暨南大学《微观经济学》 (8)
暨大管理学院老师本科微观经济学授课课件
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6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
图2.1 个人需求曲线
图2.2 市场需求曲线
价格(元)
价格(元)
需求量(千克)
需求量(吨)
注意:第一、需要指出的是西方经济学一般假定商品的价格和相应的需求量的变化具有无限可分割性,所以以上个人和市场的需求曲线才是一条光滑的曲线而不是一些离散点。第二、需求曲线是在假定除价格以外影响需求量的其它因素都不发生变化的情况下做出的。
第二章 需求供给与市场价格
第一节 需求和需求的变化 一 需求 需求表与需求曲线 1 需求的含义 消费者在某时间内和一定市场上按照某种价格对某种商品包括产品和服务愿意而且能够购买的数量 2 对需求含义的解释 第一 需求最重要的要素是它的价格和数量的对等性 第二 需求最根本的决定因素是消费者对某商品的意欲性 第三 决定需求量大小的因素是消费者所具有的购买力的大小 第四 需求的具体性特征相对于宏观经济的需求 第五 需求的层次性和计划性 3 需求表 需求表是消费者根据自己的需求计划;对某一种商品在某段时间内在某一市场上;将一定的价格和在该价格下愿意和能够购买的数量组合列示出来就形成了需求表 由于某商品的价格可能有无数多种;因而这种价格——数量组合也可以有无数种;所以需求表可以是无限长的
三 需求规律与替代效应和收入效应 1 需求规律的内容: 在影响需求量其他因素给定不变的情况下;一种商品的需求量与其价格之间存在着反方向的互动变化关系 2 产生需求规律的原因 1替代效应;2收入效应 四 需求的变化与需求曲线的移动 1 收入增加 2 收入减少
价 格
需求量
0
D
D1
D2
图2 3 需求状况的变化引起需求曲线的移动
《微观经济学》课件(全)
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实证表述还是规范表述?
➢(1)股市繁荣,裙子变短(股市是经济的晴雨表); ➢( 2 ) 在 美 国 , 收 入 最 高 的 1 0 % 家 庭 占 据 了 总 收 入 的 2 5 % , 而 最 低 的
一、生产可能性边界
➢1.资源与稀缺 ➢( 1 ) 劳 动 是 人 们 用 于 生 产 物 品 和 劳 务 付 出 的 时 间 和 努 力 。 ➢( 2 ) 土 地 是 人 们 日 常 所 说 的 自 然 禀 赋 。 ➢( 3 ) 资 本 是 用 于 生 产 其 它 物 品 的 物 品 。 ➢(4)企业家才能是把土地、劳动和资本组织起来的人力资源。
一、绝对优势与比较优势
➢1.绝对优势 ➢与另一个经济体相比 ,某一经济体用较少的资源生产相同的物品 ,该经
济体在生产该物品上就具有绝对优势。 ➢比 如 , 假 定 中 国 生 产 一 件 衬 衫 需 要 2 小 时 劳 动 , 美 国 生 产 一 件 衬 衫 需 要 3
一、生产可能性边界
➢2.什么是生产可能性边界 ➢生产可能性边界是指在既定的资源和技术条件下 ,充分利用现有资源,一
个经济体所能得到的两种产品的最大产出组合。
一、生产可能性边界
➢2.什么是生产可能性边界 ➢很显然,生产可能性边界模型隐含了一些假设: ➢( 1 ) 假 定 一 个 经 济 体 资 源 的 数 量 与 技 术 是 不 变 的 。 ➢( 2 ) 假 定 一 个 经 济 体 仅 仅 生 产 两 种 产 品 , 比 如 黄 油 与 大 炮 , 黄 油 满 足 吃 的
2015年暨南大学微观经济学一般均衡与效率,考研真题,复习经验,考研重点,考研参考书
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1/9【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站: 12015年暨南大学考研指导育明教育,创始于2006年,由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办,并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟,是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。
更多详情可联系育明教育孙老师。
一般均衡与效率(一)考试要求了解一般均衡的性质;掌握经济效率和帕累托最优标准,掌握福利经济学第一定理和第二定理,理解公平和效率的标准和替换;熟练掌握一般均衡存在需要满足的条件和一般均衡理论。
(二)考试要点1.一般均衡的性质及存在条件(1)一般均衡与局部均衡(2)一般均衡存在需要满足的条件每个消费者依据他的偏好和预算线来选择最大化其效用的商品组合,预算线由投入品价格和产品价格决定。
每个消费者依据现行投入品价格和产品价格,选择其所提供的投入品的数量。
厂商在给定的现有技术、产品需求、投入品供给约束条件下,选择最大化其利润的决策。
所有市场(包括要素市场和产品市场)同时达到均衡,即在要素及产品的现行价格下,所有商品的供求都相等。
2.一般均衡理论(1)交换的均衡(2)生产的均衡(3)生产与交换的一般均衡3.均衡与效率——福利经济学定理(1)经济效率的定义和边际条件①经济效率的帕累托标准②经济效率的边际条件——一般经济达到帕累托有效标准的必要条件a.交换的效率对任意两个消费者(A 和B),任何两种商品(X 和Y)的边际替代率相等b.生产的效率2/9【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站: 2任意两种投入品(X 和Y)的边际技术替代率对任何两个生产者(或同一个生产者的两种产品A 和B)的边际替代率相等③生产与交换的效率任意两种商品的边际替代率必须等于它们的边际转换率(2)完全竞争与经济效率——福利经济学第一定理任何竞争性市场均衡都是帕累托有效的。
暨南大学 微观经济学习题集
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Exercises for MicroeconomicsChapter 1问题1 ScarcityA. is the inability to satisfy all our wants.B. leads to higher prices.C. applies only to people living in poverty.D. is not something that affects very rich people.E. used to exist everywhere but has been eliminated in advanced economies.问题2 The study of economics is best described as a study ofA. the factors that influence the stock and bond markets.B. capitalism.C. the choices made in producing goods and services.D. coping with scarcity, and choices made as a result of scarcity in a society.E. how people earn a living.问题3 Microeconomics is the branch of economics that deals with which of the following topics?A. The behavior of individual consumersB. Unemployment and interest ratesC. The behavior of individual firms and investorsD. B and CE. A and C问题4 A Rolling Stones song goes: ʺY ou canʹt always get what you want.ʺThis echoes an importanttheme from microeconomics. Which of the following statements is the best example of thistheme?A. Consumers must make the best purchasing decisions they can, given their limitedincomes.B. Workers do not have as much leisure as they would like, given their wages and workingconditions.C. Workers in planned economies, such as North Korea, do not have much choice over jobs.D. Firms in market economies have limited financial resources.问题5 Economics is about the allocation of scarce resources. Which of the following is NOT anexample of economic scarcity?A. If Steve goes to see the movie Master and Commander on Saturday, he will not be able to afford buying ice cream.B. If Jenny studies for her economics quiz this evening, she will not have time to walk herdog.C. If General Motors increases its production of SUVs this year, it will have to spend moreon advertising.D. If Borders Books increases the number of titles it carries, it will have to reallocate shelf space to accommodate the new titles.问题6 A valid and useful theory of gold prices:A. helps to predict the movements of gold prices over time.B. may be founded on simplifying assumptions.C. need not exactly predict every change in gold prices.D. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题7 Which of the following is a positive statement?A. The President of the United States ought to be elected by a direct vote of the American people rather than the Electoral College.B. A fundamental assumption of the economic theory of consumer behavior is that consumers always prefer having more of any good to having less of it.C. Because many adults cannot afford to go to college, tax credits for tuition should be introduced.D. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题8 Which of the following is a normative statement?A. The taxes paid by the poor should be reduced in order to improve the incomedistribution in the U.S.B. State governments should not subsidize corporations by training welfare recipients.C. Presidential candidates should not be given funds from the federal government to runcampaigns.D. The sea otter should not be allowed to spread into Southern California coastal waters, because it will reduce the value of fisheries.E. all of the above问题9 Which of the following is a positive statement?A. Intermediate microeconomics should be required of all economics majors in order to build a solid foundation in economic theory.B. The minimum wage should not be increased because this action would increase unemployment.C. Smoking should be restricted on all airline flights.D. All automobile passengers should be required to wear seatbelts in order to protect them against injury.E. none of the above问题10 Which of the following is a positive statement?A. When the price of a good goes up, consumers buy less of it.B. When the price of a good goes up, firms produce more of it.C. When the Federal government sells bonds, interest rates rise and private investment is reduced.D. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题11 The key assumption underlying the theory of the firm is that:A. firms are assumed to maximize sales revenue.B. managers are assumed to maximize the number of employees in their department.C. firms are assumed to maximize profits.D. none of the above问题12 Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. The trade-offs facing consumers and producers are based on prices.B. All prices are determined by market interactions between buyers and sellers.C. Prices serve an important role in microeconomics.D. Only A and B above false.E. Only B and C above are false.问题13 The trade-offs facing consumers include:A. how to allocate income across goods and serves.B. how to allocate income between consumption and savings.C. both A and BD. none of the above问题14 The trade-offs facing workers include all of the following EXCEPT:A. decision to work or remain outside the workforce.B. decision to work or seek additional education.C. decision to work for a large corporation or a small firm.D. decision to allocate their time between work and leisure.E. All of the above are trade-offs facing workers.问题15 Firms face trade-offs in production, including decisions related to:A. which products to produce.B. how much of a particular product to produce.C. the best way to produce a given amount of output.D. all of the above问题16 The price of a taco was $0.29 in 1970 and $0.99 in 1993. The CPI was 38.8 in 1970 and 144.0 in 1993. The 1993 price of a taco in 1970 dollars is:A. $0.08.B. $0.27.C. $0.34.D. $3.67.问题17 Which of the following markets has the most restrictive geographic boundary?A. The market for retail gasolineB. The market for housingC. The market for goldD. The market for beef问题18 Why is market definition important for economic decision making?A. A firm is interested in knowing its actual and potential competitors.B. A firm will define its market in order to maximize revenue.C. Government regulators are interested in knowing the effect of mergers and acquisitions on competition and prices in a particular market.D. both A and CE. both A and B问题19 What does it mean when the CPI is higher this year than last?A. The rate of inflation has increased.B. There has been inflation since last year.C. Real prices have increased.D. Real prices have decreased.问题20 Which of the following could not possibly be included in the same market as Coke?A. A) PepsiB. GatoradeC. MilkD. BreadChapter 2问题1 Which of the following is NOT an application of supply and demand analysis?A. Understanding changing world economic conditions and their effects on pricesB. Evaluating the effects of government price controls on the agricultural industryC. Determining how taxes affect aggregate consumption spending patternsD. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题2 A supply curve reveals:A. the quantity of output consumers are willing to purchase at each possible market price.B. the difference between quantity demanded and quantity supplied at each price.C. the maximum level of output an industry can produce, regardless of price.D. the quantity of output that producers are willing to produce and sell at each possible market price.问题3 Plastic and steel are substitutes in the production of body panels for certain automobiles. If the price of plastic increases, with other things remaining the same, we would expect:A. the price of steel to fall.B. the demand curve for steel to shift to the right.C. the demand curve for plastic to shift to the left.D. nothing to happen to steel because it is only a substitute for plastic.E. the demand curve for steel to shift to the left.问题4 Coffee and cream:A. are both luxury goods.B. are complements.C. are both more inelastic in demand in the long run than in the short run.D. have a positive cross price elasticity of demand.问题5 Which of the following would shift the demand curve for new textbooks to the right?A. A fall in the price of paper used in publishing textsB. A fall in the price of equivalent used textbooksC. An increase in the number of students attending collegeD. A fall in the price of new textbooks.问题6 When an industryʹs raw material costs increase, other things remaining the same,A. the supply curve shifts to the left.B. the supply curve shifts to the right.C. output increases regardless of the market price and the supply curve shifts upward.D. output decreases and the market price also decreases.问题7 Sugar can be refined from sugar beets. When the price of those beets falls,A. the demand curve for sugar would shift right.B. the demand curve for sugar would shift left.C. the supply curve for sugar would shift right.D. the supply curve for sugar would shift left.问题8 Assume that steak and potatoes are complements. When the price of steak goes up, the demand curve for potatoes:A. shifts to the left.B. shifts to the right.C. remains constant.D. shifts to the right initially and then returns to its original position.