2016年东师英语语言文学(语言学)考研真题
东师15春《英语语言学》题库112及满分答案
东师15春《英语语言学》题库112及满分答案一、单选题（共 20 道试题，共 60 分。
）1. ______ are the features found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called.A. distinctive featuresB. non-distinctive featuresC. suprasegmental featuresD. free variation正确答案：C2. Morphologically, Chinese is a(n) ____language.A. analyticB. syntheticC. agglutinatingD. inflecting正确答案：A3. A ______ is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.A. morphemeB. wordC. phonemeD. allophones正确答案：C4. （Watt ）is a measurement unit of electricity. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. Sound ReduplicationB. CoinageC. EponymD. Clipping正确答案：C5. When linguists write grammars or exicographers compile dictionaries they must use __________.A. natural languageB. artificial languageC. metalanguageD. mother language正确答案：C6. vet （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. Sound ReduplicationB. CoinageC. EponymD. Clipping正确答案：D7. [u:] possesses the features _____________.A. [+high][+back][+round][-tense]B. [+high][-back][+round][+tense]C. [+high][+back][+round][+tense]D. [-high][+back][+round][+tense]正确答案：C8. The majority of English ____ change the part of speech when added to free morpheme or word.A. prefixesB. infixesC. suffixesD. morphemes正确答案：C9. The language used to talk about language is called ______.A. metalanguageB. artificial languageC. natural languageD. language正确答案：A10. In more detailed transcription (sometimes referred to as narrow transcription), a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller symbol is added in order to mark the finer distinctions. The smaller one is called ____________.A. segmentB. phonetic symbolC. markerD. diacritic正确答案：A11. （Tick- tuck）is the sound by a clock（为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. Sound ReduplicationB. CoinageC. EponymD. Clipping正确答案：A12. In Modern linguistics __________ language is regarded as premier.A. writtenB. spokenC. standardD. formal正确答案：B13. may be defined as the scientific study of language.A. MorphologyB. LinguisticsC. PhonologyD. Phonetics正确答案：B14. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four正确答案：B15. blackboard（为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. ConversionB. BackformationC. BlendingD. Compounding正确答案：D16. _______ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words .A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. LexiconD. Morpheme正确答案：A17. I like to have （brunch） quite often. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. ConversionB. BackformationC. BlendingD. Compounding正确答案：C18. The road was （enlarged ）the year before the last. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. ConversionC. BackformationD. Blending正确答案：A19. ______ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.A. ConversionB. AbbreviationC. EponymsD. Blending正确答案：A20. Natural languages that are used to break the barrier of communication between nations are called __________.A. world lingua francasB. EsperantoC. official languagesD. foreign languages正确答案：A二、判断题（共 20 道试题，共 40 分。
东师15春《英语语言学》题库44及满分答案
东师15春《英语语言学》题库44及满分答案一、单选题（共 20 道试题，共 50 分。
）1. She knew it was that that had given her the___________________.A. palpitationsB. shillingsC. clackingD. cretonne正确答案：A2. In fact it was this silence that ________ all the last moments of our climb.A. dominatingB. dominatedC. dominatesD. dominate正确答案：B3. It seemed she had a private breeze which ________ around, cooling her.A. swirlingB. swirlC. swirlsD. swirled正确答案：D4. They lived, in bitter ________, to see the establishment they had overthrown replaced by a new one.A. illusionB. disillusionC. disillusionmentD. illusions正确答案：C5. I held the paper sack with his cookies in my arms________ by the poems.A. trailedB. meadC. essenceD. shieled正确答案：D6. It is true that one can write nothing readable unless one constantly struggles to ________ one’s own personality.A. effaceB. oundC. betrayD. ruin正确答案：A7. It takes the human voice to ________ them with the shades of deeper meaning.A. refuseB. confuseC. infuseD. refusing正确答案：C8. I stare at the ________ blank paper until sights and sounds become dim and confused.A. reproachB. approachC. reproachfullyD. approachfully正确答案：C9. But women ________ in the lower-paying, menial, unrewarding, dead-end jobs.A. dominatedB. predominateC. rankD. homemaker正确答案：B10. The are prime victims of dishonest door-to-door salesman and __________ advertising, and buy defective hearing aids, dance lessons, useless "Medicare insurance supplements".A. diagnosticB. fraudulentC. adversityD. penalize正确答案：B11. A man was not stamped as a ___________ for protesting against vivisection.A. ironB. triumphC. crankD. imbecile正确答案：C12. Jim Binns wrote me about some of his __________.A. skepticismB. misgivingC. misgivingsD. contemporaries正确答案：C13. There were food shortages and other _______________ during the Civil War.A. discrepantB. multitudeC. deprivationsD. accumulation正确答案：C14. We may fail to see how a ___________ Deity could wish us to draw such conclusions from the hierarchical order He has created.A. objectiveB. benevolentC. sentimentD. scruple正确答案：B15. She liked its huge, barnlike, inhuman ___________, its corridors shoulder-high in dark green, shoulder-to-ceiling in pale peppermint.A. bleaknessB. accessibilityC. beretD. frizzy16. It only took me an hour to pick up the __________ of skiing.A. populaceB. stalkingC. omnipotenceD. rudiments正确答案：D17. Do you think it‘s within his ___________ to (= Do you think he‘ll be able to) do the job without making a mess of it?A. capacityB. terminologyC. bathD. term正确答案：A18. I have tried to search behind the sophistication of years for the ________ I so easily found in those gifts.A. enchantB. enchantmentC. enchantingD. enchanted19. We were hoping to ___________ these difficult decisions until September.A. set offB. stave offC. take offD. give off正确答案：B20. Unfair employment practices are enforced instead of ________.A. evadedB. evadeC. invadedD. invade正确答案：A二、判断题（共 20 道试题，共 50 分。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编20.doc
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编20(总分：132.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：14，分数：28.00)1.As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones 1. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.In traditional grammar, 1is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into 1words and 2words. (南开大学2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________4.The 1is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5.There are two fields of morphology: the study of 1and the study of 2. (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________6.A 1morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________7. 1 is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology. (南开大学2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________8. 1is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from 2and 3. (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________9.Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an 1affix from a longer form already in the language. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________10. 1is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. It is the minimum free form. (中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________11.Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that call be used only when added to another morpheme. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and 1. (北京邮电大学2010研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________12.Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words. As for variable words, they may have 1changes. That is, the same word my have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant (中山大学2011年研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________13.Bound morphemes are classified into two types; 1and 2root.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________14.A word formed by derivation is called a 1, and a word formed by compounding is called a 2.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________二、判断题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)15.Some linguists maintain that a word group is an extension of word of a particular class. (清华2001研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假16.Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假17.Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假18.Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are all open class items. (清华2001研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假19.The words "loose" and "books" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假20.Free morpheme may constitute words by themselves. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假21.Root also falls into two categories: free and bound. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假22.A stem is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. (对外经贸2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假23.The words "water" and "teacher" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假24.The words "boys" and "raise" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假25.Analogic change refers to the reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.真26.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假三、单项选择题(总题数：15，分数：30.00)27.Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are______items. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）A.open-classB.closed-classC.neither open-class nor closed-class28.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.lexical wordsB.grammatical wordsC.function wordsD.form words29.Bound morphemes do not include______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.rootsB.prefixesC.suffixesD.words30.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.Polymorphemic wordsB.Bound morphemesC.Free morphemes31.______refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number.