【企业上市】海外上市文献综述
海外上市文献综述
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海外上市的溢出效应
海外上市其他方面研究(续) ——海外上市动机分析
降低融资成本、增加融资渠道
这是考察公司海外上市的传统角度之一。研究结果 包括:
上市的主要动机之一是降低融资成本,增加融资 渠道。对于直接外部融资成本高的新兴国家,这一点 尤其重要。
回归分析表明在控制了风险因素、国家因素等变 量后,海外上市所带来的成本降低效应人具有统计和 经济学上的显著性。 Christian Leuz and Felix Oberholzer-Gee(2003)
Hargis and Ramanlal (1998) 和 Karolyi (2004)等人 的实证研究认为海外上市具有正效应。
Moel (2001)考察了28个新兴市场的ADR增长对本国 股票市场发展(市场开放度、流动性、国内上市三个 方面)的影响,得出ADR的扩张对上述三个指标的影 响为负的结论。
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国有企业海外上市
国有企业海外上市随着全球经济的快速发展和国际间商贸合作的日益加深,越来越多的国有企业开始选择海外上市。
海外上市不仅可以增加企业的知名度,吸引更多的投资者,还有助于拓宽企业的发展空间和提升企业的竞争力。
本文将就国有企业海外上市的背景、优势和影响进行探讨,并对海外上市的过程和注意事项进行介绍。
一、国有企业海外上市的背景近年来,国有企业海外上市成为了一个热门话题。
这得益于中国经济的快速发展和国有企业改革的深入推进。
国有企业作为国家经济的重要支柱,其海外上市有助于提高中国企业的国际声誉和竞争力,推动中国经济的全球化进程。
此外,国有企业海外上市也为其提供了更多融资渠道,以满足企业扩张和发展的需求。
二、国有企业海外上市的优势1. 提高企业知名度和品牌价值国有企业通过海外上市,能够扩大其知名度和品牌影响力。
在国际市场上,上市企业的名声往往能够直接关系到其市值和发展前景。
通过在海外市场上市,国有企业可以吸引更多的关注和投资,进而提高企业的市值和品牌价值。
2. 拓宽融资渠道海外上市为国有企业提供了更多融资渠道,有助于满足企业的资金需求。
在国际市场上市,企业可以融资规模更大,获得更多的资金支持,提高企业的竞争力和实力。
3. 加强企业治理和规范经营海外上市对国有企业的治理结构和经营管理提出了更高要求。
国际市场上具备相应规模的企业往往要求企业建立健全的内部管理机构,并强调提高透明度和规范运作。
因此,国有企业通过海外上市,可以借鉴国际最佳治理实践,推动企业管理水平和治理能力的提升。
三、国有企业海外上市的影响1. 推动中国经济全球化国有企业海外上市是中国经济全球化的重要一环。
通过在国际市场上市,国有企业不仅实现了全球资本的注入,也从中获得了更多的市场机遇和资源。
这有助于加强中国与世界各国的经济联系,推动中国经济更好地融入全球经济体系。
2. 增加国际投资者对中国的信心国有企业的海外上市将吸引更多的国际投资者对中国经济的关注和参与。
我国企业海外上市概述
我国企业海外上市的历史进程( 我国企业海外上市的历史进程(续)
四、上市热退潮:冷思考期及回归期(2007年末—至今) 上市热退潮:冷思考期及回归期(2007年末—至今) 年末
阶段概述
海外上市障碍增加的同时,国内上市的优势开始凸显。 2006年5月,证监会颁布了《首次公开发行股票上市管理办法》,重启 了暂停一年的新股发行。 2006年、2007年国内市场的大牛市带来的是新股发行市盈率的提升和融 资能力的增强。 国内平均市盈率30倍 国内平均市盈率30倍 30 国外平均市盈率15倍 国外平均市盈率15倍 15
1、壳资源的稀缺性使得购买壳 公司的成本昂贵。 2、购买方与壳公司之间存在信 息不对称,选择壳公司存在一 定的风险性,稍有不慎,不仅需 要解决客公司沉淀已久的历史 问题,还有可能承担壳公司原 有的沉重债务,以及牵涉到日益 长久的法律诉讼。
我国企业海外上市的方式选择( 我国企业海外上市的方式选择(续)
我国企业海外上市的历史进程( 我国企业海外上市的历史进程(续)
(2000年 2007年末 年末) 三、上市的井喷:海外上市的快速发展期 (2000年—2007年末) 上市的井喷:
阶段特点
海外上市的地点选择愈发多样化,从以前的香港、纽约、纳斯达克 三足鼎立,逐步扩展到以香港、美国、新加坡三地股市为主体,同 时涵盖伦敦、阿姆斯特丹、东京、法兰克福等多个资本市场。
民营高科技企业海外上市的动机我国企业海外上市的选择方式我国企业海外上市的方式选择第一种第一种境外直接上市境外资本市场进行ipo第二种第二种境外买壳上市第三种第三种发行海外存托凭证和可转换公司债券我国企业海外上市的方式选择续优势不足ipo方式节约上市成本避免壳公司选择过程中的风险促进公司治理结构制度面的完善和规范为长期发展扫清障碍要求公司本身在治理结构方面较为规范相对于买壳上市而言程序较为复杂等待时间较长在新股定价方面存在风险存在新股抑价的风险一境外直接上市即在境外资本市场进行ipo我国企业海外上市的方式选择续二境外买壳上市优势
《企业借壳上市风险研究国内外文献综述》5200字
企业借壳上市风险研究国内外文献综述1 国外研究现状(1)借壳上市动因研究Will McCusker(2017)认为借壳上市交易是一个重要的里程碑。
通过借壳上市将为企业提供更多接触新投资者的渠道,为公司发展提供新的增长资本来源,并提升企业在市场中的服务[1]。
Vanessa Luna(2018)认为现在企业面临各种“高成本”和“高风险”行业运营的挑战,通过借壳上市这种逆向合并的方式将其置于公共平台上的机会可以打开通往各种新资源的大门,这些资源可以充分利用,最大限度地提高公司的短期和长期增长战略[2]。
William(2008)提出借壳上市的企业,借壳方公司真正所追求的目的不是借壳上市低成本和短时间的优点,而是在于借壳上市的公司在利用审批环节相对较少和成本费用较低的私募基金方式取得上市的资格后,进行融资[3]。
Pollard,Troy(2016)通过利用大量的逆向兼并公司样本和主张得分匹配的首次公开招股样本,发现借壳上市与通过首次公开招股进入资本市场的传统、更加繁琐的机制形成鲜明对比,后者包括发行招股说明书、接受承保、通过路演营销股票发行以及在美国证券交易委员会(SEC)进行S-1注册[4]。
Brenner (2004)等认为通过首次公开募股(IPO)进行“上市”的过程既耗时又昂贵,并且消耗了执行人员的时间和人才。
另一种选择是逆向兼并,主要优势是加强退出战略、更多的资本获取机会以及增强高管的招聘和保留率[5]。
Richard Rappaport(2010)提出借壳上市这种机制结合了IPO的最佳功能和反向合并,从而提高了时间效率和成本效益[6]。
Conroy(2001)认为与现有公共壳牌进行逆向合并,以此可以作为可能的退出策略,反向合并是私营公司经理获得上市公司地位的有吸引力的战略选择[7]。
Adjei(2008)等认为与首次公开招股控制样本相比,反向收购具有较高的短期股票回报率、更高的波动性、较低的交易流动性和机构所有权降低[11]。
目前我国企业海外上市讨论综述
目前我国企业海外上市讨论综述前言:在金融自由化和电子信息技术飞速发展的国际背景下,再加上企业自身发展的需要,中国公司也逐步走向境外证券市场。
自1997年青岛啤酒挂牌香港以来,海外上市开始了蓬勃发展,已成为我国企业利用国际资本市场的一种重要的融资渠道。
然而,回首这些年来国内企业海外上市之路,我们可以看到,企业海外上市有其特的利益,能给我们带来多方面的好处,但同时也存在着各种风险和弊端。
面对企业海外上市的热潮,我们在发挥其利用外资,提高公司治理功能的同时,也必须清醒地认识到它所存在的风险及由此带来的不利影响,高度重视利益外输,价值低估,隐性腐败,金融安全等问题。
努力完善和发展企业海外上市之路。
一、我国企业海外上市的动因顾宝国【1】(2007)认为海外上市是指国内股份有限公司向海外投资人发行股票,在海外公开的证券交易场所流通转让。
狭义的海外上市就是国内企业向海外投资者发行股权或附有股权性质的证券,该证券在海外公开的证券交易所流通转让。
广义的海外上市是指国内企业利用自己的名义向境外投资人发行证券进行融资,并且该证券在境外公开的证券交易场所流通转让。
认识了什么是企业海外上市的,那么接下来我么要思考的是到底是什么驱使越来越多的企业进行海外上市?基于对海外上市动因的研究,不少学着专家纷纷对此表达了自己的看法:英国学者邓宁(Dunning)【2】【3】(1997)将企业国际化经营动因归纳为:资源寻求型(Resource 一8eeking)、市场寻求型(Market—seeking)、效率寻求型(Effiseeking)和战略资产寻求型( Strategseeking )。
Saudagaran,Harvey,Bance和Mittoo等人【4】【5】(2004)认为企业海外上市能提高企业在国际产品市场上的声誉,向消费者传递出其产品质量可靠的信息,在企业与消费者之间建立良好的关系,从而提高消费者对本企业产品的需求,进而扩大企业市场份额,获取更多的利润。
中国企业海外上市
中国企业海外上市【摘要】中国企业海外上市不只是一个单纯的现象,在这个现象背后隐藏着中国资本市场发展现状与企业融资需求的矛盾,隐藏着国内、国外两个资本市场无序竞争的矛盾,隐藏着中国金融外向型运行轨迹和风险管理的矛盾。
面对海外上市的热潮,我们在发挥其利用外资、提高公司治理功能的同时,必须清醒地认识到由此带来的不利影响,高度重视利益外输、价值低估、隐性腐败、金融安全等问题。
【关键词】境外上市障碍问题一、引题(一)海外证券市场的介绍目前我国国内股票市场主要包括 A 股与 B 股,可供选择的境外证券市场主要有:(1)香港联交所主板市场(SEHK)与香港创业板市场(GEM)(2)新加坡第一级股市与新加坡 SESDAQ 市场(3)美国 NYSE、AMEX、NASDAQ 三大交易市场(4)加拿大股票市场(CDNX、TSE)(5)英国股票市场(LSE、ATM、TECHMARK)(6)其他国家的股票市场中国在海外上市的公司总量如下:国家或地区美国香港新加坡伦敦加拿大交易所 纽约证交所 美国证交所 纳斯达克电子布告板粉单市场香港创业板 香港证券市场(主板) 新加坡主板新加坡创业板伦敦证券交易所加拿大证券交易所上市公司数量 90 10 142 89 90 66 260 108 22 22 19数据来源:新浪财经数据来源:新浪财经(二)中国企业境外上市的基本情况2001年至今,超大国企走出国门,境外上市公司数量激增。
2003年中国人寿在纽约和香港同时上市,拉开了国企金融改革的序幕。
2005年交通银行、中国建设银行和神华能源等大型国企香港成功上市,掀起了新一轮境外投资者投资内地企业的高潮,大量国际资金投入香港证券市场。
香港的恒生中国企业指数自2005年底的5300点大升到2006年2月中的6500点水平,升幅超过24%。
2003年中国企业境外上市企业有48家,筹资70亿美元;2004年境外上市84家,筹资111.51亿美元;2005年境外上市70家,筹资212.3亿美元。
企业国外上市情况分析报告.pptx
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国内公司境外上市方式
海外曲线IPO(红筹股形式) :
是指境内企业在海外设立离岸公司或购买壳公司,将境内资产或权益注入壳公司,以 壳公司名义在海外证券市场上市筹资的方式 。海外曲线IPO主要有以下优势: ➢绕开国内严格的外汇管制。境内民营企业家可以不必经过海外投资登记和审批手续 ,即可控制一家海外上市公司; ➢通过收购、注资、换股,境内企业股权为海外公司所控制,在法律上变更为外商投 资企业,享受完全的外商投资企业优惠待遇; ➢境内企业股东包括风险投资资本可以通过海外上市公司实现所持股份的全流通; ➢可以避开发行H股等复杂的事前审批程序,而仅需按照壳公司注册地和上市地法律 要求自主进行企业改造、资产重组包装、审计,由上市地发行审核机构一次性审核通 过即可; ➢上市募集资金不必比照H股募集资金强制调回境内,由公司董事会决定所募集资金 的投放方向和运作模式,从而为海外开展投资和资本运作活动创造了条件; ➢可以实施股票期权、员工信托股票等激励机制,有效改进公司治理方式,实现管理 制度创新; ➢红筹股发行价普遍好于发行H股公司股价,根本原因在于发行H股等公司适用中国国 内的法律和会计制度,海外投资者不大认可,海外曲线IPO公司适用海外注册地法律 和会计制度,更容易得到投资者认可。
【《关于选择私有化路径及借壳上市问题的研究国内外文献综述》4600字】
关于选择私有化路径及借壳上市问题的研究国内外文献综述目录一、国外文献综述 (1)(一)退市动因分析 (1)(二)借壳上市原因分析 (1)(三)借壳上市的绩效研究 (2)二、国内文献综述 (2)(一)退市动因分析 (2)(二)借壳上市的动因分析 (3)(三)借壳上市的绩效研究 (3)(四)有关中概股回归影响的研究 (4)三、国内外文献综述 (4)参考文献 (5)一、国外文献综述(一)退市动因分析Lucas and McDonald 提出大多数公司在自身股票的价值被低估时,会通过回购的方式,将市场上流通的股票进行回购[1]。
Renneboog 等(2007)在选择了样本后进行研究发现,股票价值的低估会使得公司选择退市,而退市反而会释放出公司股价被低估的积极信号,股价会有小幅的上涨[2]。
