武汉大学肝胆外科学2015年考博真题
历年考博外科题目总汇
1、Tme及直肠系膜的概念2、胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法3、原位肝移植的手术方式与适应症胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物乳癌治疗原则Sirs sepsis MODS的概念与相互关系营养不良的分类与支持的适应症直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症胰岛素瘤的定位诊断肝癌的综合治疗, 肝癌的治疗原则门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗MODS的发病机理 MODS的治疗。
胆道出血的诊治慢性甲状腺炎的诊治SAP的治疗：胰腺炎的治疗Bismuth的分类；医源性胆管损伤按Bismuth分类：Ⅰ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以上。
Ⅱ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以内。
Ⅲ型：左右肝管汇合部。
Ⅳ型：左侧肝管或右侧肝管。
Ⅴ型：左右肝管分支处。
甲状腺癌的病理特点胃癌的治疗原则如何正确的对手术病人进行术前肝功能评估，以利手术顺利进行？Child 评分Child-Pugh评分分级标准传统腹股沟疝修补术和无张力疝修补术的特点和方法有何不用？休克时加重心肌损伤的因素有那些肿瘤的外科治疗有哪些方法一个良好的肿瘤标志物应该具有何特性，举例说明结肠癌的早期诊断梗阻性黄疸的检查方法有哪些肝内胆管结石的处理原则及治疗方法休克的监测及诊断乳腺癌的淋巴结引流途径甲状腺大布切除术的术前检查肝内胆管结石的手术治疗原则及方法ct发现胰腺头部占位后还应行哪些检查肝癌的定性诊断？孕期阑尾炎的诊断治疗原则胃癌的手术发式肝移植的适应症和手术方式甲状腺结节的处理原则闭合性腹部损伤非手术治疗期间应观察哪些指标普外：二问答1 PMC（甲状腺乳头状微小腺癌）及其目前治疗原则2 Budd-Chiari syndrome的分型及手术治疗方法布加综合征由各种原因所致肝静脉和其开口以上段下腔静脉阻塞性病变引起的常伴有下腔静脉高压为特点的一种肝后门脉高压症。
急性期病人有发热、右上腹痛、迅速出现大量腹腔积液、黄疸、肝大，肝区有触痛，少尿。
依血管受累多少、受累程度和阻塞病变的性质和状态等而殊不相同。
博士外科
1995年博士入学普通外科试题论述问答题（每题25分）阻塞性黄胆的鉴别诊断及处理原则？试述上消化道大出血的鉴别诊断及处理原则；1、如何掌握重症急腹症的诊断要点？何为完全胃肠外营养？以胃大部分切除术为例说明？2008同济普外试题一、大外科：理想手术切口要求；ARF肾替代治疗有效指标；创伤治愈临床分期、表现及处理原则DIC临床表现；（出血、微血管栓塞、微循环障碍、微血管性溶血）何为肿瘤标记物？理想的肿瘤标记物应有什么特性？肿瘤细胞产生和释放的某种物质，常以抗原、酶、激素等代谢产物的形式存在于肿瘤细胞内或宿主体液中，根据其生化或免疫特性可以识别或诊断肿瘤。
二、普外：早期胃癌定义及治疗原则；早期胃癌（early gastric carcinoma）：癌组织浸润仅限于粘膜层及粘膜下层者均属早期胃癌，判断早期胃癌的标准不是其面积的大小和是否有局部淋巴结转移，而是其深度。
阻塞性黄胆影像学检查及意义；如腺癌手术方式；肝癌病理分型及根治术指征；肝前型门静脉高压常见原因及临床特征；胰腺炎临床分型及严重程度评估。
同济医科大学博士入学考试试题泌尿外科学1997年1.公共必答题1、高血压病人围手术期监测及处理2、多器官功能衰竭病人死亡的主要原因及预防多器官功能衰竭的要点。
3、急性肾功能衰竭的早期诊断及治疗。
2.泌尿外科专业必答题1、论述良性前列腺切除手术的途径。
2、急性男性尿道损伤的处理原则。
3.选答题1、急性阑尾炎的诊断。
2、试述急性血源性骨髓炎的早期诊断根据及治疗原则。
3、二尖瓣狭窄的病理生理和二尖瓣闭式交界分离的手术适应症。
4、颅骨损伤的诊断和处理。
5、泌尿系结核诊断延误的原因有哪些？6、1岁以内婴儿，平素健康，突然出现阵发性吵闹伴繁呕吐，你应想道哪些疾病，还需询问哪些检查以便鉴别诊断。
同济医科大学1999年泌尿外科（博士）一、名词解释（2分/题）1、血尿2、排尿困难3、精索静脉曲张4、鞘膜积液5、脓尿6、晶体尿7、肾盂积水8、包茎9、肾下垂10、肾自截二、问答题（20分/题）1、试述前列腺增生的治疗进展2、试述上尿路结石的治疗与预防3、试述RVH的病因与诊断要点4、试述后尿道损伤的治疗原则同济医科大学2000年泌尿外科（博士）一、名词解释1、临床型肾结核？（看不清楚）2、急性肾功能衰竭3、尿潴留4、儿茶酚胺症二、简答题1、尿流动力学的概念及意义2、肾功能的检测方法及临床意义三、论述题1、急性肾衰竭多尿期的病理生理机制及治疗原则2、尿石症的诱发因素3 膀胱肿瘤治疗的新进展同济医科大学2001年泌尿外科（博士）一、必答题（15*2）1 试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义2 溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化二选答题（每人必选一题，但是不能选本专业试题，否则没有分数10分/题）1 胃癌淋巴转移途径2 试述开放性骨折的处理原则3 阴囊内肿块常见于哪些疾病？如何诊治？4 急性颅脑损伤的诊治处理原则5 张力性气胸的处理原则6 试述施行活体供脏器移植的基本条件和要求同济医科大学2002年泌尿外科（博士）一、必答题（30分）（一）名词解释（3分/题）1 脑再灌注损伤 2 中厚皮片（二）问答题（12分/题）1创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段？各阶段的主要特点是什么？2 试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素专业题同济医科大学2003年泌尿外科（博士）一、必答题（30分）（一）名词解释（5*2）1 成人型呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）2全身性炎症反应综合征（SIRS）3 痈4 海绵状血管瘤5 负氮平衡（二）问答题（5*6）1 灭菌与消毒有何区别？2 高钾血症的原因有哪些？如何诊断和处理？3 简述肠外营养有哪些常见的并发症？如何处理？4 简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物？5 创伤后组织修复分几个阶段？简述其修复过程？同济医科大学2005年泌尿外科（博士）公共部分：一、名解SIADH 抗利尿激素分泌失调综合征（syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion ，SIADH）是指由于多种原因引起的内源性抗利尿激素（ADH，即精氨酸加压素A VP）分泌异常增多，血浆抗利尿激素浓度相对于体液渗透压而言呈不适当的高水平，从而导致水潴留、尿排钠增多以及稀释性低钠血症等有关临床表现的一组综合征。
肝胆外科博士面试题目(3篇)
第1篇一、专业基础知识1. 请简述肝脏解剖学的基本结构及其功能。
2. 解释胆道系统的组成和功能。
3. 描述胆囊炎和胆石症的病理生理机制。
4. 解释胆道梗阻的病因、分类及临床表现。
5. 阐述肝硬化的病理变化、临床表现及并发症。
6. 请详细说明肝细胞癌（HCC）的病因、病理分型、临床表现及诊断方法。
7. 描述肝移植的适应症、禁忌症、手术方法及术后管理。
8. 解释胆管癌的病因、病理分型、临床表现及治疗原则。
9. 请简述胰腺炎的病因、病理生理机制、临床表现及治疗原则。
10. 描述肝癌的早期诊断方法，如甲胎蛋白（AFP）检测、影像学检查等。
二、临床技能与操作1. 请详细描述肝胆外科常见手术的操作步骤，如胆囊切除术、胆总管探查术、肝叶切除术等。
2. 如何评估患者术前后的肝功能，包括肝酶谱、胆红素、凝血功能等指标。
3. 在胆道探查术中，如何判断胆管是否通畅？4. 请简述肝移植术中的血管吻合技术。
5. 在胰腺炎的急性期，如何进行液体复苏？6. 如何处理肝胆外科患者术后并发症，如胆漏、胆道感染、术后出血等？7. 请描述肝胆外科患者的术后营养支持原则。
8. 如何进行肝胆外科患者的心理护理？9. 在肝胆外科患者的健康教育中，应重点强调哪些内容？10. 请简述肝胆外科患者的康复训练方法。