问题9 Which of the following events will cause a leftward shift in the supply curve of gasoline?A. A decrease in the price of gasolineB. An increase in the wage rate of refinery workersC. Decrease in the price of crude oilD. An improvement in oil refining technologyE. all of the above问题10 Which of the following will NOT cause a shift in the supply of gasoline?A. An increase in the wage rate of refinery workersB. A decrease in the price of gasolineC. An improvement in oil refiningD. technologyA decrease in the price of crude oil问题11 You are analyzing the demand for good X. Which of the following will result in a shift to the right of the demand curve for X?A. A decrease in the price of XB. An increase in the price of a good that is a complement to good XC. An increase in the price of a good that is a substitute for XD. all of the above问题12 The price of good A goes up. As a result, the demand for good B shifts to the left. From this we can infer that:A. good A is used to produce goodB.B. good B is used to produce good A.C. goods A and B are substitutes.D. goods A and B are complements.E. none of the above问题13 Which of the following will cause the demand curve for Beatlesʹcompact discs to shift to the right?A. An increase in the price of the discsB. A decrease in consumersʹincomesC. An increase in the price of Phil Collins' latest compact disc (a substitute)D. all of the aboveE. none of the above问题14 Which of the following will NOT cause a rightward shift in the demand curve for beer?A. A change in the price of beerB. A health study indicating positive health benefits of moderate beer consumptionC. An increase in the price of French wine (a substitute)D. A decrease in the price of potato chips (a complement)E. none of the above问题15 Suppose biochemists discover an enzyme that can double the amount of ethanol that may be derived from a given amount of biomass. Based on this technological development, we expect the:A. supply curve for ethanol to shift leftward.B. supply curve for ethanol to shift rightward.C. demand curve for ethanol to shift leftward.D. demand curve for ethanol to shift rightward.问题16 Due to the recent increase in the price of natural gas, the quantity of coal demanded by electric power generation plants has increased. Based on this information, coal and natural gas are:A. complements.B. substitutes.C. independent goods.D. none of the above问题17 To protect the cod fishery off the northeast coast of the U.S., the federal government may limit the amount of fish that each boat can catch in the fishery. The result of this public policy is to:A. shift the cod demand curve to the left.B. shift the cod demand curve to the right.C. shift the cod supply curve to the right.D. shift the cod supply curve to the left.问题18 When the current price is above the market-clearing level we would expect:A. quantity demanded to exceed quantity supplied.B. quantity supplied to exceed quantity demanded.C. a shortage.D. greater production to occur during the next period.问题19 Assume that the current market price is below the market clearing level. We would expect:A. a surplus to accumulate.B. B) downward pressure on the current market price.C. upward pressure on the current market price.D. lower production during the next time period.问题20 As long as the actual market price exceeds the equilibrium market price, there will be:A. downward pressure on the market price.B. upward pressure on the market price.C. no purchases made.D. Both A and C are correct.E. Both B and C are correct.Chapter 3问题1 Gary Franklin is a movie critic. He invented the Franklin Scale with which he rates movies from 1 to 10 (10 being best). When asked about his scale, Mr. Franklin explained "that it is a subjective measure of movie quality. A movie with a ranking of 10 is not necessarily 10 times better than a movie with a ranking of 1, but it is better. A movie with a ranking of 5 is better than a movie with a ranking of 1, but is not as good a movie with a ranking of 10. That's all it really tells you." Based on Mr. Franklin's description, his scale is:A) ordinal but not cardinal.B) cardinal but not ordinal.C) an objective standard to judge movies.D) neither cardinal nor ordinal.问题2 Which of the following is NOT an assumption regarding people's preferences in the theory of consumer behavior?A) Preferences are complete..B) Preferences are transitive.C) Consumers prefer more of a good to less.D) All of the above are basic assumptions about consumer preferences问题3 The theory of consumer behavior is based on certain assumptions. The set of four basic assumptions includes:A) completeness.B) transitivity.C) intransitivity.D) Both A and B are correct.E) Both A and C are correct.问题4 The assumption of transitive preferences implies that indifference curves must:A) not cross one another.B) have a positive slope.C) be L-shaped.D) be convex to the origin.E) all of the above问题5 A consumer prefers market basket A to market basket B, and prefers market basket B to market basket C. Therefore, A is preferred to C. The assumption that leads to this conclusion is:A) transitivity.B) completeness.C) all goods are good.D) diminishing MRS.E) assumption of rationality.问题6 The assumption that preferences are complete:A) means that a consumer will spend her entire income.B) is unnecessary, as long as transitivity is assumed.C) recognizes that there may be pairs of market baskets that cannot be compared.D) means that the consumer can compare any two market baskets of goods and determine that either one is preferred to the other or that she is indifferent between them.