文学英语赏析专有名词释义
英美文学名词解释总结.doc
英美文学名词解释总结Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandth atdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvi llainsormonsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。
Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。
Couplet:Itisapairofrhymingverselines,usuallyofthesamelength;oneoft hemostwidelyusedverse-sinEuropeanpoetry.Chaucerestablishedtheus eofcoupletsinEnglish,notablyintheCanterburyTales,usingrhymingiam bicpentameterslaterknownasheroiccoupletsBlankverse:Versewritteni nunrhymediambicpentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。
Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlin glydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovid estheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectual kindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。
英美文学专有名词术语解释
Literary Terms（文学术语解释）*Legend（传说）: A song or narrative handed down from the past, legend differs from myths on the basis of the elements of historical truth they contain.*Epic（史诗）: 1)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. 2)Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.*Romance（罗曼史/骑士文学）: 1)Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval England. 2)It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. 3)Chivalry(such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance. *Ballad（民谣）: 1)Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. 2)Ballads were passed down from generation to generation. 3)Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.*The Heroic Couplet（英雄对偶句）:1)It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2)The rhyme is masculine. 3)Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer.*Humanism（人文主义）:1)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. 2)Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to prefect himself and to perform wonders.*Renaissance（文艺复兴）:1)It refers to the transitional period from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century. 2)The Renaissance means rebirth or revival. 3)It was stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classics, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion. 4)Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. 5)The English Renaissance didn’t begin until the reign of Henry Ⅷ. It was reg arded as England’s Golden Age, especially in literature. 6)The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. 7)This period produced such literary giants as Shakespeare, Spenser, Marlowe, Bacon, Donne and Milton, etc.*University Wits（大学才子）: 1)It refers to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan age who graduate from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later become famous poets and playwrights. 2)Thomas Greene, John Lily and Christopher Marlowe were among them. 3)They paved the way, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare.*Blank verse（无韵体）:1)It is verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 2)It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.*Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗节）:1)It is the creation of Edmund Spenser. 2)It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter（六音步）,r hyming ababbcbcc. 3)Spenser’s The Faerie Queene was written in this kind of stanza.*Sonnet(十四行诗)1)It is the one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in English.2)A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.3)Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known. *Soliloquy(独白)1)Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud. 2)In the line “To be, or not to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Act3, Scene1 of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In this soliloquy Hamlet questions whether or not life is worth living and speaks of the reasons why he does not end his life.*Metaphysical Poets（玄学派诗人）：They refer to a group of religious poets in the first half of the 17th century whose works were characterized by their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression, play of paradoxes and juxtapositions of metaphor.*Enlightenment Movement(启蒙运动)1)It was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through Western Europe in the 18th century.2)The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3)Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4)It celebrated reason or nationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education.5)Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Pope, Johnson, Swift, Defoe, Fielding, Sheridan, etc.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1)In the field of literature, the 18th century Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.2)The neoclassicists hold that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3)They believed that the artistic ideas should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity*Sentimentalism(感伤主义文学)1)It is a pejorative term to describe false or superficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain.2)In literature it denotes overmuch use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by pathetic indulgence.3)The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith is a case in point.*The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1)It refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as theams.2)Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is its most representative work.*Epistolary novel(书信体小说)1)It consists of the letters the characters write to each other. The usual form is the letter, but diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are sometimes used.2)The epistolary novel’s reliance on subjective poi nts of view makes it the forerunner of the modern psychological novel.3)Samuel Richardson’s Pamela is typical of this kind.*Gothic Romance(哥特传奇)1)A type of novel that flourished in the late 18th and early 19th century in England.2)Gothic romances are mysteries, often involving the supernatural and heavily tinged with horror, and they are usually against dark backgrounds of medieval ruins and haunted castles.*Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说)1)It is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction which is usually satirical and depicts in realistic and often humorous detail the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. 2)As indicated by its name, this style of novel originated in Spain, flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continues to influence modern literature.*English Romanticism(英国浪漫主义文学)1)The English Romantic period is an age of poetry. Poets started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. They saw poetry as a healing energy; they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.2)The Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 acts as a manifesto for the English Romanticism.3)The Romantics not only eulogize the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.4)The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter.*Ode(颂歌)1)Ode is a dignified and elaborately lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.2)John Keats wrote great odes. His Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case in point.*Lake Poets(湖畔派诗人)They refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakers”.*Byronic hero（拜伦式英雄）: It refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles withunconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.Terza rima(三行体)1)It is an Italian verse that consists of a series of three-lines stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza with the rhyming scheme ab a, bcb, cdc,ded, etc..2)Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” is a case in point*Critical Realism(批判现实主义)1)The Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties.2)The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3)Charls Dickens is the most important critical realist.*Psychological novel(心理小说)1)A vague term to describe that kind of fiction which is for the most part concerned with the spiritual, emotional and mental lives of the characters and with the analysis of characters rather than with the plot and the action.2)Thackeray’s charac terization of Rebecca Sharp is very much psychological.*Narration(叙述)1)Like description, narration is a part of conversation and writing. Narration is the major technique used in expository writing, such as autobiography.2)Successful narration must grow out of good observation, to-the-point selection and clear arrangement of details in logical sequence, which is usually chronological.3)Narration gives an exact picture of things as they occur.*Narrator(叙述者)1)It refers to one who narrates, or tells, a story.2)A story may be told by a first-person narrator, someone who is either a major or minor character in the story. Or a story may be told by a third-person narrator, someone who is not in the story at all.3)The word narrator can also refer to a character in a drama who guides the audience through the play, often commenting on the action and sometimes participating in it.*Plot(情节)1)Plot is the first and most obvious quality of a story. Plot is what happens in a story.2)It consists of the phrases of action in a story that are linked together by a chain of casual relationships.Point of view(叙述角度)1)The event of a story may be told as they appear to one or more participants or observers. In first-person narration the point of view is automatically that of the narrator.2)More variation is possible in third-person narration, where the author may choose to limit his or her report to what could have been observed or known by one of the characters at any given point in the action—or may choose to report the observations and thoughts of several characters. The author might choose to intrude his or her own point of view.*Naturalism(自然主义)1)A post Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the laws of scientific determinism to fiction. 2)The naturalist w ent beyond the realist’s insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by environment and heredity.3)Major writers include Crane, Dreiser in America; Zola in France ; and Hardy and Gissing in England.*The Aesthetic Movement(唯美主义运动)1)It is a loosely defined movement in literature, fine art, the decorative arts and interior design in later nineteenth-century Britain. 2)It belongs to the anti-Victorian reaction and had post-Romantic roots, and as such anticipates modernism. It took place in the late Victorian Period from around 1868 to 1901, and is generally considered to have ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde (which occurred in 1895).3)The aesthetes believed that art did not have any didactic purpose; it need only be beautiful.Dramatic Monologue(戏剧独白)1)In literature, it refers to the occurrence of a single speaker saying something to a silent audience.2)Robert Browning is My Last Duchess is a typical example in which the duke, speaking to a non-responding audience, reveals not only the reasons for his disapproval of the behavior of his former duchess, but some tyrannical and merciless aspects of his own personality as well.。
724-《文学英语赏析》专有名词释义
《文学英语赏析》专有名词释义1. Abdul Ghafar Ibrahim 阿布都拉·珈法·易布拉欣（1969~），马来西亚当代诗人。
2. Abraham Lincoln 林肯（1809~1865年），美国第十六任总统。
3. Adolphe Hippolyte 泰纳( 1828~1893), 法国文艺批评家、历史学家、哲学家。
4. Alan Duff 达夫(1950~ ), 新西兰小说家，专栏作家。
5. Albert Einstein 爱波特·爱因斯坦（1879~1955），美籍德国理论物理学家,获1921年诺贝尔物理学奖。
6. Albigenses 阿比尔教派, 起源于11世纪法国阿比尔的基督教派别, 13世纪被诬为异教徒,遭到教皇与法王组织的十字军的镇压。
7. Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲伯(1688~1744),英国诗人8. Alfred Lord Tennyson 阿尔弗雷特·丁尼生爵士（1809~1892），英国著名诗人。
9. Alistair Cooke 艾里斯泰尔·库克(1908~2004), 著名记者，电视、广播节目撰搞人。
10. Allegheny 阿勒格尼山（在宾夕法尼亚州）11. Allen Ginsberg 艾伦·金斯堡（1926~1997），美国“垮掉的一代” 代表诗人，著有诗集《美国的堕落》。
12. Ambrose Bierce 安布罗斯·彼尔斯（1842~1914？），美国小说家、新闻专栏作家、评论家。
13. American Civil War 美国南北战争(1861~1865)。
14. Amy Levy 艾米·雷维(1861~1889)，英国诗人。
15. Andrew Marvell 安德鲁·马韦尔(1621~1678)，英国十七世纪著名玄学派诗人。
英美文学名词解释整理版
英美文学名词解释1. Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.寓言：用诗歌或散文讲的故事，在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。