三、科研能力与论文写作1. 请简述科研的基本流程，包括选题、设计、实施、结果分析、论文撰写等环节。
2. 在肝胆外科领域，目前有哪些热门的研究方向？3. 如何选择合适的科研方法？4. 请简述统计学在肝胆外科研究中的应用。
5. 如何撰写一篇高质量的科研论文？6. 请举例说明在肝胆外科领域，如何进行多中心研究？7. 如何进行科研论文的文献综述？8. 请简述科研论文的投稿流程。
9. 如何提高论文的引用率？10. 在科研论文的撰写过程中，应注意哪些伦理问题？四、病例分析与临床决策1. 患者男性，55岁，突发右上腹痛、发热、黄疸，查体：右上腹压痛，Murphy征阳性，血清胆红素升高，B超提示胆总管结石。
武汉大学2018-2019外科学期末A卷附答案
武汉大学2018-2019学年（第一）学期2015级临床医学及（5+3）专业，2014级临床医学(本硕博连读）《外科学考试题目》期末考试（A卷）姓名学号专业年级一、A1型题(答题说明：共有64题，合计38.4分。
)1.伤后有典型中间清醒期最可能是A.脑震荡B.脑挫裂伤C.硬膜外血肿D.硬膜下血肿E.脑内血肿2.慢性颅内压增高的三主征是：A.头痛、呕吐、眩晕B.头痛、呕吐、癫痫C.头痛、呕吐、视乳头水肿D.头痛、呕吐、复视E.头痛、呕吐、精神症状3.以下哪种是临床常用和有效的脱水药物？A.50％葡萄糖B.30％尿素C.20％甘露醇D.25％山梨醇E.浓缩血浆4.下列哪种眼征有助于颅内肿瘤的定位诊断？A.双侧视乳头水肿B.双侧眼球震颤C.双侧外展神经麻痹D.双颞侧视野偏盲E.双眼向上凝视5.自发性蛛网膜下腔出血最常见的原因：A.高血压脑出血B.脑血管畸形C.颅内动脉瘤D.脑肿瘤率中E.出血性疾病6.颅内动脉瘤治疗的最佳方案是：A.保守治疗B.清除血肿C.动脉瘤夹闭术D.解除颅内高压E.弧立术7.下列哪种情况需行开胸探查？A.多发性肋骨骨折，浮动胸壁面积较大B.肺爆震伤，创伤性湿肺咳出较多血性痰C.广泛性皮下气肿D.创伤后胸膜腔积血，抽出量多，易凝E.创伤性窒息，呼吸急促8.开放性气胸合并多根肋骨骨折，应立即：A.骨折固定B.闭式引流C.封闭伤口D.胸腔穿刺E.开胸手术9.胸主动脉瘤与纵隔块影的鉴别诊断主要依靠：A.右心室造影B.主动脉逆行造影C.胸片D.心导管测压E.体格检查10.手的功能固定位应是：A.背屈25°手指伸直B.掌屈28°手指伸直C.拇指对掌呈握球拳D.握笔位E.腕关节伸直，五指伸直位11.新鲜开放性骨折清创时伤员（已经被麻醉），清洁处理的步骤是：A.先用碘酒和酒精消毒周围皮肤，然后冲洗伤口，清除易除去的异物血块B.用水同时冲洗伤口及周围皮肤，然后用碘酒和酒精消毒C.先由外向内剃毛，然后用碘酒消毒皮肤D.先用消毒纱布复盖或填塞伤口，再用肥皂水及无菌盐水刷洗伤口及周围皮肤，剃除毛发后再冲洗伤口E.先用0.1％洁尔灭液冲洗伤口，然后刷洗周围皮肤12.肋软骨炎患者的局部表现是A.肋软骨局部增粗隆起有压痛B.局部形成包块，有波动感，无红，热和压痛C.局部形成包块，伴有红、肿、热、能D.局部穿破，形成慢性窦道E.局部明显肿胀，呈肿瘤样改变13.食管癌切除后重建食管最常见的方法是：A.结肠代食管B.空肠代食管C.胃代食管D.食管断端直接吻合E.人工食管14.骨折成角移位是指：A.远骨折段移向侧方B.两骨折段互相重叠或嵌插C.两骨段围绕骨之纵轴而旋转D.两骨折段之轴线交叉成角E.近骨折段移向侧方15.骨不连的主要原因是A.骨折复位未达解剖复位B.骨折端巨大血肿C.软组织嵌入骨折端D.骨感染E.血供不良16.一侧耻骨和坐骨支骨折时最重要的体征是：A.功能障碍B.异常活动C.肢体缩短D.局部压痛及间接挤压痛E.骨擦音17.上尿路血尿的特点是：A.终末血尿B.全程血尿C.初血尿D.初血尿及终末血尿E.新鲜血尿伴大血块18.前列腺良性增生症主要表现为：A.50岁以上进行性尿频B.50岁以上进行性排尿困难C.终末血尿D.慢性尿潴留E.反复发作慢性膀胱炎19.尿细菌培养最准确的尿液收集方法是：A.中段尿B.终段尿C.导尿管收集D.耻骨上膀胱穿刺E.24小时尿20.膀胱破裂最好的诊断方法是：A.膀胱镜检B.排泄性尿路造影C.膀胱造影D.注入一定量的液体不能全部抽出E.血尿21.右输尿管下段结石常需与下列哪个疾病相鉴别：A.胆囊炎B.阑尾炎C.膀胱癌D.前列腺肥大E.精索炎22.关于包皮过长，下列哪项描述是正确的A.包皮过长必须行包皮环切术B.包皮过长是婴幼儿特有的现象C.成人包皮过长行包皮环切术并能降低阴茎癌的发病率D.包皮过长属于下尿路梗阻性疾病E.因包皮过长而形成的包皮垢的长期刺激是发生阴茎癌的重要病因23.尿道结石的主要症状为：A.血尿B.尿频、尿急、尿痛C.排尿困难D.骶尾部疼痛E.恶心、呕吐24.壶腹癌的贫血最主要由以下哪个因素所致？A.肿瘤部份坏死后慢性出血B.消化功能障碍C.营养不良D.肝功能障碍E.恶病质25.胆囊最常见的结石为A.胆固醇结石B.胆色素结石C.混合结石D.维生素结石E.甘油三酯结石26.急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎最好采用A.内科保守治疗B.外科急症手术C.先内科保守治疗，待感染完全控制后再择期手术D.中西医结合的总攻排石疗法E.放疗27.下列哪一项可确诊胆囊结石？A.有胆绞痛、胆囊肿大B.常有胆绞痛发作，Murphy征阳性C.腹部X平片发现右侧腹有结石D.B超提示胆囊结石E.血浆高、WBC>1000/mm328.甲状腺131I扫描，发现结节的放射性密度较周围正常甲状腺组织高，该结节为：A.冷结节B.温结节C.热结节D.凉结节E.甲状腺囊肿29.甲状腺次全切除术后发生危象的原因是：A.切除不足B.出血过多C.气管受压D.喉返神经损伤E.术前甲亢症状未控制30.颈部淋巴结结核，多个淋巴结融合，有波动，未破，治疗上可考虑：A.切除B.切开排脓C.切开刮除D.穿刺抽脓，注射链霉素E.局部理疗加抗结核治疗31.肛瘘手术治疗效果的关键在于：A.将瘘管周围瘢痕组织切除B.切开瘘管壁敞开引流C.避免切断外括约肌皮下部及浅部D.肛管直肠环应一次切开E.正确找到内口，切除瘘管32.直肠息肉多见于：A.老年人B.青壮年C.儿童D.男性E.女性33.大隐静脉曲张患者在作高位结扎术前，下列哪项检查必须是阴性？A.浅静脉瓣膜功能试验B.腹交感神经阻滞试验C.交通静脉瓣膜功能试验D.深静脉通畅试验E.大隐静脉瓣膜的功能试验34.最常见的腹外疝是：A.股疝B.腹壁切口疝C.腹股沟斜疝D.脐疝E.腹股沟直疝35.腹股沟斜疝在手术时主要诊断依据是：A.疝环在腹壁下动脉内侧B.疝环不在直疝三角内C.疝囊在耻骨结节下方D.疝环在腹壁下动脉外侧E.疝囊在腹股沟管内36.腹部闭合性损伤有空腔脏器严重损伤时，最有价值的临床表现是：A.腹痛B.腹部压痛和腹膜刺激症C.腹胀、恶心、呕吐D.腹鸣音减弱E.有移动性浊音37.腹部外伤后，X线显示右肾周围有游离气体，受伤的器官最可能是：A.胃B.十二指肠C.空肠D.结肠E.胰腺38.次全胃切除术后，十二指肠残端裂开最常见的原因是A.低蛋白血症B.麻醉中低血压C.回肠轴向扭转D.空肠输入袢梗阻E.胰瘘39.目前肠梗阻最常见的原因是：A.肠肠道肿瘤B.肠扭转C.嵌顿性外疝D.粪便嵌塞E.肠粘连40.诊断直径小于2㎝的肝癌，最好的定位方法是A．同位素肝扫描B．选择性腹腔动脉造影术C．B型超声波检查D．胆道造影术E．肝穿刺术41.属于稳定性骨折的是A．多段骨折B．螺旋形骨折C．粉碎性骨折D．斜形骨折E．嵌插骨折42.最早采用的细胞，组织或器官移植的方法是A．输血B．断肢再植C．角膜移植D．植皮E．骨髓移植43.骨折血肿机化演进期大约需要A．3天B．5天C．1周D．2周E．3周44.可导致马尾神经损伤的骨折是：A．第10胸椎骨折脱位B．第11胸椎骨折脱位C．第12胸椎骨折脱位D．第1胸椎骨折脱位E．第2胸椎骨折脱位45.肘关节骨折及脱位最常见的并发症是A.周围神经损伤B.动、静脉损伤C.骨化性肌炎D.骨筋膜室综合征E.急性骨萎缩46.下列哪种骨折适合采用手法复位保守治疗A 股骨干骨折B 桡骨远端骨折C 胫骨平台骨折D 胫骨开放性骨折E 骨盆骨折47.门静脉高压症的临床表现不包括A. 发热B. 脾脏肿大C. 呕血或黑便D. 腹水E. 脾功能亢48.能明确脊椎压缩性骨折的是：A.X线检查B.压痛C.瘀斑D.功能障碍E.反常活动49.脊髓型颈椎病正确的是A.约占颈椎病的50%B.多发生于上颈段C.早期颈肩痛明显D.痛觉和温度觉分离E.四肢乏力，行走，持物不稳定为最先出现的症状50.择期全麻气管插管的绝对禁忌证是：A 急性喉水肿B 气管内肿瘤C 凝血功能障碍D 喉返神经麻醉痹E 颅内高压51.骨关节结核最常见的发生部位是：A.全身滑膜面积最大的膝关节B.