more , but it will by no means collapse even under a much larger force than expected on the structure . For this reason , rigid-frame construction is considered by some to be a “best”seismic-resisting type for high-rise steel buildings . On the other hand ,it is also unlikely that a well-designed share-wall system would collapse.In the case of concrete rigid frames ,there is a divergence of opinion . It true that if a concrete rigid frame is designed in the conventional manner , without special care to produce higher ductility , it will not be able to withstand a catastrophic earthquake that can produce forces several times lerger than the code design earthquake forces . Therefore , some believe that it may not have additional capacity possessed by steel rigid frames . But modern research and experience has indicated that concrete frames can be designed to be ductile , when sufficient stirrups and joinery reinforcement are designed in to the frame . Modern buildings codes have specifications for the so-called ductile concrete frames . However , at present , these codes oftenrequire excessive reinforcement at certain points in the frame so as to cause congestion and result in construction difficulties 。
建筑结构设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Create and comprehensive technology in the structure globaldesign of the buildingThe 21st century will be the era that many kinds of disciplines technology coexists , it will form the enormous motive force of promoting the development of building , the building is more and more important too in global design, the architect must seize the opportunity , give full play to the architect's leading role, preside over every building engineering design well. Building there is the global design concept not new of architectural design,characteristic of it for in an all-round way each element not correlated with building- there aren't external environment condition, building , technical equipment,etc. work in coordination with, and create the premium building with the comprehensive new technology to combine together.The premium building is created, must consider sustainable development , namely future requirement , in other words, how save natural resources as much as possible, how about protect the environment that the mankind depends on for existence, how construct through high-quality between architectural design and building, in order to reduce building equipment use quantity andreduce whole expenses of project.The comprehensive new technology is to give full play to the technological specialty of every discipline , create and use the new technology, and with outside space , dimension of the building , working in coordination with in an all-round way the building component, thus reduce equipment investment and operate the expenses.Each success , building of engineering construction condense collective intelligence and strength; It is intelligence and expectation that an architect pays that the building is created; The engineering design of the building is that architecture , structure , equipment speciality compose hardships and strength happenning; It is the diligent and sweat paid in design and operation , installation , management that the construction work is built up .The initial stage of the 1990s, our understanding that the concept of global design is a bit elementary , conscientious to with making some jobs in engineering design unconsciously , make some harvest. This text Hangzhou city industrial and commercial bank financial comprehensive building and Hangzhou city Bank of Communications financial building two building , group of " scientific and technological progress second prize " speak of from person who obtain emphatically, expound the fact global design - comprehensive technology that building create its , for reach global design outstanding architect in two engineering design, have served as the creator and persons who cooperate while every stage design and even building are built completely.Two projects come into operation for more than 4 years formally , run and coordinate , good wholly , reach the anticipated result, accepted and appreciated by the masses, obtain various kinds of honor .outstanding to design award , progress prize in science and technology , project quality bonus , local top ten view , best model image award ,etc., the ones that do not give to the architect and engineers without one are gratified and proud. The building is created Emphasizing the era for global design of the building, the architects' creation idea and design method should be broken through to some extent, creation inspirations is it set up in analysis , building of global design , synthesize more to burst out and at the foundation that appraise, learn and improve the integration capability exactly designed in building , possess the new knowledge system and thinking method , merge multi-disciplinary technology. We have used the new design idea in above-mentioned projects, have emphasized the globality created in building .Is it is it act as so as to explain to conceive to create two design overview and building of construction work these now.1) The financial comprehensive building of industrial and commercial bank of HangZhou,belong to the comprehensive building, with the whole construction area of 39,000 square meters, main building total height 84, 22, skirt 4 of room, some 6 storeys, 2 storeys of basements.Design overall thinking break through of our country bank building traditional design mode - seal , deep and serious , stern , form first-class function, create of multi-functional type , the style of opening , architecture integrated with the mode of the international commercial bank.The model of the building is free and easy, opened, physique was made up by the hyperboloid, the main building presented " the curved surface surrounded southwards ", skirt room presents " the curved surface surrounded northwards ", the two surround but become intension of " gathering the treasure ".Building flourishing upwards, elevation is it adopt large area solid granite wall to design, the belt aluminium alloy curtain wall of the large area and some glass curtain walls, and interweave the three into powerful and vigorous whole , chase through model and entity wall layer bring together , form concise , tall and straight , upward tendency of working up successively, have distinct and unique distinctions.Building level and indoor space are designed into a multi-functional type and style of opening, opening, negotiate , the official working , meeting , receiving , be healthy and blissful , visit combining together. Spacious and bright two storeys open in the hall unifiedly in the Italian marble pale yellow tone , in addition, the escalator , fountain , light set off, make the space seem very magnificent , graceful and sincere. Intelligent computer network center, getting open and intelligent to handle official business space and all related house distribute in all floor reasonably. Top floor round visit layer, lift all of Room visit layer , can have a panoramic view of the scenery of the West Lake , fully enjoy the warmth of the nature. 