所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事。
2.Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。
3.Allusion:A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.典故：文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品。
典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。
4. American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.美国自然主义：美国自然主义是一种新的、更具批判性的现实主义。
英美文学术语解释
英美文学术语解释Potmodernimithee某preionofthoughtandcultureinart,literature,philoophyandpoliticina dvancedcapitalitperiod.“Pot-”of“Potmodernim”itheinheritanceandreactionto“modernim”.Potm odernimwaoriginallyuedbyartitandcriticinNewYorkinthe1960andthene mployedbyEuropeantheoritinthe1970.Oncethiwritingenteredonthetage ofhitory,ithabroughtunotonlytechniqueuchaparody,fragmentation,pa tiche,collage,allegory,irony,playfulne,metafiction,butalointerte 某tualityinhitory,philoophy,ociology,etc..HumanimitheeenceoftheRenaiance.2>itemphaizethedignityofhumanbeingandtheimportanceofthepreen tlife.Humanitvoicedtheirbeliefthatmanwathecenteroftheunivereandm andidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepreentlife,buthadth eabilitytoperfecthimelfandtoperformwonder.02.Renaiance(文艺复兴) Theword“Renaiance”mean“rebirth”,itmeantthereintroduction intowetermEuropeofthefullculturalheritageofGreeceandRome.2>theeenceoftheRenaianceiHumanim.Attitudeandfeelingwhichhadb eencharacteriticofthe14thand15thcenturieperitedwelldownintotheer aofHumanimandreformation.3>therealmaintreamoftheenglihRenaianceitheElizabethandramawi thwilliamhakepearebeingtheleadingdramatit.03.Metaphyicalpoetry(玄学派诗歌)2>witharebellioupirit,theMetaphyicalpoettriedtobreakawayfrom theconventionalfahionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.Clacimrefertoamovementortendencyinart,literature,ormuicthatr eflecttheprinciplemanifetedintheartofancientGreeceandRome.Claicimemph aizethetraditionalandtheuniveral,andplacevalueonreaon,clarity,ba lance,andorder.Claicim,withitconcernforreaonanduniveraltheme,itr aditionallyoppoedtoRomanticim,whichiconcernedwithemotionandperon altheme.05.Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenmentmovementwaaprogreivephiloophicalandartiticmovem entwhichflourihedinfranceandweptthroughweternEuropeinthe18thcent ury.2>themovementwaafurtheranceoftheRenaiancefrom14thcenturytoth emid-17thcentury.3>itpurpoewatoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphil oophicalandartiticidea.4>itcelebratedreaonorrationality,equalityandcience.Itadvocat eduniveraleducation.5>famouamongthegreatenlightenerinenglandwerethoegreatwriterl ikeAle某anderpope.Jonathanwift.etc.06.Neoclaicim(新古典主义) Inthefieldofliterature,theenlightenmentmovementbroughtabouta revivalofinteretintheoldclaicalwork.2>thitendencyiknownaneoclaicim.TheNeoclaicitheldthatformofli teratureweretobemodeledaftertheclaicalworkoftheancientGreekandRomanwriteruchaHomerandVirgilandthoeofthecontemporaryFrenchone.3>t heybelievedthattheartiticidealhouldbeorder,logic,retrainedemotio nandaccuracy,andthatliteraturehouldbejudgedintermofitervicetohum anity.07.TheGraveyardSchool(墓地派诗歌)2>ThomaGrayiconideredtobetheleadingfigureofthichoolandhiEleg ywritteninacountrychurchyardiitmotrepreentativework.08.Romantici m(浪漫主义)1>Inthemid-18thcentury,anewliterarymovementcalledromanticimcametoEuropeandt hentoEngland.2>Itwacharacterizedbyatrongprotetagaintthebondageofneoclaici m,whichemphaizedreaon,orderandelegantwit.Intead,romanticimgavepr imaryconcerntopaion,emotion,andnaturalbeauty.3>Inthehitoryofliterature.Romanticimigenerallyregardedatheth oughtthatdeignatealiteraryandphiloophicaltheorywhichtendtoeethei ndividualatheverycenterofalllifeande某perience.4>TheEnglihromanticperiodianageofpoetrywhichprevailedin Englandfrom1798to1837.ThemajorromanticpoetincludeWordworth,Byron andShelley.09.ByronicHero(拜伦式英雄)Byronicherorefertoaproud,myteriourebelfigureofnobleorigin.2>withimmeneuperiorityinhipaionandpower,thiByronicHerowouldc arryonhihouldertheburdenofrightingallthewronginacorruptociety.Andwouldrieingle-handedlyagaintanykindoftyrannicalruleeitheringovernment,inreligi on,orinmoralprinciplewithunconquerablewillandine某hautibleenergie.3>By ron’chiefcontributiontoEnglihliteratureihicreationofthe “ByronicHero”10.CriticalRealim(批判现实主义)4>CharleDickenithemotimportantcriticalrealit.11.Aetheticim （美学主义）ThebaictheoryoftheAetheticmovement---“artforart’ake”waetforthbyaFrenchpoet,TheophileGautier,thefi r tEnglihmanwhowroteaboutthetheoryofaetheticimwaWalterPater.2>aetheticimplaceartabovelife,andholdthatlifehouldimitateart ,notartimitatelife.3>Accordingtotheaethete,allartiticcreationiabolutelyubjectiv eaoppoedtoobjective.Arthouldbefreefromanyinfluenceofegoim.Onlywh enartiforart’ake,canitbeimmortal.Theybelievedthatarthouldbeunco ncernedwithcontroverialiue,uchapoliticandmorality,andthatithould beretrictedtocontributingbeautyinahighlypolihedtyle.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.TheVictorianperiod(维多利亚时期)Inthiperiod,thenovelbecamethemotwidelyreadandthemotvitalandc hallenginge某preionofprogreivethought.Whiletickingtotheprincipleoffaithfulrep reentationofthe18thcenturyrealitnovel,novelitinthiperiodcarriedt heirdutyforwardtocriticimoftheocietyandthedefeneofthema.3>theirtruthfulpictureofpeople’lifeandbitterandtrongcritici moftheocietyhaddonemuchinawakeningthepublicconciounetotheocialpr oblemandintheactualimprovementoftheociety.4>CharleDickenitheleadingfigureoftheVictorianperiod.13.Moder nim(现代主义)2>modernimtaketheirrationalphiloophyandthetheoryofpycho-analyiaittheoreticalcae.3>thetermpertaintoallthecreativeart.Epeciallypoetry,fiction, drama,painting,muicandarchitecture.4>inEnglandfromearlyinthe20thcenturyandduringthe1920and1930, inAmericafromhortlybeforethefirtworldwarandonduringtheinter-warperiod,modernittendenciewereattheirmotactiveandfruitful.5>afaraliteratureiconcerned,Modernimrevealabreakingawayfrome tablihedrule,traditionandconvention.frehwayo flookingatman’poiti onandfunctionintheunivereandmanye某perimentinformandtyle.Itiparticularlyconcernedwithlanguageandhow toueitandwithwritingitelf.14.Streamofconcioune(意识流)(orinteriormonologue)Inliterarycriticim,Streamofconciounedenotealiterarytechnique which eektodecribeanindividual’pointofviewbygivingthewrittenequi valentofthecharacter’thoughtprocee.Streamofconciounewritingitro nglyaociatedwiththemodernitmovement.Itintroductionintheliteraryc onte某t,tranferredfrompychology,iattributedtoMaySinclair.Streamofconci ounewritingiuuallyregardedaapecialformofinteriormonologueandicha racterizedbyaociativeleapinynta某andpunctuationthatcanmaketheproedifficulttofollow,tracingatheydo acharacter’fragmentarythoughtandenoryfeeling.Famouwritertoemplo ythitechniqueintheEnglihlanguageincludeJameJoyceandWilliamFaulkn er.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。
英美文学重点名词解释
local colorism is an unique variation of American literary realism. Generally, the works by local colorism are concerned with the life of a small region or province. This kind of fiction depicts the characters from a specific setting or of an era, which are marked by its customs, dialects, landscape, or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influence. Tasks of local colorism is to wirte or present local characters of their regions in truthful depicton distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world. local colorism concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. they tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forget to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. Their truthful depiction of the common people in their commonplace lives added strength to the fight for realism. Mark Twain's the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is the most representive oneuncertainty:1. distorted time2.the characters' uncertainty about Godot'scoming3.changeable about everything4.uncertainty of Godot5.uncertainty of other characters6.uncertainty about the play's theme the only certain thing-----waiting1. the Lost GeneraionThe term of "lost generation" was first used by GertrudeStern(1874--1946), one of the leaders of this group. It include the young English and American expatriates as well as men and women caught in the First World War and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. It means this generation had lost the beautiful sense of the calm idylic past. Stein's comment suggests the ambiguous and pointless lives of expatriates as they aimlessly wandered about the continent, drinking, making love, and traveling from place to place and from party to party. These activities seem to justify their search for new meaings to replace the old ones. Yet in fact, being cut off from their past, disillusioned in reality, and without a meaningful future to fall on, they were lost in disillusionment and existential voids. They indulged in hedonism in order to make their lives less unberable.2. the Beat GenerationThe beat genertion is a literary school which emerged after the Second World War. In the 1950s, there was a widespread discontent among thepostwar generation, whose voice was one of protest against all the mainstream culture that America represented, including sex, religion and American value system. It reveals spiritual pain and despair resulted from American industrilization and modern civilization.3. Confessional Poetry/SchoolConfessional poetry is the poetry of the personal or "I". This style of writing emerged in the late 1950s and early 1960s and is associated with poets such as Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton. Lowell's book Life Studies was a highly personal account of his life and familial ties, and had a significant impact on American poety. Plath and Sexton were both students of Lowell and noted that his work influenced their own writing. The confessional poetry of the mid-twentieth centruy dealt with subject matter that previously had not been open discussed in Amercian poetry. Private experiences with and feelings about death, trauma, depression and relationships were adressed in this type of poetry, often in an autobiographical manner.4. Black HumorAs a genre, black humor is valued in America in the 1960s. Everyone would have a good laugh if they care to read the book through. The laughter is ,however, inevitably followed by the acute awareness that it is based on the suffering and misfortunes of their fellow creature. This is what meant by black humor. The features of black humor are as follows: 1) tragic content is reflected in the form of comedy. 2) it aims at exposing people's oppression by the absurd soceity.( it reveals absurdity and darkness of society.) 3) its characters are anti-heroic 4)its narrative technique is non-logical。
(完整版)英美文学名词解释最全版
01. Humanism(人文主义)1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism(古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present ,with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)1>Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）1>The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)1>In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)1>Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looki ng at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。
英语专业文学名词解释的单词