脊柱椎体C.活动最多的髋关节D.负重最大的踝关节E.肌肉最不发达的腕关节52.全关节结核是指A.关节内积液增多B. X线片可见骨质破坏C.血沉明显增快D.关节疼痛严重E.病变累及骨、软骨及滑膜53.提高胃癌治愈率的关键是A 早期诊断B 彻底手术C 积极放疗D 早期化疗E 综合治疗54.疝内容物进入疝囊引起血运障碍称为：A、难复疝B、嵌顿性疝C、绞窄疝D、Richter疝E、滑疝55.胃大部切除术后最早出现的并发症是：A、术后胃出血B、倾倒综合征C、吻合口梗阻或排空障碍D、胃肠吻合破裂或瘘E、十二指肠残端破裂56.治疗单纯性肠梗阻，最主要的措施是：A、抗生素B、解痉药C、急症手术D、行肠切除手术E、胃肠减压，纠正水、电解质、酸碱失衡57.急性骨髓炎，在骨膜下或骨髓内有脓液时，最关键的治疗措施是：A、局部引流B、多次抽脓并注入抗生素C、联合使用大量抗生素D、进行脓液细菌培养及药敏试验，根据结果调整用药E、局部固定防止病理性骨折58.张力性气胸，患者呼吸困难，最重要的治疗措施是：A、吸氧B、呼吸机辅助C、气管插管或切开D、开胸手术E、胸腔穿刺抽气减压59.肾脏损伤漏诊的最主要原因是：A、无肉眼血尿症状B、合并其他内脏损伤C、血液溢向肾外D、尿液外溢至肾周E、合并感染60.临床各类器官移植疗效最稳定和最显著的是：A、肝移植B、心脏移植C、肾移植D、胰腺移植E、小肠移植61.食管癌手术切除范围应距瘤体上下：A、3～5cmB、5～8cmC、1～2cmD、10cm以上E、3cm以内62.诊断颅脑损伤，目前最安全可靠的方法是：A、SPECTB、脑干诱发电位检查C、脑血管造影或脑室造影D、CT及MRIE、X线63.最容易引起颅骨侵蚀的颅内肿瘤是：A、神经胶质瘤B、松果体瘤C、神经纤维瘤D、血管瘤E、脑膜瘤64.急性排斥反应一般发生在移植：A、24小时内B、一个月内C、三个月内D、六个月内E、一年内二、A2型题(答题说明：共有23题，合计13.8分。
2015考博真题
一、单选1×50
上下尖牙区别
monson球面的半径
下颌神经前支中的感觉神经
前牙切割运动的杠杆运动形式
单囊性成釉细胞瘤处理方式
腺淋巴瘤病理特点
舌下腺结构
放射性骨髓炎病理表现
翼下颌间隙内容
下颌运动特点
下颌体骨化中心
颞下颌关节手术时切口方式
牙受垂直向力时牙龈主纤维中不受力的是
（以后想起来再补充）
二、名解2×10
近唇线角
pterygoid process
Terra dentition index
mento-cervical angle
taste threshold
alveolar bone proper
candidiasis
chronic gingivitis
branchial cleft cyst
lymphoepithelial carcinoma
三、简答5×6
解剖
1.根管系统在根部侧面开口的系统名称，并从解剖角度解释牙周病和牙髓病的相互影响。
2.口颌系统肌链的组成与功能？
3.临床上面神经的解剖方法，面神经主干的解剖标志点？
病理
1.口腔黏膜鳞癌有很多亚型，请举3例口腔黏膜鳞癌亚型，并叙述其镜下特点及生物学行为？
2.根据牙骨质组织结构学特性，叙述牙骨质龋特点？
3.肌上皮细胞来源的唾液腺良恶性肿瘤各举两例，及其镜下鉴别要点。
中山大学博士外科考题95-17
中山大学博士外科考题95-17中山医博士试题（95外科）1.水电解质平衡总论2.肝癌门静脉转移的临床病理生理普外3.胃近端癌R2根治手术方法普外4.膀胱肿瘤病理分期泌外5.纵隔肿瘤及分区胸外6.肱骨髁上骨折的治疗原则骨外7.全髋关节置换适应症、禁忌症及并发症骨外8.硬膜外血肿临床表现治疗原则脑外9.尿道损伤的治疗原则泌外中山医博士试题（96外科）必答题1. 腹股沟疝定义，里脱疝、瑞契疝定义及临床特点2. 前列腺癌诊断3. 肝门部胆管癌病理、临床表现、诊断4. 骨结核好发部位、治疗原则选答题1. 胆道出血病因及临床表现治疗（普外）2. 骨折愈合临床标准（骨外）3. 睾丸肿瘤标记（泌尿外）4. 颞区硬膜外血肿表现（脑外）二尖瓣狭窄手术指征（心外）中山医博士试题（97外科）、多器官衰竭诊断标准总论、吻合口溃疡病因及诊断普外、肝癌治疗新进展普外、脊柱侧弯定义分类治疗骨外、肾癌与肾盂肾癌鉴别诊断泌外98博士研究生入学考试试题一外科学1. 休克引起心功能障碍的原因有那些？（20分）2. 外伤性心包填塞的病因、急救处理原则。
（16分）3. 上消化道出血剖腹探查的顺序。
（16分）4. 胆管癌的病因，姑息治疗方法中你认为那种最好？（16 分）5. 睾丸生殖系肿瘤的分类及治疗原则。
（16分）6. L4椎体滑脱的治疗原则。
（16分）中山医博士试题（99外科）一、名词解释1. 手部无人区（2分）2. 脊柱侧弯（1分）3. 应力缓冲效应（2分）二、问答题1. 人工关节松动的原因（10分）2. 二尖瓣狭窄并左心衰的临床表现及治疗（20分）3. 应激性溃疡的治疗原则（12分）4. 肝功能分级及其临床意义（10分）5. BPH的病理改变及鉴别诊断（20分）6?试述胎粪性腹膜炎的临床分型（13分）7?小脑幕切迹疝的临床表现（10分）中山大学医学院2000年外科学（博士）1. 颈椎病手术指征？前后入路选择？2. 听神经瘤的临床表现和治疗？3. 泌尿系梗阻的常见原因及诊断治疗原则（以上尿路结石为例）？4. 消化性溃疡穿孔修补术和根治术选择原则？5. 外伤性气胸的病理生理改变与剖胸探查指征？6. 手急性化脓性腱鞘炎和深部间隙感染与解剖的关系？中山大学医学院2001年外科学（博士）1、结肠癌合并急性肠梗阻的处理原则。
同济考博普外科真题2001-2013
2013年华中科技大学同济医学院普外科考博外科总论：1、自体输血的概念，分型，适应症和禁忌症2、SIRS、Sepsis、MODS的概念和三者的关系。
3、外科预防性使用抗生素的适应症，合理用药原则4、简述IVN的并发症普外科部分：1、胃癌根治术的基本要求和根治程度分型2、甲状腺结节的诊断和治疗原则3、医源性胆管损伤的原因4、直肠指诊的意义和注意事项5、下肢单纯性静脉曲张的鉴别诊断和并发症6、请结合临床手术经验，胰腺癌根治术的术式有哪些和胰腺癌外科治疗进展7、原发性肝癌的根治性切除的适应症8、乳腺癌的综合治疗方法2012年华中科技大学同济医学院考博总论+普外1.BCS：Budd-Chiari Syndrome巴德-吉亚利综合征（肝后型门静脉高压症）2.PEN：Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasm 胰腺内分泌肿瘤3.OPSI：Overwhelming Post-Splenectomy Infetion 脾切除术后凶险性感染4.ASC：Abdominal Compartment Syndrome 腹腔间隔室综合征5.Mallory-weiss syndrome：贲门黏膜撕裂综合征6.什么是ARDS？ARDS的发病基础及病理生理变化特点?7.试述感染性休克的治疗原则及可以采取的措施?8.什么是MODS？预防MODS发生的要点有哪些？9.什么是代谢性酸中毒？代谢性酸中毒的病因及代偿机制？10.胃大部切除后呕吐的原因及常见营养并发症？11.什么是ASO，试述其临床分期？12.乳腺癌的综合治疗方法？13.急性胰腺炎的始动病因及后期病情加重的重要因素？14.原发性肝癌的根治性切除术指征？2011年华中科技大学同济医学院考博总论+普外1.SOUTHERN BLOT2.烧伤九分法3.TA-GVHD:输血相关性移植物抗宿主病(Transfusing associated graft versushost diseases)4.吸入性肺炎5.环状胰腺6.OPSI：脾切除术后凶险型感染7.腹腔器官簇移植8.Endoscopic Varicosis Sclerotherapy:内镜下静脉曲张硬化治疗9.肿瘤的生物学应答调节治疗？10.急性肺栓塞的病因，临床表现及治疗？11.感染性休克的EGDT的概念及治疗方式？12.外科预防性抗生素的使用原则、方法及适应症？13.溃疡性结肠炎的手术指征（适应症）及治疗方式？14.医源性胆道损伤的常见原因？15.短肠综合症的临床表现及治疗？16.胰源性门静脉高压的发病机制及临床表现？2010年华中科技大学同济医学院考博总论+普外1.高钾血症2.心脏按压（心脏按摩）3.CVP：中心静脉压4.非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭5.较广泛的或剧烈的创伤性炎症对机体可引起哪些不利影响？6.ARDS的临床表现和分期7.肝脏功能储备的评估方法？8.腹腔镜技术在胆道外科的应用于并发症防治？9.前哨淋巴结活检在乳腺癌治疗中的意义？10.重症急性胰腺炎的诊断标准与治疗原则？11.早期胃癌的诊治进展12.术后下肢静脉血栓形成的原因？13.静脉血栓形成的原因：14.肝癌的治疗方法：2009年华中科技大学同济医学院考博总论+普外1.呼吸性酸中毒2.肠源性感染3.Sepsis：脓毒症s4.Superfection:菌群交替症（二重感染）5.ARDS6.anal cushions:肛垫7.budd-chiari syndrome8.AOSC:Acute obestructive suppurative cholangitis 急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎9.晚期倾倒综合征10.输血的适应症？11.外科抗菌药的应用原则？12.门脉高压断流术的合理性？13.胃癌根治术的三个基本原则及进展期胃癌术式的选择？14.甲状腺危象的临床表现及治疗原则？15.胰腺假性囊肿的病因，表现及治疗原则？2008年华中科技大学同济医学院考博总论+普外总论1.理想手术切口应具备的条件。