(西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.AffixationB.InflectionC.DerivationD.Conjugation32.Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table—tables, day + break — daybreak. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.inflection and compoundpound and derivationC.inflection and derivationpound words consist of______ morphemes. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）A.boundB.freeC.both bound and free34.Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending? (对外经贸2006研)（分数：2.00）A.WTOB.MotelC.BookshelfD.red-faced35.Which of the following words are formed by blending? (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.girlfriendB.televisionD.bunch36.The word UN is formed in the way of______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.acronymyB.clippingC.initialismD.blending37.Which of the following is NOT a process of the lexical change? (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.INVENTION.B.ACRONYM.C.LEXICON.nguage has been changing, but such changes are not so obvious at all linguistic aspects except that of______. (西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.phonologyB.lexiconC.syntaxD.semantics39."Wife", which used to refer to any woman, stands for "a married woman" in modern English. This phenomenon is known as______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.semantic shiftB.semantic broadeningC.semantic elevationD.semantic narrowing40.It is true that words may shift in meaning, i. e. semantic change. The semantic change of the word tail belongs to______.（分数：2.00）A.narrowing of meaningB.meaning shiftC.loss of meaningD.widening of meaning41.A suffix is an affix which appears______.（分数：2.00）A.after the stemB.before the stemC.in the middle of the stemD.below the stem四、简答题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)42.What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes? (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 43.What does the concept morphophoneme mean? What is the relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme?(南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 44.What are phonologically conditioned and morphologically conditioned form of morphemes? (武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 45.How are affixes classified? (四川大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________46.A number interesting word-formation processes can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is going on in these?(a) The deceased's cremains were scattered over the hill.(b) He's always taking pills, either uppers or downers. (上海交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 47.How to distinguish root and stem?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 48.Illustrate the relationship between morpheme and allomorph by examples.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 49.What are closed-class words and open-class words?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)50.Open-class words (浙江大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 51.Lexical word (武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 52.Morpheme (武汉大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 53.Stem (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 54.inflectional morpheme (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 55.Free morphemes (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 56.Bound morpheme (上海交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 57.Inflection (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ pound (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 59.Allomorph (四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 60.Back-formation(四川大学2008研；北外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 61.Prefix (北外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 62.cognate(南开大学2011年研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________六、1 举例说明题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)63.Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 64.Semantic change plays a very important role in widening the vocabulary of a language. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 65.Illustrate the ways of lexical change. (武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 66.What are the major types of semantic Changes? (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
奥鹏东师 《英语语言学》练习题参考答案.doc