narrative [['nærətiv]]基本翻译n. 叙述；故事；讲述adj. 叙事的，叙述的；叙事体的deed [[di:d]]基本翻译n. 行动；证书；[法]契据vt. 立契转让epic [['epik]]基本翻译adj. 史诗的，叙事诗的n. 史诗；叙事诗；史诗般的作品transmitted基本翻译v. 传输；传送（transmit 的过去分词）adj. [医]透射的recitation [[,resi'teiʃən]] 基本翻译n. 背诵；朗诵；详述；背诵的诗romanticism[[rəu'mæntisizəm]]基本翻译n. 浪漫主义；浪漫精神idealization[[ai'diəlai'zeiʃən, -li'z-]]基本翻译n. 理想化；理想化的事物flourish [['flauriʃ]]基本翻译n. 兴旺；茂盛；挥舞；炫耀；华饰vt. 夸耀；挥舞vi. 繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期sentimentalize[[,senti'mentəlaiz]]基本翻译vt. 使感伤；为…而伤感vi. 感伤；流于感伤depict [[di'pikt]]基本翻译vt. 描述；描画emphasis [['emfəsis]]基本翻译n. 重点；强调；加强语气sordid [['sɔ:did]]基本翻译adj. 肮脏的；卑鄙的；利欲熏心的；色彩暗淡的soliloquy [[sə'liləkwi]]基本翻译n. 独白；自言自语extended [[ik'stendid]]基本翻译adj. 延伸的；扩大的；长期的；广大的v. 延长；扩充（extend的过去分词）delivered [[di'livəd]]基本翻译adj. 业已交货v. 递送（deliver的过去分词）reveal [[ri'vi:l]]基本翻译vt. 显示；透露；揭露；泄露n. 揭露；暴露；门侧，窗侧manifest [['mænifest]]基本翻译vt. 证明，表明；显示vi. 显示，出现n. 载货单，货单；旅客名单adj. 显然的，明显的；明白的clarity [['klærəti]]基本翻译n. 清楚，明晰；透明universal [[,ju:ni'və:səl]]基本翻译adj. 普遍的；通用的；宇宙的；全世界的；全体的n. 一般概念；普通性artists基本翻译n. 艺术家，设计师（artist 的复数）capture [['kæptʃə]]基本翻译vt. 俘获；夺得n. 捕获；战利品，俘虏complexity [[kəm'pleksiti]] 基本翻译n. 复杂，复杂性；复杂错综的事物confusion [[kən'fju:ʒən]]基本翻译n. 混淆，混乱；困惑reshape [[,ri:'ʃeip]]基本翻译vt. 改造；再成形discard [[dis'kɑ:d, 'disk ɑ:d]]基本翻译vt. 抛弃；放弃；丢弃vi. 放弃n. 抛弃；被丢弃的东西或人era [['iərə, 'εərə]]基本翻译n. 时代；年代；纪元indeed [[in'di:d]]基本翻译adv. 的确；实在；真正地；甚至int. 真的（表示惊讶、怀疑、讽rebirth [[,ri:'bə:θ,'ri:b-]]基本翻译n. 再生；复兴刺等）revival [[ri'vaivəl]]基本翻译n. 复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神；再生效stimulated [['stimjə,letid]]基本翻译adj. 受激的v. 刺激（stimulate的过去式和过去分词）feudal [['fju:dl]]基本翻译adj. 封建制度的；领地的；世仇的medieval[[,medi'i:vəl, ,mi:-]]基本翻译adj. 中世纪的；[贬]原始的；仿中世纪的；老式的corruption [[kə'rʌpʃən]]基本翻译n. 贪污，腐败；堕落Catholic [['kæθəlik]]基本翻译adj. 天主教的；宽宏大量的n. 天主教徒；罗马天主教devotion [[di'vəuʃən]]基本翻译n. 献身，奉献；忠诚；热爱keynote [['ki:nəut]]基本翻译n. 基调；主旨；主音vt. 给…定基调；说明基本政策vi. 作主旨发言sonnet [['sɔnit]]基本翻译n. 十四行诗；商籁诗Renaissance [[ri'neisəns;'renəsɔns; rəne'sɔŋs]]基本翻译n. 文艺复兴（欧洲14至16世纪）Elizabethan [[i,lizə'bi:θən]]基本翻译adj. 伊丽莎白一世时代的；英国女王伊莉莎白一世的n. 伊莉莎白女王一世时代的英国人（尤指文人）rhyme [[raim]]基本翻译n. 韵律；韵脚；韵文；押韵词vt. 使押韵；用韵诗表达；把…写作诗vi. 押韵；作押韵诗monologue [['mɔnəlɔɡ]]基本翻译n. [戏]独白imitate [['imiteit]]基本翻译vt. 模仿，仿效；仿造，仿制Joyce [[dʒɔis]]基本翻译n. 乔伊斯（女名）James [[dʒeimz]]基本翻译n. 詹姆斯（姓氏，男子名）；[圣]《雅各书》depict [[di'pikt]]基本翻译vt. 描述；描画distracted [[dis'træktid]]基本翻译adj. 心烦意乱的；思想不集中的v. 分心（distract的过去式）illusory [[i'lju:səri]]基本翻译adj. 错觉的；幻影的；虚假的；产生幻觉的mist [[mist]]基本翻译n. 薄雾；视线模糊不清；模糊不清之物vi. 下雾；变模糊vt. 使模糊；使蒙上薄雾William [['wiljəm]]基本翻译n. 威廉（男子名）；[常作W-][美俚]钞票，纸币Faulkner [['fɔ:knə]]基本翻译n. 福克纳（美国小说家，曾获1949年诺贝尔文学奖）plots基本翻译n. 情节；阴谋；小块土地（plot的复数）；平面图v. 划分；策划（plot的三单形式）；绘制…的地图narrator [[nə'reitə, næ-]]基本翻译n. 叙述者；解说员sequence [['si:kwəns]]基本翻译n. 序列；顺序；续发事件vt. 按顺序排好dislocate [['disləukeit]]基本翻译vt. 使脱臼；使混乱amicable [['æmikəbl]]基本翻译adj. 友好的；友善的consciousness[['kɔnʃəsnis]]基本翻译n. 意识；知觉；觉悟；感觉scheme [[ski:m]]基本翻译n. 计划；组合；体制；诡计vi. 搞阴谋；拟订计划vt. 计划；策划rhyme [[raim]]基本翻译n. 韵律；韵脚；韵文；押韵词vt. 使押韵；用韵诗表达；把…写作诗vi. 押韵；作押韵诗Renaissance [[ri'neisəns;'renəsɔns; rəne'sɔŋs]]基本翻译n. 文艺复兴（欧洲14至16世纪）。
英语专业考研英美文学名词解释
英语专业考研英美文学名词解释英美文学名词解释1. Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.2. Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.3. Allusion: A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.4. American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. Americ a’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attemptedto achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.5. American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had an enduring influence on American literature.6. American Realism: in American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.7. American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century. A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nation’s political independence. Yet, romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption. Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War. The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation’s revolutionary heritage and its frontier egalitarianism.8. American Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists terrors from the romantic literature of Europe. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Americagogopirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.9. Analogy: (a figure of speech) A comparison made between tow things to show the similarities between them. Analogies are often used for illustration or for argument.10. Anapest抑抑扬: It’s made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllables, with the two unstressed ones in front.11. Antagonist: A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative;a rival of the hero or heroine.12. Antithesis: (a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.13. Aphorism: A concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation about life.14. Apostrophe顿呼法: A figure of speech in which an absent or a dead person, an abstract quality, or something nonhuman is addressed directly.15. Argument: A form of discourse in which reason is used to influence or change people’s idea or actions. Writers practice argument most often when writing nonfiction, particularly essays or speeches.16. Aside: In drama, lines spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience. An aside is meant to be heard by the other characters onstage.17. Assonance: The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.18. Atmosphere: The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate for the werrors to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.19. Autobiography: A person’s account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection.20. Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.21. Ballad stanza: A type of four-line stanza. The first and third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses. Ballad meter is usually iambic. The number of unstressed syllables in each line may vary. The second and fourth lines rhyme.22. Biography: A detailed account of a person’s life written by another person. 23. Blank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 24. Caesura诗间休止: A break or pause in a line of poetry.25. Canto: A section or division of a long poem.26. Caricature: The use of exaggeration or distortion to make a figure appear comic or ridiculous. A physical characteristic, an eccentricity, a personality trait, or an act may be exaggerated. 27. Character: In appreciating a short story, characters are an indispensable element. Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.28. Characterizatiogogoo, the means by which a writer reveals that personality.29. Classicism: A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.30. Climax: The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a gogotory’s tur ning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.31. Comedy: in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.32. Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but itusually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.33. Conflict: A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. Usually the events of the story are all related to the conflict, and the conflict is resolved in some way by the story’s end.34. Connotation: All the emotions and associations that a word or phrase may arouse. Connotation is distinct from denotation, which is the literal or “ dictionary” meaning of a word or phrase. 35. Consonance: The repetition of similar consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words. 36. Couplet: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.37. Critical Realism: The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.38. Dactyl扬抑抑: It’s made up of one stressed and two unstressed syllables, with the stressed in front.39. Denotation: The literal or “dictionary” meaning of a word.40. Denouement结局: The outcome of a plot. The denouement is that part ofa play, short story, novel, or narrative poem in which conflicts are resolved or unraveled, and mysteries and secrets connected with the plot are explained.41. Description: It is a great part of conversation and of almost all writing. It is a part ofautobiography, storytelling. With description, the writer tries terror, feel, and hear by showing rather than by merely telling. It’s through the use of specific details and concrete language that abstract ideas and half-formed thoughts are make vividly real. We have objective and subjective description.42. Diction: A writer’s choice of words, par ticularly for clarity, effectiveness, and precision. 43. Dissonance: A harsh or disagreeable combination of sounds; discord.44. Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.45. Elegy: A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.46. Emblematic image: A verbal picture or figure with a long tradition of moral or religious meaning attached to it.47. Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known asthe Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The egogo inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. The attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.48. Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.49. Epigram: A short, witty, pointed statement often in the form of a poem.50. Epigraph: A quotation or motto at the beginning of a chapter, book, short story, or poem that makes some point about the work.51. Epilogue收场白: A short addition or conclusion at the end of aliterary work.52. Epiphany主显节: A moment of illumination, usually occurring at or near the end of a work. 53. Epitaph: An inscription on a gravestone or a short poem written in memory of someone who has died.54. Epithet称号: A descriptive name or phrase used to characterize someone or something. 55. Era of Modernism: The years from 1910 to 1930 are often called the Era of Modernism, for there seems to have been in both Europe and America a strong awareness of some sort of “break” with the past. The new artists shared a desire to capture the complexity of modern life, to focus on the variety and confusion of the 20th century by reshaping and sometimesdiscarding the ideas and habits of the 19th century. The Era of Modernism was indeed the era of the New.56. Essay: A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point or view. An essaymay be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emotional. The two general classifications of essay are the informal essay and the formal essay. An informal essay is usually brief and is written as if the writer is talking informally to the reader about some topic, using a conversational style and a personal or humorous tone. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style, and serious in tone.57. Exemplum说教故事: A tale, usually inserted into the text of a sermon that illustrates a moral principle.58. Exposition: (1) That part of a narrative or drama in which important background information isrevealed. (2) It is the kind of writing that is intended primarily to present information. Exposition is one of the major forms of discourse. The most familiar form it takes is in essays. Exposition is also that part of aplay in which important background information is revealed to the audience. 59. Fable: A fable is a short story, often with animals as its characters, which illustrate a moral. 60. Farce: A type of comedy based on a ridiculoussituation, often with stereotyped characters. The humor in a farce is largely slapstick―that is, it often involves crude physical action. The characters in a farce are often the butts of practical jokes.61. Figurative language: Language that is not intended to be interpretedin a literal sense. By appealing to the imagination, figurative language provides new ways of looking at the world. Figurative language consists ofsuch figures of speech as hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron矛盾修饰法, personification, simile, and synecdoche.62. Figure of speech: A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in a literal sense. The most common kinds of figures ofspeech―simile, metaphor, personification, and metonymy―involve a comparison between unlike things.63. Flashback: A scene in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poemthat interrupts the action to show an event that happened earlier.64. Foil衬托: A character who sets off another character by contrast.65. Foot: It is a rhythmic unit, a specific combination of stressed and unstressed syllables.66. Foreshadowing: The use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggestwhat will happen later. Writers use foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense. Sometimes foreshadowing also prepares the reader for theending of the story.67. Free Verse: Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.68. Hyperbole: A figure of speech using exaggeration, or overstatement,for special effect.69. Iamb抑扬格: It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.70. Iambic pentameter: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb―that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.71. Image: We usually think with words, many of our thoughts come to us as pictures or imagined sensations in our mind. Such imagined pictures or sensations are called images.72. Imagery: Words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in the reader’s mind. Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell, and hearing.73. Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourishedfrom 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leadersof this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.74. Incremental repetition: The repetition of a previous line, or linesbut with a slight variation each time that advances the narrative stanza by stanza. This device is commonly used in ballads. 75. In medias res: Atechnique of plunging into the middle of a story and only later using a flashback to tell what has happened previously. In medias res is Latin for“in the middle of things”. 76. Inversion: The technique of reversing, or inverting, the normal word order of a sentence. Writers may use inversion tocreate a certain tone or to emphasize a particular word or idea. A poet may invert a line so that it fits into a particular meter or rhyme scheme.77. Invocation: At the beginning of an epic (or other poem) a call to a muse, god, or spirit for inspiration.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
