英语修辞手法metonymy and synecdoche
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Metonymy & Synecdoche
C onte nts
（一） Metonymy
1. Definition 2. The Classification （二） Synecdoche 3. Definition 4. The classification
1.The Definition of Metonymy
S
G
There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Frenchman.
C. The Material
The Thing Made From It
She was dressed in silks and satins. The little boy broke the glass deliberately.
Synecdoche
（提喻）
Definition
A figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole, the whole for the part, species for genus, the genus for the species or the name of the material for the thing made. If A is a component of B → Synecdoche
用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物， 就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统， 用the bottle来代 替wine 或者alcohol， 用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用 crown代替 king等。
He is a man worthy of your steel, because there is no cowardice in him.
copper（铜）指代 penny；paper 指代 money boards（板子）指代stage；steel指代sword ivories（象牙）指代 pianokey
D. Species
S
Oh,
Genus
G
the spring should vanish with the rose!
4.8 million vehicles rolled off the assembly lines, 20000 more than in 1988.
Nearly
G
S
E. The Individual
5. body part as a name for the sense, behavior or ability He has a good ear for music. (The ability to appreciate or enjoy) He has a sharp tongue. (Using biting or severe words in speech) 6. Name of a clear sign of an object or a person as a name for the object or the person Those big noses, blue eyes and yellow hair taught them English. (Foreigners who possess these features)
B. The General
G S
The Specific
All the wit and the learning of the world were assembled there.
Everyone should have the means to earn their own bread.
4、Location Metonymy
(1)The Place for the Event Let’s not let Thailand become another Vietnam. (2) The Place for the People The whole city is excited. The whole town showed up.
8、Material for Object glass - cup brass - brass product watercolor - a painting produced with watercolors
9. Controller for the controlled It was a great pity that Ozawa gave a terrible concert last night . Ozawa 是交响乐队的指挥，而指挥是乐团的灵魂。因此，借Ozawa 之名 代他所指挥的交响乐队的全部演出，使其主要责任人一目了然
I O
The Overall
It will cost you a pretty penny. This young man is very clever; he may be another Edison.
What a despicable(可鄙的) creature he is! I do not like eat meat .
Classification
Types of Metonymy
1、Part - Whole Metonymy (1) The Part for the Whole Deliver to the door. (house) (2) The Whole for the Part The car broke down. (one part of the car) 2、Producer for Product He bought a Ford. (Fort’s car) I am reading Lu Xun. (Lu Xun’s works) 3、The typical objects for the occupation or people engaged in the profession When we speak, we must address the chair. (chairman) His elder sister went on the stage (become an actor); the younger one had taken the veil ( the vocation of a nun).
2014-6-23
Types of Synecdoche
A. Diadochic between the part and the whole
B. Diadochic between the general and the specific
C. The material for the thing made from it
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of the White House for the United States government or president, of the bottle for wine or alcohol, of the bar for the legal profession and the crown for the king, etc.
Types of Synecdoche
a. the part b. the general the whole the specific
c. the material
the thing made from it
genus the overall
d. species
e. the individual
O
I
Metonymy & Synecdoche
Contrast Between Synecdoche [si‘nekdəki] and Metonymy
• • • • • • • • • • 1、He has a good ear for music. (Metonymy) 2、It is hard to earn a dollar these days. (Synecdoche) 3、He has many mouths to feed. (Synecdoche) 4、Do you like Dickens? (Metonymy) 5、He has a sharp tongue. (Metonymy)
D. Diadochic between the individual and the overall
A. The Part
P
The Whole
来自百度文库
W
They were short of hands at harvest time.
No eye saw him, but a second later every ear heard a gunshot. P England won the football game. Then the surgeon cut me open and take out the appendix and stitched me up again. W
7、Container for Content After her husband left her, Wendy took to the bottle. （bottle——wine） The film star has a large wardrobe. （wardrobe ——clothes）
This substituted name may be an attribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it. In other words, it involves a "change of name", the substituted name suggesting the thing meant. Its function is to express an idea briefly and effectively by compressing much into a single word or a short noun phrase. The following is a list of metonymies:
10、Concrete - Abstract Metonymy
(1) Concrete for Abstract The pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). (2) Abstract for Concrete Frank’s Mr. Hyde was a charmer（魔术师）, but his Dr. Jekyll was frightening, truly frightening. 此处作者借Mr. Hyde 和Dr. Jekyll 这两个具体的小说人物指代其典型性格特征,前者性情随和，后 者性情暴躁 11、The common —— the Specific Metonymy Tom, Dick and Harry ——normal person Ivan ——the Russian people
John Bull —— the British people • He is short and fat, with a tall hat on his head and a pair of boots on his feet. • It is the nickname for Britain. England / the English people
C onte nts
（一） Metonymy
1. Definition 2. The Classification （二） Synecdoche 3. Definition 4. The classification
1.The Definition of Metonymy
S
G
There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Frenchman.