练习题第1套参考答案I. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8.T 9.F 10. T 11. F 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. TII. a. [m] b. [w] c. [l] d. [b] e. [I]III.(ommited)IV. a. A bluebird refers to a kind of bird. A blue bird means a bird whose feathers are blue.b. A lighthouse keeper refers a keeper who keeps lighthouse. A light housekeeper means a housekeeper who is light. V. The relation between bank1 and bank2 is homonymy.VI. a. tautology b. contradiction c. inconsistency d. synonymy e. entailmentVII. 1. The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional(geographical) dialects, sociolects(social dialects) and registers (functional varieties).The standard variety is the form of a language used by the government and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is the main or only written form. A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area. Sociolects are forms of a language that characterize the speech of different social classes. Register is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use”, in contrast with regional dialects and sociolects, both of which are “varieties according to user.”2. The maxim of quantity:(i) Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of exchange.(ii) Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.The maxim of quality:Try to make your contribution one that is true.(i) Do not say what you believe to be false.(ii) Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.The maxim of relevance:Make your contributions relevant.The maxim of manner:(i) Avoid obscurity of expression.(ii) Avoid ambiguity.(iii) Be brief.(iv) Be orderly.3． Target domain and source domain are the components of metaphors. The trans ference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to as mapping.I. 1. descriptive 2. places, voicing 3. Allophones 4.morpheme 5. signifier, signified 6. structure 7. diphthongs 8. accidental 9. Meaning, sounds 10. metalanguage 11. interpersonal, textualI.voiced 2. fricative 3. labial 4. alveolar 5. high, vowelII.1.This is a dress for beautiful girls.This is a beautiful dress for girls.2.Tom hates his boss and I hate his boss too.Tom hates his boss and I hate my boss too.III.a) The Whit House is a proper noun, which is the estate of the American government. A white house refers to a house which is painted white.b) A redcoat refers to a British soldier who is in red coat. A red coat means a coat whose color is red.IV.(ommited)V.1. Ideational function --- we use language to talk about our experience of the world, including our inner world, to describe events, states and the entities involved (language serves as a cording system which deals with the relation between man and nature);·Interpersonal function --- we use language to interact with others, to establish and maintain relations with them, to please them, to anger them, and influence their behavior, to get their help or sympathy (language servers as a medium between individuals);·Textual function --- language as a system organizes messages in a unified manner so that chunks of messages fit logically with others around them and with the wider context in which the talking or writing takes place (when language is in use, playing the above two functions, it naturally forms a text).2. Metaphors have three main features: systematicity, creation of similarities, and imaginative rationality. Metaphors are systematic precisely because they are conceptual in nature. Metaphor can create similarities between the two domains involved. This runs counter to the traditional view which holds that similarities are inherent in the entities themselves. But cognitive linguists hold that the similarities relevant to metaphors are experiential rather than objective. Metaphors are characterized by imaginative rationality. They unite reasoning and imagination. Metaphors as a form of reasoning by analogy involve categorization, entailment and inference. By metaphors we understand one kind of thing in terms of another kind of thing.1.Homonymy Homonyms are words which have the same form, but different meanings. Words which have the samespelling but different meanings are called homographs, such as bow (v.) and bow (n., a weapon). Words which have the same pronunciation but different meanings are called homophones. Flour/flower, pale/pail, whole/hole are all homophones. Words which have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings are full homonyms, as exemplified by bear (v.)/bear (an animal), ground (n.)/ground(v.).Polysemy Homonyms are listed as separate entries in a dictionary, because lexicographers see them as unrelated in sense. A polyseme is a word which has several related senses. In many dictionaries you can find bank1 and bank2 as separate entries. The relation between the two is homonymy. Both of them are polysemes, because each of them has several definitions. Lexicographers make the distinction between homonyms and polysemes based on the intuition of native speakers as well as the etymology or history of words.练习题第3套参考答案I.1—5 T F F T F 6—10 TF T F F 11—15 T F T T FII.I.[f] voiceless labiodental fricativeII.[r] alveolar retroflex liquidIII.[a:] low back vowelIV.[k] voiceless velar stopV.[i] lax high front vowelIII.i) a) one b) three c) two d) four e) sevenii)b)c)disgracefuld)stepsistere)f)antidisestablishmentarianismII.(参见课件或教材)III.1. A wants to stop B from smoking there.2. Pre-requestVI. 