大学英语语法考试名词解释
大学英语语法考试名词解释一、名词的分类（一）、根据其意义1、专有名词主要指人名、地名及某类人和事物专有的名词（1）人名Mrs.SmithHemingway（2）地名Beijingthe Yellow River（3）某类人的名称AmericansRussians（4）某些抽象事物的名称BuddhismEnglish（5）月份、星期名及节日名称MaySaturdayNew Year’s Day（6）书名、电影及诗歌的名称Gone with the WindVenomOde to the West Wind2、普通名词指一类人、事物、物质或抽象概念的名称，这些名词一般不用来指某一具体事物（1）个体名词①指作为个体而存在的人或东西可以指具体的人或物He has two sisters. 他有两个姐姐。
Pandas live in the forest. 熊猫生活在森林里。
也可指抽象的东西A new century has just begun. 一个新的世纪刚刚开始。
I had a dream last night. 我昨天晚上做了一个梦。
②个体名词有复数的形式weeksproblems③个体名词单数形式可以和a/an连用a weeka problem（2）集体名词指一群人或一些事物总称，表示由个体组成的集体familyteamaudience（3）物质名称指无法分为个体的东西teaclothrain（4）抽象名词表示一些抽象概念，用来指人或事物的品质、情感、状态等honestylovesilence（二）、根据其语法特征1、可数名词2、不可数名词二、名词的数（一）、可数名词1、定义（1）可用数目计算的名词是可数名词。
（2）个体名词、集体名词大多为可数名词。
2、可数名词单数变复数的规则（1）规则变化①一般情况下,在词尾直接加-sbook→bookstree→treescap→caps 帽子②以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词, 在词尾加-esglass→ glasses 眼镜box→boxeswatch→watchesbrush→ brushes刷子③以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，把y改为i,再加-esstory→storiescountry→countries④以-o结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加-s;但中学英语中下列名词要加-es,它们是:黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿radio→radios 收音机photo→photoshero→heroesNegro→Negroespotato→potatoestomato→tomatoes⑤以-f或-fe结尾的名词变复数需把-f或-fe去掉,加-vesself→selves（本身），life→lives（生命）wife→wives（妻子），half→halves（一半）loaf→loaves（面包），shelf→shelves（架子）thief→thieves（小偷），knife→ knives（刀子）leaf→leaves（叶子），wolf→wolves（狼）有些只加-sroofs屋顶cliffs悬崖proofs证据beliefs信仰chiefs主管人，领袖（2）不规则变化①单复数不同行的名词foot→feet（脚），man→men（男人）woman→women（女人）, mouse→mice （老鼠）tooth→teeth（牙齿），goose→geese（鹅）gentleman→gentlemen（绅士），child→children（孩子）ox→oxen 公牛②单复数同行的名词Chinese中国人，Japanese日本人means 方法，crossroads 十字路口species种类，sheep绵羊③外来名词的复数形式criterion→criteria 标准curriculum→curricula/ curriculums 全部课phenomenon- -phenomena 现象analysis→analyses 分析basis→bases 基础crisis→crises 危机thesis→theses论文diagnosis→diagnoses 诊断bacterium→bacteria 细菌medium→media 媒体datum→data 数据(二)不可数名词1、定义（1）不可用数目计算的名词。
英美文学常用术语及解释
英美文学常用术语及解释下面是店铺整理的一些英美文学常用术语及解释，希望对大家有帮助。
01. Allegory(寓言)Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something. Especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself.2>allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice.3>Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Melville’s Moby Dick are such examples.02. Alliteration(头韵)Alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group.2>alliteration is a traditional poetic device in English literature.3>Robert Frost’s Acq uainted with the Night is a case in point:” I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet”03. Ballad(民谣)Ballad is a story in poetic from to be sung or recited. in more exact literary terminology, a ballad is a narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimester.(抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗)2>.ballads were passed down from generation to generation.3>Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.04. epic(史诗)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actionsof goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.05. Lay(短叙事诗)It is a short poem, usually a romantic narrative, intended to be sung or recited by a minstrel.06. Romance(传奇)Romance is a popular literary form in the medic England.2>it sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.3>chivalry is the spirit of the romance.07. Alexandrine(亚历山大诗行)The name is derived from the fact that certain 12th and 13th century French poems on Alexander the Great were written in this meter.2>it is an iambic line of six feet, which is the French heroic verse.08. Blank Verse(无韵诗或素体广义地说)Blank verse is unrhymed poetry. Typically in iambic pentameter, and as such, the dominant verse forms of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.09. Comedy(喜剧)Comedy is a light form of drama that aims primarily to amuse and that ends happily. Since it strives to provoke smile and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot.10. Essay(随笔)The term refers to literary composition devoted to the presentation of the writer’s own ideas on a topic and generally addressing a particular aspect of the subject. Often brief in scope and informal in style, the essay differs from such fomal forms as the thesis, dissertation or treatise.11. Euphuistic style(绮丽体)Its principle characteristics are the excessive use of antithesis, which is pursued regardless of sense, and emphasized by alliteration and other devices; and of allusions to historical and mythological personages and to natural history drawn from such writers as Plutarch(普卢塔克), Pliny(普林尼), and Erasmus(伊拉兹马斯).2>it is the peculiar style of Euphues(优浮绮斯)12. History Plays(历史剧)History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy. They almost tell stories about the nobles, the true people in history, but not ordinary people. the principle idea of Shakespeare’s history plays is the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign.13. Masques or Masks(假面剧)Masques (or Masks) refer to the dramatic entertainments involving dances and disguises, in which the spectacular and musical elements predominated over plot and character. As they were usually performed at court, often at very great expense, many have political overtones.14. Morality plays(道德剧)A kind of medic and early Renaissance drama that presents the conflict between the good and evil through allegorical characters. The characters tend to be personified abstractions of vices and virtues, which can be named as Mercy. Conscience, etc. unlike a mystery or a miracle play, morality play does notnecessarily use Biblical or strictly religious material because it takes place internally and psychologically in every human being.15.Sonnet(十四行诗)It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.3>Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.16. Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗节)Spenserian Stanza is the creation of Edmund spenser.2>it refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格) and the last line in iambic hexameter(六音步抑扬格),rhyming ababbcbcc. 3>Spenser’s the Faerie Queen was written in this kind of stanza.17. Stanza(诗节)Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan.2>the stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.18. Three Unities(三一原则)Three rules of 16th and 17th century Italian and French drama, broadly adapted from Aristotle’s Poetics<诗学>:2>the unity of time, which limits a play to a single day; the unity of place, which limits a play’s setting in a single location; and the unity of action, which limits a play to a single story line.19. Tragedy(悲剧)In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.20.Conceit(奇特比喻)Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things.2>conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.21.Metar(格律)The word”meter” is derived from the Greek word”metron” meaning”measure”.2>in English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.3>the analysis of the meter is called scansion(格律分析)22. University Wits(大学才子)University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called” University Wits”23.Foreshadowing(预兆)Foreshadowing, the use of hints or clues in a novel or drama to suggest what will happen next. Writers use Foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense.method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come.24. Soliloquy(独白)Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud..2>the line“to be, or no t to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Shakespeare’s Hamlet.25.Narrative Poem(叙述诗)Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story in verse,2>three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads,epics, metrical romances.3>it may consist of a series of incidents, as John Milton’s paradise lost.26.Robin Hood(罗宾.豪)Robin hood is a legendary hero of a series of English ballads, some of which date from at least the 14th century.2>the character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and intelligent, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate.3>the dominant key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppression and his love for the poor and downtrodden.4>another feature of Robin’s view is his reverence for the king, Robin Hood was a people’s hero.27. Beowulf(贝奥武甫)Beowulf, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of t he Anglo-Saxons. 2>the epic describes the exploits of a Scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful nother, and a fire-breathing dragon in his declining years. While fight against the dragon, Beowulf was mortally wounded, however, he killed the dragon at the cost of his life, Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also as a protector of the people.28. Baroque(巴罗克式风格)This is originally a term of abuse applied to 17th century Italian art and that of other countries. It is characterized by the unclassical use of classical forms, in a literary context; it is loosely used to describe highly ornamented verse or prose, abounding in extravagant conceits.这原本是用来指17世纪的意大利艺术和其他国家艺术滥用的一个术语.这种风格主要是指对古典形式的非古典运用.在文学领域,这种风格松散地用来指十分雕饰的,大量运用奇思妙想的诗歌或散文.29. Cavalier poets(骑士派诗人)A name given to supporters of Charles I in the civil war. These poets were not a formal group, but all influenced by Ben Jonson and like him paid little attention to the sonnet. Their lyrics are distinguished by short lines, precise but idiomatic diction, and an urbane and graceful wit.30. Elegy(挽歌)Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, and characterized by their metrical form.31. Restoration Comedy(复辟时期喜剧)Restoration Comedy, also the comedy of manners, developed upon the reopening of the theatres after the re-establishment of monarchy with the return of Charles II.. Its predominant tone was witty, bawdy, cynical, and amoral. Standard characters include fops, bawds, scheming valets, country squires, and sexually voracious young widows and older women. The principle theme is sexual intrigue, either for its own sake or for money.复辟时期的喜剧,又称社会习俗讽刺喜剧,是在查理二世君主复辟后剧院重新开业的基础上发展起来的,其主要的基调是诙谐,淫秽,挖苦和非道德.标准的角色包括花花公子,鸨母,诡计多端的仆人,乡绅,性欲旺盛的年轻寡妇和老女人.主要的主题是奸情,有的是为了性,有的是为了钱.。
英语专业期末考试文学名词解释
英语专业期末考试文学名词解释1. Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.史诗：讲述英雄事迹并反映出这些英雄事迹的社会价值观的长篇叙事诗。
在成为之前，很多史诗都来自于口头传统并通过歌唱和背诵流传。
1.Epic(史诗) An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. 史诗是长篇口头叙事诗，内容广泛，通常以重要传说或者重大历史事件为题材。
英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)
The Basic Elements of Appreciating English Poetry1.What is poetry?Poetry is the expression of Impassioned feeling in language.―Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.‖―Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be the expression of the imagination.‖Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty.Poetry is the image of man and nature.―诗言志，歌咏言。