2015年武汉大学考博英语考试真题
2015年武汉大学考博英语考试真题一、阅读理解Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. The best title for this selection is （）A. Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB. Approaches to Just PunishmentC. Improvement in Legal JusticeD. Attaining Justice in the Courts2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the （）.A. type of crime that was provenB. severity for the punishmentC. reason for the sentenceD. outcome of the trial3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（）.A. forced brain surgeryB. whippingC. solitary confinementD. the electric chair4. The Biblical expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth”was presented in order to （）.A. prove，that equality demands just punishmentB. justify the need for punishment as a part of lawC. give moral backing to retributive justiceD. prove that man has long been interested in justice"In every known human society the male's needs for achievement ca n be recognized... In agreat number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, orability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to pra ctice. Their maleness in facthas to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat."This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the rolesof men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far fromcomplete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domest ic bondage of womenand about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown u p around theirhitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exc lusion from types ofoccupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle formof automatic doubtof the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, itis supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosi on of men's status. In thefirst place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of wome n who work, especially married women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasin gly numerousconvergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to i dentical styles indress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admissionof women to all sorts ofhitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the pr imitive or natural conditions ofhuman life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons t han of archaeology, butthat does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardlyfelt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper i n the differentiationbetween the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural soci ety men go out to huntand fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorousinitiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship w ith a club.5. The phrase "men's sureness of their sex role" in the first parag raph suggests that they （）A. are confident in their ability to charm women.B. take the initiative in courtship.C. have a clear idea of what is considered "manly".D. tend to be more immoral than women are.6. The third paragraph （）A. generally agrees with the first paragraphB. has no connection with the first paragraphC. repeats the argument of the second paragraphD. contradicts the last paragraph7. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（）A. is based on the study of archaeologyB. illustrates how people expect men to behaveC. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant jokeD. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer8. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship b etween man and woman which the author（）A. approves ofB. argues is naturalC. completely rejectsD. expects to go on changingFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister of Finance. "What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete."Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich toqualify for the "least developed country" status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.By comparison, farmers （）receive more government subsidies than others.?A.in the developing worldB.in JapanC.in EuropeD.in America?10.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a （）moti ve behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.?A.partisanB.socialC.financialD.cultural?11.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage i s that （）?A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?B.“the least?developed country”status benefits agricultural countries?C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalizat ion?D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsid ies12.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is （）?A.favourableB.ambiguousC.criticalD.reservedRoger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.13 The author objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Ad dison Gayle because it（）.A. emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fictionB. misinterprets the ideological content of such fictionC. misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fic tionD. substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fict ion14. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with （）.A. evaluating the soundness of a work of criticismB. comparing various critical approaches to "a subjectC. discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticismD. summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism15. The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described a s （）.A. pedantic and contentiousB. critical but admiringC. ironic and deprecatingD. argumentative but unfocused16. It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to ap prove of which of the following （）A. An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writersB. A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiogra phies by Black authorsC. A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of po ems according to the political acceptability of their themesD. An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary traditi on within the context of Black history二、汉译英得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。
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2015医学考博试题
2015医学考博试题2015年中山大学肿瘤防治中心分子医学专业考博试题生物化学（一）六选五1.米氏方程式公式是什么？Km，Vmax的意义。
三种可逆性抑制剂存在情况下，Km，Vmax的变化。
2.如何进行克隆的构建以及质粒的扩增与抽提？3.衰老的细胞分子机制（至少五点并作解释）。
4.分子量20KD，PI=5.5的核蛋白的抽提。
5.蛋白质的翻译后修饰及生理作用，写出修饰的氨基酸。
6.可以进行分子标记三种酶，并比较底物和作用方式。
细胞生物学六选五1.应用抗原抗体反应的分子生物学技术（至少五种）2.比较细胞自噬，细胞凋亡，细胞坏死3.细胞骨架的组成及如何调控胞质分裂和核分裂4.细胞周期各时期的物质合成5.膜泡运输的方式及调控2015中山医肿瘤学考博真题必答题（15*4）1. 良恶性肿瘤的区别2. 肿瘤三级预防的定义和方法3. 简述第二信使4. P53基因异常表达的形式选答题（6选2 20*2）5. 肿瘤化疗用药的原则6. NHL和HL的区别（病理类型上，治疗方案上）7. 食管癌手术的注意事项8. 乳腺癌放疗原则9. 对不起忘啦10. 肿瘤干细胞的定义和特征11. 实验设计题，给出肿瘤转移可能相关基因，设计实验进行功能验证12. 细胞周期各期特点和关键check-point2015年浙大考博专业基础课--病理与病理生理学真题（回忆版）病理学部分一、名词解释（3*8）：表观遗传学，细胞信号传导，DNA甲基化，凋亡，基因芯片，转录因子，异型性，癌前病变二、简答题（六选三，3*12）：1.简述病毒与肿瘤的关系。
2.请简述肿瘤的分子分型。
3.目前结直肠癌发生的分子机制有几种，请你谈谈你的评价。
4.消化道常见的溃疡性病变有哪些（至少4种）及其病理学特点及鉴别要点。
5.肿瘤上皮间质转化（EMT）的概念，它与肿瘤存在哪些联系，谈谈你所了解的机制。
