语用学Chapter 2 Deixis and reference陈新仁何自然何伟

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Another general understanding:
Some invisible social or mental factors, especially social distance, power relations, encyclopedic knowledge and expectations, that affect the production or comprehension of certain utterances • Tang ：do you know Nanjing well ? • Wang : I have never been to Jiangsu.
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Still a general understanding:
The preceding utterance(s) and/or the following one(s) which may form the linguistic context or co-text
• E.g. I am busy now. I can’t go out with you. • Shakespeare takes up the whole bottom shelf.
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I. The encoding of context
A general understanding：
Some physical environment or setting (mainly including temporalspatial dimensions) in which we produce or comprehend utterances e.g. 这个东西放在这儿，别放在那儿。
Contents
I. The encoding of context II. Types and properties of deixis III. Definition of reference
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Please notice those sentences
e.g. I’ll be here again in half an hour. e.g.保质期三个月。 e.g.这个东西放在这儿，别放在那儿。
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2. The definition of deixis:
Deixis ( or deictic or indexical expressions) : Greek word meaning “pointing to” or “picking out”
They derive part of their meaning from their context of utterance. Their referents are identifiable only in the context concerned.
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学生：A病了，不能去上课，
他让我帮他请个假。
教授：好了，我知道了，那
么你是谁？
学生：这是我的室友。
5. The types of deixis
(1) Person deixis （人称指示） (2) Spatial deixis （地点指示） (3) Temporal deixis （时间指示） (4) Social deixis （社会指示） (5) Discourse deixis （语篇指示）
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The third person
• Telephone, internet, etc • This is … （not used in Chinese) • In Chinese can you give us some examples of using the third person as the first and second one ?
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• (3) Temporal deixis
• Temporal deixis concerns the encoding of temporal points and spans relative to the time at which an utterance is spoken.
• Preemptive usage: Deictic expressions prior to non-deictic expressions • I’m going to visit Nanjing tomorrow. (not the exact date “on July 20”)
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(4) Social deixis
Definition:
Social deixis concerns the use of deictic terms that indicate social status of the participants in the discourse and their relations.
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秉宽：二老太太吉祥，七爷吉祥， 王总管吉祥！
白文氏：秉宽，你跟着老七到这边 来了？ 选自《大宅门》第28集
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Features:
Languages differ considerably in the employment of social deixis.
For instance, French, German, and Chinese distinguish between deferent second -person pronouns (“Vous”, “Sie”, “您”) and familiar second person pronouns ( “tu”, “du”, “你”) Modern English, however, does not.
• A to B: we are going to the party tomorrow, do you want to go with us? (exclusive of addressee) • Teacher to students: can we be quiet? ( exclusive of addresser)
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(3) Deixis is characterized by egocentricity.
Deictic expressions are anchored to specific points in the communicative event. These points are called deictic centers.
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3. Deictic items
1. Pronouns 2. Demonstratives(指示形容词） 3. Time and place adverbs. 4. Some grammatical categories, such as tense.
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4. Properties of deixis
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(4) The social center is the speaker’s social status and rank, to which the status or rank of addressees is relative. （5 )The discourse center is the point which the speaker is currently at in the production of an utterance.
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(2) Spatial deixis
• Spatial deixis concerns the encoding of spatial location relative to the location of the participants in the speech event.
• Pure deictic words (here, there) • Demonstrative (this, that) • Locations ( this room , this city )
Classification
• Based on the participant role：
• 1st person : the speaker (I , we ) • 2st person: the hearer (you) • 3st person: the third party ( neither the speaker nor the hearer) （he ,she ,they)
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All share a basic conception:
Context is something "external" in the sense that it is not an integral part of the language to be interpreted.
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II. Types and properties of deixis:
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(1) Person deixis
Person deixis, mainly realized by personal pronouns, relates to the role of participants in the speech event in which the utterance in question is delivered.
• Based on the number of participant：
• Singular and plural
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The first person
• Teacher to students: we will have a break after the discussion. (inclusive addresser and addressee)
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Deictic centers:
(1) The center person is the speaker.
(2) The center time is the time at which the speaker produces the utterance. (3）The center place is the speaker’s location at utterance time.
(1) Deictic expressions can be used gesturally.
e.g. Put the piano here, no, not here, but here.
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(2) Deictic expressions can be used symbolically. e.g. You can come with me if you like.
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• Let’s go to the cinema. ( us) • Let’s give you a hand. (me)
• 通俗口语中“我们”，“咱们” 在汉语中可表示单数。 • Please cite some examples.
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The second person
1.You (singular plural) 2.You vacuum the floor while you wash the dishes, and you clean the table. (different person) 3.In oral English you = one You never know what you can do till you try . You /one cannot lose what you /one never had.
1. The study of deixis:
(1）the first area of study in linguistic pragmatics （2) In 1954, the Israeli philosopher Yehoshua Bar-Hillel(巴尔-希勒 尔)wrote an article entitled "Indexical Expressions". （3）one of the central topics in pragmatics.