2) The financial building of Bank of Communications of Hangzhou, belong to the purely financial office block, with the whole construction area of 19,000 square meters, the total height of the building is 39.9 meters, 13 storeys on the ground, the 2nd Floor. Live in building degree high than it around location , designer have unique architectural appearance of style architectural design this specially, its elevation is designed into a new classical form , the building base adopts the rough granite, show rich capability , top is it burn granite and verticality bar and some form aluminum windows make up as the veneer to adopt, represent the building noble and refined , serious personality of the bank.While creating in above-mentioned two items, besides portraying the shape of the building and indoor space and outside environment minister and blending meticulously, in order to achieve the outstanding purpose of global design of the building , the architect , still according to the region and project characteristic, put forward the following requirement to every speciality:(1) Control the total height of the building strictly;(2) It favorable to the intelligent comfortable height of clearances to create; (3) Meet thefloor area of owner's demand;(4)Protect the environment , save the energy , reduce and make the investment;(5) Design meticulously, use and popularize the new technology; (6)Cooperate closely in every speciality, optimization design.Comprehensive technologyThe building should have strong vitality, there must be sustainable development space, there should be abundant intension and comprehensive new technology. Among above-mentioned construction work , have popularized and used the intelligent technology of the building , has not glued and formed the flat roof beam of prestressing force - dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technology, baseplate temperature mix hole , technology of muscle and base of basement enclose new technology of protecting, computer control STL ice hold cold air conditioner technology, compounding type keeps warm and insulates against heat the technology of the wall , such new technologies as the sectional electricity distribution room ,etc., give architecture global design to add the new vitality of note undoubtedly.1, the intelligent technology of the buildingIn initial stage of the 1990s, the intelligent building was introduced from foreign countries to China only as a kind of concept , computer network standard is it soon , make information communication skeleton of intelligent building to pursue in the world- comprehensive wiring system becomes a kind of trend because of 10BASE-T. In order to make the bank building adapt to the development of the times, the designer does one's utmost to recommend and design the comprehensive wiring system with the leading eyes , this may well be termed the first modernized building which adopted this technical design at that time.(1) Comprehensive wiring system one communication transmission network, it make between speech and data communication apparatus , exchange equipment and other administrative systems link to each other, make the equipment and outside communication network link to each other too. It include external telecommunication connection piece and inside information speech all cable and relevant wiring position of data terminal of workspace of network. The comprehensive wiring system adopts the products of American AT&T Corp.. Connected up the subsystem among the subsystem , management subsystem , arterial subsystem and equipment to make up by workspace subsystem , level.(2) Automated systems of security personnel The monitoring systems of security personnel of the building divide into the public place and control and control two pieces of systemequipment with the national treasury special-purposly synthetically.The special-purpose monitoring systems of security personnel of national treasury are in the national treasury , manage the storehouse on behalf of another , transporting the paper money garage to control strictly, the track record that personnel come in and go out, have and shake the warning sensor to every wall of national treasury , the camera, infrared microwave detector in every relevant rooms, set up the automation of controlling to control.In order to realize building intellectuality, the architect has finished complete indoor environment design, has created the comfortable , high-efficient working environment , having opened up the room internal and external recreation space not of uniform size, namely the green one hits the front yard and roofing, have offered the world had a rest and regulated to people working before automation is equipped all day , hang a design adopt the special building to construct the node in concrete ground , wall at the same time.2, has not glued and formed the flat roof beam of prestressing force- dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technologyIn order to meet the requirement with high assurance that the architect puts forward , try to reduce the height of structure component in structure speciality, did not glue and form the flat roof beam of prestressing force concrete - dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technology after adopting.(1) Adopt prestressing force concrete roof beam board structure save than ordinary roof beam board concrete consumption 15%, steel consumption saves 27%, the roof beam reduces 300mm high.(2) Adopt flat roof beam structure save concrete about 10% consumption than ordinary roof beam board, steel consumption saves 6.6%, the roof beam reduces 200mm high.Under building total situation that height does not change , adopt above-mentioned structure can make the whole building increase floor area of a layer , have good economic benefits and social benefit.3, the temperature of the baseplate matches muscle technologyIn basement design , is it is it is it after calculating , take the perimeter to keep the construction technology measure warm to split to resist to go on to baseplate, arrange temperature stress reinforcing bar the middle cancelling , dispose 2 row receives the strength reinforcing bar up and down only, this has not only save the fabrication cost of the project but also met the basement baseplate impervious and resisting the requirement that splits.4, the foundation of the basement encloses and protects the new technology of design and operationAdopt two technological measures in enclosing and protecting a design:(1) Cantilever is it is it hole strength is it adopt form strengthen and mix muscle technology to design to protect to enclose, save the steel and invite 60t, it invests about 280,000 to save.(2) Is it is it protect of of elevation and keep roof beam technology to enclose , is it protect long to reduce 1.5m to enclose all to reduce, keep roof beam mark level on natural ground 1.5m , is it is it protect of lateral pressure receive strength some height to enclose to change, saving 137.9 cubic meters of concrete, steel 16.08t, reduces and invests 304,000 yuan directly through calculating.5, ice hold cold air conditioner technologyIce hold cold air conditioner technology belong to new technology still in our country , it heavy advantage that the electricity moves the peak and operates the expenses sparingly most. In design, is it ice mode adopt some (weight ) hold mode of icing , is it ice refrigeration to be plane utilization ratio high to hold partly to hold, hold cold capacity little , refrigeration plane capacity 30%-45% little than routine air conditioner equipment, one economic effective operational mode.Hold the implementation of the technology of the cold air conditioner in order to cooperate with the ice , has used intelligent technology, having adopted the computer to control in holding and icing the air conditioner system, the main task has five following respects:(1) According to the demand for user's cold load , according to the characteristic of the structure of the electric rate , set up the ice and hold the best operation way of the cold system automatically, reduce the operation expenses of the whole system;(2) Fully utilize and hold the capacity of the cold device, should try one's best to use up all the cold quantity held basically on the same day;(3) Automatic operation state of detection system, ensure ice hold cold system capital equipment normal , safe operation;(4) Automatic record parameter that system operate, display system operate flow chart and type systematic operation parameter report form;(5) Predict future cooling load, confirm the future optimization operation scheme.Ice hold cold air conditioner system test run for some time, indicate control system to be steady , reliable , easy to operate, the system operates the energy-conserving result remarkably.6, the compounding type keeps in the wall warm and insulates against heat To the area of Hangzhou , want heating , climate characteristic of lowering the temperature in summer in winter, is it protect building this structural design person who compound is it insulate against heat the wall to keep warm to enclose specially, namely: Fit up , keep warm , insulate against heat the three not to equal to the body , realize building energy-conservation better.Person who compound is it insulate against heat wall to combine elevation model characteristic , design aluminium board elevation renovation material to keep warm, its structure is: Fill out and build hollow brick in the frame structure, do to hang the American Fluorine carbon coating inferior mere aluminium board outside the hollow brick wall.Aluminium board spoke hot