另外,Ang等(2012)提出公司维持正常运营的情况下,公司的市值反而容易受到市场的影响,市场的波动会带来公司的明显波动,在此情况下,公司易倾向于选择退市,以保证公司价值不受市场的波动影响[3]。
Lowenstein(1985)提出公司选择私有化的目的之一,是为了股权集中于股东,从而防止公司被恶意收购,丧失对公司的控制权[4]。
Jensen(1989)认为私有化能够提升公司的经营效率,由于股权的集中,股东会更加积极的参加公司的经营过程,决策权与股东权利集中于少数人,能够有效的促进公司经营效率的提升[5]。
Sannajust(2010)通过大样本实证总结出了境外上市公司选择私有化的原因主要在于防范敌意收购、防止公司价值被低估、上市成本节约等几个方面[6]。
(二)借壳上市原因分析Arellanbo-ostoa和Brusco通过对1999—2000年间在美国证券市场借壳上市的公司研究发现,公司选择通过借壳的方式实现上市的主要原因是美国资本市场的IPO较为困难,需要符合诸多严格且数量较多的条件,借壳上市的成本相对会更低,选择借壳上市实现融资目的反而是公司更优的选择[7]。
《上市公司市盈率影响因素研究国内外文献综述2700字》
上市公司市盈率影响因素研究国内外文献综述1 国外文献综述国外有关市盈率的理论研究和实证分析已经相对比较完善和全面,国外学者从各个方面对市盈率进行了相关的理论或者实证分析。
最早提出市盈率概念的是“现代证券分析奠基人”本杰明·格雷厄姆(Benjamin Graham)。
早在1934年,他与大卫·多德合著的《证券分析》一书中首次对市盈率作了表述,在他们看来,股票的价值是其当期收益的一定倍数,而这个倍数由两个方面决定,一部分由当时的人气决定,也就是投资者预期;另一部分由企业的性质和记录决定,即企业的盈利能力和模式等特点决定,而这个一定倍数正是表示市盈率的大小【1】。
在市盈率的内在含义方面,Fairfield(1994)从经济含义的角度分析了市盈率和市净率,认为市盈率是未来盈利能力预期变化函数,市净率是未来盈利能力预期水平函数。
而且,通过利用美国1970-1984 年的数据建立模型发现,从账面价值角度看,市净率与预期回报呈正相关关系,对未来超额盈余的增长率有正面的影响,市净率与市盈率合在一起对未来股价有比较强的预测能力,此外,根据市盈率与市净率进行分组的不同的组合对未来的盈利能力也会不同【2】。
Kane, Marcus 和Noh(1996)认为市盈率是十分易变的,实证研究结果表明,市场波动增加百分之一能够引起市盈率1.8%的降低,因此,任何对于市场价值的评估,如果不考虑市盈率的变动将犯根本上的错误【3】。
Sujata Behera(2020)通过对大中小盘236 家公司的股票市值,进行了相关信息含量分析。
结果表明,在正常市场收益率变化的情况下,基于经济增加值的估值模型优于需求收益率不变的基于经济增加值的估值模型【5】。
Adil Pasha等(2019)通过对13 个行业的70 家非金融类巴基斯坦证券交易所上市公司10 年的数据,进行研究发现经济增加值与股票收益率之间存在显著的关系【6】。
民营企业海外上市的问题研究
民营企业海外上市的问题研究[摘要]在经济全球化和国际金融资本一体化的大背景下,国际资本流向中国、中国的企业走向海外融资己是大势所趋。
针对目前国内民营企业融资难的现状,民营企业到海外上市融资,参与国际资本市场的竞争逐渐成为企业发展的新途径[关键词]融资海外上市决策资金一直是困扰各国中小企业的大问题。
融资难往往是创办新企业的主要障碍,也是影响企业进一步发展的“瓶颈”。
中小企业融资难为世界各国普遍存在的现象,然而,中小企业又是一国国民经济中最活跃的成份,因而世界各国政府对中小企业的发展及融资问题非常重视,希望能够找到可行和有效的措施来解决中小企的融资难题,并制定出一系列的法规、政策为中小企业的融资创造良好的外部环境。
市场经济发达国家的实践经验表明,解决中小企业的融资难问题单靠一种途径、一种方式收效甚微,必需通过多种渠道,采取多种方式加以解决。
我国专家学者也认为我国政府应借鉴这一经验,从多个方面建立和完善扶持我国中小企业融资的政策体系,扶持中小企业是成为当前推进我国经济社会全面发展的主要举措。
虽然1996年后全国地方各级政府开始进行了多种形式的创业投资公司尝试,支持中小企业的科技创新,但是由于由政府主导的创业投资公司并不能完全体现市场的作用,而且规模小,资金有限,不能给中小型企业很大的融资帮助。
因此现阶段的企业需要另辟蹊径,随着中国加入WTO,海外资本市场向国内的民营企业敞开了宽广的怀抱,而且这一形式也为中国政府所支持和肯定,海外融资将成为国内民营企业融资的重要渠道。
一、我国民营经济的困境民营经济在很大程度上推动了我国经济,民营经济创造的产值呈阶段性快速增长态势,放眼20年来民营经济的发展,总产值翻了几百倍,在社会经济发展中的地位是与时俱进,越来越重要。
同时,民营经济也吸纳了大部分的就业渠道,就业人数比例年年同步增长。
目前,我国的民间资本总量已经大大超过了国有资产的总值,数量上居主导地位。
民营经济己经成为国民经济持续、快速、健康发展的重要力量;为社会主义市场经济体制改革注入了持久动力;成为吸纳新增就业人口和实施再就业的主渠道。
境外上市2篇
境外上市2篇篇章一:浅谈境外上市的路径选择在当下中国企业追求快速成长和全球化趋势的推动下,越来越多的国内企业选择走向海外沟通资本。
而且随着上世纪90年代赴美上市潮的到来,境外上市已经不再是一个新鲜的话题。
然而,中国企业面临境外上市的复杂选择,需要对其背后的各种影响因素进行深入分析。
境外上市的路径选择主要包括:港股上市、美股上市、在新加坡、伦敦和其他地区上市。
其中港股上市是由于对华兴业务的理解以及与内地的地理和时间上的近距离。
虽然香港市场的投资者理解和接纳中国企业的能力较强,但相对于美国市场,其市场深度和广度则不足。
另一方面,美股上市由于其市场深度、广度和效率,在全球股市中具有重要地位。
不过,美国的审计、法律制度对企业的要求较高,其提供的信息披露制度也要求企业在上市前进行严格自查。
同时,此类企业在上市后会受到严格的监管。
至于在其他地区如新加坡、伦敦等地上市,虽然看似是一个较好的选择,但由于市场规模、受众以及法律环境等各方面的因素,其实对于企业而言可能存在较大的挑战。
总体而言,中国企业在选择境外上市路径时,需要充分考虑自身的战略目标、业务模式、所在行业、股东背景、公司治理结构等多个因素,做出最为合适的选择。
篇章二:境外上市的挑战与机遇虽然境外上市可以帮助企业获取更多的资金来源、提高企业的知名度,也有可能使企业获得新的市场机遇,但在此过程中,企业也需要面对诸多挑战。
首次,企业会面临审计和信息披露问题。
不同国家的审计与信息披露有着各自的要求和标准,企业需要了解并符合这些要求,这无疑增加了企业的成本。
另外,对境外上市企业的监管也较为严格,一旦发生问题可能会受到重大罚款并影响企业的声誉。
其次,企业还需要面临市场差异和文化差异。
每个国家和地区的市场环境都有其独特性。
企业需要深入理解这些独特性,并在此基础上制定对应的市场策略。
最后,境外上市涉及的法律问题也是企业需要重点考虑的。
在企业选择上市的国家或地区,需要了解该地的法律法规,这涉及到企业上市的条件、对上市公司的要求以及上市后可能遇到的法律问题等。
《上市公司ESG信息披露的研究国内外文献综述3000字》
上市公司ESG信息披露的研究国内外文献综述1 引言社会责任与经济发展是人类对可持续发展的期望目标,而在资本市场中,上市公司对市场参与者进行ESG等非财务信息披露,是上市公司完善信息披露的重要内容,也是国际上公认的遵循可持续发展的重要举措。
作为具有代表性的机构投资者,贝莱德CEO表示,贝莱德的目标不光是为投资者“创造利润”,同时更应该促进“社会进步”;高盛则表示称,ESG因素应作为投资过程中发现风险和寻找机会的重要载体,对投资业绩有促进作用。
在各国养老金的实践中,日本政府养老投资基金(GPIF)已将ESG因素融入到投资决策流程中,并将其作为重要的投资原则。
日本政府养老投资基金声称,环境和社会问题将长期围绕着资本市场,在追求可持续的超额投资回报过程中是不可或缺的。
ESG信息披露正在成为分辨上市公司具有更好投资价值的标准之一。
在西方国家,政府监管机构非常重视ESG信息披露,以促进ESG投资的发展。
很多国家目前已经要求上市公司在定期报告中披露ESG信息。
在世界50大经济体中,多数国家已经发布了ESG披露原则和指引,并且有些国家要求强制性披露。
而我国作为发展中国家,ESG投资目前仍处于初级阶段,近年来得到了证监会、证券投资基金业协会、证券交易所等有关部门的关注。
从2016年开始,中国证券投资基金业协会在促进ESG投资方面,举办了多起论坛、信息调研和国际研讨会,以推广ESG投资的理念。
2 国外研究现状20 世纪80 年代,企业社会责任(CSR)率先在欧美等发达国家兴起,不仅企业界受到重视,在学术界同样受到关注。
社会各界对于社会责任、环境责任指标的测量和评价得到了相关的成果。
关于社会责任和环境责任指标的测定方法方面,Chatterji 和Toffel(2018)在KLD 数据库中找到14 个二分类变量,构建虚拟变量,包括“初始评级很差”“初始评级混合或良好”,使用公司的有毒污染来衡量环境绩效,并计算各公司的有毒化学物质排放量与收入之比,以此来衡量企业环境效率[1];Matsumura(2019)等通过研究碳排放和自愿披露碳排放行为发现与企业价值的影响。
境内企业海外上市研究之一 海外上市概述
境内企业海外上市研究之一海外上市概述一、海外上市的概述1、海外上市的发展状况证券市场按照股票上市地可以分为境内证券市场和海外证券市场。
目前境内企业海外上市已经初具规模,选择海外证券市场的视野也在不断扩大。
就上市数量和筹资总额而言,香港历来领先于海外其它证券市场(见图1、表1、表2、表3、表4)。
图1. 境内企业海外上市的数量资料来源:根据公开报刊资料整理表1.香港主板历年筹资金额(百万港元)的融资渠道,公司对自身管理和资金运用乃至发展规划的要求必然要提高到一个较高档次。
(3)提升公司国际知名度和品牌。
公司因海外上市往往赢得声望,并加入了国内和国际大公司的行列。
新闻媒体对海外上市的公司也通常予以高度关注,这必然带动起公众对上市公司财务表现和股票的广泛持久的兴趣。
同时,可以带来丰富的国际合作资源,可以通过吸引高质量的投资者来提高企业本身的信誉度。
国际知名度的提升和来自各方面的合作机会完全有可能成为促进企业走向长期大规模发展的契机。
(4)提高公司与股东的价值。
在海外全流通市场,在任何一种公司购并中,上市公司均占有优势。
经验证明,在账面价值接近的情况下,上市公司的卖价常常比非上市公司的卖价高。
此外,较好的流通性也便于提高交易价格。
(5)股票期权和股票购买计划的益处。
在海外,通常股票期权和股票购买计划将雇员和公司的利益紧密联系起来,是对员工激励机制中最经济的措施。
3、海外上市的主要方式(1)海外直线IPO——以H股、N股及S股等形式在海外上市。
即境内企业法人通过在香港(H股)、纽约 (N股) 或者新加坡(S股)等证券市场首次公开发行股票直接在海外获得上市的方式。
(2)涉及境内权益的海外公司在海外曲线IPO——红筹股形式。
即中国大陆之外的法人公司或其他股权关联公司直接或间接享有中国大陆企业的股权权益或者资产权利,并在中国海外(主要为香港)直接上市的方式。
(3)海外买壳上市、反向兼并中国大陆或大陆之外的企业法人。
对中国企业境外上市的研究_以在美国上市为例
《商场现代化》2011年3月(中旬刊)总第641期商业研究境外上市,是指境内企业直接或者间接到境外发行证券或者将其证券在境外上市交易。
当国内融资已不能提供企业的融资、发展需求,企业就会考虑国际融资,而由于诸如对资本流动的限制、汇率风险、信息不对称等市场缺陷的存在,全球资本市场一体化远未实现,市场分割现象使资金需求依赖性过强,此时,有条件的公司就会选择在国际资本市场进行融资。
一、境外上市的原因1.我国资本市场发展现状我国资本市场包括上海证券交易所、深圳证券交易所以及日益蓬勃发展的场外交易市场,由于起步较晚,存在较大的系统风险和技术风险。
(1)资本市场整体规模偏小,市场结构单一。
从资本总量来看,2006 年底我国资本市场资产总额占金融总资产的比例为22%,而同期美国该比例为82%;从融资结构来看,我国境内企业间接融资比例过高;从融资工具看,我国资本市场是以股票债券以及基金为主,金融衍生品市场尚未形成。
(2) 市场机制有待进一步健全。
我国资本市场发展时间不长,法律监管制度不完善,现阶段基础性建设还比较薄弱,有效的资本约束机制还未形成。
(3)投资者结构不合理。
个人投资者比例偏高,持股期限短、交易较为频繁,投机目的性强;机构投资者整体规模偏小、实力不强、短期投资特征较明显。
2.境外资本市场状况——以美国资本市场为例美国目前拥有纽约证券交易所、芝加哥证券交易所、太平洋证券交易所等七大证券交易所及纳斯达克店头市场。
美国资本市场的三大主要载体分别是纽约证券交易所、纳斯达克以及美国证券交易所。
(1)层次多样灵活。
美国的证券市场按照是否在交易所进行竞价交易,可以分为场内市场和场外市场,按照地级又可分为全国性市场和地方性市场。
企业在美国资本市场的上市场所是可以随时移动的。
(2)资金广、流通性强。
美国资本市场上有各种资金庞大的基金以及机构投资者,经验丰富的个人投资者也有购买证券的需求,美国资本市场构成了世界上最庞大的融资场所,美国股市的交易活跃,融资、并购活动频繁,企业在美国资本市场融资更便捷。