1. Metaphor is the mapping from the source domain to the target domain. The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain. The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguists as mapping. For example, neck is a part of human body, while the neck in the compound bottleneck is metaphorically used. The properties of human neck (source domain) have been transferred to the neck of the bottle (target domain).2. linguistic competence accounts for a speaker's knowledge of his language. accounts for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it. According to Hymes (1972), there are four parameters that underlie a speaker's communicative competence, namely the ability to judge:1. Whether (and to what degree) something is formally possible;2. Whether (and to what degree) something is feasible;3. Whether (and to what degree) something is appropriate;4. Whether (and to what degree) something is in fact done.3. Referential meaning (sometimes called denotative meaning) is widely believed to be the central meaning of words. It is comparatively more stable and universal. The word woman refers to female human adult. This kind of meaning of the word has not changed and will not change. Associative meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning. In contrast to referential meaning, they are less stable and more culture-specific. For example, although the referential meaning of the word king has not changed in English, English people today have different conceptions of the king than before. The English word pig may have the same referent as its equivalent in a language of Islamic culture. Yet, the associative meanings are totally different.I. 1. tone 2. lexicon 3. suppletives 4. Semantics 5. Synomyms 6. Meaning, sounds7. metalanguage 8. interpersonal, textual 9. descriptive 10. places, voicing 11. Allophones 12.morphemeII. a). voiced b). fricative c). bilabial d). velar e). high; vowelIII. 1) a greenhouse, the stress is on green; a green house, the stress is on house.Greenhouse is a compound word; green house is a noun phrase.A greenhouse refers to a building with sides and roof of glass, used for growing plants that needprotection from the weather, while a green house refers to a house whose color is green.2) a sleeping car, the stress is on sleeping; a sleeping boy, the stress is on boy.A sleeping car means a car in which one can sleep. A sleeping boy means a boy who is sleeping.IV. a. Allophones are actual realizations of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts. For example, the [l], the dark [] in deal, and the voiceless [] in slight are the realizations of the phoneme /l/. [] appears after vowels, [] after voiceless consonants, and [l] elsewhere. The relation between the phoneme and its allophones can be shown in the following figure:b. The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional (geographical) dialects, sociolects (social dialects) and registers (functional varieties).V (ommited)VI 1. A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room.2. A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.VII. 1. 1. Reference is the relation by which a word picks out or identifies an entity in the world. London refers to or denotes the capital of Great Britain. The word dog denotes a kind of domestic animal. The referential theory, the simplest theory of meaning, claims that meaning is reference. Words stand not only in relation to the world but also to human mind. So in addition to reference, there is another dimension of word meaning called sense. For example, when you hear the expression dog, you will naturally reflect on its features in addition to the kind of animal as the referent of the expression. Sense is mental representation, the association with something in the speaker/hearer's mind. Words like dragon, but, of and phrases like a round triangle have sense, but no referent. Words like dog, horse, car and gun have both referent and sense.2. ·Ideational function --- we use language to talk about our experience of the world, including our inner world, to describe events, states and the entities involved (language serves as a cording system which deals with the relation between man and nature);·Interpersonal function --- we use language to interact with others, to establish and maintain relations with them, to please them, to anger them, and influence their behavior, to get their help or sympathy (language servers as a medium between individuals);·Textual function --- language as a system organizes messages in a unified manner so that chunks of messages fit logically with others around them and with the wider context in which the talking or writing takes place (when language is in use, playing the above two functions, it naturally forms a text).。
东师15春《英语语言学》题库88及满分答案
东师15春《英语语言学》题库88及满分答案一、单选题（共 10 道试题，共 25 分。