to have high-efficient adiabatic performance to the sun, under the same hot function of solar radiation, because the nature , color of the surface material are different from coarse degree, whether can absorb heat have great difference very , between surface and solar radiation hot absorption system (α ) and material radiation system (Cλ ) is it say to come beyond the difference this. Adopt α and Cλ value little surface material have remarkable result , board α、Cλ value little aluminium have, its α =0.26, Cλ =0.4, light gray face brick α =0.56, Cλ =4.3.Aluminium board for is it hang with having layer under air by hollow brick to do, because aluminium board is it have better radiation transfer to hot terms to put in layer among the atmosphere and air, this structure is playing high-efficient adiabatic function on indoor heating too in winter, so, no matter or can well realize building energy-conservation in winter in summer.7, popularize the technology of sectional electricity distribution roomConsider one layer paves Taxi " gold " value , the total distribution of the building locates the east, set up voltage transformer and low-voltage distribution in the same room in first try in the design, make up sectional electricity distribution room , save transformer substation area greatly , adopt layer assign up and down, mixing the switchyard system entirely after building up and putting into operation, the function is clear , the overall arrangement compactness is rational , the systematic dispatcher is flexible . The technology have to go to to use and already become the model extensively of the design afterwards.ConclusionThe whole mode designed of the building synthetically can raise the adaptability of the building , it will be the inevitable trend , environmental consciousness and awareness of saving energy especially after strengthening are even more important. Developing with the economy , science and technology constantly in our country, more advanced technology and scientific and technical result will be applied to the building , believe firmly that in the near future , more outstanding building global design will appear on the building stage of our country. We will be summarizing, progressing constantly constantly, this is that history gives the great responsibility of architect and engineer.译文：建筑结构整体设计-建筑创作和综合技术21世纪将是多种学科技术并存的时代，它必将形成推动建筑发展的巨大动力，建筑结构整体设计也就越来越重要，建筑师必须把握时机，充分发挥建筑师的主导作用，主持好各项建筑工程设计。
外文翻译---高层建筑及结构设计
外文翻译---高层建筑及结构设计High-rise XXX to define。
Generally。
a low-rise building is considered to be een 1 to 2 stories。
while a medium-rise building ranges from 3 or 4 stories up to 10 or 20 stories or more。
While the basic principles of vertical and horizontal subsystem design remain the same for low-。
medium-。
or high-rise buildings。
the vertical subsystems XXX high-XXX requiring larger columns。
walls。
XXX。
XXX.The design of high-rise buildings must take into account the unique XXX by their height and the need to withstand lateral forces such as wind and earthquakes。
One important aspect of high-rise design is the framework shear system。
XXX。
braced frames。
or XXX the appropriate system depends on the specific building characteristics and the seismicity of the n in which it is located.Another key n in high-rise design is the seismic system。
中英文外文文献翻译办公空间设计办公室办公楼设计研究
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)作者：Hsiao M C期刊：South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 2016, 3(1),151-160原文The research of office space designHsiao M CAbstractNowadays, the development of society and the progress of science and technology, people are faced with is accelerating the pace of life andmore and more competition in the workplace, fast rhythm, high efficiency of modern society is that people cannot escape the reality. People will be more time and energy on the work; therefore, the office will naturally become the central in the life of modern people. International association of architects (CIAM) in the Athens charter basic activities as human society to live, work, recreation, transportation, four categories, and the office is the most important one of the basic activities of human beings. Now, people take up a third time a day in the office or even more time, it makes people always in a state of very nervous, in such cases, people are becoming more and more high to the requirement of office space environment, only pay attention to use function in the design of office space has already cannot satisfy the needs of the development of modern society, people choose to work now pay more attention to have a good and comfortable working environment, the design of humanity, life, healthy and comfortable office space allows employees to work anywhere at any time to adjust their own state, maintain good mood, to experience the fun in life is full of confidence in the work, in a better state into work, to a greater extent to improve the working efficiency of the office staff. Although for office space comfort and humanized design need more capital investment, but from the point of long-term interests, the enterprise itself will get more benefits.Keywords: office; open space; humanized1 IntroductionOffice space as the name suggests is the place for people in office, the main purpose of office space for people is to create wealth and value. Nowadays, competition in the society to get people to put more time on the job, in the face of the increasing pressure of work, people to the requirement of working environment increases, the use of office space is not only to have the basic function, at the same time to meet people's physical, psychological and emotional needs, such as good and comfortable working environment can improve the work efficiency of people, so as to bring more benefit for the enterprise. Along with the development of era and people's ideological change, the influence of many factors that make the development of office space experiencing a series of great changes. Modernist architect miens van DE lo had described the office space to become a "machine" for work, and this kind of one-sided pursuit of office density and efficient office way already can not satisfy the needs of the development of modern society, the traditional single enclosed Spaces were replaced by a flexible and open space of the communication. In the 21st century, the rapid development in the new technological revolution in the era of information, digital living style will make human life into an unprecedented status, office space is presented with a new look. The office space design is the lack of consistency and a certain continuity that is typical in the development of office space designfeatures. From a natural economy to commodity economy era today office space itself has experienced a long period of development. From the perspective of the development of history, since the human society to form a fixed settlements, our earliest period can be traced back to ancient Egypt had the embryonic form of the original construction of office space, the place of from a primitive tribe to the slave society, feudal society amen, hall, shops and so on can reflect a office action. Western industrial revolution led to the rise of commercial society, the workplace and life of people gradually began to separation, because the new material, new technology, the continuous development of new features, prompted the production of large Numbers of new office building, modern office space begins in the true sense, the earliest definition of literature for commercial office is part of the family or shops. 