问题7 If a market basket is changed by adding more of at least one good, then rational consumers will:A) rank the market basket more highly after the change.B) more likely prefer a different market basket.C) rank the market basket as being just as desirable as before.D) be unable to decide whether the first market basket is preferred to the second or vice versa.E) have indifference curves that cross.问题8 A curve that represents all combinations of market baskets that provide the same level of utility to a consumer is called:A) a budget line.B) an isoquant.C) an indifference curve.D) a demand curve.E) none of the above问题9 An upward sloping indifference curve defined over two goods violates which of the following assumptions from the theory of consumer behavior?A) transitivity.B) preferences are complete.C) more is preferred to less.D) all of the aboveE) none of the above问题10 The slope of an indifference curve reveals:A) that preferences are complete.B) the marginal rate of substitution of one good for another good.C) the ratio of market prices.D) that preferences are transitive.E) none of the above问题11 Zoe is an executive at Dell Computer Company who is in charge of designing the next version of laptop computers. She will consider such features as screen size, weight, processor speed, and CD and DVD drives. Given the fact that it is costly to include more features in new products, why might Zoe be interested in data on how much consumers paid for a range of laptops with different attributes?A) in order to estimate willingness to pay for each feature.B) in order to set an optimal price for the laptops.C) in order to determine the best features to include.D) in order to estimate willingness to trade off one feature for another.E) all of the above问题12 In what ways can economists help auto manufacturers estimate the marginal rate of substitution between features such as vehicle interior size and acceleration?A) Examining production cost dataB) Conducting consumer surveys about willingness to pay for auto featuresC) Solving the standard consumer model D) Statistically analyzing historical data on purchases of different types of autosE) B and D only问题13 Indifference curves are convex to the origin because of:A) transitivity of consumer preferences.B) the assumption of a diminishing marginal rate of substitution.C) the assumption that more is preferred to less.D) the assumption of completeness.E) none of the above问题14 Suppose that a market basket of two goods is changed by adding more of one of the goods and subtracting one unit of the other. The consumer will:A) rank the market basket more highly after the change.B) rank the market basket more highly before the change.C) rank the market basket just as desirable as before.D) any one of the above statements may be true.问题15 If indifference curves cross, then:A) the assumption of a diminishing marginal rate of substitution is violated.B) the assumption of transitivity is violated.C) the assumption of completeness is violated.D) consumers minimize their satisfaction.E) all of the above问题16 Which of the following is true about the indifference curve where one commodity (such as pollution) is "bad"?A) It has a negative slope. .B) It has a positive slope.C) It is horizontal.D) It is vertical问题17 If indifference curves are concave to the origin, which assumption on preferences is violated?A) Diminishing marginal rates of substitutionB) Transitivity of preferencesC) More is preferred to lessD) Completeness问题18 Envision a graph with meat on the horizontal axis and vegetables on the vertical axis. A strict vegetarian would have indifference curves that are:A) vertical lines.B) horizontal lines.C) diagonal straight lines.D) right angles. E) upward sloping.问题19 Mikey is very picky and insists that his mom make his breakfast with equal parts of cereal and apple juice--any other combination and it ends up on the floor. Cereal costs 4 cents per tablespoon and apple juice costs 6 cents per tablespoon. If Mikey's mom budgets $8 per month for Mikey's breakfast, how much cereal and juice does she buy?A) 40 tablespoons each of cereal and juiceB) 80 tablespoons each of cereal and juiceC) 40 tablespoons of cereal and 75 tablespoons of juiceD) 100 tablespoons of cereal and 67 tablespoons of juice问题20 Jane is trying to decide which courses to take next semester. She has narrowed down her choice to two courses, Econ 1 and Econ 2. Now she is having trouble and cannot decide which of the two courses to take. It's not that she is indifferent between the two courses, she just cannot decide. An economist would say that this is an example of preferences that:A) are not transitive.B) are incomplete.C) violate the assumption that more is preferred to less.D) all of the aboveChapter 4问题1 As we move downward along a demand curve for apples,A) consumer well-being decreases.B) the marginal utility of apples decreases.C) the marginal utility of apples increases.D) Both A and B are true.E) Both A and C are true.问题2 The change in the price of one good has no effect on the quantity demanded of another good. These goods are:A) complements.B) substitutes.C) both inferior.D) both Giffen goods.E) none of the above问题3 The price of good A goes up. As a result the demand for good B shifts to the left. From this we can infer that:A) good A is a normal good.B) good B is an inferior good.C) goods A and B are substitutes.D) goods A and B are complements.E) none of the above问题4 An individual demand curve can be derived from the ______ curve.A) price-consumptionB) price-incomeC) income-substitutionD) income-consumptionE) Engel问题5 Which of the following claims is true at each point along a price-consumption curve?A) Utility is maximized but income is not all spent.B) All income is spent, but utility is not maximized.C) Utility is maximized, and all income is spent.D) The level of utility is constant.