）1. _____ exists in the Quebec Province, Canada.A. PidginB. MultilingualismC. CreoleD. Bilingualism正确答案：D 满分：2.5 分2. ______ is, fundamentally speaking, logic-oriented.A. Sperber and Wilson’s principle of RelevanceB. Leech’s theory of Politeness PrincipleC. Grice’s theory of Cooperative PrincipleD. Horn’s Q-principle and R-principle正确答案：C 满分：2.5 分3. ____ is an expression that substitutes one which may be seen as offensive or disturbing to the addressee.A. TabooB. EuphemismC. ImplicatureD. An indirect illocution正确答案：B 满分：2.5 分4. The pioneering investigation done by William Labov in New York City in 1966 was to test ______ among different groups of speakers.A. sociolectsB. registersC. regional dialectsD. accents正确答案：A 满分：2.5 分5. 1. ______ is an official document that determines the content and principles of teaching and learning authoritatively.A. A syllabusB. A textbookC. An educational planD. A test正确答案：A 满分：2.5 分6. ______ refers to the fact that a speaker changes from one language to the other when talking about different topics or in different situations.A. BilingualismB. Code-mixingC. Code-switchingD. Pidgin正确答案：C 满分：2.5 分7. Sodium Chloride and salt, which denote the same substance, differ in ______ of communication.A. FieldB. RegisterC. ModeD. Tenor正确答案：A 满分：2.5 分8. ______ is the basic teaching unit in the structural syllabus.A. the wordB. the discourseC. the sentenceD. the text正确答案：C 满分：2.5 分9. Children all undergo ________ stages of language development.A. babbling, two-word, holophrastic and the telegraphic speechB. babbling, two-word, telegraphic speech and the holophrasticC. babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speechD. babbling, holophrastic, telegraphic speech and the two-word正确答案：C 满分：2.5 分10. is used to refer to a specific-general semantic relationship between lexical items. Dog and cat are subordinates of livestock.A. MeronymyB. HyponymyC. PolysemyD. Antonymy正确答案：B 满分：2.5 分二、判断题（共 30 道试题，共 75 分。
[考研类试卷]2016年东北师范大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2016年东北师范大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc[考研类试卷]2016年东北师范大学英语翻译基础真题试卷英译汉1 international reserve currencies2 contaminate3 orphanage4 multilateral cooperation5 external-affairs commissioner6 terrorist attack7 open ports to foreign trade8 vehicle exhaust9 live TV broadcast10 insurance policy11 put oneself in someone's shoes12 jeopardize13 intercultural communication14 foreign exchange dealing15 APEC汉译英16 友好合作的伙伴关系17 和平共处18 全民奥运19 不平等条约20 小康社会21 全球化22 感恩节23 农历24 紧急出口25 关税26 财政部27 通货膨胀28 防御性策略29 国债30 欧洲联盟英译汉31 The manufacture of plastics requires a large quantity of heavy machines as well as knowledge of science. T oday the greater part of plastics is manufactured by the world's great oil refineries and chemical works. Chemical works are factories which produce chemicals—a manmade liquids, gases and solid materials. The refineries and chemical works produce many different kinds of raw plastics, which are then taken to the tens of thousands of factories which made plastic products.Machines for making plastic objects are very different from those used for manufacturing articles of wood or metal or other natural materials. For raw plastics mustfirst be softened by heat and then pressed into moulds. It is the moulds which give plastic objects their shapes. These moulds can be of any shape or size. And the same mould can be used over and over again. In fact one mould can produce many thousands of articles before it wears out. This is one of the reasons why plastic things are so cheap.32 There is a difference between knowledge and wisdom, but without the one the other cannot be gained. We cannot have a harvest of wheat without seed and skill of cultivation. Knowledge is the root of wisdom; wisdom is the ripe fruit of knowledge. The love of knowledge has been characteristic of most great men. They not only loved knowledge but they were willing to work hard to attain it. When a man wins success, people say, "He is a genius." But the real cause for his success was that the love ofknowledge led to the effort to obtain it. Useful knowledge is the knowledge which is of benefit to ourselves and to others, and that is the most important which is the most useful. It is the belief of many people that knowledge is better than riches, and that its possession brings more comfort to the owner than anything else. The power of intellectual knowledge, without the owner of moral principle, often tends to evil. Character is the criterion of knowledge. Not what a man has, but what he is, is the question. The quality of soul is more than the quantity of information. If we have noble purpose, our intellectual attainments will naturally turn to the loftiest uses. (From On Knowledge by W. F. Mark-wick and W. A. Smith)33 The mighty Pacific washes the shores of the continents—North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica. Its waters mingle in the southeast with the Atlantic Ocean and in the southwest with the Indian Ocean. It is not on the shores of continents or in the coastal islands, however, that the soul of the great Pacific is found. It lies far out where the fabled South Sea Islands are scattered over the huge ocean like stars in the sky.When white men first came to the Pacific islands, they found that the people living there were like happy children. They were tall men and beautiful women who seemed not to have a care in the world. Coconut palms and breadfruit trees grew at the doors of their huts. The ocean was filled with turtles and fish, ready for the net. (From Pacific Ocean) 汉译英34 国与国之间的交往，特别是经贸互动，既存在着合作，又存在着竞争。