2 Literature reviewUnder the impetus of the economic development and technological progress, the foreign office space research early, books provides office space for the development of more powerful theory basis. Grover leather us 1914 deutsche manufacturing alliance exhibition office building design in cologne marks the beginning of modern office buildings. American entrepreneur’s successful expe rience is: must have a first-class office, this is an important business investment. Architects constantly explore new type of office space; the possible way of office and the office environment make predictions of the future. In the early 1950 s, thefamous German Quick burner Team on the basis of analyzing the function of office put forward: according to the working process and the structure of the communication process, in a large open space set up some unit of work, to improve office efficiency. Office space with different professional work processes and work requirements, broke the long-term produced by closed offices and hierarchical, emphasizes the equal status between people, to the office as a place for exchange of information, once all the rage this office pattern, open compartment has been popular in the United States in the 1960 s. Northern Europe and Japan and other countries research also have their own style, for example, the Japanese experts and scholars on the study of office space is mainly engaged in office space system automation research and forecast the impact of the rapid development of the information for office space, etc. The middle of the 20th century, some German architect requests a landscape of office space, 1967, Chicago in the United States held the first international conference of landscape office buildings. After entering the information age, various technology affects people's life and the way of office, people research focus to the intelligent office building, the word "intelligent building", first appeared in the united technology group UTBS company in January 1984 in Connecticut City construction completed by the Place the tagline of the building.1989 Americans Fay pop Cohen first puts forward the concept of "home office", the home office quickly catch onaround the world economy developed office building experts Frank generation of fe (Frank Duffy) in The "The emergence of intelligent office buildings", The emergence of The intelligence office building), The article to The characteristics of intelligent office buildings were described in detail. Cambridge university master, the royal architects association member Adam thinks, office space should be versatile, that is, a space need to derive a variety of functions, each function is not fixed interval, they can be either office area, also can be a recreation area. This view highlights the landscape of the office and intellectualization. MIT professor Alan (Thomas Allen) after more than ten years of research, proved the group work or "work unit" is in the office is the most effective way to achieve "intimacy". At the same time, the environment behaviorist to the satisfaction degree of the work environment and the findings of a study of the working life has a profound influence on the development of office environment. Many developed countries in Western Europe and Japan and other countries have held a "new office space" this paper will, on the development of office space has carried on the deep discussion. Including some designers for office furniture research and some office furniture fair held all influence the development of office space. At the same time in the research of intelligent office space and other technical, western scholars gradually began to attach importance to office space and the socialbackground, enterprise organization structure and other associated factors influence each other between the British DEGW's office space design phenomenon and social phenomenon is introduced into the design of the office, and study out of the office space design and organizational structure of the relationship between methods. 3 The present situation of the office space design 3.1 More flexible way of office"Front shop, back home in the early" style of work will live and work together, people's homes is a living place and the workplace. By the 18th century industrial revolution, the family of the production function gradually disappear, people no longer production, occupy the office of "collective" appears gradually, people began to habits of "nine to five" working mode, in the late 19th century and the early 20th century Taylor scientific management style to infiltrate the office management, work and the activities of people in the presence of regulators. As office space from day to day routine work is gradually replaced by the computer, office will eventually become a meeting place for communication, instead of dealing with affairs. In the face of all kinds of modern technology and the impact of the Internet, now the new office way is also constantly emerging. All contact and communication is convenient as well as the time and place for the office is not qualified, SOHO family office began to emerge. SOHO is the abbreviation of "Small office Home office", meaning a Small office space and Home office space, is a freer, more flexible waysof working. In traditional agricultural society, almost all products are manufactured by the family, the material of the whole society by household production to meet demand. Office mode along with the development of The Times through a series of evolution, Fay pop Cohen first proposed the concept of "home office". The establishment of the development of information technology and network space and the development of residential construction to provide home office, the office way gradually flourished in the economically developed regions in the world. The workings of a family and work together both save social resources, and eliminating the commuting time, this way of working can be flexible, free time is gradually accepted by more and more people. Due to the SOHO is a new way of working, must give workers a variety of convenient while also appeared a lot of disadvantages. With this way of family office is accepted by more and more people, SOHO will improve in the future development. Experts estimate that by 2020, the world will be more than 60% of the workers will work at home.3.2 More perfect office spaceOffice space design's ultimate purpose is to provide the best office and living environment for people, make people in the indoor environment for the physical and psychological comfort, security, and light touch. Built in the late 19th century early 20th century some office space would be staff communication, and rest, recreation. Developmentin the 21st century today, the function of office space was further refinement; office workers demand determines the design direction of office space. American SOM design firm in the Far East business development director Tony Bath: new definition of work in the United States is working and living together, office environment is the most important is to provide an open space, make the staff to be able to work and leisure together. Now began to put the meeting room of office space design as the core of floor design, some enterprises for staff in the office space provides a coffee bar, tea area and kitchen, the discussion area, library, etc., Germany, the new economy era of vocational place after the company held a party, this has blurred the line between work and play. There are some new things, such as gym, game rooms, leisure hall, and even functional space is applied to the work environments, such as basketball court, in the function of these affiliated facilities, used for leisure as well as the temporary office employees. The improvement of the office space function can make the person tired spirit immediately relax, relieve tension when people work, solve the original space of monotonous, more comfortable office environment.译文办公空间设计研究Hsiao M C摘要现如今，社会的发展和科技的进步，人们所面对的就是生活节奏的不断加快以及越来越激烈的职场竞争，快节奏、高效率的现代社会是人们无法逃避的现实。
框架结构毕业设计外文文献翻译(外文原文中文翻译)
附录1：外文原文外文翻译附录2：外文翻译钢筋混凝土建筑在地震中的抗倒塌安全性研究（二）：延性和非延性框架的对比分析（Abbie B. Liel1, Curt B. Haselton2, and Gregory G. Deierlein3）摘要：本文是两篇配套论文的第二篇，旨在探讨钢筋混凝土框架结构在地震中的抗倒塌安全性，并检验加利福尼亚州在20世纪70年代中期之前所建非延性框架结构建筑的可靠性。
基于对结构响应的非线性动态模拟进行概率评估，以此来计算对应于不同的地运动特性和结构类型时结构倒塌的危险。
评估的对象是一套不同高度的非延性钢筋混凝土框架结构原型，它们是根据1967年版《统一建筑规范》中的抗震规定设计的。
结果表明，当处于一个典型的加利福尼亚高震场地时，非延性钢筋混凝土框架结构发生倒塌的年平均频率范围为（5～14）×10-3，这比按现代规范设计的结果高出约40倍。
这些数据表明新规范对延性构造和能力设计要求是行之有效的，这使得在过去的30年中新建的钢筋混凝土建筑物的安全性得到明显改善。
通过对延性和非延性结构的安全性比较，有助于出台新的规章来评估和减轻现有的钢筋混凝土框架结构建筑物地震倒塌的危险。
关键词：倒塌；地震工程；结构可靠度；钢筋混凝土结构；建筑；商业；地震影响。
引言20世纪70年代中期以前加利福尼亚州建设的钢筋混凝土框架结构缺乏好的抗震设计理念（例如：加强柱子、钢筋延性构造），这使得它们很容易在地震中发生倒塌。
这些非延性钢筋混凝土框架结构在经历了加利福尼亚州1971年圣费尔南多大地震，1979年英皮里尔谷大地震，1987年惠蒂尔纳罗斯大地震，1994年北山大地震和世界上其他地方发生的无数地震之后，已经遭受了很严重的地震损害。
这些因素促使人们关注加利福尼亚州的近40000栋钢筋混凝土建筑，其中的一部分在未来地震中可能会发生倒塌而危害生命财产安全。
然而，我们缺乏足够的数据来衡量建筑的危险程度，因而无法确定是大量的建筑均存在这种危险，还是只有特定的建筑物才存在危险。
华宇办公楼框架结构设计学士学位论文
毕业论文（设计）题目华宇办公楼框架结构设计英文题目Hua Yu frame structureoffice building design院系土木工程与城市建设学院专业土木工程姓名黄海年级 2010级土A1014指导教师戴嘉兴二零一四年六月摘要本工程为华宇办公楼的结构设计，采用混凝土框架结构，该办公楼为五层钢筋混泥土结构体系，底层层高为 3.9m，其它层层高为 3.6m，建筑面积约31002m。
本工程地震烈度为7度，设计分组为第一组，场地类别为Ⅱ类，框架抗震等级为三级。
基本风压为0.35kN/2m。