上市企业融资文献综述及外文文献资料
本份文档包含:关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献文献出处:Abor J; Bokpin A. Investment opportunities, corporate finance, and dividend payout policy. Studies in Economics and Finance. 2015; 27(3):180-194.Investment opportunities, corporate finance, and dividend payout policyAbor J; Bokpin AAbstractPurpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of investment opportunities and corporate finance on dividend payout policy. Design/methodology/approach - This issue is tested with a sample of 34 emerging market countries covering a 17-year period, 1990-2006. Fixed effects panel model is employed in our estimation. Findings - A significantly negative relationship between investment opportunity set and dividend payout policy is found. There are, however, insignificant effects of the various measures of corporate finance namely, financial leverage, external financing, and debt maturity on dividend payout policy. Profitability and stock market capitalization are also identified as important in influencing dividend payout policy. Profitable firms are more likely to support high dividend payments to shareholders. However, firms in relatively well-developed markets tend to exhibit low dividend payout policy. Originality/value - The main value of the paper is in respect of the fact that it uses a large dataset from emerging market countries. The results generally support existing literature on investment opportunity set and dividend payout policy.Keywords: International; Dividends; Corporate finance;1. IntroductionThe impact of investment and financing decisions on firm value has been the focus of extensive research since [50] Modigliani and Miller (1958) proposed the "separation principle". The theory asserts that in a perfect capital market, the value of the firm is independent of the manner in which its productive assets are financed. In fact someauthors like [12] Barnes et al.(1981) support their view. However, others have contrasted the findings of the earlier studies suggesting that investment, financing, and dividend policy are related ([30] Grabowski and Mueller, 1972; [46] McCabe, 1979;[5] Anderson, 1983). This is predicated on the assumption that Modigliani and Miller's ideal world does not exist. Financial markets are not perfect given taxes, transaction costs, bankruptcy costs, agency costs, and uncertain inflation in the market place. According to [13] Bier man and Hass (1983), management usually addresses the dividend target payout level in the context of forecasting the firm's sources and use of funds. Considering prospective investment opportunities and the internal cash generation potential of the firm, both capital structure and dividend policy are chosen to ensure that sufficient funds are available to undertake all desirable investments without using new equity ([14] Black, 1976). But what constitutes a "desirable" investment? If it is one that has an expected return greater than the cost of funds that finance it, and if the cost of retained earnings is different from the cost of new equity capital, then dividend policy, capital structure, and investment strategy are necessarily jointly determined ([15] Black and Schools, 1974).Dividend payout policy is an important corporate issue and may be closely related to, and interacts with, most of the financial and investment decisions firms make. A proper understanding of dividend policy is critical for many other areas such as asset pricing, capital structure, mergers and acquisitions, and capital budgeting ([2] Allen and Michael, 1995). Firms' dividend decisions could also be influenced by their profit level, risk, and size. Though dividend policy has been identified as a major corporate decision faced by management, it remains one of the puzzles in corporate finance ([52] Obi, 2001). There has been emerging consensus that there is no single explanation of dividends. [19] Brook et al.(1998) agree that, there is no reason to believe that corporate dividend policy is driven by a single goal.Attention of empirical research has been at ascertaining the relationship between investment opportunities, corporate financing and dividend payout ([54] Pruitt and Gilman, 1991; [6] Aviation and Booth, 2003). However, these findings have failed toestablish any clear link concerning this issue. Most of these studies tend to focus on developed markets. Little is, however, known about how investment opportunities and corporate finance influence dividend payout policy of emerging markets. This present study contributes to the extant literature by focusing on emerging markets. Firms in emerging markets tend to exhibit different dividend behavior from those of developed markets like the US. This may be a result of the differences in levels of efficiency and institutional arrangements between developed markets and emerging markets. It is, therefore, useful to improve our understanding of the issue from an emerging market perspective.The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of investment opportunity set and corporate finance on dividend payout. The contribution of this paper lies in the fact that it considers a large-scale dataset covering 34 emerging market countries over a 17-year period, 1990-2006. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 covers the literature on dividend policy. It also reviews the existing literature on the effects of investment opportunities and corporate finance on dividend payout policy. Section 3 discusses the data used in the study and also details the model specification used for the empirical analysis. Section 4 includes the discussion of the empirical results. Finally, Section 5 summarizes and concludes the paper.2. Overview of literatureSince the publication of the dividend irrelevance theory by [47] Miller and Modigliani (1961), a lot of studies have been conducted in the area of determinants of dividend payout the world over. The dividend irrelevance theory is possible in a perfect and efficient market where stockholders are perfectly rational and there are no taxes and transaction costs. The theory, however, pointed out the importance of investment as being the main issue. Miller and Modigliani framework has thus formed the foundation of subsequent work on dividends and payout policy in general. Their framework is rich enough to encompass both dividends and repurchase, as the only determinant of a firm's value is its investment policy ([3] Allen and Michael, 2002). It is arguably said a company's overriding goal is to maximize shareholder wealth ([18]Berkley and Myers, 1996; [16] Block and Hart, 2000), but to [16] Block and Hart (2000) this concept is not a simple task as management cannot directly influence the price of a share but can only act in a manner consistent with the desires of investors. In the view of [61] Woods and Randall (1989), shareholder wealth is generally accepted as the aggregate market value of the common shares, which in turn is assumed to be the present value of the cash flows which will accrue to shareholders, discounted at their required rate of return on equity. These cash flows include dividend and perhaps more importantly capital appreciation except for its high volatility. Firms must, therefore, make important decisions over and over again about how much cash the firm should give back to its shareholders and probably what form it should take.Black (1976) observed that the harder we look at the dividends picture, the more it seems like a puzzle, with pieces that just do not fit together. This attests to the much controversy that surrounds dividend policy. The dividend puzzle revolves around figuring out why companies pay dividends and investors pay attention to dividend. To [18] Berkley and Myers (1996), dividend policy is seen as a trade-off between retaining earnings on one hand and paying out cash and issuing new shares on the other. The theoretical principles underlying the dividend policy of firms range from information asymmetries, tax-adjusted theory to behavioral factors. The information asymmetries encompass several aspects, including the agency cost, free cash flow hypothesis, and signaling models.Tax-adjusted models presume that investors require and secure higher expected returns on shares of dividend-paying stocks. The consequence of tax adjusted theory is the division of investors into dividend tax clientele and the clientele effect is responsible for the alterations in portfolio composition ([49] Modigliani, 1982). To [45] Marsalis and Truman (1988), investors with differing tax liabilities will not be uniform in their ideal firm dividend policy. They conclude that as tax liability increases, the dividend payment decreases while earnings reinvestment increases and vice versa.Shareholders typically face the problem of adverse selection and moral hazard in the face of separation of ownership and control. The problem of information asymmetry is evident in conflicts of interest between various corporate claimholders. It holds that insiders such as managers have more information about the firm's cash flow than the providers of the funds. Agency costs are lower in firms with high managerial ownership stakes because of better alignment of shareholder and managerial control ([39] Jensen and Heckling, 1976) and also in firms with large block shareholders that are better able to monitor managerial activities ([57] Heifer and Vishnu, 1986). [27] Fame and Jensen (1983) argue that agency problems can be resolved by the payment of large dividend to shareholders.According to the free cash flow model, [37] Jensen (1986) explains that finance available after financing all positive net present value projects can result in conflicts of interest between managers and shareholders. Clearly, dividends and debt interest payment decrease the free cash flow available to managers to invest in marginal net present value projects and manager perquisite consumption. Firms with higher levels of cash flow should have higher dividend payout and/or higher leverage.The signaling theory suggests that corporate dividend policy used as a means of putting quality message across has a lower cost than other alternatives ([48] Miller and Rock, 1985; [8] Asquith and Mullins, 1986). This was developed initially for the labor market but its usefulness has been felt in the financial markets. [7] Aero (1970) defines signaling effect as a unique and specific signaling equilibrium in which a job seeker signals his/her quality to a prospective employer. The signaling theory suggests that dividends are used to signal managements' private information regarding the future earnings of the firm. Investors often see announcements of dividend initiations and omissions as managers' forecast of future earnings changes ([34] Healy and Pileup, 1988). Dividends are used in signaling the future prospects, and dividends are paid even if there is profitable investment opportunity ([11] Baker et al., 1985; [54] Pruitt and Gilman, 1991).2.1 Investment opportunities and dividend payoutThe investment opportunities available to the firm constitute an important component of market value. The investment opportunity set of a firm affects the way the firm is viewed by managers, owners, investors, and creditors ([43] Caliper and Tremble, 2001). The literature has given considerable attention in recent years to examining the association between investment opportunity set and corporate policy choices, including financing, dividend, and compensation policies ([59] Smith and