东北师范大学英语考研复试语言学真题
东北师范大学英语考研复试语言学真题2013年外国语言学及应用语言学复试题满分100分一填空（10题，一道2分，共20分）（有的题是大概的意思）1. I eated too much. according to error analysis, it belongs to ____.2. Speech Act Theory was proposed by_____.3. The _____ School studied the system of language and the function of language.4. ____ refers to the same words which have many meanings.5. Interlanguage contains field, mode and ___6. There are 3 classes of theory towards SLA ______,environmentalist and functionalist.7. Referential meaning also called ____meaning8. The semantic feature of these words "pine,elm,willow,birch,polar" is _____9.Such words as " pot, oven, knife,ladle,napkin"not belong toa prototype of category which is ____10. "waistcoat"is from British English while its American English is _____.二term （4题，一道5分，共20分）11.parole 12. entailment 13. conventional meaning 14. conversational implicature三paraphrase （3题，一道5分，共15分）15. The chicken is too hot to eat16. Flying planes can be dangerous17. I saw him on the bus四写出下列句子的Presupposition（5题，一道3分，共15分）18. Did their team win his year's African Cup finals?19.Their team win this year's African Cup finals.20.Mary didn't see the horse with two head.21. Ambraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865.22. Would you please try it again?五大题（一道10分，共30分）1. Write two dialogues about preference structure,and give explanation and illustrate it2.How to understand the sentence “ In successful communication, what is actually said is only the tip of iceberg.”3. the factors of SLA以上是专业复试笔试，下面我来介绍下法语面试和专业面试的准备：关于法语面试：（3-5分钟左右吧）首先：一定要准备自我介绍，记住，自我介绍的内容无需太过繁琐，可说你的姓名，毕业于或将要毕业于哪所学校，我的兴趣是。
[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编28.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编28.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编28一、填空题1 The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as______. (中山大学2008研)2 ______is formed when the leaner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither. (中山大学2006研)3 Hymes' theory leads to notion/function-based syllables, and a step further,______syllabuses. (中山大学2005研)4 Error is the grammatically incorrect form; ______ appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context. (中山大学2008研)5 As a compromise between the "purely form-focused approaches" and the "purely meaning-focused" approaches, a recent movement called______seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning. (中山大学2011年研)二、单项选择题6 In Krashen's monitor theory, "i" in "i + 1" hypothesis of second language acquisition refers to ______. (对外经贸2006研) （A）interaction（B）interference（C）input（D）intake7 The______is a syllabus in which the language content is arranged in terms of speech acts together with the languageitems needed for them. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）structural syllabus（B）situational syllabus（C）notional syllabus（D）functional syllabus8 Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as______.（A）interference（B）interlanguage（C）fossilization（D）acculturation9 ______sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.（A）error analysis（B）performance analysis（C）contrastive analysis（D）discourse analysis三、简答题10 How do you understand interlanguage? (西安交通大学2008研)11 What are the four obvious barriers to adult 12 acquisition? (浙江大学2003研)12 Linguists have taken an internal and/or external focus to the study of language acquisition. What is the difference between the two?(北外201 1研)13 What is the difference between mistakes and errors?14 What are the distinctions between interlingual and intralingual errors?15 What are the different views of input hypothesis and interaction hypothesis on discourse's contribution to languageacquisition?四、名词解释16 Applied linguistics (武汉大学2006研)17 Interlanguage (北外2010研；北航2010研；上海交大2005研)18 Contrastive analysis (北航2010研；浙江大学2004研)19 face validity (南开大学2011年研)20 Error Analysis (中山大学2011年研)五、举例说明题21 Krashen's Input Hypothesis and Language Learning.