‖ ---《虞书》―诗言志之所以也。
在心为志，发言为诗。
情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。
情发于声；声成文，谓之音。
‖---《诗·大序》―诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种‗完成‘的艺术。
‖ ---艾青：《诗论》2.The Sound System of English Poetrya. The prosodic featuresProsody (韵律)---the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features of a language.Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed.Stress: The prosody of English poetry is realized by stress. One stressed syllable always comes together with one or more unstressed syllables.eg. Tiger, /tiger, /burning /brightIn the /forest /of the/ night,What im/mortal /hand or /eyeCould frame thy/ fearful /symme/try? ---W. BlakeLength: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect.eg. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly o‘er the lea,The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.---Thomas GrayLong vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate, tense and exciting.Pause: it serves for the rhythm and musicality of poetry.b. Meter or measure (格律)poem---stanza/strophe---line/verse---foot---arsis + thesis;Meter or measure refers to the formation way of stressed andunstressed syllables.Four common meters:a) Iambus; the iambic foot (抑扬格)eg. She walks/ in beau/ty, like/ the nightOf cloud /less climes/ and star/ry skies;And all/ that‘s best /of dark/ and brightMeet in /her as /pect and /her eyes. ---Byronb) Trochee; the trochaic foot（扬抑格）eg. Never /seek to/ tell thy/ love,Love that/ never/ told can/ be. ---Blake c) Dactyl; the dactylic foot （扬抑抑格）eg. Cannon to/ right of them,Cannon to/ left of them.Cannon in/ front of them,V olley‘d and/ thunder‘d. ---Tennysond) Anapaest; the anapestic foot（抑抑扬格）eg. Break,/ break, /break,On thy cold /grey stones,/ O sea!And I would /that my tongue/ could utterThe thought/ that arise /in me. ---Tennysonc) Other metersAmphibrach, the amphibrachic foot (抑扬抑格)；Spondee, the spondaic foot(扬扬格)；Pyrrhic, the pyrrhic foot (抑抑格)；d) Actalectic foot (完整音步) and Cactalectic foot（不完整音步）eg. Rich the / treasure,Sweet the / pleasure. (actalectic foot)Tiger,/ tiger, /burning /bright,In the/ forest/ of the/ night. (cactalectic foot )e) Types of footmonometer(一音步)dimeter（二音步）trimeter（三音步）tetrameter（四音步）pentameter（五音步）hexameter（六音步）heptameter（七音步）octameter（八音步）We have iambic monometer, trochaic tetrameter, iambicpentameter, anapaestic trimeter, etc., when the number offoot and meter are taken together in a poem.C. RhymeWhen two or more words or phrases contain an identicalor similar vowel sound, usually stressed, and theconsonant sounds that follow the vowel sound areidentical and preceded by different consonants, a rhymeoccurs.It can roughly be divided into two types:internal rhyme and end rhymeInternal rhymea) alliteration: the repetition of initial identical consonant sounds or any vowel sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, esp. stressed syllables.eg. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free.---ColeridgeI slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,Among my skinning swallows.---Tennyson Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast.---Shakespeare ―Consonant cluster‖ (辅音连缀)―internal or hidden alliteration‖ (暗头韵) as in―Here in the long unlovely street‖ (Tennyson)The Scian & the Teian muse,The hero‘s harp, the love‘s lute,Have found the fame your shores refuse.---Byron b) Assonance (腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音)：the repetition of similar or identical vowel sounds in a line ending with different consonant sounds.eg. Do not go gentle into that nightOld age should burn and rave at close of day.Rage, rage against the dying of the light.Though wise men at their end know dark is right,Because their words have forked no lightning theyDo not go gentle into that night.c) Consonance (假韵): the repetition of the ending consonant sounds with different preceding vowels of two or more words in a line.eg. At once a voice arose amongThe bleak twigs overheadIn a full-hearted evensongOf joy illimited.---HardyEnd rhyme: lines in a poem end in similar or identicalstressed syllables.a) Perfect rhymePerfect rhyme (in two or more words) occurs in the following three conditions:identical stressed vowel sounds (lie--high, stay--play);the same consonants after the identical stressed vowels (park--lark, fate-- late);different consonants preceding the stressed vowels (first– burst);follow—swallow (perfect rhyme)b) imperfect/ half rhyme: the stressed vowels in two or more words are the same, but the consonant sounds after and preceding are different.eg. fern—bird, faze—late, like—rightc) Masculine and feminine rhymeeg. Sometimes when I‘m lonely,Don‘t know why,Keep thinking I won‘t be lonelyBy and by.---Hughes The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speedScarce seem‘d a vision; I would ne‘er have striven…---Shelley Rhyme scheme (韵式)a) Running rhyme scheme (连续韵)two neighbouring lines rhymed in aa bb cc dd:eg. Tiger, tiger, burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeCould frame thy fearful symmetry?In what distant deeps or skiesBurnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire?What the hand dare seize the fire?b) Alternating rhyme scheme (交叉韵)rhymed every other line in a b a b c d c d:eg. Shall I compare thee to a summer‘s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer‘s lease hath all too short a date:---Shakespearec) enclosing rhyme scheme (首尾韵)In a quatrain, the first and the last rhymed, and the second and the third rhymed in a b b a:eg. When you are old and gray and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookY our eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;---W. B. Y eatsD. Form of poetry ( stanzaic form)a) couplet: a stanza of two lines with similar end rhymes:eg. A little learning is a dangerous thing;Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring.b) heroic couplet: a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter:eg. O could I flow like thee, and make thy streamMy great example, as it is my theme:---DenhamThen share thy pain, allow that sad relief;Ah, more than share it, give me all thy grief.---Popec) Triplet / tercet: a unit or group of three lines, usu. rhymedeg. He clasps the crags with crooked hands;Close to the sun in lonely lands,Ringed with the azure world, he stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls:He watches from his mountains walls,And like a thunderbolt he falls.---Tennyson d) quatrain: a stanza of four lines rhymed or unrhymed.eg. O my luve is like a red, red rose,That‘s newly sprung in June;O my luve is like the melodieThat‘s sweetly play‘d in tune.As fair art thou, my bonie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a‘ the seas gang dry.---Burnse) Sonnet: a fixed verse form of Italian origin consisting of14 lines that are characteristically in iambic pentameter:The Petrarchan / Italian sonnet (Francesco Petrarch):two parts: octave, asking question, presenting a problem,or expressing an emotional tension rhyming abba abba;while the sestet, solving the problem rhyming cde cde,cde cde, or cd cd cd.Shakespearean / English sonnet:arranged usually into three quatrains and a couplet,rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The first quatrain introducesa subject, the second expands, and once more in the third,and concludes in the couplet.Spenserian sonnet: three quatrains and a couplet rhymingabab bcbc cdcd ee;Miltonic sonnet: simply an ltalian sonnet that eliminates thepause between the octave and sestet.f) Blank verse: the unrhymed iambic pentametereg. To be, or not to be: that is the question:Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;---Shakespeareg) Free verse: poetry that is based on irregular rhythmiccadence of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases,images and syntactical patterns rather than theconventional use of meter.eg. DaysWhat are days for?Days are where we live.They come, they wake usTime and time over.They are to be happy inWhere can we live but days?Ah, solving that questionBring the priest and doctorIn their long coatsRunning over the fields.---Philip Larkin3.The semantic system of English poetrya. The meaning of poetryPoetry is ―the one permissible way of saying one thingand meaning another‖. (Frost)The meaning of a poem usually consists of three levels,that is, the literal (the lowest), the sensory (the medium)and the emotional (the highest).b. Image---the soul of the meaning in poetrya) Definition: ―language that evokes a physical sensationproduced by one or more of the five senses--- sight,hearing, taste, to uch and smell.‖ (Kirszner and Mandell)A literal and concrete representation of a sensoryexperience or of an object that can be known by one ormore of the senses.b) Types of imagesIn terms of senses：visual image (视觉意象)auditory image（听觉意象）olfactory image（嗅觉意象）tactile image （触觉意象）gustatory image （味觉意象）kinaesthetic image （动觉意象）eg. Spring, the sweet spring, is the year‘s pleasant king,Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing:Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!---Thomas Nashe In terms of the relation between the image and the object:Literal (字面意象) and figurative image （修辞意象）The former refers to the one that involves no necessarychange or extension in the obvious meaning of the words;or the one in which the words call up a sensoryrepresentation of the literal object or sensation.The latter is the one that involves a turn on the literalmeaning of the words.eg. Let us walk in the white snowIn a soundless space;With footsteps quiet and slow,At a tranquil pace,Under veils of white lace.---Elinor WylieIn terms of the readers: fixed and free image（稳定意象和自由意象）By fixed or tied image, it is the one so employed that itsmeaning and associational value is the same ornearly the same for all readers.By free image, it is the one not so fixed by the context thatits possible meanings or associational values are limited, itis therefore, capable of having various meanings or valuesfor various people.eg. SnakeI saw a young snake glideOut of the mottled shadeAnd hang limp on a stone:A thin mouth, and a tongueStayed, in the still air.It turned; it drew away;Its shadow bent in half;It quickened and was gone.I felt my slow blood warm.I longed to be that thing,The pure, sensuous form.And I may be, some time. ---Theodore Roethkec) The function of image:to stimulate readers‘ senses;to activate readers‘ sensory and emotional experience;to involve the readers in the creation of poetry with personal and emotional experience; to strike a responsive chord in the hearts of readers;eg. FogThe fog comeson little cat feet.It sits lookingover harbor and cityon silent haunchesand then moves on.---Carl Sandbergeg. Fire and iceSome say the world will end in fire,Some say in ice.From what I‘ve tasted of desireI hold with those who favor fire.But if it had to perish twice,I think I know enough of hateTo say that for destruction iceIs also greatAnd would suffice. ---R. FrostC. The means of expressing meaninga) Phonetic devicesonomatopoeiaA widow birdeg. A widow bird was mourning for her loveUpon a wintry bough;The frozen wind crept on above,The freezing stream belowThere was no leaf upon the forest bare,No flower upon the ground,And little motion in the airExcept the mill-wheel‘s sound. P. B. Shelley Puneg.The little black thing among the snowCrying ―‘weep, ‘weep‖ in notes of woe!b) figures of speechA. comparison: metaphor; simile (tenor 本体, vehicle 喻体)B. conceitC. personificationD. metonymy (换喻)E. apostropheF. synaesthesia （―通感‖或―联觉‖）G. symbolismH. hyperboleI. Allusion （典故）c) Deviation (变异)：the digression from the normal way ofexpressionsLexical deviation (self-made words)Grammatical deviation (slang, vernacular)Deviation of registersDeviation of cultural subjects。
英美文学专有名词及解释