Watts, 1992;[29] Giver and Giver, 1993; [41] Caliper and Tremble, 1999; [40] Jones and Sharma, 2001; [1] Abbott, 2001). According to [40] Jones (2001), investment opportunity set represents a firm's investment or growth options but to [51] Myers (1977) its value depends on the discretional expenditures of managers. [51] Myers (1977) further explains investment opportunity as a yet-to-be realized potentially profitable project that a firm can exploit for economic rents. Thus, this represents the component of the firm's value resulting from options to make future investments ([59] Smith and Watts, 1992).Growth opportunities are also represented by the relative fraction of firm value that is accounted for by assets in place (plant, equipment, and other tangible assets), and that the lower the fraction of firm value represented by assets in place, the higher the growth opportunities ([32] Gull and Kelley, 1999). [43] Caliper and Tremble (2001) suggest that, the conventional notion of investment opportunity set is of new capital expenditure made to introduce a new product or expand production of an existing product. This may include an option to make expenditure to reduce costs during a corporate restructuring. An investment opportunity has been measured in various ways by various writers. These include market to book value of equity ([21] Collins and Kithara, 1989; [20] Chung and Charoenwong, 1991), book to market value of assets ([59] Smith and Watts, 1992), and Tobin's q ([58] Skinner, 1993).Existing literature suggests a relationship between investment opportunities and dividend policy. [59] Smith and Watts (1992) argue that firms with high investment opportunity set are likely to pursue a low dividend payout policy, since dividends and investment represent competing potential uses of a firm's cash resources ([29] Giverand Giver, 1993). [40] Jones (2001), extending and modifying the work of [29] Giver and Gaver (1993), found out that high growth firms were associated with significantly lower dividend yields. [32] Gul and Kealey (1999) also found a negative relationship between growth options and dividends. [1] Abbott (2001) argues that firms that experienced an investment opportunity set expansion (decrease) generally reduced (increase) their dividend payout policy. Others support the fact that firms with higher market-to-book value tend to have good investment opportunities, and would retain more funds to finance such investment, thus recording lower dividend payout ratios ([56] Rozeff, 1982; [44] Lloyd et al. , 1985; [22] Collins et al. , 1996; [4] Amidu and Abor, 2006). [55] Riahi-Belkaoui and Picur (2001) also validated the fact that firms in high investment opportunity set group are "PE valued" whilst firms in low investment opportunity set are "dividend yield valued". This implies that for firms in low investment opportunity set, dividends are of greater relevance than earnings whilst the opposite is true for firms in high investment opportunity set. Using market-to-book ratio as proxy for investment opportunity set, [6] Aivazian and Booth (2003), however, found a positive relationship between market-to-book value ratio and dividend payments, suggesting that firms with higher investment opportunities rather pay higher dividends.2.2 Corporate finance and dividend payoutThe financing choice of firms is perhaps the most researched area in finance in the past decades following the seminal article of [50] Modigliani and Miller (1958) raising the issue of the relationship between a firms choice of finance and its value. Recently, there are still increasing research and new evidence being sought for the relevance or otherwise of the theory started by Modigliani and Miller. The theorem hinges on the principle of perfect capital markets. This asserts that firm value is completely independent of how its productive assets are financed. Subsequent researches have suggested a relationship between choice of financing and firm value even though some researchers corroborated the findings of Modigliani and Miller's irrelevance theory ([26] Fama, 1974; [54] Pruitt and Gitman, 1991). However, studiesby [5] Anderson (1983), [53] Peterson and Benesh (1983) have proved that in the "real world" market imperfections effectively prohibit the independence of firm's investment and financing decisions. This market imperfection is primarily coming from the fact that there are taxes, transaction cost, information asymmetry, and bankruptcy cost. This indicates a relationship between the choice of financing and firm value.Financial leverage is said to play an important role in reducing agency costs arising from shareholder-manager conflict and is believed to play a vital role of monitoring managers ([39] Jensen and Meckling, 1976; [37] Jensen, 1986; [60] Stulz, 1988). [28] Farinha (2003) contends that debt is likely to influence dividend decisions because of debt covenants and related restrictions that may be imposed by debtholders. Also, firms with high financial leverage and implied financial risk tend to avoid paying high dividends, so they can accommodate risk associated with the use of debt finance. [56] Rozeff (1982), [25] Easterbrook (1984) and [22] Collins et al. (1996) extending the agency theory observe that firms pay dividend and raise capital simultaneously. In the view of [25] Easterbrook (1984), increasing dividends raises the probability that additional capital will have to be raised externally on a periodic basis. This view is also shared by [31] Green et al. (1993) who argue that dividend payout levels are not totally decided after a firm's financing has been made. [35] Higgins (1972) suggests that firms' dividend payout ratio could be negatively influenced by their need for finance. Thus, dividend