楼、屋盖m，基本雪压为0.40kN/2均采用现浇钢筋混凝土结构。
本设计是以“简单、实用、经济、安全”为核心的设计原则。
按照设计规范来完成本工程的结构设计。
本设计方案根据设计资料先画出建筑施工图，先进行荷载的标准值计算，接着采用弯矩二次分配法，做出弯矩图，剪力图，轴力图。
横向框架在水平地震作用下的内力和位移计算，横向框架在风荷载作用下的内力和位移计算，然后进行内力组合计算，找出最不利的一组或几组内力组合，进行安全结构计算配筋并绘图。
整个设计过程中，遵循设计资料和相关的最新规范，对设计的各个环节进行全面的分析。
始终围绕着设计的核心原则进行设计。
【关键词】: 框架结构、内力组合、结构配筋AbstractFor hua yu office building structure design of this project, the adoption of concrete frame structures, the office building for five layer reinforced concrete structure system, the underlying the height of 3.9 m, other layers of high of 3.6 m, building area of about 3100. This design engineering seismic intensity of 7 degrees, grouped into the first group, site category for Ⅱ, frame aseismic levels for level 3. The basic wind pressure is 0.35 kN /m2, basic snow pressure is 0.40 kN /m2. Floor, roof adopts the cast-in-place reinforced concrete structure.This design is based on \"simple, practical, economic and security\" as the core design principles. According to the design specification to complete the project structure design.This design according to the design data to draw the construction plan, load standard values calculated first, and then USES the bending moment secondary distribution method, make the bending moment diagram and shear diagram, shaft trying to. Transverse frame under horizontal seismic action of internal force and displacement calculation, horizontal framework under the wind load of the internal force and displacement calculation, and then the combination of internal force calculation, find out the most unfavorable one or several groups of internal force combination, the security structure calculation of reinforcement and drawing.The whole design process, follow the latest specification, design data and related to the design of each link to conduct a comprehensive analysis. Always surround the core principles of design.key words：frame structure, internal force combination, structure reinforcement目录摘要(Abstract) (I)第一章设计资料 (1)1.1工程概况 (1)1.2地质水文条件 (1)1.3气象条件 (1)1.4材料使用 (1)第二章结构设计 (2)2.1 结构布置和结构选型 (2)2.1.1 结构布置 (2)2.1.2梁柱截面尺寸初估 (2)2.1.3结构选型 (4)2.2 框架的计算简图 (4)2.2.1 计算简图说明 (4)2.2.2 框架梁柱的线刚度计算 (5)2.3 荷载计算 (6)2.3.1.恒载标准值计算 (6)2.3.2活荷载标准值计算 (8)2.3.3横向框架在恒荷载和活荷载作用下的计算简图 (9)2.3.4横向框架在重力荷载代表值作用下计算简图 (12)2.4内力计算 (15)2.4.1恒载作用下的内力计算 (15)2.4.2 活载作用的内力计算 (20)2.4.3重力荷载代表值作用下的内力计算 (25)第三章横向框架在风荷载作用下的内力和位移计算 (31)3.1横向框架在风荷载作用下的计算 (31)3.2 风荷载作用下框架位移计算 (31)3.3 风荷载作用下框架内力的计算 (33)第四章横向框架在水平地震作用下的内力和位移计算 (37)4.1 水平地震作用下结构各层的总重力荷载代表值计算 (38)4.2横向框架在水平地震作用下的内力和位移计算 (40)4.3水平地震作用下框架内力计算 (42)第五章内力组合 (46)5.1内力换算 (46)5.2框架梁、柱的内力组合 (50)第六章框架梁、柱配筋 (63)6.1 框架柱配筋计算 (63)6.2 框架梁设计 (66) (73)第七章楼板配筋计算7.1楼板配筋计算 (73)7.2板的配筋计算 (74)第八章楼梯配筋计算 (76)8.1楼梯板配筋计算 (76)8.2 平台板设计 (77)8.3 平台梁设计 (78)第九章基础设计 (80)9.1 A柱基础设计： (80)9.2 B柱基础设计： (82)参考文献 (85)谢辞 (86)1.1工程概况（1）工程名称：华宇办公楼框架结构设计；建设地点：九江市郊区（2）建筑概况:该办公楼为五层钢筋混泥土结构体系，底层层高为 3.9m，其它层层层高为3.6m，室内外高差为0.45m。
框架结构外文翻译参考文献
框架结构外文翻译参考文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：混凝土施工事项摘要根据一般承认的惯例看,巴基斯坦的混凝土结构建筑物在结构上的质量，效用和安全需要上都留下了很多值得关注的问题。
当2005 年10月8日发生在巴基斯坦北部的一个7.6级地震的时候，这些施工技术上的缺点袒露无遗了,破坏了数以千计建筑物、桥梁, 而且造成估计79,000人的死亡。
在巴基斯坦这种十分低质量的混凝土施工技术是造成这次极广破坏的主要原因。
关键字：混凝土浇筑养护建筑工艺混凝土浇筑若混凝土在地面上浇筑，地面应该具有足够的含水量以避免它吸收混凝土中的水分。
如果新混凝土将被浇筑在已经凝固的混凝土上或其旁边，已浇混凝土表面应该彻底清除干净，最好使用高压空气、高压水流或钢丝刷。
其表应潮湿，但不应有集水，应当在整个范围内刷上少量的水泥浆，然后立即铺上一层厚度为1/2in的砂浆。
新混凝土应铺筑在砂浆上或其旁边。
为减少混凝土在浇筑后由于运输导致的离析，混凝土的制备应该尽可能靠近最后浇筑的地方。
它应该分层浇筑以使每层可被均压实。
每层浇筑间隔的时间应该限制在能够保证新浇筑的混凝土与前面浇筑的有良好的结合。
当向较深的模板中浇筑混凝土时，就应该使用一根导管来限制混凝土的自由降落高度不超过3或4ft，以防止混凝土离析。
这种导管是由轻金属制成的管子，具有可调节的长度而且被连接到储存的混凝土的罐的底部。
当模板被浇筑满后，就可以抽出管节。
混凝土一浇筑完成，应立即用手提振捣器或机器振捣器进行捣密后就应该移走，否则就会发生骨料离析。
一般来说，振捣器不应该集中在先前提起的混凝土上。
振捣主要优点是它允许使用较干的混凝土，由于减少了混凝土的含水量，这种混凝土有较高的强度。
振捣混凝土的优点如下：1、水分的减少允许水泥和细集料的用量，因为这时需要较少的水泥浆。
2、较低的含水量可减少收缩和空隙。
3、较干的混凝土减少混凝土表面处理的费用。
4、机械振捣可代替3—8个手持振捣棒。
写字楼框架结构设计文献综述+开题报告+外文翻译
附件一：课题名称开发区某高级写字楼框架结构设计主要任务与目标土木工程专业结构工程方向毕业设计的教学过程，是实现本科培养目标要求的重要的实践教学环节,是学生在毕业前的最后学习和综合训练阶段；对于提升学生综合素质、培养教学与工程实践接轨有着重要的意义。
通过深入实践、了解社会、撰写论文等毕业设计（论文）诸环节，着重培养学生综合分析、解决问题以及组织活动和社交能力，尤其在独立工作能力方面上一个台阶。
同时对学生的思想品德、工作态度、工作作风、事业心和责任心等诸方面都会有很大影响，对于提高毕业生全面素质具有重要意义。
主要内容与基本要求1、建筑部分（1）总建筑面积10000m2左右。
（2）技术要求：建议层高4.2 m，总高不大于30m，采用不上人屋面；基本雪压0.3kN/m2，基本风压0.5kN/m2。
抗震设防烈度为6度。
地质条件为素填土0.5m，淤泥质粘土13.5m砂土10m，地下水位在地表－3.000m。
（3）设计内容及要求完成的图纸内容为施工图深度要求。
应完成图纸内容：1）按建筑制图标准规定绘制图纸若干张，要求完成下列内容：主要内容与基本要求建筑设计总说明，平、立、剖、详图等；门窗统计表(门窗明细表中的内容有编号、名称、洞口尺寸(宽×高(mm))、数量等)等。
2）各层平面图，注写图名和比例。
标注房间名称，标注各部分尺寸：外部尺寸：三道尺寸(即总尺寸、轴线尺寸、墙段和门窗洞口尺寸)以及底层室外台阶、坡道、散水等尺寸。
内部尺寸：内部墙段、门窗洞口和墙厚等细部尺寸。
标注室内外地面标高、各层楼面标高。
标注轴线及轴线编号、门窗编号、剖切符号和详图索引符号等。
3）立面图（不少于两个），包括各个立面的建筑设计及有关尺寸；标明建筑外形以及门窗、雨篷、外廊等构配件的形式和位置，注明外墙饰面材料和做法。
标注边轴线及编号，注写图名和比例。
4）剖面图比例（不少于一个），包括剖面组合、房间各部分的高度及楼梯剖面；标注室内外地面、楼面、平台面、门窗洞口顶面和底面以及檐口底面或女儿墙顶面等处的标高。
框架结构毕业设计开题报告
[10]熊丹安.建筑设计与结构设计概要[M].武汉：武汉理工大学出版社，2005
[11]Abbie B. Liel,Curt B. Haselton, Gregory G. Deierlein. Seismic Collapse Safety of Reinforced Concrete Buildings. II Comparative Assessment of Nonductile and Ductile Moment Frames [J]. Journal of Structural Engineering ,2011
（4）焊条：HPB300级（ф）级钢筋用E43xx焊条，HRB335级（Ф）级钢筋用E50xx焊条。
3.2建筑物组成及功能要求
办公大楼拟建6层总建筑面积3000～5000平米左右。其中办公室：35～45平米左右，50个左右；会议室：80～90平米左右，2个，分布在上部。设电梯一部，入口门庭两层通高。要求采用框架结构，建筑设计要求有标志性并体现时代气息。建筑物防火等级为二级。
4.研究价值与意义
由于框架结构具有空间大、平面布局灵活多样的特点，满足了人们不断追求使用个性化的要求。随着社会的不断发展和人们物质生活水平的提高，框架结构(住宅、公共建筑)将会得到较大发展。设计多层框架结构，设计人应首先判断结构方案的可行性，对可能碰到的问题，提前采取措施予以解决，并对所有计算结果认真分析，判断，准确无误后方可应用于实际工程。
2.5小结
进入当代社会，随着经济的快速发展，人们对办公楼的要求也越来越高，使得传统的木质、砖混结构的办公楼已不能满足现代办公的需求。而钢筋混凝土框架结构的出现则突破了这些局限性:一方面，框架结构以梁柱承重的特点使平面布置更加灵活:另一方面，梁柱本身结构类型和布置位置也可以灵活选定，比如柱子可以选用L型、T型、十字型等类型，如此可以使整个立面更加富于变化:再则，通过合理设计，框架结构可以做成延性框架，延性框架的抗震性能好，可承受较大侧向变形。因而本课题选用框架结构作为政府办公楼的结构形式是十分适合的。
土木工程专业 办公楼机构设计 外文翻译
毕业设计外文翻译设计题目：宁波高新设计院办公楼结构设计与专项施工方案编制学院名称：建筑工程学院专业：土木工程2011 年 1 月7 日外文文献一：Assessment of seismic resistance of masonry structures including boundary conditionsEmı´lia Juha´sova´a,*, Milan Hura´ka, Zbigniew ZembatybA ICA Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak RepublicB University of Opole, Opole, PolandAbstract The paper is devoted to the investigation of seismic response of the masonry structure and describes experiences with modelling of boundary conditions during the test of large heavy model on 6DOF shaking table. The main aim of the research was how to increase dynamic resistance capacity of old masonry buildings including the medium and strong seismic effects. The results of theoretical and numerical analyses are compared including initial forecasting calculations made before any test started. The emphasis is given to the boundary conditions reached during the excitation of the large masonry model via shaking table. Strengthening and retrofitting procedures and their effects are discussed when special fibre mortar is used for repair and strengthening of masonry parts of structure.@ 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Brick masonry; Shaking table; Seismic response; Fibre mortar; Boundary conditions; Dynamic calculations1. IntroductionMany old masonry structures belong to cultural heritage.Not only individual structures but also old central parts of towns create unity that should be saved for future generations. Their basic structural systems consist mostly from brick and/or stone masonry and wooden parts. The connecting mortar is a lime mortar that according the age and the impact of environment usually has very low strength. The floor systems are either wooden or vaulted.After some period of time each structure is the subject of restoration and reconstruction. The time of reconstruction makes an opportunity to increase dynamic resistance of historical or other old masonry buildings. The retrofitted structure must fulfil the demands of National Standards or (in CEN countries) appropriate Parts of Eurocode 1 and 8. Therefore, it is important to choose and apply appropriate measures that actually increase total resistance and the lifetime of a specific masonry structure. To reach such aim the respective analysis, static and dynamic tests are needed to verify and validate that the proposedinterventions are beneficial and acceptable.2. Basic features of model, test procedure and resultsThe most appropriate method to investigate seismic effects on masonry structures would be the measurement of real structure response during earthquake or intensive artificial seismic excitation. As for many reasons this is difficult and many times impossible, therefore, it is worth to provide seismic tests on large models. The seismic tests of such type were performed in ISMES Seriate, Italy [1–4].The mass of tested model was