6.免疫组织化学技术的概念及其应用范围。
病理生理学部分（四选二，2*20）1.抑癌基因失活的机制有哪些？请举例说明其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用。
解放军医学院(301医院)肝胆外科学2013,2015,2019年考博初试真题
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：肝胆外科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、问答题
1.肝性脑病诱因防治的措施
2.DIC分期
3.恶性肿瘤细胞分化异常的机制
4.精准肝切除
5.症急性胰腺炎
6.肝切除术后主要的并发症
解放军医学院（301医院）
2、腹腔镜下胆囊切除时预防胆管损伤的要点？10分
3、先天性胆管扩张的临床分型？8分
4、重症急性胰腺炎急性期非手术的措施是什么？若怀疑胰腺、胰周坏死组织感染应如何处理？14分
5、简述精准肝切除的概念和治疗策略？15分
三、病例题：15分
患者男性，59岁，既往慢性乙肝病史30年，一般状况好。CT提示肝体积略缩小，外形不规则，表面凹凸不平，边缘钝，右肝前叶S5、S8交界4×4.8cm肝癌，部分侵及S6。肺CT、骨扫描未见转移。化验：ALB 38g/L，ALT 26.9U/L，TBIL 14.1umol/L，PT 12.6s，AFP 2.2ng/ml，HBsAg、HBeAb、HBcAb阳性。ICGR15 8.7%。CT计算肝标准体积1136ml，左半肝体积388ml，右半肝体积748ml。
Hepatorenal syndrome
Bismuth typing of traumatic biliary stiture
Hemobilia
Sphinctor of Oddi dysfunction
Hepatopulmonary syndrome
二、问答题：
1、肝细胞肝癌milan标准、UCSF标准都包括哪些？8分
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
武汉大学局部解剖学2013年考博真题考博试卷
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武汉大学中南医院
2013 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：局部解剖学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 共 5 个问答题，每个 20 分 1.冠状动脉的分支，分布，心的神经支配，生理意义。 2.头颅顶浅筋膜血管，神经分布。 3.肝外胆道的组成，胆总管的分段，第一段的解剖比邻，梗阻性黄疸的解剖基 础。 4.肾脏的解剖比邻，肾角，脊肋角，肾脏病变时为什么会出现脊肋角处压痛， 叩击痛？ 5.腹股沟管解剖
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中山大学1996-2015外科学考博真题分科总结
总论：1.水电解质平衡2.水电解质酸碱平衡失调的治疗原则（8分）3.若病人体液急性丧失达体重的5%，有何临床表现？4.等渗性缺水5%的临床表现？5.等渗性缺水的机体代偿机制？6.低渗性缺水的原因。
（4分）7.急性等渗性失水的主要临床症状是什么？8.代谢性酸中毒的病因、表现及诊断。
9.代谢性酸中毒的病因、临床表现及诊断10.低钙血症常见于那些疾病？临床表现？11.高钾血症的概念，原因，治疗？12.多器官衰竭诊断标准13.MODS的中英文名称及定义14.MODS的常见外科病因15.引起MODS的常见外科病因。
16.SIRS的中英文全名及诊断的临床指标？17.急性肾功能衰竭少尿期或无尿期的水电解质酸碱平衡有哪些？18.休克引起心功能障碍的原因有那些？19.休克指数是什么及临床意义20.感染性休克的治疗原则（6分）21.感染性休克的治疗原则。
22.感染性休克的治疗原则23.感染性休克治疗中皮质类固醇激素的作用（5分）24.什么是脓毒症和菌血症？25.什么是脓毒症、菌血症（3.5分）26.引起脓毒血症的常见病因？27.手部无人区28.手术器械消毒的条件。
29.手术器械消毒方法应该具有的条件。
30.简述手臂洗手消毒后为何还需戴消毒手套？31.在手术切口铺无菌巾或者贴无菌敷料的目的？32.临床诊疗过程中如何预防潜在的HIV感染？33.伤口按表现不同如何分类？手术切口愈合如何分级？试举例说明。
34.晚期癌症三阶梯治疗方案,列举每阶段两种以上代表药物35.心肺复苏术中初期复苏治疗措施36.SIRL写出中英文全称，及临床指标（5分）37.简述创伤的并发症（3分）38.简述输血的并发症或不良反应（5分）39.与成分输血相比，输全血有何缺点（3分40.简述肠外营养的并发症（1041.输血的常见并发症。
42.肠外营养的适应症及禁忌症。
43.输血的并发症44.肠外营养的指征及禁忌症45.简述外科营养代谢并发症有哪些？46.什么是BMI ？如何测算及对营养状态诊断的标准？47.简述外科感染联合抗炎的适应症。
2015年湖北省考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2015年湖北省考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Cloze 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionI am standing on the seventh-floor balcony of an apartment building overlooking the heart of Moscow. It is a dark city, some might say grim. It looks and feels as if it has been worn down to its bare bones: broken sidewalks, cracked facades, weeds rooted in the very mortar. This city is not easy to look at. So I avert my eyes, and they settle on a little boy sleeping inside the apartment. His name is Alexei. He is 7. With every rise and fall of his chest, Moscow, the used, broken city, is renewed for me a thousand times. A dark place has given me light in the form of my adoptive son. Alexei has been my son for only two days, but I have been waiting three years for him. That’s when I began the adoption process, three years ago, before I even knew of Alexei’s existence. Never in my imaginings did I think that I would one day be so far from home, counting my son’s breaths, counting the hours until we would board a plane for America, a place that he had no conception of “Alexei, “ I had said through a translator as I knelt before him at the orphanage and helped him with his socks. “ What do you know about America?” His reply was immediate: “I will have all the gum I want. “Most people adopt infants or very little children so that as much of their history as possible