decision is taken alongside financing decisions. [36] Higgins (1981) shows a direct link between growth and financing needs, in that rapidly growing firms have external financing need because working capital needs normally exceed the incremental cash flows from new sales. [6] Aivazian and Booth (2003) support the fact that financial constraints can affect dividend decisions, therefore, firms with relatively less debt have greater financial slack and are more likely to pay and maintain their dividends.3. Data and econometric method3.1 Data and variable constructionThis study examines the effects of investment opportunity set and corporate finance on the dividend payout policy of emerging market firms. Our dataset is composed of accounting and market data for a large sample of publicly traded firms in 34 emerging market countries over the period 1990-2006. These countries include: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Columbia, Czech, Egypt, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. This information is obtained through the Corporate Vulnerability Utility of the International Monetary Fund. The corporate vulnerability utility provides indicators for surveillance of the corporate sector and it relies on accounting data from Worldscope and market data mainly from Datastream.The dependent variable, dividend payout is defined as the ratio of dividend to capital. Dividend is total cash dividend paid to equity and preferred shareholders. The independent variables include investment opportunity set and corporate finance. We also control for profitability, risk, market capitalization, and two other macroeconomic variables: inflation rate and log of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita as a measure of the country's income level.In terms of the independent variables, Tobin's q is used as a proxy for investment opportunity set. Three measures of corporate finance are used. These are; financial leverage (the ratio of debt to equity), external finance (the ratio of external finance to total finance), and debt maturity (the ratio of short-term debt to total debt).In terms of the control variables, profitability is measured as return on assets. Profitability is considered as the primary indicator of the firm's capacity to declare and pay dividends. [11] Baker et al. (1985) find that a major determinant of dividend payment is the anticipated level of future earnings. [54] Pruitt and Gitman (1991) also report that current and past years' profits are important in influencing dividend payments. Others such as [38] Jensen et al. (1992), [6] Aivazian and Booth (2003), and [4] Amidu and Abor (2006) find evidence of a positive association betweenprofitability and dividend payouts. [10] Baker (1989) finds that an important reason cited by firms for not paying dividends is "poor earnings". Similarly, [23] DeAngelo and DeAngelo (1990) find that a significant proportion of firms with losses over a five year period, tend to omit their dividends entirely. A positive relationship should exist between profitability and dividend payout.Risk is defined using the O-Score, which is a measure of probability of default. [54] Pruitt and Gitman (1991) find that risk is a major determinant of firms' dividend policy. Firms which have higher risk profiles are more likely to maintain lower dividend payout policy compared with those with lower risk profiles. Using ßvalue of a firm as a measure of its market risk, [56] Rozeff (1982), [44] Lloyd et al. (1985), and [22] Collins et al. (1996) found a significantly negative relationship between ßand dividend payout. Their findings suggest that firms having a higher level of market risk will pursue lower dividend payout policy. [24] D'Souza (1999) also suggests that risk is significantly and negatively related with firms' dividend payout. We expect risk to be negatively related to dividend payout.We control for size of the market. This is defined as ratio of market capitalization to GDP. Size of the market is used as a proxy for capital market access. Firms with better access to the capital market should be able to pay higher dividends ([6] Aivazian and Booth, 2003). It is expected that a positive relationship will exist between market capitalization and dividend payout policy.We also control for two macroeconomic variables: inflation and GDP per capita. Inflation is the inflation rate. GDP per capita is log of GDP per capita and is included as a measure of the country's income level.3.2 Model specificationWe estimate the following panel data regression model: Equation 1 [Figure omitted. See Article Image.] where subscript i and t represent the country and time, respectively. Y is a measure of dividend payout. Invt is a measure of investment opportunity set. Fin are measures of corporate finance variables including, financialleverage, external finance, and debt maturity. X are the control variables and include profitability, risk, stock market capitalization, inflation, and GDP per capita. μ is the error term. Using this model, it is possible to investigate the effects of investment opportunity set and corporate finance on dividend payout policy.3.3 Estimation issuesThis study adopts a panel data method given that it allows for broader set of data points. Therefore, degrees of freedom are increased and collinearity among the explanatory variables is reduced and the efficiency of economic estimates is improved. Also, panel data can control for individual heterogeneity due to hidden factors, which, if neglected in time-series or cross section estimations leads to biased results ([9] Baltagi, 2005). The panel regression equation differs from a regular time-series or cross-section regression by the double subscript attached to each variable. The