limited by the capacity of the used ISMES Master shaking table. The table has possibility to apply up to six seismic input components—three translate and three rotation ones. As far as the masonry structure can be scaled only in a limited range, the basic dimension scale 1:2 was applied. Next used scales were 1:1 for stresses, Young’s moduli and accelerations; 2:1 for masses (densities) and 1:2 for time. Scaling of masses was done, while keeping the same structure material, with adding discrete masses, proportionally distributed through the model. The added mass resulted in doubling the total mass of the model.The scaled time was applied during the execution of tests on the shaking table.The model was designed as asymmetrical one with two rooms in the first storey and one room in the second one. The floor above the first storey comprises a brick vault above one room and the wooden floor (one beam and boards) above the other room. Two doors and one window were finished with brick arches. The wooden floor of the second storey was similar to that in the first storey but it was supported with two wood beams. The windows of the second storey were constructed with wooden lintels. No plaster was applied to the model in the first stage of tests (original model). Masonry was built from Dutch bricks that are of smaller dimensions in comparison with usual Central Europe solid bricks. Thus, the wall of 23 cm thickness and two bricks modulus replaced the wall original thickness of 45 cm with three bricks modulus. The applied lime mortar was purposely of weak strength in order to simulate old mortars. Its compression strength varied in range 0.85– 1.0 MPa. The lime mortar properties including the effect of age were verified by tests on prism and cube samples. Thirty-two accelerometers were installed on the model and the shaking table to monitor excitation and dynamic response (Fig. 1).The earthquake like seismic tests used three component seismic input along axes x, y, z.Special tuning procedure completed the test. The actual seismic excitation and control input applied to the actuator mechanism differs substantially in case of heavy model, when the model weight is comparable with the weight of shaking table platform. The applied earthquake like inputs were based on a catalogue record of USA earthquake with magnitude M 7.5 recorded on July 30th 1972 in Alaska at Sitka. The criterion for choosing just this one seismic record was that it contained enough contribution of high frequency components needed to easier excite stiff masonry structure as well as the fact that such higher frequency components better correspond to stiff subsoil. The general behaviour of the model observed during the seismic tests suggests that the dynamic similarity laws were sufficiently properly fulfilled. Scale of dimensions 1:2 and scale of masses 2:1 proved to be successful in a series of tests on the same shaking table [5]. The success of modelling can be measured, to some extend, by comparing n atural frequencies of ‘empty’ model (without additional masses) with the natural frequencies of the intact model with masses. By the laws of similitude, the ratio of these frequencies should be equal 2 = 1.41. For the first two main natural frequencies on the basis of transfer functions, this ratio was equal to 1.43 and 1.45, respectively.3. Dynamic properties and seismic response calculationsResults of earthquake input tests of original model gave information about successive cracks development with increasing intensity of loading (0 dB corresponds to full actual earthquake). The cracks appeared in damaged attic and in shear zones like cross-cracks above windows and doors. The crack in arch above the window of the first storey activated the model right corner separation at its bottom.When the model was seriously damaged, but still capable for repairing, the seismic tests of original model were stopped.The retrofitting procedure applied special lime cement fibre plaster reinforced by plastic grids. The used plaster had compression strength 12–17 MPa and together with Tensar plastic grids create partial local jacketing of the model.The applied mineralised polypropylene fibre DIMAPOS is especially produced for fibre concrete or fibre mortar. This synthetic fibre of staple type is produced from isotactic polypropylene. The fibre has circular cross-section and its surface is hydrophilysed. Its basic properties in concrete and plaster products are: substantial decrease of cracks created during prematuring and in ready product; higher impact toughness (200% increase); lower abrasion of the product surface; higher resistance against fracture of edges; higher surface hardness (about 15% increase) and higher resistance against penetration; lower thermal conductivity (about 13% decrease); higher tension strength in bending (about 10–15% increase); lower water seepage, higher frost resistance; higher resistance of fibre against alkali, acids and solvents. Properties of tested fibre mortar samples confirmed that they have much higher resistance against origin of cracks and their development.Tensar plastic grids are originally addressed for use in geotechnical structures. Tensar grids of high strength polymers are produced by stretching punched sheets under controlled heating. During stretching the randomly oriented long-chain polymer molecules are drawn to an ordered and aligned state which increases the tensile strength and stiffness of the grids. The grids are not attacked by any aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis and salts or petrol and diesel fuel at ambient temperatures and are not susceptible to hydrolysis, environmental stress cracking or microbiological attack. They are also formulated to resist ultraviolet degradation [8].The repaired model was again subjected to shaking table tests. Results of repaired model tests and observed development of new cracks showed the behaviour with considerably higher seismic resistance comparing to the behaviour of original model. Actually, the creation of cracks was shifted to those parts of walls where no retrofitting procedure was applied.During the larger intensity earthquake tests the created horizontal cracks in non-stiffened zones of model started to open and close, but without any danger of failure. Vertical cracks in stiffened zones appeared only during the last run of test. The same concerns the masonry vault where retrofitted part recorded only slight cracks in comparison with the other—untouched part. Contribution of fibre lime cement plaster to the vault integrity can be seen in Fig. 3. The repaired part—in front of vault recorded only one crack that appeared at the end of test.The promising main result is that the seismic resistance of retrofitted model remarkable increased in comparison with the resistance of original model. Also the attic withstood the earthquake input without damage, only the top additional masses started to separate from the walls at the end of the test. The maximum space intensity of excitation applied during the tests reached peak acceleration of 3.68 m/s2 for original model and 6.95 m/s2 for repaired model. It corresponds to Modified Mercalli intensities of IX and X, respectively. Either the model was tested for quite wide range of real earthquake intensities, the seismic resistance of the repaired model increased approximately twice comparing to the original one.Fig. 3. Cracks in the vault of masonry model—after the test of repairedmodel.4. Boundary conditions in view of 6DOF shaking table inputs Really strongEarthquakes are at present more or less successfully and almost exclusively registered by seismic accelerometers that record two mutually perpendicular horizontal components and a vertical one. With multicomponent shaking tables there arise both problems of the boundaries in the mechanical and in the electrohydraulic parts of the system. The model—shaking table interaction effect increases when the mass of model is high and the model itself is very stiff. Description of such interaction is very clear when following the harmonic seismic response through sweep sine test with constant input acceleration. Fig. 4 shows transfer functions related to translate and rotation components of used 6DOF shaking table with connected masonry model. Optimal situation should be zero values for all components excluding excitation unit input— in longitudinal X