问题6 Which of the following is true regarding income along a price-consumption curve?A) Income is increasing.B) Income is decreasing.C) Income is constant.D) The level of income depends on the level of utility.问题7 Which of the following is true regarding utility along a price-consumption curve?A) It is constant.B) It changes from point to point.C) It changes only if income changes.D) It changes only for normal goods.问题8 The income-consumption curveA) illustrates the combinations of incomes needed with various levels of consumption of a good.B) is another name for income-demand curve.C) illustrates the utility-maximizing combinations of goods associated with every income level.D) shows the utility-maximizing quantity of some good (on the horizontal axis) as a function of income (on the vertical axis).问题9 Which of the following pairs of goods are NOT complements?A) Hockey sticks and hockey pucksB) Computer CPUs and computer monitorsC) On-campus student housing and off-campus rental apartments D) all of the aboveE) none of the above问题10 Which of the following goods has a low, but positive, income elasticity of demand?A) furniture.B) new cars.C) health insurance.D) all of the aboveE) none of the above问题11 If an Engel curve has a positive slopeA) both goods are normal.B) the good on the horizontal axis is normalC) as the price of the good on the horizontal axis increases, more of both goods in consumed.D) as the price of the good on the vertical axis increases, more of the good on the horizontal axis is consumed.问题12 Which of the following pairs of goods are substitutes?A) Baseball bats and baseballsB) Hot dogs and mustardC) Computer hardware and softwareD) Gasoline and motor oilE) Owner-occupied housing and rental housing问题13 When the income-consumption curve has a positive slope throughout its entire length, we can conclude thatA) both goods are inferior.B) both goods are normal.C) the good on the vertical (y) axis is inferior.D) the good on the horizontal (x) axis is inferior问题14 Consider two goods X and Y available for consumption. Assume that the price of X changes while the price of Y remains fixed. For these two goods, the price-consumption curve illustrates theA) relationship between the price of X and consumption of Y.B) utility-maximizing combinations of X and Y for each price of X.C) relationship between the price of Y and the consumption of X.D) utility-maximizing combinations of X and Y for each quantity of X.问题15 Consider a graph on which one good Y is on the vertical axis and the only other good X is on the horizontal axis. On this graph the income-consumption curve has a positive slope for low incomes, then it takes a zero slope for a higher income, and then it takes a negative slope for even higher incomes (the curve looks like an arc, first rising and then falling as income increases). This curve illustrates that, for all income levels,A) both X and Y are normal.B) only Y is normal.C) both X and Y are inferior.D) only X is normal.问题16 According to a survey by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, which of the following statements about annual U.S. household consumer expenditures is false?A) The income elasticity of demand for entertainment is positive.B) The income elasticity of demand for owner-occupied housing is positive.C) The income elasticity of demand for rental housing is positive.D) The income elasticity of demand for health care is positive.E) Average family expenditures increase with income.问题17 The income-consumption curve for Dana between Qa and Qb is given as: Qa = Qb. His budget constraint is given as:120 = Qa + 4QbHow much Qa will Dana consume to maximize utility?A) 0B) 24C) 30D) 60问题18 Jon's income-consumption curve is a straight line from the origin with a positive slope. Now suppose that Jon's preferences change such that his income-consumption curveremains a straight line but rotates 15 degrees clockwise. Jon's demand curve for the good on thehorizontal axisA) will shift left.B) will shift right.C) will not change.D) might do any of the above.问题19 Suppose that a consumer regards two types of soap as perfect substitutes for one another. The price consumption path generated by changing the price of one type of soapA) is always upward sloping.B) is always horizontal.C) is always vertical.D) corresponds with the axis for the cheaper soap.E) corresponds with the axis for the more expensive soap.问题20 Your income response for bicycle riding changes with the amount of income you earn. At low levels of income, you view bicycle riding as an inferior good and substitute other types of transportation (e.g., auto travel) as your income rises. However, you view bicycle riding as a normal good after your income rises above a particular level. What shape does your Engel curve for bicycle riding have?A) Vertical lineB) Horizontal lineC) C-shapedD) Upward slopingE) none of the aboveChapter 6问题1 A production function defines the output that can be producedA) at the lowest cost, given the inputs available.B) for the average firm.C) if the firm is technically efficient.D) in a given time period if no additional inputs are hired.E) as technology changes over time.问题2 A production function assumes a givenA) technology.B) set of input prices.C) ratio of input prices.D) amount of capital and labor.E) amount of output.问题3 A function that indicates the maximum output per unit of time that a firm can produce, for every combination of inputs with a given technology, is calledA) an isoquant.B) a production possibility curve.C) a production function.D) an isocost function.问题4 Which of the following inputs are variable in the long run?A) labor.B) capital and equipment.C) plant size.D) all of these.问题5 The short run isA) less than a year.B) three years.C) however long it takes to produce the planned output. D) a time period in which at least one input is fixed.E) a time period in which at least one set of outputs has been decided upon.问题6 Joe owns a small coffee shop, and his production function is q = 3KL where q is total output in cups per hour, K is the number of coffee machines (capital), and L is the number of employeeshired per hour (labor). If Joe's capital is currently fixed at K=3 machines, what is his short-run production function?A) q = 3L。