general form of the model can be written as: Equation 2 [Figure omitted. See Article Image.] where α is a scalar, ßis KX 1 and X it is the it th observation on K explanatory variables. We assume that the μit follow a one-way error component model: Equation 3 [Figure omitted. See Article Image.] where μi is time-invariant and accounts for any unobservable individual-specific effect that is not included in the regression model. The term V it represents the remaining disturbance, and varies with the individual countries and time. It can be thought of as the usual disturbance in the regression. The choice of the model estimation whether random effects or fixed effects will depend on the underlying assumptions. In a random effect model, μi and V it are random with known disturbances. In the fixed effects model, the μi are assumed to be fixed parameters to be estimated and the remainder disturbances stochastic with V it independent and identically distributed, i.e. νit∼iid (0,σν2 ). The explanatory variables X it are assumed independent of the V it for all i and t . We use the [62] Hausman (1978) specification test in choosing the appropriate model. We report the results of the Hausman specification test in Table III [Figure omitted. See Article Image.].4. Empirical results4.1 Descriptive statisticsTable I [Figure omitted. See Article Image.] presents the descriptive statistics of the dependent and independent variables. The sample covers 34 emerging countries over a 17-year period, 1990-2006. It reports the mean and standard deviation of all the variables used in the study as well as the number of observations over the sample period. The mean value for the dependent variable (dividend payout) is 0.32, implying that across the sample countries the average dividend payout is 32 percent. There is, however, a variation in the dependent variable across the countries over the time period as shown by standard deviation of 0.49 with a minimum and maximum dividend payout of 0.00 and 3.93, respectively.The mean investment opportunity set measured by the Tobin's q is 1.05 with a variation of 0.52. All the countries have positive investment opportunities with minimum and maximum values of 0.06 and 5.01, respectively. Financial leverage, measured by the debt to equity ratio has a mean value of 1.17 and has a standard deviation of 127.58. External finance registers an average value of -0.01 over the period with a standard deviation of 5.27. Debt maturity has a mean figure of 0.58, indicating that short-term debt accounts for 58 percent of total debt. Profitability defined in terms of return on assets also registers an average value of 6.66 percent. The standard deviation is also shown as 5.37. Risk shows a mean value of -3.37. Stock market capitalization to GDP has a mean value of 49.74 percent. The minimum and maximum values for this variable are 0.00 and 528.49, respectively, with a variation of 66.52. The average inflation rate and GDP per capita are 2.61 and 8.04 percent, respectively (Figure 1 [Figure omitted. See Article Image.]).4.2 Correlation analysisWe test for possible degree of multi-collinearity among the regressors by including a correlation matrix of the variables in Table II [Figure omitted. See Article Image.]. Dividend payout shows significantly positive correlations with debt maturity, profitability, and GDP per capita. Investment opportunity set exhibits significantly negative correlations with financial leverage, inflation, and GDP per capita, but shows significantly positive correlations with external finance, debt maturity, profitability,and market capitalization. There is a significant but negative correlation between financial leverage and profitability and a positive correlation between financial leverage and risk. External finance shows significant and positive correlations with profitability and inflation but a negative correlation with GDP per capita. Debt maturity is significantly and negatively correlated with GDP per capita. There are significant and negative correlations between profitability and risk, market capitalization, as well as GDP per capita. However, we found positive correlation between profitability and inflation. There are statistically and significant positive correlations between risk and market capitalization, and GDP per capita. Market capitalization is also positively correlated with GDP per capita. Overall, the magnitude of the correlation coefficients indicates that multi-collinearity is not a potential problem in the regression models.4.3 Panel regression resultsBoth fixed and random effects specifications of the model were estimated. After which the [62] Hausman (1978) test was conducted to determine the appropriate specification. We report the results of the Hausman test in Table III [Figure omitted. See Article Image.]. The test statistics are all significant at 1 percent, implying that the fixed effects model is preferred over the random effects. The Hausman specification test suggests we reject the null hypothesis that the differences in coefficients are not systematic.The results indicate a statistically significant but negative relationship between investment opportunities and dividend payout ratio. It could be inferred that firms with high investment opportunities are more likely to exhibit low dividend payout ratio. In other words, firms with high investment opportunities are more likely to pursue a low dividend payout ratio since dividends and investment represent competing potential uses of a firm's cash resources. Paying low dividends means that such firms could retain enough funds to finance their future growth and investments.[29] Gaver and Gaver (1993) note that firms with high growth potential or investment opportunity set are expected to pay low dividends, since investment and dividends are。