direction.Sweep sine test is the first approach how to check the model—shaking table interaction. Next steps can lead to simulation of either three or six component seismic motion that corresponds to actual earthquake. If there is no knowledge about rotation components, the rotations are supposed to be zero or of minimum values. Iterative procedure in control is nowadays frequently applied. In this method the input signal is adjusted after each test, until the required table motion is achieved. Recent advances in technology make possible to compensate for system nonlinearity at much higher frequencies and using more sophisticated control algorithms, to implement real-time adaptive control. Promising minimal control synthesis (MCS) algorithm has representative property to utilise only minimum of initial input information regarding controlled system [9–11].Fig. 4. Transfer functions of used 6DOF shaking table with masonry model excited in X direction.The considered structure of the controlled system is described by the state equation:where {A,B} contain unknown, in time varying parameters of the system, x is state vector (it is considered to be measurable), u is control vector and d is unknown vector of disturbances.MCS control algorithm is then givenwhere K and Kr are adaptive MCS amplifications and r is reference (asked) vector.Another option is the application of iterative procedure— in order to reach high fidelity of seismic input. In such case the multi-degree control of shaking table uses an out-of-real time, adaptive control algorithm. In our case the control of three component seismic motion was based on iterative simulation of mentioned Sitka earthquake record. The corresponding displacement motion of shaking table is in Fig.5 .Fig. 5. Simulation of three-component seismic motion basedon Sitka earthquake record.5. ConclusionsBrick or other masonry buildings have their load carrying system based on compression shear transfer of loads from superstructure to the base foundation and into surrounding ground. Strong seismic actions work against this scheme and introduce higher stresses into a structure including the tension ones. Usually, the strength of mortar and plaster is lower than that of bricks, therefore the cracks initiation can be observed in mortar or in the connection between bricks and mortar. These cracks are able to carry the earthquake and other loading until the structure integrity and its basically compression behaviour remain sufficient. Otherwise, free bricks or blocks of masonry behave as separate bodies with tendency to vibrate in different modes and to fall out of the wall. Such state can be considered as dangerous for both the structure, its inhabitants or passers by.Retrofitting and repair of structure after the seismic or larger para seismic action should include the measures that interrupt any progress in development of previous cracks and in local damage. If ductility is supposed to be beneficial, the cracks can be accepted, provided that neither loss of wall integrity nor instability can appear. The combination of enveloping synthetic grids with fibre plaster has shown a very good effect. The contribution of subsoil effects—in view of soil– structure interaction could be partially included into shaking table tests of heavy models. However, previous tuning of table inputs and effective identification of dynamic properties of model is necessary. Both schemes of stiff and flexible supports should be analysed to obtain the appropriate data for analytical models. Consequently,prescribed boundary parameters could be introduced into controlled shakingtable tests.AcknowledgmentsThe research was mainly founded by European Commission in the framework of PECO and ECOLEADER Studies. The financial support is gratefully acknowledged.References[1] Bergamo G, Franchioni G, Pellegrini R. Shaking table tests on large scale models in support of studies for the mitigation of seismic effects,vol. 7. Mitigation of Seismic Risk Support to Recently Affected European Countries, Belgirate, Italy, 27–28 November 2000, Ispra, JRC; 2000. p. 1–6. [2] Juha´sova´ E, Franchioni G, Juha´s M, Crewe A. Experiences with 2DOF and 6DOF control of shaking tables, vol. 23. Diagnostics and Active Control, Trˇesˇt, Czech Republic, 9–11 October 2000, Brno, FSI VUT; 2000. p. 1–12.[3] Juha´sova´E, Pezzoli P, Da Rin EM, Sofronie R, Zembaty Z.Resistance of brick building model with arches before and after retrofitting. Proceedings of 11th ECEE, Paris, 1998, vol. 180. Rotterdam: Balkema; 1998. p. 1–12.[4] Juha´sova´E, Sofronie R, Contri P. Real time testing of reinforced infills, vol. 921. Proceedings of 12th WCEE, Auckland 2000, Auckland, NZSEE; 2000, 1. p. 1–8.[5] Benedetti D, Limongelli MP, Pezzoli P. Dynamic behaviour of masonry buildings subjected to multidirectional seismic excitation. Second France–Italian Symposium on Earthquake Engineering, Nice; 1994. p. 1–14.[6] Juha´sova´ E, Hura´k M, Zembaty Z. Modelling of boundary conditionsat seismic tests of heavy models. Engineering Mechanics’97, Svratka,1997, Z ˇ da´r n.S., Z ˇD ˇAS; 2000. p. 91–6.[7] Juha´sova´ E, Zembaty Z, Kowalski M. Experimental investigation of dynamic effects on brick masonry buildings and their strengthening.Arch Civil Engng 2000;46(1):83–106.[8] Sofronie R. Antiseismic reinforcement of masonry works. New technologies in structural engineering, Lisbon: LNEC; 1997. p. 373–80.[9] Benchoubane H, Stoten D. The decentralised minimal controller synthesis algorithm. Int J Control 1991;56(4):967–83.[10] Juha´s M. Development of real time control system for 2DOF shaking table, vol. 2. Mechanical Engineering 2000, Bratislava, FME SUT; 2000. p. 47–52.[11] Stoten D, Benchoubane H. The minimal control synthesis identification algorithm. Int J Control 1993;58(3):685–96.中文翻译一：包括边界条件的砌体结构的抗震性能评估易米里亚车哈搜发a 米兰胡拉克a 兹比格涅夫泽巴替ba 合作社联盟斯洛伐克科学院，布拉迪斯拉发，斯洛伐克共和国b 奥波莱大学，奥波莱，波兰摘要该文件是致力于对砌体结构地震反应的研究调查和描述了大型重型模型六自由度振动台试验关于边界条件的建模过程的经验。
办公楼设计摘要及英文翻译 (2)
榆林办公楼设计摘要：本计算书按照学校土木工程专业毕业设计的要求进行编写，毕业设计的课题为榆林办公楼。
主体为五层框架,室内外高差为0.45米，本设计主要分为建筑设计和结构设计两部分。
结构设计部分包括手算和电算两部分。
建筑设计部分主要内容包括：在了解本工程概况、领会初步设计意图的基础上进行建筑施工图的绘制，共手绘建筑施工图12张。
主体五层采用现浇钢筋混凝土框架结构，设计内容包括：结构方案选择、荷载标准值计算、水平风载作用标准值计算、竖向及水平荷载作用下内力分析及组合、框架梁柱截面设计、板、楼梯设计和基础设计等。
关键词：底框结构、荷载内力组合、截面设计AbstractAccording to this calculation on civil engineering graduate school design requirements for the preparation, Graduation to the tasks sanitary Yulin office , In the main for thefive-storey frameworks, indoor and outdoor height difference of 0.45 meters, The design consists of architectural design and structural design in two parts. Structural design includes manual calculation and computer operation . The key architectural design elements include : understanding of the project profiles, understanding the intent of the preliminary design, based on the constructral plans, toelve figures were drawn. cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame structure were used in the five-storey, design elements include : structural options. Load standard values, the calculation of seismic standard valuescalculation,including the vertical and horizontal load under stress analysis, and portfolio section framework column design, floor and stair design,and infrastructure design. Keywords:bottom frame, the load combination of internal forces, the cross-section design总结毕业设计是对四年所学专业知识的一次综合应用，也是理论运用于实际设计的一次锻炼。
开题报告、文献综述、外文翻译技巧
开题报告、文献综述、外文翻译、论文反抄袭软件、论文目录，就差论文正文了，其他都全了！！开题报告主要包括以下几个方面：（一）论文名称论文名称就是课题的名字第一，名称要准确、规范。
准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么，研究的对象是什么交待清楚，论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致，不能太大，也不能太小，要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。
第二，名称要简洁，不能太长。
不管是论文或者课题，名称都不能太长，能不要的字就尽量不要，一般不要超过20个字。
（二）论文研究的目的、意义研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。
这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述，指出现实当中存在这个问题，需要去研究，去解决，本论文的研究有什么实际作用，然后，再写论文的理论和学术价值。
这些都要写得具体一点，有针对性一点，不能漫无边际地空喊口号。
主要内容包括：⑴研究的有关背景(课题的提出)：即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。
⑵通过分析本地（校）的教育教学实际，指出为什么要研究该课题，研究的价值，要解决的问题。
（三）本论文国内外研究的历史和现状（文献综述）。
规范些应该有，如果是小课题可以省略。
一般包括：掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果；寻找有待进一步研究的问题，从而确定本课题研究的平台(起点)、研究的特色或突破点。
（四）论文研究的指导思想指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向，符合什么要求等，这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论，也可以是政府的教育发展规划，也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。