will be given to them by their parents. But Alexei carries a radiance of native culture: his memories of orphanage life in the once-closed city of Tula; the large, gracious, doting Russian women who have cared for him all his life; the aromatic Russian food he loves, and the language, that impossible, expressive, explosive Russian language that sometimes separates me from him like a wall, but also summons us to heroic legends as we attempt to communicate. I have been in Russia for two weeks. But it wasn’t until the fourth day that I was brought to see Alexei. My Russian contact drove me through 100 miles of a country struggling to get back on its feet after years of internal neglect; pitted roadways, crumbling bridges, warped roofs. It made me recall what someone had once said about Russia, that she is a third-world country with a first-world army. We finally came to an orphanage. Once inside, I stood in a near-empty room, reminding myself that this was the culmination of three years of scrutiny, disappointment, and dead-ends. There were moments when I had told myself, “It’s so much easier to have a kid the natural way. Nobody asks any questions. “ But as a single man, a biological child was not a ready option. I now recognized these as idle thoughts, for I realized that Alexei, even sight unseen, would be as much mine as if he were my natural son. The door opened. A woman came out, her hand on the shoulder of a little boy just awakened from sound sleep.I gave Alexei a Pez candy dispenser, something as alien to him as life in America. After a few moments of scrutiny, he filled with candy, a sure sign of intelligence, for Pez, dispensers are notoriously difficult to load. At the end of our first meeting Iknelt before Alexei and told him I would be back to get him in a week.1．The author watched every rise and fall of Alexei’s chestA．counting his son’s breaths and biding his time to board the planeB．turning his eyes away from the gloomy and dilapidated cityC．feeling a nameless pang of regret about the adoption processD．visualizing the potential of the city to regain its vigor and power正确答案：D解析：作者注视阿列克谢胸部一起一伏，想象该市恢复生机的潜力。
武汉大学2018-2019外科学期末B卷附答案
武汉大学2018-2019外科学期末B卷附答案(总20页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--武汉大学2018-2019学年（第一）学期2015级临床医学及（5+3）专业，2014级临床医学(本硕博连读）《外科学考试题目》期末考试（B卷）姓名学号专业年级一、A1型题 (答题说明：共有63题，合计分。
)1.致伤物与头部接触面积大，速度慢，产生的骨折多为：A.线形B.凹陷C.粉碎D.洞形E.混合性2.颅底骨折伴有脑脊液耳漏，下列哪项治疗是正确的？A.将外耳道冲洗干净B.用无菌棉球填塞外耳道C.脱水治疗D.给予抗菌素治疗E.立即手术补修漏口3.脑震荡患者其常有下列哪项临床表现A.急性脑受压B.蛛网膜下腔出血C.上肢轻瘫D.逆行性健忘E.右Babinski sign(+)4.脑脓肿包膜初步形成的时间是：天以内天天左右周周5.脑血管畸形最有效的治疗方法是：A.直接开颅手术切除B.微导管栓塞术C.放射治疗D.结扎同侧颈内动脉E.颅内动脉搭桥术6.一侧胸膜腔负压被破坏，可导致：A.伤侧肺萎缩B.回心血量减少C.纵隔移向健侧D.胸壁反常运动E.对侧肺血管破裂7.单纯肋骨骨折，下列治疗哪项是错误的？A.止痛B.骨折复位C.骨折固定D.保持呼吸道通畅E.预防感染8.诊断皮下气肿以下哪项是最可靠的：A.皮肤紧张不适感B.呼吸困难C.皮下组织捻发感D.皮肤肿胀E.气胸9.心脏刀刺伤心包内大量积血，引起心排出量下降主要原因是：A.心肌损害，低心排B.因心脏穿透伤出血造成血容量减少C.心房心室及腔静脉受压回心血量减少D.左室收缩无力E.低血压10.尺神经在上肢开始分支的部位是：A.肘关节上方B.前臂上1/3C.前臂中1/3D.前臂下1/3E.腕关节上方11.下列哪一项是区别膝关节侧副韧带完全断裂与轻度扭伤的依据：A.在外力作用下膝关节有侧方异常活动B.局部压痛较重，血肿较大C.抽屉试验阳性D.伤膝伸直时疼痛加重E.以上都不是12.桡骨小半脱位时下列那项是错误的？A.通常有牵拉史B.患手旋前位，不愿活动C.桡骨小头部有压痛线片可发现桡骨小半脱位E.复位后症状常立即消失13.早期食管癌的首选治疗是：A.手术治疗B.化疗C.放疗D.中药E.免疫治疗14.有下述情况的骨折何者较适应于手术治疗：A.骨折的对位，对线不良B.长管骨骨折C.扁骨骨折D.青枝骨折E.下肢骨折15.急性化脓性关节炎除金黄色葡萄球菌外较常见的病原菌是：A.绿脓杆菌B.白色葡萄球菌C.大肠杆菌D.溶血性链球菌E.肺炎双球菌16.腰痛病人，最符合腰椎间盘突出症诊断的症状是哪项？A.进行性两下肢知觉、运动麻痹B.腰部疼痛、伴有全身发烧C.腰部前凸增强和间歇性跛行D.腰部角状后和两下肱不全麻痹E.一侧肢痛和小腿不全麻痹17.诊断胸、腰椎骨折最重要体征是A.短缩畸形B.旋转畸形C.成角畸形D.后突畸形E.侧弯畸形18.搬运脊柱骨折的病人，其正确的体位是A.侧卧位B.仰卧过伸位C.俯卧位D.半坐卧位19.最少发生椎间盘突出的腰椎间隙是：A.腰2-3B.腰3-4C.腰4-5D.腰5-骶1E.骶1-骶220.严重肾裂伤的治疗是：A.密切观察病情及支持疗法B.肾周围引流术C.肾修补术D.肾部分切除术E.肾切除术21.需要鉴别后尿道破裂与腹膜外型膀胱破裂时，可选用哪种器械？A.金属探子B.金属导尿管C.膀胱镜D.橡胶导尿管E.丝状探子22.球部尿道完全断裂发生尿外渗时，尿液可渗到：A.皮下组织内B.皮下浅筋膜下C.皮下深筋膜下D.睾丸鞘膜内E.精索鞘膜内23.骑跨伤所致的尿道破裂，其出血的表现是：A.