大陆企业海外上市趋势和上市案例分析
大陆企业海外上市趋势和上市案例分析标题:大陆企业海外上市趋势和上市案例分析序言:随着中国经济的快速发展,越来越多的大陆企业开始选择海外上市作为资本运作和发展战略。
本文将探讨大陆企业海外上市的趋势,并通过案例分析来解读其中的原因和影响。
第一部分:大陆企业海外上市的趋势一、背景:中国作为世界第二大经济体,吸引了众多国际投资者的目光。
海外上市为大陆企业提供了更广阔的资金来源和更高的国际化程度,同时也带来了更严格的监管和更高的透明度要求。
二、海外上市的优势:1.资本来源多元化:海外上市可以通过吸引国际投资者、收购国外资产等形式,多元化大陆企业的资金来源。
这不仅能够降低企业的财务风险,还可以提高企业的融资能力。
2.获得更高的估值:通过海外上市,大陆企业可以受益于国际市场对中国经济的乐观预期,获得更高的估值和更好的市场反应。
3.提高国际化程度:海外上市可以帮助大陆企业提高国际化程度,获取更多国际市场机会和资源,增强竞争力。
三、主要海外上市目的地:1.美国:美国作为全球最大的资本市场,吸引了大量的大陆企业选择在美国纳斯达克或纽约证券交易所上市。
例如,阿里巴巴、腾讯控股等知名企业就选择在美国上市。
2.香港:香港作为中国与国际金融市场的桥梁,也是大陆企业海外上市的重要目的地。
例如,中国移动、中国平安等企业选择在香港上市。
3.其他地区:除了美国和香港,大陆企业还会选择在新加坡、伦敦、上海证券交易所等地上市。
第二部分:海外上市案例分析一、阿里巴巴集团:阿里巴巴是中国最大的电子商务公司,于2014年在美国纳斯达克上市。
其海外上市旨在提高资本实力、扩大国际市场份额和增强品牌影响力。
阿里巴巴在上市后迎来了巨大的成功,在募集到的资金支持下,继续扩大了自己的业务范围,并在全球范围内推动了更多的创新。
二、华为技术有限公司:华为是中国最大的通信设备制造商,在2000年选择在香港上市。
此举旨在加大企业的融资能力,推动国际化战略的实施,并提高公司的知名度和声誉。
《上市公司信息披露研究的国内外文献综述3400字》
上市公司信息披露研究的国内外文献综述目录上市公司信息披露研究的国内外文献综述 (1)1.1 国外文献综述 (1)1.1.1 关于IPO 信息披露制度的研究 (1)1.1.2 关于会计信息披露的相关文献 (1)1.2 国内文献综述 (2)1.2.1 有关科创板方面的研究 (2)1.2.2 有关注册制改革方面的研究 (3)1.2.3 有关注册制IPO 信息披露制度的研究 (3)1.2.4 关于上市公司会计信息披露质量问题的研究 (3)1.3 文献述评 (4)参考文献 (4)1.1 国外文献综述1.1.1 关于IPO 信息披露制度的研究保罗·马奥尼(Paul G. Mahoney,2006)的观点是交易所主体应该承担并履行监管的职能,制定更加市场化与竞争性的法规[1];查尔斯·布莱斯特(Charles H.B.Braisted,2000)认为良好的信息披露可以实现使投资者们免于投资风险,同时引领企业进入资本市场[2];马蒂亚·卡塔内奥等(Mattia Cattaneo,2015)认为监管的严格程度与IPO企业的生存率成正比,即监管严格可以提升企业IPO 的成功率,而宽松的审批政策会损害企业的生存率[3]。
1.1.2 关于会计信息披露的相关文献Robert A. Prentice(2006)的观点是,美国证券交易委员会对于资本市场与社会经济发展都起到正向反馈的作用。
会计信息披露系统是上市公司众多系统中的其中之一的子系统,作用是综合反映与公司运营管理相关信息,通过会计报表反映出来,从而提供给投资者及其相关信息使用者进行决策[4]。
Stavros Gadinis,Howell E. Jackson(2007)提出的理论与有效市场理论的主要内容是相符的,即资本市场中,信息披露的质量好坏可以直接体现在股价变化中。
当证券市场处于理想状态时,通过对信息的获得,股价可以及时、准确、充分地做出反应。
民营企业海外上市分析
民营企业海外上市分析民营企业海外上市分析在经济全球化的背景下,我国有越来越多的民营企业将目光投向海外市场。
但海外上市是一项复杂的系统工程,在上市动因、上市模式、上市地点等方面都需要结合企业自身情况进行研究,才能保证上市成功并达到预期目标。
一、民营企业海外上市动因分析我国企业选择海外上市的原因多种多样,综合起来主要有以下几种:1、资本动因我国企业整体规模和资金实力与世界先进国家的企业相比还偏低,中国中小企业缺乏资金是一个长期现象。
在国际资本市场上融资对亟待扩大规模参与国际竞争的成长型民营企业来说是非常必要的。
同时,海外上市的企业多实行股份全流通制度,既提高了股票交易的流动性又便于资本退出,对我国企业有很大吸引力。
2、市场动因企业海外上市能提高企业在国际市场上的声誉,有利于企业在全球范围内招聘人才,完善公司治理结构,提升企业的技术力量和产品、服务质量,进而扩大市场份额,拓展企业的生存空间。
所有海外上市公司都是为了使其产品进入世界市场,扩大市场规模,而上市公司因雄厚的资本力量,良好的企业形象,也容易提升品牌影响力和市场竞争力。
3、技术动因海外上市公司不单是谋求外延规模扩大,更重要是为了长远的发展,为了获得更广阔的生存空间。
其中最重要的是要开展国际合作,开发和掌握具有自主知识产权的核心技术。
比如,万象集团利用上市公司的优势控股美国一家濒临破产的上市公司,掌握了其在汽车制造领域的多项核心专利技术和知名品牌,对于万象集团走向国际市场就起了重要作用。
这也是国内一些民营企业获取核心技术的一个重要途径。
4、政策动因我国政府鼓励企业积极走出去迎接经济全球化挑战,内地企业海外上市后,当外资公众股超过25%后可申请转为外商投资公司,享受各项优惠政策。
同时,我国政府还将出台更多的优惠政策,鼓励我国企业走出去,尤其是海外上市公司,将会获得国家金融机构的更大支持和更多服务。
二、民营企业海外上市模式分析中国内地企业海外上市的途径主要有直接上市和间接上市两种。
企业海外上市
Under the globalization; Chinese enterprise should go to international market to amplify the channels of finance 2 美 加 日 德 英 香 韩 新等一些国家的著名证券 交易所都对吸收中国优质企业上市资源有浓厚的兴趣;
flotation only in Hong Kong 2 同时在香港和美国上市
flotation both in Hong Kong and New York 3 同时在香港和伦敦上市
flotation both in Hong Kong and London 4 同时在香港和新加坡上市
flotation both in Hong Kong and Singapore
The enterprise issuing Bshares go to the secondary securities market by depository receipt overseas 4 买壳上市
Buying a company goes public
三 中国企业海外上市的地点
the address of Chinese enterprise listing oversea 1 仅在香港上市
Date
Count s of pubic comp any overs eas
Only Hshar es
Both Ashar es and Hshar es
Flotati on only in the Unite d States
Flotati on only in Londo n
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Ferdinand A. Gul(2004)则研究了机会主义收益 (对少数投资者的掠夺)这个问题,从另一个侧面反 应了bonding机制的作用。
Fred R. Kaen and Heidemarie C. Sherman(1999), 从银行主导和市场主导的角度,研究了德国企业在纽 约股票交易所上市的情况与公司治理之间的关系。
海外上市与公司治理(续) ——bonding hypothesis
Craig Doidge, G. Andrew arolyi, Ren!e M. Stulz (2004)的研究发现,在美国上市的外国企业托宾q值要 高于所在国企业。
内部人形成了威慑,因而可能驱使他们避开这 些市场,选择在披露制度更为宽松的市场上市。
海外上市与公司治理(续) ——avoiding hypothesis
Amir N. Licht(2000)提出了企业到海外上市中存在这 种负面原因的假设,缺陷是无法获得真实有效的经验实证。
Licht(2001,2003)进一步提出了一些直接的证据, 指出bonding的作用被过分夸大 。以以色列为例,详细分 析了这种效应。
上涨。
海外上市与公司治理(续) ——bonding hypothesis
Coffee(1999,2002) and Stulz (1999)第一个采用这 种方式解释了非美国企业在NYSE或者Nasdaq交易所 上市的决策。
Stulz(1999)提供了更一般的论文,阐述全球化对公司 融资成本的降低作用并不是通过影响投资壁垒,而是 更直接地通过提高公司管制。
Cally Jordan(2004)分析了加拿大企业在美国上市的 动机,认为CBI具有一定的特殊性,不是bonding hypothesis可以完全解释的,提出“变色龙效应”的概 念。
海外上市与公司治理(续) ——avoiding hypothesis
avoiding hypothesis 目标市场更为严格的公司治理要求对企业
Hargis and Ramanlal (1998) 和 Karolyi (2004)等人 的实证研究认为海外上市具有正效应。
Moel (2001)考察了28个新)的影响,得出ADR的扩张对上述三个指标的影 响为负的结论。
二 海外上市与公司治理
bonding hypothesis:
使经理人不谋取额外私人利益的有效途径是,将 公司股票在一个比公司主要交易所具有更高的法律和 管制成本的交易所交叉上市。可以将其理解为一种信 号机制。那么,一方面企业会出于这种动机,到管制 更为严格的海外市场上市,另一方面,投资者对海外 上市企业的公司治理会更有信心,从而使得企业价值
海外上市其他方面研究(续) ——股价、收益及企业价值表现
市场对企业做出境外上市决策本身的反应
Miller (1999) :有正的超常收益; Dong Wook Lee (2004):负的超常收益。
企业海外上市后的股价反应
这类研究主要认为,交叉上市企业的股票在国内市场和全球市场上 所表现出来的风险特征和资本成本可能会经历显著的变化。但这方面的 实证结果却相当不同。
Laixiang Sun,Damian Tobin(2003)通过对在香港上 市的中国银行香港分行(BoCHK)的个案分析,也指出了这 种avoiding行为的存在。 其他研究结果: Dariusz Wójcik,Gordon L Clark,and Robert Bauer(2004)
海外上市的溢出效应
海外上市其他方面研究(续) ——海外上市动机分析
降低融资成本、增加融资渠道
这是考察公司海外上市的传统角度之一。研究结果 包括:
上市的主要动机之一是降低融资成本,增加融资 渠道。对于直接外部融资成本高的新兴国家,这一点 尤其重要。
回归分析表明在控制了风险因素、国家因素等变 量后,海外上市所带来的成本降低效应人具有统计和 经济学上的显著性。 Christian Leuz and Felix Oberholzer-Gee(2003)
海外上市与公司治理(续) ——对bonding hypothesis的质疑
Dariusz Wójcik,Gordon L Clark,and Robert Bauer (2004)指出:并非所有的ADR都与公司治理评级改善 正相关。良好的公司治理和在美国上市孰因孰果不能明 确区分。
Amir N. Licht(2004)认为在分析海外上市的作用时应 考虑到企业所在国与上市地之间的差异,特别是两个体 系之间的文化差异。
Ting Yang(2002)对1998年日本企业海外上市的实证研究; Elena Smirnova(2004)研究了ADR对俄罗斯股票收益的影响,其结果并不
支持海外上市会带来令人满意的市场反应的假设。
海外上市其他方面研究(续) ——海外上市的溢出效应
这类研究主要关注海外上市是否会给本国没有在 海外上市的企业带来“额外”的收益或成本,以及是 否会对本国资本市场的波动性和经济增长产生影响。
海外上市其他方面研究(续) ——海外上市动机分析
流动性和境外市场的有效性及微观结构
这是对公司海外上市进行研究的另一个传统角度, 海外上市的动机是可以为企业提供更多流动性。
其他因素分析
这类研究分析除资本成本、价值评估、披露成本及 流动性之外的更多因素。如地理位置、市场趋同偏好 和统一性、法律系统等。
海外上市文献综述
概述
对公司海外上市方面的研究非常广泛, 包括海外上市动机、对企业及国内市场的影 响、上市后的市场反应等方方面面。我们将 这些文献分为两大类:
海外上市对公司治理的影响
有关海外上市其他方面的研究
一 关于海外上市其他方面的研究
海外上市的动机分析
与海外上市相关的股价、收益及企业价 值表现分析