考研真题:广东暨南大学2022年[管理学与微观经济学]考试真题
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考研真题:暨南大学2022年[管理学与微观经济学]考试真题第一部分:管理学部分一、单项选择题[1]管理者的首要职能是()。
A.计划B.领导C.控制D.组织[2]韦伯认为,任何组织都必须有作为其基础的某种形式的()。
A.职责B.制度C.管理D.权力[3]“士为知己者死”这一古训反映了有效的领导始于:()A.上下级之间的友情B.为下属设定崇高的目标C.舍己为人D.了解下属的欲望和要求[4]组织中,()构成组织沟通的基础。
A.人际沟通B.团队沟通C.组织间沟通D.正式沟通[5]“治病不如防病,防病不如讲究卫生”,根据这一说法,以下几种控制方式中最重要的是()。
A.预先控制B.实时控制C.反馈控制D.事后控制二、判断题[1]管理的有效性在于充分利用各种资源,以最少的消耗正确地实现组织目标。
()[2]梅奥通过“霍桑实验”得出职工是“经济人”这个观点。
()[3]控制是战略管理过程中的重要环节,其实质就是进行计划执行情况的检查,并对计划执行过程中出现的偏差进行纠正。
()[4]高关系、高工作是最有效的领导方式。
()[5]计划与控制相互依存,没有计划就没有控制。
()三、论述及计算题[1]请论述统一指挥原则及其对组织结构设计的影响。
[2]请论述需要层次理论和双因素理论的基本内容以及对管理实践的启示。
[3]某水泥厂水泥销售单价为150元/吨,单位变动成本为84元,综合税率为销售价格的4%,年固定成本总额3,000,000元,实现目标利润1,200,000元,该厂的产量应该为多少吨?四、案例分析1981年5 月, 中央决定: 密云水库今后不再为天津供水, 它的任务是确保首都北京。
天津市用水, 要靠滦河下游的潘家口水库解决。
潘家口水库的任务是第一保天津,第二保唐山, 第三供给农业用水。
潘家口水库位于河北省的迁西县境内, 距离天津市区尚有几百华里之遥。
通过什么路线, 把水引到天津? 有两个方案:第一个,“南线方案”, 即引水河道由水库出发, 一直向南, 经迁安县、滦县, 直奔唐山, 再由唐山, 把水引到天津市区。
暨南大学微观经济学
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C、任何两条等产量线不能相交。
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B D
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D、等产量线凸向原点。
3、边际技术替代率MRTS Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution 1)定义 边际技术替代率:表示在保持产出不变前提下
增加一种投入品的数量与减少另一种投入品数 量之比。
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2、柯布-道格拉斯(Cobb-Dauglas)生 产函数
美国数学家柯布和经济学家道格拉斯提出的 生产函数公式:
Q = AL Kβ ,(0<、β<1, A表示技术进 步)
Q = 1.01L0.75 K0.25 劳动贡献为3/4,资本贡献为1/4(当时的情
况)
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APL
TPL(L,K) L
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边际产量MP(Marginal Product) :增加
一单位某种生产要素所增加的产量。
MPL
TP L
TP dTP MPlim
L0 L dL
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2、举例:连续投入劳动Labor--L
L
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AP
MP
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蓝铅笔
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完全互补品的产量线(Perfect Complements)
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2015年暨南大学微观经济学要素价格与收入分配理论,考研真题,复习经验,考研重点,考研参考书
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1/9【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站: 12015年暨南大学考研指导育明教育,创始于2006年,由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办,并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟,是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。
更多详情可联系育明教育孙老师。
要素价格与收入分配理论(一)考试要求了解厂商使用生产要素和要素所有者供给要素的原则;掌握边际产品价值、边际收益产品、边际要素成本等概念的含义;熟练掌握工资、利息和地租等收入的决定。
(二)考试要点1.生产要素与分配理论概述(1)生产要素市场的特点(2)边际生产力分配论2.厂商对要素的需求(1)完全竞争产品市场中厂商使用要素的边际收益和边际成本①边际产品价值(VMP)②边际要素成本(MFC)③完全竞争市场中厂商使用要素的原则:边际产品价值=边际要素成本(2)不完全竞争产品市场中厂商对要素的需求:①边际收益产品(MRP)②不完全竞争市场中厂商使用要素的原则边际收益产品=边际要素成本3.生产要素的供给和均衡价格决定(1)要素供给与供给者要素供给是指要素市场供给量与要素价格之间的函数关系要素供给者是家庭或消费者(2)厂商所面临的要素供给曲线完全竞争要素市场上厂商所面临的要素供给曲线是一条水平的边际要素成本曲线:S=MFC。
要素市场买方垄断的厂商所面临的要素供给曲线是一条向右上方倾斜的平均要素成本曲线:S=AFC。
2/9【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站: 2(3)不同市场情况下生产要素均衡价格的决定根据产品市场和要素市场的竞争和不完全竞争的情况,要素均衡价格有着不同的决定原则。
4.工资、利息和地租的决定(1)工资的决定①劳动的最优供给原则收入与闲暇的边际替代率等与工资②劳动供给曲线的图形推导③工资变动的收入效应与替代效应及后弯的劳动供给曲线④劳动市场的均衡与工资率的决定⑤工资差异原因:劳动质量不同、非货币利益不同、市场不完全竞争等(2)利息率的决定①资本的需求:资本的边际生产力②储蓄决策及资本供给③利率变动的替代效应、收入效应及资本供给曲线④资本市场的均衡与利息率的决定(3)地租的决定①土地的需求:土地的边际生产力②土地的供给曲线垂直的供给曲线与向右上方倾斜的供给曲线的含义。
2015年暨南大学微观经济学,考研真题,复习经验,考研重点,考研参考书
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1/10【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站: 12015年暨南大学考研指导育明教育,创始于2006年,由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办,并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟,是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。
更多详情可联系育明教育孙老师。
微观经济学与宏观经济学微观经济学微观经济学是研究在市场经济制度下个体单位的经济行为,从而产生的许多经济理论。
它主要解决以下几方面的问题:消费者使用其收入的原则;各种商品价格的形成;价格在厂商考虑其产品种类和数量中的作用;市场中某种产品的数量和厂商的数量、规模的确定;工人工资和土地地租的决定等。
由于所有这些问题都关系到价格,关系到价格的形成与变动,关系到价格形成与变动过程中买卖双方的行为,因此微观经济学通过对市场各类当事人的行为进行讨论,主要研究经济中如何通过价格机制解决资源配置问题。
微观经济学的主要线索为:当事人行为—供给与需求—价格—资源配置。
一、经济学导论(一)考试要求了解经济学的基本问题及其研究方法;理解经济学的含义、经济学的分类、不同经济体制下资源配置的方式及其特点;掌握机会成本和生产可能性边界等基本概念。
(二)考试要点1.经济学研究对象(1)经济资源的稀缺性和经济学的产生①经济资源的稀缺性与选择行为经济资源的稀缺性含义及选择行为的必然性。
②基本的经济问题生产什么、如何生产、为谁生产及何时生产。
③经济学的定义。
(2)机会成本与生产可能性边界①选择与机会成本。
②生产可能性曲线的经济学含义与机会成本递增法则生产可能性曲线的含义与机会成本递增的原因。
(3)资源的配置、利用与经济体制①资源配置与资源利用。
②不同经济体制下的资源配置与利用方式自给自足经济、计划经济、市场经济和混合经济的各自特点。
2/10【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站: 2(4)经济学分类①微观经济学与宏观经济学微观经济学与宏观经济学的研究对象,微观经济学与宏观经济学的区别与联系。
(完整)☆暨南大学考试试卷答案(微观经济学A)
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暨南大学考试试卷答案1、在完全竞争市场上,厂商短期均衡条件是()。
A 价格等于平均收益(P=AR)B 价格等于边际成本(P=MC)C 价格等于边际收益(P=MR)D 价格等于平均成本(P=AC)2、公共物品的市场需求曲线是消费者个人需求曲线的( )。
A 水平相加B 垂直相加C 算术平均数D 加权平均数3、下列哪种情况使总收益增加?()A需求缺乏弹性,提高价格B需求缺乏弹性,降低价格C需求富有弹性,提高价格D需求单位弹性,降低价格4、下列哪种因素不会使需求曲线的位置发生变化?()A 消费者收入变化B 商品价格变化C 消费者偏好变化D 相关商品的价格变化5、下列哪种情况不正确?( )A 如果供给减少,需求不变,均衡价格将上升B 如果供给增加,需求减少,均衡价格将下降C 如果需求增加,供给减少,均衡价格将上升D 如果需求减少,供给增加,均衡价格将上升6、消费者剩余是( )。
A 消费过剩的商品B 消费者得到的总效用C 需求曲线以下、均衡价格以上部分的面积D 支出的货币总效用7、只要产权被明确后,在交易成本较小时,市场将产生一个有效率的结果,这种观点称为( )。