（五）论文写作的目标论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的,要解决哪些具体问题，也就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标：即本论文写作的目标定位，确定目标时要紧扣课题,用词要准确、精练、明了。
常见存在问题是：不写研究目标；目标扣题不紧；目标用词不准确；目标定得过高, 对预定的目标没有进行研究或无法进行研究。
确定论文写作目标时，一方面要考虑课题本身的要求，另一方面要考率实际的工作条件与工作水平。
教学楼设计---开题报告、外文翻译、文献综述
XX大学毕业论文（设计）开题报告（含文献综述、开题报告、外文翻译）题目东湖中学教学楼设计Ⅲ姓名 XXXXXX学号 XXXXXXXX专业班级06土木工程(结构方向)2班指导教师 XXXXX分院土木建筑工程分院开题日期 2010年3月2日文件综述钢结构防腐1 大型钢结构的防腐浅谈：随着我国经济蓬勃发展，建筑设计水平的提升进步越来越多的建筑形式采用钢结构来表现，钢结构建筑比起传统的砖沙水泥，构造更多变，风格更突出。
但这样的建筑处于潮湿大气和污染环境之中，必然会遭受腐蚀，要确保这些建筑的完整性，展现钢结构的艺术感染力采用防腐涂料进行涂装保护非常必要，也可以对钢结构采用结构自身防腐进行钢构的防腐保护。
2 钢结构工程管理要点及防腐技术的应用:2.1 防腐蚀工程的管理防腐蚀工程的管理是一个规范性的工作,在防腐的施工中应该严格执行科学的制度,勤于检查,精心施工。
应根据以下程序及环节对防腐蚀施工进行管理。
2.1.1 钢结构的表面处理要求涂装前底材的表面处理是重防腐蚀涂料涂装的重要环节,除锈质量是漆膜保护效果的最主要的因素钢结构[8]的表面处理方法有物理方法和化学方法。
物理方法:喷射除锈,喷砂、喷丸、抛丸法除锈、动力工具和手工除锈等;化学方法:酸洗除锈。
另外,钢结构[8]的表面处理程度也直接影响钢材的腐蚀速度,由于氧化皮的电极电位较Fe正,相当于Cu的电极电位,与Fe的电位差约0. 26 V,在介质中氧化皮为阴极、铁为阳极,从而使钢结构受到腐蚀。
氧化皮对钢结构腐蚀速度的影响是很大的，如下表示1表1 氧化皮对钢结构腐蚀速度的影响统计铁锈的存在除会降低漆膜与钢铁表面的附着力,还因铁锈中的FeS04、FeCl2等盐份在涂漆之后仍起破坏作用。
因此涂漆前必须完全除去钢铁表面的氧化皮、铁锈、油污、灰尘、盐类粒子、酸、碱等杂物。
清除程度以除锈标准来衡量,我国的除锈标准GB50212-91等效采用国际除锈标准ISO8501-1998(与瑞典标准SIS 055900等同)。
框架结构开题报告范文
框架结构开题报告范文英文回答：Introduction:In this report, I will discuss the framework structure for a project. Framework structure refers to the overall organization and layout of a project, which provides a systematic approach to achieve the desired goals. It serves as a blueprint for the project and guides the development process.Importance of Framework Structure:A well-defined framework structure is crucial for the success of any project. It helps in organizing and prioritizing tasks, ensuring efficient resource allocation, and promoting effective communication among team members. Without a proper framework structure, a project may face challenges such as confusion, delays, and miscommunication.Example:Let's take the example of a software development project. The framework structure would include defining the project scope, identifying the key deliverables, and creating a timeline for development milestones. This framework would provide a clear roadmap for the development team, ensuring that everyone is on the same page and working towards the same goals. It would also help in identifying any potential risks or issues early on, allowing for timely mitigation strategies.Benefits of Framework Structure:1. Organization: A framework structure helps in organizing the project by breaking it down into manageable tasks and assigning responsibilities to team members. This ensures that everyone knows what they need to do and when, reducing confusion and promoting efficiency.2. Resource Allocation: With a framework structure,resources can be allocated effectively based on the project requirements. This ensures that the right people are assigned to the right tasks, maximizing productivity and minimizing wastage of resources.3. Communication: A well-defined framework structure promotes effective communication among team members. It provides a common language and understanding, making it easier to collaborate and share information. This reduces the chances of miscommunication and ensures that everyone is on the same page.Example:In a marketing campaign project, the frameworkstructure would include regular team meetings, progress tracking, and feedback sessions. These activities would facilitate open communication, allowing team members to discuss their ideas, address any concerns, and provide updates on their progress. This would help in fostering a collaborative and cohesive team environment.Conclusion:In conclusion, a framework structure is essential forthe success of any project. It provides a systematic approach, promotes organization and effective resource allocation, and facilitates communication among team members. By implementing a well-defined framework structure, projects can be executed more efficiently, leading tobetter outcomes.中文回答：引言：在这份报告中，我将讨论一个项目的框架结构。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
附件一: 课题名称开发区某高级写字楼框架结构设计主要任务与目标土木工程专业结构工程方向毕业设计的教学过程,是实现本科培养目标要求的重要的实践教学环节,是学生在毕业前的最后学习和综合训练阶段；对于提升学生综合素质、培养教学与工程实践接轨有着重要的意义。
通过深入实践、了解社会、撰写论文等毕业设计(论文)诸环节，着重培养学生综合分析、解决问题以及组织活动和社交能力,尤其在独立工作能力方面上一个台阶。
同时对学生的思想品德、工作态度、工作作风、事业心和责任心等诸方面都会有很大影响,对于提高毕业生全面素质具有重要意义。
主要内容与基本要求1、建筑部分(１)总建筑面积10000m 2 左右。
(2)技术要求:建议层高4．２ｍ，总高不大于30m，采用不上人屋面；基本雪压0.3ｋN/m 2 ,基本风压0.5kN／m 2 。
抗震设防烈度为６度。
地质条件为素填土0.5ｍ，淤泥质粘土１3.5m砂土１0ｍ，地下水位在地表－3.０00m。
(3)设计内容及要求完成的图纸内容为施工图深度要求。
应完成图纸内容：1）按建筑制图标准规定绘制图纸若干张,要求完成下列内容：２主要内容与基本要求建筑设计总说明，平、立、剖、详图等;门窗统计表(门窗明细表中的内容有编号、名称、洞口尺寸(宽×高(ｍｍ)）、数量等)等。
2）各层平面图,注写图名和比例。
标注房间名称，标注各部分尺寸: 外部尺寸:三道尺寸(即总尺寸、轴线尺寸、墙段和门窗洞口尺寸)以及底层室外台阶、坡道、散水等尺寸。
内部尺寸:内部墙段、门窗洞口和墙厚等细部尺寸。
标注室内外地面标高、各层楼面标高。
标注轴线及轴线编号、门窗编号、剖切符号和详图索引符号等。
3)立面图（不少于两个），包括各个立面的建筑设计及有关尺寸；标明建筑外形以及门窗、雨篷、外廊等构配件的形式和位置,注明外墙饰面材料和做法。
标注边轴线及编号，注写图名和比例。
4)剖面图比例(不少于一个)，包括剖面组合、房间各部分的高度及楼梯剖面；标注室内外地面、楼面、平台面、门窗洞口顶面和底面以及檐口底面或女儿墙顶面等处的标高。
标注建筑总高、层高以及门窗洞口和窗间墙等细部尺寸。
标注主要轴线及编号、详图索引号,标注写图名和比例。
5)屋顶平面图表示出各坡面交线、檐沟或女儿墙和天沟、雨水口、屋面上人孔等位置, 标注排水方向和坡度。
标注屋面标高(结构上表面标高),标注屋面上人孔等突出屋面部分的有关尺寸。
标注各转角处的定位轴线及编号。
外部标注两道尺寸。
标注详图索引符号，注写图名和比例。
6)楼梯详图(包括平面图、剖面图、踏步、扶手大样等）７）局部详图3～4 个。
屋檐、屋面泛水等。
3 要求表示清楚各部分的构造关系,标注有关细部尺寸、标高、轴线编号以及做法说明等。
2、结构部分(1）设计任务1)绘制图纸若干张，要求完成下列内容结构施工图要求完成: 结构平面布置图(1:100)；基础平面布置图及基础配筋图；楼梯的结构布置图及配筋图);框架配筋详图；构件详图（现浇板配筋图等）。
２）结构计算－-－-写于计算书中, 要求完成：一榀框架及其柱下基础的设计计算；现浇楼梯（梁式或板式)的设计计算;现浇板的的设计计算。
3）结构设计计算书结构设计计算书中必须注明结构及其构件选型和结构布置,详细列出结构设计计算的各个步骤、全部的计算过程和计算结果。
计算书中应附有必要的计算用图(结构及构件的关系图和结构及构件的计算简图)。
计算书必须采用wｏｒd文档,不能随意涂改。
（２) 技术要求:手算中需考虑侧向风荷载的影响。
根据场地地质条件进行基础的计算。
主要参考资料及文献阅读任务1、民用建筑设计通则JGJ ３7-87；宿舍建筑设计规范JＧJ 36-87 2、房屋建筑学３、钢筋混凝土结构设计规范GB500１0-２０02 4、砌体结构设计规范GB50003-2001 5、建筑桩基基础设计规范ＪGJ94-94 ６、建筑抗震设计规范GＢ５001１－２０01 7、钢筋混凝土结构教材(上、下)；结构力学教材；土力学与地基基础教材; 建筑结构抗震设计教材; 8、建筑构造通用图集外文翻译任务阅读相关结构设计的外文文献若干篇，并择其一、二篇翻译。
要求英文字符数100００以上，汉字２000以上。
4 计划进度：起止时间内容２００7.１.8~200７．1．30 开题报告、文献综述、外文翻译2007．３.5~ 200７．4.1 确定设计方案、完成建筑部分设计任务2０07．4．1～２007.５.6结构计算，施工图设计，完成结构部分设计任务２０0７.5.9提交初稿２007．5.16 定稿,提交毕业设计全部材料2007.６．1０前毕业设计答辩实习地点慈溪维科置业有限公司指导教师签名年月日系意见系主任签名: 年月日学院盖章主管院长签名: 年月日５文献综述报告：钢筋混凝土建筑结构设计综述03级土木工程(２)班章正锋１．引言本文主要是总体介绍钢筋混凝土在建筑上的应用与设计的过去状况、现状与未来的发展方向以及浅谈结构设计一些原则与方法，文章所描述的结构仅限于钢筋混凝土结构。
自从世界上首次制成钢筋混凝土制品,并用于结构工程,至今略过百年。
比起原始人类最早所用的土、木结构,文明史初期出现的砖石、砌体结构，以及工业革命后大量发展的钢结构来说，钢筋混凝土结构是最年轻的结构工程成员。
但是，它的性能和制作工艺不断地获得改善和提高，结构形式变化多样,应用范围逐渐扩大。
现今,在世界各国,特别在我国，它已经成为结构工程中最为兴旺发达的一族。
其广泛应用于建筑工程、桥梁和交通工程、水利和海港工程、地下工程及特种结构等。
2.钢筋混凝土与结构设计2.１钢筋混凝土所谓钢筋混凝土结构是指由配置受力的普通钢筋、钢筋网或钢筋骨架的混凝土制成的结构［１］。
其充分利用了混凝土的受压能力与钢筋的受拉性能。
２.2 结构设计而建筑结构设计就是结合一系列的理论计算方法充分利用钢筋混凝土的力学性能, 设计出最优化的结构受力体系，满足人类的日常生活的要求。
结构的设计原则和计算理论,初期是从钢结构移植过来的“弹性分析-允许应力法［1] ”，发展为单一安全系数的极限承载力法,以至现在基于概率统计可靠度分析的极限状态设计法。
结构的内力计算，由最简单的古典弹性分析法,发展为考虑塑性变形的极限平衡法, 以至进行结构受力非线性全过程分析。
有限元分析方法和计算机技术的结合,为复杂结构的准确分析提供了强力的有效手段，在实际工程中已日益完善。
6 2．3 新型钢筋混凝土结构的发展随着现代科学的发展,钢筋混凝土结构已经不仅仅是混凝土加钢筋的组合。
越来越多的新型现代钢筋混凝土结构出现并应用在建筑上。
如新型钢管混凝土结构，特别是最新采用薄壁钢管混凝土,采用高性能混凝土的钢管混凝土,中空夹层钢管混凝土,该新型结构是将两层钢管同心放置，并在两层钢管之间关注混凝土。
这种钢管混凝土具有很好的发展前景,可以减少单位耗钢量,降低结构的综合造价，且结构上钢管混凝土柱刚度大，变形小,稳定性好,在多层住宅及高层或超高层建筑中应用较实惠[5] 。
另外，钢与混凝土组合结构也进入工程师结构选型的视野,如钢与混凝土组合梁、钢与混凝土预应力组合梁、钢板与混凝土组合梁、钢桁架与混凝土组合梁、压型钢板混凝土组合梁、外包钢混凝土结构、钢骨混凝土结构、钢骨混凝土柱等[6］。
预应力混凝土结构自从上世纪２0年代进入混凝土结构家族以来，逐渐成长为一项成熟的结构。
采用先张拉和后张拉的技术是混凝土结构在承受荷载前给予配置钢筋一个有效预应力与锚固损失和混凝土收缩徐变产生的损失相等］12 [ 。
要注意的预应力混凝土技术需要采用高强钢材和高强混凝土材料。
因此预应力混凝土在要求裂缝控制等级较高的结构；大跨度或受力很大的构件；对构件刚度和变形控制要求较高的结构构件中优先采用。
2.4 建筑结构设计原则与浅析建筑结构设计的原则是:适用、安全、经济、美观，同时要便于施工[２］。
这五个方面各有所重，又互为矛盾,最优建筑结构设计是这五个方面的最佳结合。
结构设计一般在建筑设计之后。
结构设计不能破坏建筑设计,建筑设计不能超出结构设计的能力范围。
结构设计决定建筑设计能否实现，在这个意义上,结构设计显得更为重要。
建筑结构设计可分为整体设计和部件设计两部分。
整体设计包括结构体系的选择、柱网的布置、梁的布置、剪力墙的分布、基础的选型等。
整体设计一般分主体和基础两部分进行。
设计人员根据建筑物的性质、高度、重要程度、当地的抗震设防烈度、风力情况等条件来选择合适的结构体系。
选定结构体系后,就要具体决定柱、梁、墙(剪力墙)的分布和尺寸等[２] 。
在进行主体结构内力计算后，主体结构底截面的内力就是基础选型和计算的重要依７据。
进行整体设计后,就要进行部件设计。
部件设计是指柱、梁、板、墙(剪力墙)和块体这5部分的内力和配筋计算。
梁和柱一般可看作细长杆件,内力情况与计算体系相符合［8］。
单向板可简化为单位宽度的梁来计算，双向板的计算理论也较成熟,异型板的计算较为复杂，应尽量避免。
对于单片的剪力墙，一般把它视为薄壁柱]１4 [ 作近似计算,有时要考虑翼缘的作用;对于简体结构中的剪力墙则要用空间力学的方法来计算。
块体不同于梁、柱、板、墙,它在空间3个方向的尺寸都比较大，难以视作细长杆件或简化为平面体系来计算。
如单独基础、柱的承台、深梁都是块体，受力情况很复杂，难以精确分析，所以在计算中往往加大安全系数，以保安全。
手算与计算机算所采用的计算方法、理论、计算模型是有差别的[9]。
结构计算的工作量是很大的，采用手算时要在工作量和计算精度之间折中。
手算时为减少工作量,受力体系应尽量简化为平面力系，计算中作一些假设，要利用经验值和图表，用计算机进行合理的结构内力计算,需要优秀的结构计算程序。
作为结构设计人员应学习计算机所用的计算理论，并要知其所以然。
结构设计程序的出现并没有降低对设计人员的要求，相反,它要求设计人员学习更先进的计算理论。
目前许多结构计算程序都有一个弊端：即计算过程的屏蔽，使用者只管输入数据和看结果，对计算过程一无所知,不知道计算过程建立的基础及其适用范围,这是潜在的危险。
一个优秀的结构计算程序应该提供程序所采用的计算理论的详细说明，说明其采用的计算模型、计算假设、适用范围等。
另外,应允许使用者干预计算过程，充分发挥设计者的主观能动性和创造力。
另外,在设计中活荷载是需要重点考虑的，例如风荷载和雪荷载都是比较容易过大或者过小的被设置。
更重要的是已有建筑物的荷载中，风荷载和雪荷载所产生的效应是巨大的[1１] 。
因此在建筑的荷载设计中，风荷载与雪荷载要考虑周到。
２.5 结构设计的发展方向今后结构设计的方向应该是:（１)概念设计将发挥越来越大的作用[7] 概念设计是指正确地解决总体方案、材料使用和细部构造的问题，以达到合理抗震设计的目的。