1. What is poetry?(1) In general, a poem is a composition创作, a work of verse诗节, which may be in rhyme韵脚，押韵or may be blank verse or a combination of the two.(2) Three kinds: divine poetry; philosophical poetry哲理诗; and so called “poetry”2. A Sketch简述of English PoetryThe Old English poetryThe Medieval 中世纪English poetry The Renaissance poetryThe Metaphysical玄学poetry The Augustan (Neo-classical) poetry新古典主义The Romantic poetryThe Modern poetry3.The Forms of English Poetry(1) The physical form:deals with rules and forms of poetical韵文的competition, which includes rhythm and sound, the two chief elements of the English poetry.(2)The Intellectual form:according to the subject matter English poetry can be divided into narrative verse and lyric verse.4. The Physical Form of English PoetrySyllable音节,foot, line, stanza 诗Rhythm, foot, meter韵律, rhyme韵脚5. Rhythm,foot,meter,rhymeRhythm:the arrangement of the stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern.节奏，韵律，节拍Foot:a rhythm unit,a specific combination of stressed and unstressed syllables.Meter:rhythm reduced to law; a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.Rhyme:the repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that usually close to each other in a poem.6. Kinds of footIambic:one unstressed, one stressed抑扬格Trochaic:one stressed, one unstressed扬抑格Anapestic:two unstressed, one stressed抑抑扬格Dactylic:one stressed, two unstressed扬抑抑格Spondaic:two stressed syllables扬扬格Iambic is the most popular in English poetry7. Line:named after the number of feet it containsMonometer:one foot in a lineDimeter二音步诗:two feet in a lineTrimeter三音步诗:three feet in a lineTetrameter:four feet in a linePentameter:five feet in a lineHexameter, heptameter,octameter（六，七，八音步诗）The iambic pentameter五步格诗i s found in all the plays of Shakespeare’s,all heroic couplets,all sonnets.8. Stanza诗节Stanza:the paragraph of poems;a stanza pattern is determined by the number of lines.Four-line is the commonest.It includes:couplet对句, tercet, quatrain, cinquain, sestet, septet, octet（三~八行押韵诗9. Rhyme韵脚(1) According to the locations there are three kinds:end-rhyme,head-rhyme,internal-rhyme.尾韵，头韵，中间韵(2) According to the number of syllables音节there are three kinds:single-rhyme,double-rhyme,triple-rhyme.(3) Imperfect rhyme:eye-rhyme,slant rhyme,vocalic –rhyme(4) Rhyme-schemes:use letters of the alphabet to denote patterns of rhyme,(ababbcc)10. The use of soundAssonance:the repetition of two or more vowel sounds within a line.Consonance: the repetition of two or more consonant sounds within a line.Alliteration:repetition of two or more initial consonant sounds in words within a line.It is popular used in the earliest English literature.11. The use of repetitionRepetition of a single wordRepetition of a phraseRepetition of the whole structure12. The intellectual form of poetryAccording to the subject matter English poetry can be divided into narrative verse and lyric verse.13. Narrative verse叙事诗Epic:great length, a story of heroic action,in dignified 史诗Mock epic:deals with un-heroic matter仿史诗Ballad:a simple, fairly short narrative poem民谣，民歌Fable:a tale conveying some moral truth or a bit of wisdom寓言，童话Didactic poetry:teaching poetry,putting moral,political ,religious point of view教学的诗Satire:similar to didactic,but by the method of attacking words,follies or opposing points of view by ridicule and wit.讽刺Epistle:a letter in verse to friends or famous person书信体诗文14. Lyric verse抒情诗Occasional verse:written to comment a particular event(epithalamium新婚喜歌,elegy挽歌)Ode:a fairly long poem,dignified in style,addressed to some solemn public occasion颂诗，颂歌Epigram:very short,crisp poem,witty and often satirical暗含讽刺,usually with a stinging climax讽刺诗，警句Pastoral:presents a setting of country life田园诗Verse drama:large cast,complex plot and multiple settings舞台剧Eclogue:originally a characteristic form of pastoral,of poetic dialogue牧歌，田园诗Verse dialogue: be used to cover a rather wider field of miniature小型的dramaDramatic lyric:a kind of tiny play using a single voice15. Some traditional verse formsBlank verse:a sequence of unrhymed iambic pentameter,the principle form for English poetry.Couplet:a pair of lines,in any meter, rhyming.(heroic couplets;octosyllabics)（相连并押韵的两行诗，对句）Triplet:a group of three lines,in any meter,rhymingQuatrain:any verse of four rhyming linesSonnet:a poem of fourteen iambic pentameter lines,with the particular rhyme-scheme十四行诗Octava rima:eight iambic pentameter rhyming abababccSpenserian stanza:eight iambic pentameters followed by one iambic hexameter and rhyming ababbcbccFree verse:neither regular pattern of rhymes,or a recognizable traditional meter自由诗16. Imagery(1) The terms of imagery and image is to make poetry concrete not abstract,it covers the use of descriptive language to represent objects,actions,feelings,thoughts,ideas,states of mind and any sensory experience.(2) Two main patterns of imagery:a series of images;a single dominant image.17. Rhetorical修辞devices in poetrySimile明喻, Metaphor暗喻, Metonymy换喻,Synecdoche提喻, Apostrophe撇号，所有格符号，省略符号, Personification拟人, Hyperbole夸张, Litotes曲言法, Paradox自相矛盾, Symbolism象征手法,Pun双关, Allusion暗指，典故，影射18.Argument(1) A form of discourse in which reason is used to influence or change people's ideas or actions.(2) Writers practice argument most often when writing nonfiction, particularly essays or speeches.Example: In his famous speech delivered to the House of Burgesses on March 23,1775, Patrick Henry advances the argument that only by armed resistance can the colonies defend themselves against England and gain their liberty. Heconcludes: "I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death! "Main Terms in British and American Literature19.Blank Verse(1) Blank verse is one of the principal English verse patterns in which most long English poems are written.(2) It must not be confused with free verse which follows no regular pattern. Blank verse is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter; in other words, it follows two requirements of pattern: a regular line length of five stresses and a rhythm pattern of alternate unstressed and stressed syllables.Example: Look at Frost's "Mending Wall", which is written in blank verse form, and compare it with Whitman's "I Hear America Singing", which is written in free verse.(3)The unrhymed iambic lines of blank verse prove particularly appropriate in treating serious themes, and have been used by many great American and British poets, including William Shakespeare, John Milton, William Cullen Bryant and Robert Frost.20.Caricature夸张讽刺的描绘(1) Writing that exaggerates certain individual qualities of a person and produces a burlesque, ridiculous effect.(2) Caricature, unlike the highest satire讽刺文学, is likely to treat merely personal qualities; although, like satire, it also lends itself to the ridicule 嘲笑，奚落of political, religious and social foibles.小缺点(3)A work of fiction, history, or biography that traffics in excessive distortion扭曲，畸变or exaggeration may be regarded as a caricature.21. Characters and Characterization(1) Characters are persons -- or animals, things, or natural forces presented as persons -- appearing in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem.(2) Characters are sometimes described as dynamic 动态的or static静态的.(3) Dynamic characters experience some change in personality or attitude. This change is an essential one and usually involves more than a mere change in surroundings or condition.(4) In Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne, for example, undergoes a major change from being rebellious at the beginning of the novel to being submissive and repentant at the end.(5) Static characters remain the same throughout a narrative. They do not develop or change beyond the way in which they are first presented.(6) Keeney, in the previous play, is an example of a static character. His character is the same at the end of the play as it is at the play's beginning: he is a stem, determined man who puts his pride and reputation before the needs of his wife and the other crew members.(7) Characters in a novel are generally more fully developed than those in a short story, for example. Not only does the novelist have room to develop perhaps more than one dynamic character, but he or she may reveal a main character in many different stages of change. Pip, in Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations, is a character who, in the course of growing up, undergoes important and basic changes in personality and outlook.(8) Characters are sometimes classified as flat or round.(9) Flat characters have only one or two "sides," representing one or two traits. They are often stereotypes that can be summed up in a few words, for example, an "anxious miser" or a "strong, silent type."(10)Round characters are complex and have many "sides" or traits. Their behavior is unpredictable because they are individuals, and their personalities are fully developed and require lengthy analysis.(11)Flat characters, when developed by a skillful writer, may be as impressive as round characters.(12)Characterization refers to the personality a character displays; also, it is the means by which an author reveals that personality.(13) Generally, a writer develops a character in one or more of the following ways: (1) by showing the character acting and speaking; (2) by revealing a physical description of the character; (3) by revealing the character's thoughts; (4) by revealing what other characters think about the character; (5) by commenting directly on the character. The first four methods are indirect methods of characterization. The writer shows or dramatizes the character and allows you to drawyour own conclusions. The writer tells you directly what a character is like.(15)Direct characterization is always supported by indirect techniques, as characters must act or speak if the writer is developing a story. Also, if characters are to be believable, the reader must hear or see, rather than simply be told, what the characters think or feel or do.22. Conflict(1) Conflict is a struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem.(2) Conflict can be external or internal, and it can take one of these forms: (1) a person against another person; (2) a person against society; (3) a person against nature; (4) two elements or ideas struggling for mastery within a person 23.Diction措词Diction is a writer's choice of words, particularly for clarity, effectiveness, and precision.A writer's diction can be formal or informal, abstract or concrete.In choosing the right word, writers must think of their subject and their audience.Words that are appropriate in informal dialogue would not always be appropriate in a formal essay.24.Exposition阐述Exposition is the kind of writing that is intended primarily to present information.Exposition is one of the major forms of discourse. Although it is used in fiction as well as nonfiction, the most familiar form it takes is in essays.Exposition is also that part of a play in which important background information is revealed to the audience.In Romeo and Juliet for example, William Shakespeare begins by giving us essential information about the Montagues and the Couplets. He presents the conflict between these two houses before introducing the love story.25.Fable寓言，童话A fable is a short story, often with animals as its characters, which illustrates a moral.The fable is an ancient form, dating back to ancient Greek and Roman times in which appeared two great world-famous fable writers: Aesop and Phaedrus.Another fabulist with a world-wide fame is the 17th century French writer La Fontaine.Among important American fable writers are Ambrose Bierce and George Ade.26.Free VerseFree verse is a kind of poetry that lacks regular meter or pattern and may or may not rhyme.Depending on natural speech rhythms, its lines may be of different lengths and may switch abruptly from one rhythm to another.When used by a skillful poet, free verse displays special rhythms and melodies unlike any traditional poetic forms.Walt Whitman was the first American poet to use free verse extensively, because it is an appropriate form for his liberating view of life and for his poetry that would allow every aspect of life to speak without restraint.He tried to approximate the natural cadences of speech in his poetry, carefully varying the length of his lines according to his intended