C. The Material
The Thing Made From It
She was dressed in silks and satins. The little boy broke the glass deliberately.
Synecdoche
（提喻）
Definition
A figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole, the whole for the part, species for genus, the genus for the species or the name of the material for the thing made. If A is a component of B → Synecdoche
用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物， 就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统， 用the bottle来代 替wine 或者alcohol， 用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用 crown代替 king等。
He is a man worthy of your steel, because there is no cowardice in him.
copper（铜）指代 penny；paper 指代 money boards（板子）指代stage；steel指代sword ivories（象牙）指代 pianokey
D. Species
S
Oh,
Genus
G
the spring should vanish with the rose!
4.8 million vehicles rolled off the assembly lines, 20000 more than in 1988.
Nearly
G
S
E. The Individual
5. body part as a name for the sense, behavior or ability He has a good ear for music. (The ability to appreciate or enjoy) He has a sharp tongue. (Using biting or severe words in speech) 6. Name of a clear sign of an object or a person as a name for the object or the person Those big noses, blue eyes and yellow hair taught them English. (Foreigners who possess these features)
B. The General
G S
The Specific
All the wit and the learning of the world were assembled there.
Everyone should have the means to earn their own bread.
4、Location Metonymy
(1)The Place for the Event Let’s not let Thailand become another Vietnam. (2) The Place for the People The whole city is excited. The whole town showed up.
8、Material for Object glass - cup brass - brass product watercolor - a painting produced with watercolors
9. Controller for the controlled It was a great pity that Ozawa gave a terrible concert last night . Ozawa 是交响乐队的指挥，而指挥是乐团的灵魂。因此，借Ozawa 之名 代他所指挥的交响乐队的全部演出，使其主要责任人一目了然
I O
The Overall
It will cost you a pretty penny. This young man is very clever; he may be another Edison.
What a despicable(可鄙的) creature he is! I do not like eat meat .
Classification
Types of Metonymy
1、Part - Whole Metonymy (1) The Part for the Whole Deliver to the door. (house) (2) The Whole for the Part The car broke down. (one part of the car) 2、Producer for Product He bought a Ford. (Fort’s car) I am reading Lu Xun. (Lu Xun’s works) 3、The typical objects for the occupation or people engaged in the profession When we speak, we must address the chair. (chairman) His elder sister went on the stage (become an actor); the younger one had taken the veil ( the vocation of a nun).
2014-6-23
Types of Synecdoche
A. Diadochic between the part and the whole
B. Diadochic between the general and the specific
C. The material for the thing made from it
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of the White House for the United States government or president, of the bottle for wine or alcohol, of the bar for the legal profession and the crown for the king, etc.
Types of Synecdoche
a. the part b. the general the whole the specific
c. the material
the thing made from it
genus the overall
d. species
e. the individual
O
I
Metonymy & Synecdoche
Contrast Between Synecdoche [si‘nekdəki] and Metonymy
• • • • • • • • • • 1、He has a good ear for music. (Metonymy) 2、It is hard to earn a dollar these days. (Synecdoche) 3、He has many mouths to feed. (Synecdoche) 4、Do you like Dickens? (Metonymy) 5、He has a sharp tongue. (Metonymy)
D. Diadochic between the individual and the overall
A. The Part
P
The Whole
来自百度文库
W
They were short of hands at harvest time.
No eye saw him, but a second later every ear heard a gunshot. P England won the football game. Then the surgeon cut me open and take out the appendix and stitched me up again. W
7、Container for Content After her husband left her, Wendy took to the bottle. （bottle——wine） The film star has a large wardrobe. （wardrobe ——clothes）
This substituted name may be an attribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it. In other words, it involves a "change of name", the substituted name suggesting the thing meant. Its function is to express an idea briefly and effectively by compressing much into a single word or a short noun phrase. The following is a list of metonymies:
10、Concrete - Abstract Metonymy
(1) Concrete for Abstract The pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). (2) Abstract for Concrete Frank’s Mr. Hyde was a charmer（魔术师）, but his Dr. Jekyll was frightening, truly frightening. 此处作者借Mr. Hyde 和Dr. Jekyll 这两个具体的小说人物指代其典型性格特征,前者性情随和，后 者性情暴躁 11、The common —— the Specific Metonymy Tom, Dick and Harry ——normal person Ivan ——the Russian people
John Bull —— the British people • He is short and fat, with a tall hat on his head and a pair of boots on his feet. • It is the nickname for Britain. England / the English people