尿道口滴血B.终末性血尿C.无出血D.全程性血尿E.肛检直肠周围可触到血肿24.泌尿系中最先遭受结核杆菌感染的器官是：A.肾脏B.输尿管C.膀胱D.尿道E.肾盂25.根据尿石成份来分类，最常见的结石是：A.草酸盐结石B.磷酸盐结石C.尿酸及尿酸盐结石D.胱氨酸结石E.黄嘌呤结石26.以下哪些情况易诱发膀胱结石：A.膀胱肿瘤B.前列腺肥大C.甲状腺机能亢进D.输尿管狭窄E.饮水过少27.急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎手术的主要目的A.取出结石B.胆管整形，纠正狭窄C.解除梗阻，引流胆道D.切除病变的肝脏E.行胆肠吻合术引流胆道28.诊断胆囊结石首选A.腹部平片B.静脉胆囊造影C.口服胆囊造影超29.最常见的腹外疝是A.股疝B.腹壁切口疝C.腹股沟斜疝D.脐疝E.腹股沟直疝氏修补术是将A.在精索前面将腹内斜肌和联合腱缝于腹股沟韧带上B.在精索后，将腹内斜肌和联合腱缝于腹股沟韧带上C.在精索后面将腹内斜肌和联合腱位于耻骨韧带上D.将精索移位于皮下E.将联合肌腱缝合于耻骨韧带和陷窝韧带上31.腹内空腔脏器破裂确诊后应A.迅速手术治疗B.先治休克，待休克控制后才手术C.如发现全身的局部体征加重时，即刻剖腹探查D.先治疗休克然后手术，但休克经积极治疗仍无好转者，亦应立即手术E.估计破裂口小者可采用保守治疗32.胃术后开始进食的时间是：A.术后第5天B.恶心、呕吐消失后C.体温正常后D.肛门排气或解大便后E.病人想吃的时候33.高位小肠梗阻早期酸碱平衡紊乱的表现为：A.代谢性酸中毒B.代谢性碱中毒C.呼吸性酸中毒D.呼吸性碱中毒E.混合型酸中毒34.目前肠梗阻最常见的原因是：A.肠肠道肿瘤B.肠扭转C.嵌顿性外疝D.粪便嵌塞E.肠粘连35.下列除哪项外，应认为有绞窄性肠梗阻的可能A.平卧位腹部X线片可见肠管普遍积气B.经有效胃肠减压后，剧烈腹痛不缓解C.全身中毒症状出现较早、较重D.自肛门排出血性液体E.腹胀不明显，但有明显腹膜刺激征36.胸部创伤后，气管向伤侧移位，伤侧叩诊实音见于：A.肺不张B.血胸C.肺炎D.气胸E.创伤性湿肺37.肘关节脱位整复后应A．屈肘90°石膏后托固定B．屈肘小于90°石膏后托固定C．三角巾屈肘90°悬吊固定D．前臂及上臂固定于外展位E．不用固定，积极锻炼38.肛管直肠周围脓肿临床上最多见于A．直肠后间隙B．直肠黏膜下脓肿C．坐骨直肠窝脓肿D．肛门周围脓肿E．骨盆直肠窝脓肿39.骨折血肿机化演进期大约需要A．3天B．5天C．1周D．2周E．3周40.治疗骨折的原则，正确的是A.复位、固定、药物治疗B.复位、固定C.复位、固定、功能锻炼D.复位、固定、物理治疗E.固定、功能锻炼、药物治疗41.在骨折的急救处理中，措施不正确的是A.可用清洁的布类包扎创口B.妥善的固定非常重要C.首先要检查病人的全身情况，抢救生命D.开放外露的骨折端应立即复回E.病人经妥善处理固定后迅速送往就近的医院42.颈髓损伤最严重的并发症是A.褥疮B.泌尿系感染C.膀胱结石D.体温失调E.呼吸衰竭与呼吸道感染43.股骨转子间骨折内固定治疗的金标准是A 髓内钉内固定B DHS内固定C 钢板内固定D 关节置换E 空心钉内固定44.下列哪种骨折适合采用手法复位保守治疗A 股骨干骨折B 桡骨远端骨折C 胫骨平台骨折D 胫骨开放性骨折E 骨盆骨折45.骨的完整性和连续性完全中断应诊断为A 完全骨折B 裂缝骨折C 青枝骨折D 不完全骨折E 以上都不是46.脊髓型颈椎病的诊断与下列哪项无明显关系A．大小便障碍B．压头及牵拉试验C．上肢麻木，上肢肌力弱，持物不稳D．下肢发紧，发麻，行走困难E．不规则躯干和下肢感觉障碍，腱反射亢进，肌张力增高47.有关骨盆骨折合并尿道损伤及失血性休克患者的处理，正确的顺序是A．骨盆骨折-尿道损伤-休克B．休克-尿道损伤-骨盆骨折C．休克-骨盆骨折-尿道损伤D．尿道损伤-休克-骨盆骨折E．同时处理尿道损伤和休克，骨盆骨折48.与特发性脊柱侧凸的发生有关的病因是A．椎体发育畸形，阻滞椎或半椎体B．尚不清，可能与营养缺乏、生长失调、肌力不平衡有关C．间盘退变及膨出D．脊柱骨折及脱位畸形愈合E．神经纤维瘤病49.急性化脓性骨髓炎行局部引流的原则，是A.应尽量避免切开以免形成窦道B.应待x线片显示骨质破坏时进行C.临床诊断——经明确抗生素治疗数日无效即行引流手术D.在软组织内可触及脓肿时方施行E.待全身中毒症状改善后再施行50.骨巨细胞瘤治疗方案的确定，决定于线表现B.临床表现、T、M分级D.病理检查E.放疗后有否恶变51.疝内容物进入疝囊引起血运障碍称为：A、难复疝B、嵌顿性疝C、绞窄疝D、Richter疝E、滑疝52.早期胃癌是指：A、癌灶直径6～8mmB、癌灶直径小于5mmC、癌灶直径小于10mmD、癌灶局限于粘膜或粘膜下层，无淋巴结转移E、癌灶局限于粘膜或粘膜下层，无论有无淋巴结转移53.急性胰腺炎时，血清淀粉酶升高的规律是：A、发病后2小时升高，12～24小时达高峰B、发病后3～12小时升高，24～48小时达高峰C、发病后24小时升高，48小时达高峰D、发病后48小时升高，72小时后达高峰E、以上都不对54.骨肉瘤最好发的部位是：A、胫骨和肱骨B、桡骨和股骨C、股骨和胫骨D、脊柱和胫骨E、股骨和髂骨55.张力性气胸，患者呼吸困难，最重要的治疗措施是：A、吸氧B、呼吸机辅助C、气管插管或切开D、开胸手术E、胸腔穿刺抽气减压56.关于上尿路结石的临床表现，下列哪项是错误的？A、结石可引起钝痛和绞痛B、结石越大疼痛越重C、可引起肉眼或镜下血尿D、伴感染时可有尿频、尿痛等E、双侧上尿路结石或孤肾上尿路结石完全性梗阻时，可导致无尿57.胸腺瘤好发于：A、前上纵隔B、前下纵隔C、中纵隔D、后纵隔E、全纵隔58.食管癌手术切除范围应距瘤体上下：A、3～5cmB、5～8cmC、1～2cmD、10cm以上E、以上都不正确59.缩窄性心包炎最常见的临床表现是：A、微热、盗汗B、胸前疼痛、干咳C、心界扩大明显D、呼吸困难、胸水E、颈静脉怒张、肝大、腹水60.大量凝固性血胸，在其出血停止后数天内，应争取何种手术A、闭式胸膜腔引流术B、胸膜腔穿刺术C、肺纤维板剥出术D、剖胸清除积血和血块E、胸廓改形术61.通过哪项简易检查即可初步诊断泌尿系统感染？A、前列腺液B、尿常规C、排泄性尿路造影D、中段尿培养E、X线腹部平片62.诊断颅脑损伤，目前最安全可靠的方法是：A、SPECTB、脑干诱发电位检查C、脑血管造影或脑室造影D、CT及MRIE、X线63.最容易引起颅骨侵蚀的颅内肿瘤是：A、神经胶质瘤B、松果体瘤C、神经纤维瘤D、血管瘤E、脑膜瘤二、A2型题 (答题说明：共有19题，合计分。
2015年外科考博试题
2015 年试题1、您敌手术区剃毛怎样瞧待？1)以前大批剃毛 ,其实不减少感染率2)现手术切口旁3)勿伤害皮肤4)洁净会阴等地区2、急性等渗性失水的病因、临床表现、治疗1）病因:○1 消化液的急性丧失:肠瘘、大批呕吐○2 体液丧失在感染区或软组织内:腹腔内或腹膜后感染、肠阻塞、烧伤2）临床表现 :○1 症状:恶心、厌食、乏力、尿少但不口○2 体征:舌干燥、眼窝凹陷、皮肤干燥、废弛,○3 若短期内丧失体重的5%,即丧失25%的细胞外液,则出现脉搏细速、指端湿冷、血压不稳等血容量不足的表现 ,○4 若达到6-7%则会有更严重的休克表现,则会出现代谢性酸中毒。
如大批丧失胃液可有代谢性碱中毒的表现。
3)治疗 :○1 踊跃治疗原发病;○2 输注等渗盐水或均衡盐溶液○3 休克者,起码丧失5%,增补3000ml液体,血容量表现不足者增补1500-2000ml○4 迅速输注时应心脏检测,心率,中心静脉压或肺动脉楔压○5 增补日需要量,水2000ml,钠4、5g3、新鲜冰冻血浆与一般冰冻血浆的差别○1 FP中v因子与VIII因子以及纤维蛋白原含量较低○2 其她凝血因子与各样血浆蛋白成分含量同样○3 二者都合适多种凝血因子缺少、肝脏疾病、大批输注库存血后的出血偏向○4 对血友病或VIII 与 V 因子缺少都可用FFP4、休克指数以及临床意义1)常用脉率 / 缩短压计算休克指数2)○1帮助判断休克的有无以及严重程度○2 指数为0、5多提示无休克,指数>1、0-1、5提示有休克,>2、0提示有严重休克5、腹腔间隔室综合征的临床表现及治疗原则腹内压》 12mmHg 为腹腔高压 ,腹内压》 20mmHg 伴有与腹腔高压有关的器官功能衰竭为腹腔间隔室综合征病因 :腹腔内容物增添、腹腔容积相对减少○1腹壁要素 :腹壁深度烧伤焦痂对腹腔的缩迫、腹壁的缺血与水肿、巨大腹壁疝修理术后强行关腹致使的腹壁适应性降落○2 腹腔内容量的增添,如腹腔内大出血、器官严重水肿、胃肠扩充、肠系膜静脉栓塞、腹腔内积液或积脓、腹腔内大批纱布填塞止血。