A 有效市场理论B 看不见的手C 科斯定理 D逆向选择8、如果市场上某种商品相对社会最优产量来说,处于供给不足状态,这说明存在().A 正外部经济B 没有外部性C 负外部经济 D无法判断9、如果是连续地增加某种生产要素,在总产量达到最大时,边际产量曲线( )。
A 与纵轴相交 B经过原点C 与平均产量曲线相交 D与横轴相交10、完全垄断厂商的平均收益曲线为直线时,边际收益曲线也是直线.边际收益曲线的斜率为平均收益曲线斜率的( )。
A 2倍;B 1/2倍C 1倍;D 2.5倍。
11、规模报酬递减是在下述情况下发生的( ).A 按比例连续增加各种生产要素B 不按比例连续增加各种生产要素C 连续地投入某种生产要素而保持其他要素不变D 上述都正确12、若某商品价格上升2%,其需求下降3%,则该商品的需求价格弹性是 ( )A 缺乏弹性的B 富有弹性的C 有单位弹性的D 无法确定13、在垄断竞争市场长期均衡时,超额利润会趋于零,这是由于( ).A 新厂商可以自由进入该行业B 产品存在差异C 成本最小化D 收益最大化14、完全竞争市场的厂商短期供给曲线是指( )。
暨南大学珠海学院微观经济学讲义
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需要的满足主要来自经济物品. n 与人类无穷的欲望相比,经济物品的数量,
质量和种类总是不足的.这种不足就是稀 缺性.
PPT文档演模板
暨南大学珠海学院微观经济学讲义
n 经济学要解决的四个基本问题:
1.生产什么,生产多少? 2.如何生产? 3.为谁生产? 4.谁做出经济决策,以什么程序做出决
2.0
100
2.5
120
3.0
140
PPT文档演模板
暨南大学珠海学院微观经济学讲义
影响供给的因素:
▪ 成本变化:供给与成本反方向变化。 ▪ 技术水平:技术进步,供给增加。 ▪ 相关商品价格:其他相关商品价格发生变化,该
商品供给量会发生变化。 ▪ 生产者预期:预期行情看涨,供给增加;预期行
情看跌,供给减少。 ▪ 自然条件:条件好,供给多;条件差,供给少。
➢ 供给函数:Qs=f(P) dQs/dP > 0 ➢ 供给方程:Qs =c+dP (c、d为常数,d>0) ➢ 供给曲线:
➢ 供给表:
PPT文档演模板
暨南大学珠海学院微观经济学讲义
供给曲线:
•P •S
PPT文档演模板
•O
•Q
暨南大学珠海学院微观经济学讲义
供给表:某厂商鸡蛋的供给表
价格(元/斤) 供给量(斤/天)
PPT文档演模板
暨南大学珠海学院微观经济学讲义
参考书目
n 保罗•萨缪尔森、威廉•诺德豪斯,《经济学》。 华夏出版社。
n 约瑟夫•斯蒂格利兹,《经济学》。中国人民大学 出版社。
n 格利高里•曼昆,《经济学原理》。中国人民大学 出版社。
n 李翀,《现代西方经济学原理》。广州:中山大 学出版社,2004
2015年暨南大学微观经济学考研真题,复习方法,考研流程,考研经验
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1/11【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站: 12015年暨南大学考研指导育明教育,创始于2006年,由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办,并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟,是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。
更多详情可联系育明教育孙老师。
微观经济学部分I .考查目标工商管理类各专业基础综合考试涵盖管理学原理和微观经济学等学科专业基础课程。
要求考生比较系统的掌握上述专业基础课程的概念、基本原理和方法,能够运用所学的基本原理和基本方法分析、判断和解决有关理论问题和实际问题。
Ⅱ.试卷题型结构选择题15分名词解释15分计算题15分分析题15分论述题15分III .考查范围经济学研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
尽管各种具体的管理决策千差万别,但均与稀缺资源的有效配置相关。
本课程的具体要求是:系统把握微观经济学的体系结构,理解微观经济学的基本概念,掌握微观经济学的基本原理和方法,能够解释分析实际问题。
2/11【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站: 2一、导言1、经济学的概念和研究对象2、经济学的基本假设3、经济模型4、实证经济学和规范经济学二、供给与需求1、需求、需求量和需求曲线2、供给、供给量和供给曲线3、需求弹性、供给弹性4、均衡产量和均衡价格5、供给、需求与政府政策:价格管制和税收三、消费者行为理论1、消费者偏好和无差异曲线2、消费者均衡分析3、替代效应和收入效应四、生产者行为理论1、边际收益递减规律2、短期生产函数与生产决策3、长期生产函数与要素组合比例4、短期成本函数与长期成本函数5、规模经济与规模不经济3/11【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站: 36、利润最大化的原则五、市场结构1、完全竞争2、垄断竞争3、寡头垄断4、垄断六、生产要素市场1、劳动的需求2、劳动的供给3、劳动市场的均衡4、其他生产要素:土地和资本七、公共部门经济学1、外部性和科斯定理2、公共物品和公共资源考生在考研复习的过程中总是难免会遇到一些自己不清楚的问题,有些同学可能会感到比较苦恼,甚至影响自己的复习效率。
暨南大学--微观经济学--考研试题doc资料
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微观经济学CHAP1 概论一,微观经济学的框架微观经济学说的是关于资源配置的问题。
主要是说资源配置的两个方面:1资源配置的方式(市场还是计划),微观经济学的观点是价格方式,既市场配置资源;2资源配置的效率,这就包括如何使得市场配置有效率的原则,以及原则不可控制之后的:市场失灵。
这样一来,整个微观经济学为看成了两个部分。
第一部分是2到9章,说的是价格如果配置资源,这包括产品市场和要素市场。
第二部分,则是后面的3章。
二,微观经济学的研究方法1,均衡:一般的计算题都是利用均衡条件写出方程式,求的所要求的值。
2,边际分析法:边际利益=边际代价概论的内容考试一般不会涉及,但是作为在整体上把握微观经济学还是值得大家注意的。
这对以后理解各个章节之间的联系是有帮助的CHAP2 均衡价格理论(D,S,P之间定性,定量的关系)一均衡价格的决定1,注意需求与需求量,供给和供给量的区别(线动还是点动)2,均衡条件:Qs=Qd (注意图解)二.弹性理论1理解弹性的定义,不用死记XX XX 弹性:前面的是因变量,后面的是自变量。
2影响需求价格弹性的因素(注意联系实际)3需求价格弹性与总收入的关系例如:谷贱伤农,薄利多销4供给价格弹性的影响因素(同样要联系实际)5收入弹性由于恩格尔定律,可以得出农业的发展趋势是向下的三均衡价格理论的应用支持价格与限制价格(自己看书理解吧,由于没办法画图,实在不知道怎么描述)无论是支持价格还是限制价格,都是不改变需求和供给水平,只改变需求量和供求量,即线不动点动。
CHAP3效用论——消费者效用最大化原则一,消费者均衡条件1,代数分析——基数论——边际效用分析MU递减规律均衡条件:两个等式,一个是收入限制,一个是性价比2.几何分析——序数论——无差异曲线消费者偏好:完备性,传递性,单调性。
前两个特性体现了消费者是理性的理解无差异曲线的位置高低所代表的含义。
均衡条件:边际替代率=价格比注意:1边际替代率的含义,是谁替代谁。
暨南大学《微观经济学》第十章 生产要素价格的决定
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W1
A
W2
B
W3
C
0
L1
L2
L3
图11.3 非完全竞争厂商的MRP曲线与对劳动的需求曲线
5.完全竞争市场和非完全竞争市场厂商对可变要素需求量的比较
P
P
d
A
P
P
P=AR
=MR
0
产量 0
A
W
B
AR
MR
Q
产量 0
(a)完竟品需求线
(b)非完竟品需求线
B
CL2 劳动
VC FC TC
1
4
3
12 5
5
5
10
2
10
3
30 5
10 5
15
3
15
3
45
5
15 5
20
4
18
3
54 5
20 5
25
5*
20
3
60
5
25 5
30
9
21
3
63 5
30 5
35
(9) (10) 总利 边际物 润 质产品
Л MPP
2
4
15 6
25 5
29 3
30* 2
28 1
(11) 边际 产品 价值 VMP 12
3.将d1和d2等类似的点连接起来即为两种要素都变动情况下的劳动的需求曲线。 (见图11.5)
(二)非完全竞争的产品市场厂商对劳动的需求(两种要素可以变动)
如图11.6所示,在非完全竞争条件下,由于同样存在替代、产出和利润极大化 三种效应,所以厂商对劳动的需求曲线类似于完全竞争产品市场下的情况,即是 连接d1和d2的曲线。
暨南大学微观经济学
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21
需求曲线:
P
D
o
Q
22
需求表:某家庭对鸡蛋旳需求表
价格(元/斤) 需求量(斤/月)
3.0
8
2.5
9
2.0
10
23
有关商品旳价格
➢ 替代品:交替使用能够满足人们同一需求或相同需 求旳商品。例:多种衣服、肉、水果、日用具等。
需求、供给以及弹性旳基本理论 消费者行为理论(效用理论) 厂商理论(生产和成本理论) 市场理论 生产要素理论 一般均衡与福利经济学理论
14
参照书目
保罗•萨缪尔森、威廉•诺德豪斯,《经济学》。 华夏出版社。
约瑟夫•斯蒂格利兹,《经济学》。中国人民大学 出版社。
格利高里•曼昆,《经济学原理》。中国人民大学 出版社。
➢ 低档商品:消费者对其需求与收入成 反方向变动旳商品。
❖ 正常商品与低档商品因不同人而异, 因同一人旳不同步期而异。
25
消费者预期
消费者对本身将来收入旳预期 ¤ 预期将来收入稳定增长,需求增长。 ¤ 预期将来收入不拟定或下降,需求降低。 消费者对商品将来价格旳预期 预期商品将来价格上涨,需求增长。 预期商品将来价格下降,需求降低。
P D1
D0 P1 D2
S E1
Pe
E
P2
E2
o Q2 Qe Q1
Q
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ41
均衡价格旳变动(图2)
P D
S2 S0 S1
P2
E2
Pe
E
P1
E1
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4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4 红铅笔
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两种要素完全互补品的产量线 (Perfect Complements)
劳动工具
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
劳动力
27
二、等成本线(Isocost)
1、定义:表示在生产要素
价格一定的条件下,花费 K
同样的成本支出可以购 8 买到的两种生产要素的
A
各种不同组合的轨迹。
全部支出购买K OA=C/PK
C、等产量线凸向原点。这是由
于边际技术替代率递减规律 在起作用。
21
3、边际技术替代率递减规律
1)边际技术替代率MRTS ----表示在保持产出不变前提下增加一种投入
品的数量与必须减少的另一种投入品数量(否 则就不能保持技术上有效率)之比。
MRTSLK
K L
MRTSLK
lim K L0 L
dK dL
例如PL=60,PK=30,厂商 总 成 本 支 出 C=240, 他 可以购买L和K的量可用 如下方程表示:
PLL+PKK=C
60L+30K=240
O
Slope=OA/OB=-PL/PK
全部支出购买L OB=C/PL
BB
4
L
28
3、等成本线方程
PLL PK K C
截距
斜率
K
C PK
PL PK
APL=TPL/L 边际产量MP:增加一单位某种可变要素所增加的产量。
MPL
TP L
MP lim TP dTP L0 L dL
7
2、举例:连续投入劳动: TP、AP、MP的变化
K
L
TP AP MP
5
1
88
8
5
2
20 10 12
5
3
36 12 16
5
4
48 12 12
5
5
55 11
7
5
6
60 10
变动投入——在一定时期内数量可以变动的生产要素,如劳动力、原材料。
3、长期与短期:按照生产要素是否全部可以变动来划 分长期和短期。(P128)
4
二、生产函数
1、定义: 表示在一定时期及一定的技术水平下,投 入一定的各种要素与这些要素所能生产的最大产出 的关系 。
Q = f(L,K,N,E) Q = f(L,K)
19
二、等产量曲线(Isoquant Curve)
1、定义:指在一定的技术下, K 可以生产出同等产量的两种 要素所有不同组合的轨迹。 12
例如:生产函数Q LK ,厂商要 生产出6单位产量,有如下L 和K的组合.