emphasis.Most traditional poets dislike this form, but it is in fact a very ancient form (the Psalms of the Bible are written in free verse).As Whitman shows, it can be very effective. If this form ignores some elements of poetic structure, it gives greater importance to others, notably repetition and parallel constructions.27.IronyIrony always involves a contrast, a disparity between the expected and the actual.When the irony implies a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant, it is verbal irony, the most familiar kind. Stories often contain other kinds of irony besides verbal irony: whenever we sense a sharp distinction between the ideas or opinions of the narrator of a story and those of the author, we are generally reading a work written from an ironic point of view——especially when the narrator is telling us something that we are clearly expected to doubt or to interpret very differently.Storyteller are sometimes fond of irony of fate (or a cosmic irony) developments that reveal a terrible, distance between what people deserve and what they get, between what is and what ought to be.O. Henry's "The Cop and the Anthem" best exemplifies this kind of irony. The story's surprise ending suggests that some malicious fate is deliberately frustrating human efforts, and the reader's sympathy is aroused.28.NarrationLike description, narration is a part of conversation and writing.Narration is the major technique used in expository writing, such as autobiography.Successful narration must grow out of good observation, to-the-point selection from observation, and clear arrangement of details in logical sequence, which is usually chronological.Narration gives an exact picture of things as they occur."The Dynamo and The Virgin" is a typical narrative. In this writing, Adams tells his story from the third-person point of view. He presents the reader with an objective process of his thinking development stimulated by the two incidents. The readers follow him to the revelation of his thesis, that is, the dynamic theory of history.29.Nonfiction非小说类文学作品Nonfiction refers to any prose narrative that tells about things as they actually happened or that presents factual information about something.Autobiography and biography are among the major forms of nonfiction.The purpose of this kind of writing is to give a presumably accurate accounting of a person's life.Essays are also common forms of nonfiction. They are generally personal observations on some subject.Other kinds of nonfiction include the stories, editorials, and letters to the editor found in newspapers, as well as diaries, journals, and travel literature.Writers of nonfiction use the major forms of discourse: description (an impression of the subject); narration (the telling of the story); exposition (explanatory information); and persuasion (an argument to influence people's thinking).30.PersuasionPersuasion is the type of speaking or writing that is intended to make its audience. adopt a certain opinion or perform an action or do both.Persuasion is one of the major forms of discourse.Modern examples of persuasion include political speeches, television commercials, and newspaper editorials.31.PlotPlot is the first and most obvious quality of a story.Plot is what happens in a story. Unlike life, which is random and unpredictable, the short story will usually be shaped by a chain of events, one leading inevitably to another in a line of rising action to a moment of crisis the climax.In "A Good Man Is Hard to Find”, the grandmother's secret taking of the cat on the journey; her chance thought to visit the old plantation; and the conversation with Red Sammy are all carefully arranged events by the author that combine to advance the plot, and lead to the final tragedy.The outcome of climax we call the denouement, a French word meaning the untangling of a knot.For the reader, the plot is the underlying pattern in a work of fiction; the structural element trait gives it unity and order.For the writer, the plot is the guiding principle of selection and arrangement. The writer will usually add coherence to the plot by signaling to the reader in advance the outcome of the action. We call these hints foreshadowing.When the reader finishes "A Good Man Is Hard to Find", he may realize that actually the outcome is foreshadowed several times in the early episodes.Sometimes the author may interrupt the action in a flashback in order to describe crucial events that occurred earlier.The flashback is one form of exposition, the process of giving the reader necessary information concerning characters and events existing before the action proper of a story begin32. Point of ViewThe vantage point from which an author presents a storyThree basic points of view may be distinguished.Firstly, the omniscient -- the author serves as a seemingly all-knowing maker.Secondly, the third person -- the author chooses a character and the story is related in terms of that character in such a way that the field of vision is confined to him or her alone.Thirdly, first person narrative -- a character in the story may tell the story as he or she experienced it; if the character does not comprehend the implications of what is told, the character is called a "naive narrator".33. RealismRealism is, in the broadest literary sense, fidelity to actuality in its representation; a term loosely synonymous with VERISIMILITUDE.Generally, realists are believers in democracy, and the materials they elect to describe are the common, the average, the everyday.Realists espouse what is essentially a mimetic theory of art, concentrating on the thing imitated and asking for something close to a one-to-one correspondence between the representation and the subject.34. SettingBy the setting of a story we mean its time and place——its geography, era, season, and society.Most writers invoke particular places and particular times, and their stories establish these settings precisely.Precise setting helps to establish the truth of the story, to persuade the reader of the validity of the tale.In "Rip Van Winkle”, by a detailed description of a remote, isolated "little village of great antiquity", Iriving creates a quiet, tranquil, ante-bellum social aura, which may betray his personal dislike of change, revolution and war: on the other hand, this setting prepares readers for the following exotic experience of Rip.Setting can give us information, vital to plot and theme.Often, setting and character will reveal each other.At the start of "A Rose for Emily", Faulkner depicts Emily Grierson's house, once handsome but now "an eyesore among eyesores" surrounded by a gas station. Still standing refusing to yield its old-time horse-and buggy splender to the age of the automobile, the house in "its stubborn and coquettish decay" embodies the character of its owner.In some stories, a writer will seem to draw a setting mainly to evoke atmosphere.The atmosphere is the aura or mood, or the general pervasive feeling aroused by the work which shapes the reader’s attitudes and expectations.Gothic fiction and Edgar Allan Poe's horror stories abound with settings of this kind.35. Simile and MetaphorSimiles and metaphors both are comparisons made between two unlike things.A simile makes the comparison through the use of connecting words such as like, as, than, or resembles.The comparison must be made between two essentially dissimilar things. "Peter is like a dog" is a simile, while "Peter is like his father" is not.Like a simile, a metaphor also points out a resemblance between two unlike things with the intent of giving added meaning to one of them.Unlike a simile, a metaphor does not use a connecting word to state a comparison but identifies the two things as one: "Life is a dream" is an example of metaphor.Sometimes a metaphor is suggested or implied. It does not directly state that one thing is another, different thing. This is called an implied metaphor.See examples in "Success Is Counted Sweetest" ("To comprehend a nectar/requires sorest need.") and in Whitman's "O Captain! My Captain!“Similes and metaphors are two important forms of figures of speech. They are used in virtually all forms of literature. They help make things more vivid, true-to-life and easy to understand.Many poets in this book, such as Dickinson, Frost, and Hughes, like to use metaphors to help express their deep thoughts or complicated ideas.36. The SonnetAs one of the most popular of traditional poetic forms, the sonnet is a lyric poem of fourteen lines written in iambic pentameter, i.e. a meter with five accents in each line.Sonnets may vary in structure and rhyme scheme, but they usually express a single theme or idea.Generally speaking, there are two types of sonnets: the Petrachan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet.Originated by Italian poets during the thirteenth century, this poetic form reached perfection a century later in the work of Francesco de Petrarch (Italian poet, 1304 - 1374), thus coming to be known as the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet.When English poets of the sixteenth century discovered Petrarch, they were challenged by the demands the Italian sonnet made upon a poet's artistry. In experimenting with this verse form, they often changed its structure and its original rhyme scheme.The most notable variation of the sonnet was made by William Shakespeare, hence the appearance of the Shakespearean or English sonnet.The Italian sonnet consists of two parts and imposes a rigid rhyme scheme: the first eight-line part is called the octave, with a rhyme scheme of abbaabba; the second six-line part is called the sestet, with a rhyme scheme of cdecde. Generally, the octave presents the poet's subject or raises a question, while the sestet indicates the significance of the subject, or answers the question or resolves the problem posed in the octave.Unlike the Italian sonnet, the English sonnet is made up of three quatrains and a concluding couplet, with the rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg. In the Italian sonnet, the last six lines usually present a comment on or a summary of the argument put forward in the first eight lines, but in the English sonnet, the conclusion is usually given briefly in the final two lines.Many modern poets have experimented with the sonnet form, combining features of the Italian and the English forms or even inventing new patterns.Of the major American poets of the nineteenth century, Longfellow was the one most influenced by European verse patterns.Therefore, when he attempted the sonnet, he had both the Italian and the English tradition to draw upon.It is typical of his interest in Old World literature that he chose the older Italian form but sometimes made some changes, as in "Mezzo Cammin”37. StanzaThe stanza is a structural division of a poem, consisting of a series of verse lines which usually comprise a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.In traditional English poetry, there are various stanzaic forms containing two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or nine lines.The two-line stanza form is called the couplet, the best-known being the heroic couplet which is written in iambic pentameter with all end rhyme:So long as men can Breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.-- William Shakespeare (1564--1616)The three-line stanza is called the triplet.There are two kinds of triplets: one is called tercet, rhyming aaa, bbb, ccc, and so on; the other is adopted from the Italian, called terza rima, with the first and third lines in rhyme and the second supplying the rhyme for the first and third lines of the following stanza and so on to the end,thus having a rhyme scheme of aba, bcb, cdc, etc.Speak gently, Spring, and make no sudden sound;For in my windy valley yesterday I foundNewborn foxes squirming on the ground——Lew Sarett (1888--1954)I wake to sleep, and take waking slow.I feel my fate in what I cannot fear.I learn by going where I have to go.