组合 L
K
6
A
2
18
B
3
12
3
C6
6
D 12 3
E 18 2
B C
36
D
L 12
20
三、一些具体的生产函数
1、固定投入比例生产函数
Q=Min (L/u, K/v),Q=L/u=K/v, K/L=u/v
2、柯布-道格拉斯(Cobb-Dauglas)生产函数
美国数学家柯布和经济学家道格拉斯提出的生产函数公 式: Q = AL Kβ ,(0<、β<1, A表示技术进步) Q = 1.01L0.75 K0.25
的,且两种要素可以替代。 2)可以认为这两种可变要素与一种或多种固定要素在
生产中发挥作用(短期):Q=f(L,m,K);也可以认为 是生产中只使用这两种要素进行生产,即Q=f(L,K), 长期中厂商只使用短期的变动要素L和短期的固定要 素K进行生产。 3)本节研究两种可变要素如何配合才可实现技术上有 效率。
2、注意:
A、一个生产函数作了技术水平不变的限定; B、生产函数描述了所有可供选择的技术中最有效率的生产技术;
因为一个理性的厂商是不会浪费资源的。所谓技术上有效率 是指厂商不增加要素投入就不能增加产量或减少一单位要素 投入就无法生产出所要的产量。 C 、按照生产要素是否可以全部变动,将生产函数分为短期生产 5
生产合理区域在第二个阶段。
14
厂商的理性选择
▪ 1、不选择Ⅲ区
➢ 非经济区,L投入越多,由于K有限,所以产出反 而减少。最后,理性厂商退出。
▪ 2、不选择Ⅰ区
➢ 非经济区,TP和AP还有增加的潜力,K存在潜在 生产力
▪ 3、选择Ⅱ区
➢ 经济区,L与K相配合,使K的潜在生产力发挥到 极致。
15
四、边际报酬递减规律 (Law of Diminishing Marginal
24
4、特殊的等产量曲线
(1)两种要素完全替代的等产量曲线 MRTS为常数,要素之间为完全替代关系,等产 量曲线为一条直线。
(2)两种要素完全互补的等产量曲线 MRTS=0,要素之间为完全互补关系,等产量 曲线为一直角。
25
两种要素完全替代的等产量曲线 (Perfect Substitutes)
MPLL MPK K
MRTSLK
K L
MPL MPK
L↑→MPL↓ K↓→MPK↑
23
——应用
➢ 等产量线凸向原点的几何特点,其所对应的经济含义 是边际技术替代率递减。MRTS的不断下降,使等产 量线越来越平缓。
➢ 大量使用劳动替代资本时,劳动的边际生产率下降; 大量使用资本替代劳动时,资本的边际生产率会下降。 总之,不断增加的投入使其边际产量下降,而不断减 少的投入却因边际产量递增而令人留恋。
土地的边际收益递减与城市化
▪ 我国是世界上人与地关系最紧张、农业劳动集约度最高的国家之一。务 农人数多,农业的产出很低,是我国穷的根本原因。改革开放之后,一 方面随着人口增加土地边际收益递减规律仍然发生作用,另一方面经济 建设的发展使耕地面积减少,因而有限土地上的就业压力进一步增加。
▪ 在20世纪80年代,农业剩余劳动力的转移主要以发展乡镇企业为载体, 采取了“离土不离乡,进厂不进城”的内部就地转移方式。据统计, 1978~1992年期间,乡镇企业共吸收7,500多万农村劳动力。然而,进入 90年代以后,乡镇企业由于技术进步加快,资本密集程度迅速提高,吸 纳剩余劳动力的能力明显下降。
第一节 生产函数 (production function)
一、生产、投入和生产时期 1、生产:厂商投入生产要素到产品产出的过程。 2、投入:指厂商在生产中使用的各种资源,包括:土
地、劳动、资本和企业家才能。 按投入数量在生产过程中数量的变化还可分为:
固定投入——指在一定时期内数量不可变动的生产要素。在考察的这段 时期内其数量固定,不随产量的变动而变动。如机器、厂房
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二、TP、AP、MP之间的关系(2)
2、 TP与AP的关系:
AP TP TP曲线的纵坐标的值 L TP曲线的横坐标的值 =从圆点向TP曲线上某点所引的射线的斜率 从圆点向TP所引的射线中,一定有一斜率最大的,即图中的 OD,在D点左边,从O向TP所引的射线斜率<OD的斜率; 在D点右边,从O向TP所引的射线斜率< OD的斜率; 即在D点,射线的斜率达到最大即AP达到最大。
生作用的普遍性或一般性。 ➢ 原因:最佳的要素数量组合比例被打破。
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规律的应用
▪ 1、为什么农村存在大量剩余劳动力?
人口多,土地有限
▪ 2、为什么不能盲目密植? 作物多,土地有限 ▪ 3、为什么计划体制下某些单位办事效率低? 人多,而职位有限 ▪ 4、三个和尚为什么没水吃? 和尚多,工具有限
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2、 等产量线的特征:
A、在同一个平面上可以有无数 条等产量曲线,每一条等产 量曲线只代表一种产量水平, 离原点越远的等产量曲线代 表的产量水平越高。 Q1>Q2>Q3。因为离圆点越远 的点包含的要素较多,要生 产出的产量较多在技术上才 有效率。
Q3 Q2 Q1
B、任何两条等产量线不能相 交。否则交点的要素组合可 以生产出两个不同的产量水 平,这与生产函数的性质不 符。
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二、TP、AP、MP之间的关系(3)
3、 MP与AP的关系: MP>AP, AP递增; MP<AP, AP递减; MP=AP, AP达到最大。
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三、单一生产要素连续投入的三个生产阶段
平均产量递增
平均产量递减 边际产量为正
生产阶段的划分
边际产量为负
AP
I II III
MP
MP
O
AP
L
L2 L3
Return)
----指在技术水平不变,其他生产要素的投入量不变的情况
下,连续追加一种可变要素的投入量达到一定数量后,该 生产要素的边际产出必定下降。
▪ 把握
➢ 技术与其他要素投入不变 ➢ 连续、等量投入某可变要素 ➢ 边际产量先递增后递减,即不排除它先递增。 ➢ 边际产量递减规律具有独立于经济制度或其它社会条件而发
劳动贡献为3/4,资本贡献为1/4(当时的情况)
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第二节 一种可变生产要素生产函 数
(短期生产函数 Q f (L, K ) )
一、总产量TP、平均产量AP和边际产量MP
总产量TP :在K不变下,投入一定量的某种可变生产要素所生产出 来的全部产量。 TPL=f (L,K)
平均产量AP:平均每单位某可变要素所生产出来的产量。
理性厂商选择第II阶段
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Q
Ⅰ
F TP
ⅡⅢ
E AP
L
0
A B MP
第Ⅰ阶段(从O到AP达最大): AP递增,这时MP>AP,这意味 着增加1单位可变要素所引 起的TP会使可变要素的AP有 所提高,此时停止增加可变 要素缺乏效率。