-- Theodore Roethke (1908--1963)The stanza composed of four lines is called the quatrain, which is the most popular of all stanzaic forms. Its rhyme scheme is generally abab, or abcb, but with variations of aabb, or abba.Many poets included in this book like to use this form. "The Yellow Violet" and "To a Waterfowl" selected here both consist of eight quatrains with a rhyme scheme of abab, cdcd, efef, and so forth.The five-line stanza, called tile quintain, is considered by some poets as one of the most musical forms of stanza we possess, because it is capable of almost endless variety, and the proportions of rhymes, three and two, seem especially conducive to harmony. Edgar Allan Poe's "To Helen" and Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken" are good examples.The six-line stanza, called the sestet, may be made up of three couplets, a quatrain and a couplet, or two triplets. See Poe's "Annabel Lee".The seven-line stanza is called septet, of which the best-known form is the Chaucerian stanza, named after the English poet Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400). Its rhyme scheme is ababbcc.The eight-line stanza, or octave, consists either of two quatrains or of a more complex combination of two triplets and a final couplet, with the latter rhyming abababcc. The octave can be either a separate stanza in a poem or the first part of the sonnet (See Longfellow's "Mezzo Cammin" ).The nine-line stanza is called the nonet. Like the septet, the nonet has one notable form known as the Spenserian stanza after the English poet Edmund Spenser (1552-1599), who used it in The Faerie Queene. The Spenserian stanza is made up of eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding Alexandrine (one iambic hexameter line), rhyming ababbcbcc. 38. Symbols and SymbolismSymbols are a part of our everyday lives. The eagle is a symbol of America; the skull and crossbones on a bottle is a symbol of poison; and the dove is a symbol of peace.The literary symbol shares something similar. Generally speaking, a symbol is a sign which suggests more than its literal meaning.Literary symbols are of two broad types: the conventional ones and the occasionally coined ones. Certain symbols occur again and again in literature, thus becoming conventional and possessing almost settled symbolic meanings.For instance, roses symbolize love; spring symbolizes life, and winter death; a journey on the road often symbolizes the journey through life. These conventional symbols are easy to recognize and identify. However, in order to convey particular meanings, writers often create their own symbols in their writing. This type of symbols acquires its suggestiveness not only from qualities inherent in itself but also from the way in which it is used in a given work or context.For example, Whitman and Sandburg both use grass in their poems as a symbol to represent nature.In "Mending Wall", Robert Frost seems to be talking about a simple and familiar process--mending a wall with a neighbor in spring. Yet, by the end of the poem, the wall, the neighbor, and the act of mending a wall become symbolic; they come to represent things larger than themselves.Symbolism is especially appropriate for poetry because it enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word.Therefore, symbolism is one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.39. Tone and StyleWhatever leads us to infer the author's attitude is called tone.The tone of a speech or a piece of writing can be formal or intimate, outspoken or reticent, abstruse or simple, solemn or playful, angry or loving, serious or ironic.One of the clearest indications of the tone of a story is the style in which it is written.In general, style refers to how speakers or writers say what they say.The style of a particular work or writer maybe analyzed in terms of the characteristic modes of its diction, or choice of words; its sentence structure and syntax; the density and types of its figurative language; the patterns of its rhythm, component sounds, and other formal features, and its rhetorical aims and devices.Mark Twain, for instance, had an uncanny ability to capture the swing and bite of ordinary speech, to reproduce its。
英美文学名词解释整理版
英美文学名词解释1.Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. 寓言：用诗歌或散文讲的故事，在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。
所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事。
2.Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。
3.Allusion: A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.典故：文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品。
典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。
4.American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had beenshaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America ' sliterary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayedan affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.美国自然主义：美国自然主义是一种新的、更具批判性的现实主义。
英美文学名词解释最全版
01. Humanism(人文主义)1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism(古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present ,with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)1>Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）1>The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)1>In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)1>Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looki ng at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。
英美文学术语,中英对照简洁版
1.Allegory (寓言)A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。
2.Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
3.Allusion (典故)A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。
4.Analogy (类比)A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them.类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。
5. Antagonist (反面主角)The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama.反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。
6. Antithesis (对仗)The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences.对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。
英美文学术语解释
英美文学术语解释1、Narrative poem叙事诗A narrative poem tells a story in verse. It includes ballads;epics and metrical romances.2、Lyric poem 抒情诗A lyric poem expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker.3、Ode 颂词The ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing,or a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. For example: Ode to The West Wind4、Sonnet 十四行诗A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem with a single theme.Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter,following one of two traditional patterns.5、Blank Verse 素体诗Blank verse is poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter lines.6、Free Verse 自由诗Free verse is poetry not written in a regular rhythmical pattern or meter.7、Pictorialism 图画诗Pictorialism is an important poetic device characterized by efforts to achieve striking visual effects.8、小说分类FictionFiction is prose writing about imaginary characters and events including novels and short stories.9、长篇小说NovelA fictional prose narrative of considerable length,dealing especially with human experience through a usually connected sequence of event,typically having a plot.10、传奇LegendA legend is a widely told story about the past.11、神话MythA myth is a fictional tale originally with religious significance,which explains the actions of gods or heroes.12、哥特式小说GothicGothic is a term used to describe literary works that make extensive use of primitive,medieval,wild,mysterious,or supernatural elements.13、现实主义小说RealismRealism is the presentation in art of details from actual life.14、意识流小说Stream of ConsciousnessStream of consciousness is a narrative technique that presents thoughts as if they were coming directly from a character’s mind.。
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文学英语赏析专有名词释义1. Abdul Ghafar Ibrahim 阿布都拉·珈法·易布拉欣（1969~），马来西亚当代诗人。
2. Abraham Lincoln 林肯（1809~1865年），美国第十六任总统。
3. Adolphe Hippolyte 泰纳 ( 1828~1893), 法国文艺批评家、历史学家、哲学家。
4. Alan Duff 达夫 (1950~ ), 新西兰小说家，专栏作家。
5. Albert Einstein 爱波特·爱因斯坦（1879~1955），美籍德国理论物理学家,获1921年诺贝尔物理学奖。
6. Albigenses 阿比尔教派, 起源于11世纪法国阿比尔的基督教派别, 13世纪被诬为异教徒,遭到教皇与法王组织的十字军的镇压。
7. Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲伯(1688~1744),英国诗人8. Alfred Lord Tennyson 阿尔弗雷特·丁尼生爵士（1809~1892），英国著名诗人。
9. Alistair Cooke 艾里斯泰尔·库克(1908~2004), 著名记者，电视、广播节目撰搞人。
10. Allegheny 阿勒格尼山（在宾夕法尼亚州）11. Allen Ginsberg 艾伦·金斯堡（1926~1997），美国“垮掉的一代” 代表诗人，著有诗集《美国的堕落》。
12. Ambrose Bierce 安布罗斯·彼尔斯（1842~1914？），美国小说家、新闻专栏作家、评论家。
13. American Civil War 美国南北战争(1861~1865)。
14. Amy Levy 艾米·雷维 (1861~1889)，英国诗人。
15. Andrew Marvell 安德鲁·马韦尔(1621~1678)，英国十七世纪著名玄学派诗人。
16. Anne Sexton 安妮·塞克斯顿（1928~74），美国诗人，其诗集《生与死》曾获普利策奖。
17. Anne Stevenson 安妮·斯蒂文森 (1933~ ) 。
英国诗人，文学评论家，传记作者。
18. Aragon （地名）亚拉贡，位于西班牙与法国交界处，比利牛斯山附近。
19. Arnold Wesker 阿诺德·韦斯克(1932~) , 英国当代剧作家。
20. Arthur Miller 阿瑟·米勒 (1915 ~ 2005), 美国剧作家。
21. Ayi Kwei Armah 阿依.K.阿尔马赫 (1939~)，加纳小说家，作品多揭露当代非洲的贪污腐化现象。
22. Balaclava （地名）巴拉克拉瓦（海港），1853~1856年俄英克里米亚战争期间巴拉克拉瓦战役（The Battle of Balaclava）之战场。
23. Barcelona 巴塞罗纳（西班牙最大的商港）。
24. BBC 英国广播公司（ British Broadcasting Corporation）25. Belfast 贝尔法斯特（北爱尔兰的首府）。
26. Benjamin Zephaniah 本雅明·泽法尼亚（1958~）英国当代诗人、剧作家。
27. Bertrand Russell 伯特兰德·罗素（1872~1970），英国哲学家、数学家、逻辑学家。
28. Bombay 孟买（印度西部港市）。
29. Book of Common Prayer 共祷书，英国议院于十六世纪英王爱德华六世时所制定的内含宗教礼仪仪式的祈祷书。
30. Bosnia 波斯尼亚（位于巴尔干地区）。
31. Bram Stoker 伯拉姆·斯托克 (1847 ~1912)，爱尔兰小说家。
32. Brussels 布鲁塞尔（比利时首都）。
33. Buenos Aires 布宜诺斯艾利斯 (阿根廷首都)。
34. Cairo 开罗（埃及首都）。
35. Calcutta 加尔各答（印度东北部港市）。
36. Charles Dickens 查理·狄更斯（1812~1870）, 英国小说家。
37. Charlie Chaplin 查理·卓别林（1889~1977），英国电影艺术家，二十世纪最伟大的喜剧电影大师。
38. Charlott Bronte 夏绿蒂·勃朗特（1816~1855），英国作家，代表作为《简爱》。
39. Chehov 契诃夫（1860~1904）俄国著名剧作家、短篇小说家。
40. Christopher Booker 克里斯多弗·布克（1937~），英国记者、编辑、专栏作家。
41. Civil Rights Movement 民权运动，20世纪50年代兴起的非暴力群众运动。
42. CNN / / (美国)有限新闻电视网43. Colin Rowbotham 柯林·罗伯斯曼(1950~2000) 英国当代诗人。
44. Colorado 科罗拉多州（美国州名）。
45. Cuba 古巴。
46. Czechoslovakia 捷克斯洛伐克。
47. D. H. Lawrence D. H. 劳伦斯（1885~1930），英国现代派诗人、小说家、散文家。
主要作品有《儿子与情人》（Sons and Lovers），《虹》 (Rainbow)、《查特莱夫人的情人》 (Lady Chatterley’s Lover)。
48. David Crystal 大卫·克里斯托（1941~），著名语言学家，1995年因其贡献卓著获英帝国勋章。
49. David Hill 大卫·希尔（1942~），英国当代诗人。
50. Declaration of Independence（美国）独立宣言（1776年7月4日）。
51. Delhi 德里，德里区（印度中央直辖区）。
52. Denton Welch 丹顿·威尔奇（1915~1948），英国画家、小说家。
53. Dominica 多米尼加岛/联邦（位于拉丁美洲）。
54. Drogeheda 德罗赫达（爱尔兰一海港）55. Drogheda 德罗赫达（爱尔兰中世纪古城）。
56. Duluth 德卢斯（美国明尼苏达州东北部港市）。
57. Dylan Thomas 狄兰·托马斯 (1914~1953), 英国诗人，作品多探索生与死、爱情与信仰的主题。
58. e.e cummings 卡明斯（1894~1962），美国诗人，画家，为嘲弄传统观念把自己的名字改为小写，诗作形式奇特。
59. E·M·Forster E·M·福斯特 (1879~1970)，英国小说家，散文家。
60. East End 东伦敦，伦敦东区（多工人住宅，同西伦敦高楼大厦成对比）。
61. Eastern Thrace 东色雷斯（位于土耳其）。
62. Ebro 埃布罗河, 发源于西班牙北部坎塔布连山的一条河流。
63. Eden 伊甸园，乐园。
64. Edgar Allen Poe 爱德加·艾伦·坡（1809~1849），美国诗人、小说家，文艺评论家。
65. Edmund Burke 埃得蒙德·伯克(1729~1797)，英国政治家、思想家。
66. Edna St Vincent Millay 爱德娜·圣·文森特·米雷(1892~1950) , 美国现代女诗人，剧作家。
67. Edward Bond 爱德华·邦德 (1934~)，英国当代剧作家。
68. Edward Fitzgerald 爱德华·菲茨杰拉德（1809~1883），以意译的方法翻译波斯诗人Omar Khayyam的《鲁拜集》。
69. Edward Hoagland 爱德华·豪格兰德（1932~），美国散文家、小说家、游记作家。
70. Edward Lear/ 爱德华·里尔(1812~1888)，英国作家, 打油诗诗人，画家。
71. Edward Thomas 爱德华·托马斯（1878~1917），英国诗人72. Elijah 爱利伽（圣经中的人物，以色列人的先祖）。
73. Elizabeth Bowen 伊丽莎白·鲍恩（1899~1973），英国小说家。
主要作品有《心之死》（The Death of the Heart ）《炎日》（The Heat of the Day）74. Elma Mitchell 爱玛·米彻尔（1919~2000），英国诗人。
75. Elzevir 埃尔泽菲尔（1583~1652），荷兰印刷商，出版商。
76. Emancipation Proclamation《解放宣言, 美国南北战争时由林肯总统签署的一项旨在解放黑奴的法律文件。
77. Emily Dickinson 埃米莉·迪金森（1830~1886），美国现代诗先驱者之一，其诗多涉及爱情、死亡与自然美景。
78. Epicurus 伊壁鸠鲁 (341~270 BC)，希腊哲学家。
79. Ernest Miller Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威 (1899~1961)，美国小说家。
80. Euripides 欧里庇得斯（485~406 B.C.）, 古希腊悲剧家，剧作包括《美狄亚》(Medea)、《特洛亚妇女》（the Trojan Women）等。
81. Firle 萨塞克斯郡的一个市镇。
82. Florida 佛罗里达（美国州名）。
83. Ford Maddox Ford 福特·马多克斯·福特（1873~1939），英国小说家，诗人，文学批评家。
84. Frances Horovitz/ /弗兰西斯·霍罗维兹(1938~1983)，英国诗人、演员、播音员。
诗作以描写风景。
85. Francis Bacon / / 弗兰西斯·培根（1561~1626），英国文艺复兴时期最重要的散文作家、哲学家。
86. Free Stater （爱尔兰）自由党人87. George Bernard Shaw 乔治·萧伯纳 (1856~1950)，英国剧作家、评论家，1925年诺贝尔文学奖获得者，被誉为“英国现代戏剧奠基人”。
88. George Farquhar 乔治·法夸尔 (1678~1707) ，英国剧作家。
89. George Gordon Byron 乔治·戈登·拜伦（1788~1824），英国诗人。