(北交大2006研)22 Explain one of the teaching approaches that you're familiar with and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. (浙江大学2004研)23 What do you think are the similarities and dissimilarities between learning a first anda second language? (北外2003研)24 What is communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign lauguage learning? (四川大学2009研)25 Read the following paragraphs and then answer four questions. (北外201 1年研) The idea behind the experiential vision of learning is that the use of the target language for communicative purposes is not only the goal of learning, but also a means of learning in its own right. This may clearly involve students using language which they may not have fully mastered, and contrasts with other more ' traditional' approaches which emphasize part practice (i. e., isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning)leading up in a more or less controlled manner to integrated language use for communicative purposes. An experientialapproach to learning may therefore involve a degree of what Johnson (1982) refers to as an ' in at the deep end strategy'. Simply throwing learners into wholly uncontrolled and undirected language use is, of course, as dubious a strategy with respect to language learning as doing the same with someone who is learning to swim. For this reason, considerable effort has been devoted by methodologists, material writers, and teachers in recent decades to the way in which two sets of factors can be combined. One is the basic insight that language use can serve a significant role in promoting learning, and the other is the acknowledgement that use of the language needs to be structured in a coherent and pedagogically manageable way. The experiential vision of learning has evolved in a variety of ways since the 1960s and is now encountered in a number of differing forms. Nevertheless, most experiential approaches to learning rest on five main principles which were developed in the earlier days of the communicative movement, even if certain receive more attention in one variant than in another. These principles are the following: message focus, holistic practice, the use of authentic materials, the use of communication strategies, and the use of collaborative modes of learning. (Tudor 2001: 79) An analytical view of learning posits that according explicit attention to the regularitiesof language and language use can play a positive role in learning. Each language manifests a number of structural regularities in areas such as grammar, lexis and phonology, and also with respect to the ways in which these elements are combined to communicate messages. The question, therefore, is not whether languages have structural regularities or not, but whether and in which way explicit attention to such regularitiescan facilitate the learning of the language. An analytical approach to learning rests on a more or less marked degree of part practice, i. e. , isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning, even if its ultimate goal remains the development of learners' abilityto put these parts together for integrated, holistic use. At least, two main considerations lend support to an analytical approach to learning. First, in terms of learning in general , the isolation and practice of sub-parts of a target skill is a fairly common phenomenon. ... Second, explicit identification of regularities in a language has advantages which Johnson (1996: 83) refers to as 'generativity' and ' economy'. Mastering a regularity in a language gives learners access to the generative potential of this regularity in new circumstances. ... Explicit presentation or discovery of the structural regularities of a language can therefore represent a short-cut to mastery of this language and support learners' ability to manipulate these regularities for communicative purposes. (Tudor 2001: 86-7)1. What are the differences between experiential and analytical modes of language learning?2. What serves as the theoretical foundation for the experiential mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?3. What serves as the theoretical foundation for the analytical mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?4. How would you balance the two modes of learning in your teaching or learning of a foreign language?26 How many types of data analysis have been employed in language acquisition research? How are these types of dataanalysis significant in SLA research?。
山东师范大学外国语学院《815综合考试》B(含俄语语言文化知识、19世纪俄国文学、现代汉语)历年考研真题
目 录
2013年山东师范大学826综合考试
B（含俄语语言文化知识、19世纪俄国文学、现代汉语）考研真题
2012年山东师范大学824综合考试
B（含俄语语言文化知识、19世纪俄国文学、现代汉语）考研真题
2011年山东师范大学822综合考试
B（含俄语语言文化知识、19世纪俄国文学、现代汉语）考研真题
2009年山东师范大学815综合考试
B（含俄语语言文化知识、19世纪俄国
文学、现代汉语）考研真题
2008年山东师范大学815综合考试
B（含俄语语言文化知识、19世纪俄国文学、现代汉语）考研真题
2007年山东师范大学815综合考试
B（含俄语语言文化知识、19世纪俄国文学、现代汉语）考研真题
2006年山东师范大学815综合考试
B（含俄语语言文化知识、19世纪俄国文学、现代汉语）考研真题
2005年山东师范大学815综合考试
B（含俄语语言文化知识、19世纪俄国
文学、现代汉语）考研真题。
东北师范大学语言学考试题库
I. Brief Introduction of Linguistics1. Why is linguistics a vast field of study?Linguistics is a broad field of study, because language is a complicated entity with many layers and facets. It is hardly possible for a linguist to deal with all aspects of language at once. There are a number of divisions of linguistics, which can be put into two categories.1) Intra-disciplinary divisions: the study of language in general is often termed general linguistics. It is based on the view that language as a system is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.2) Inter-disciplinary divisions:a) Sociology deals with language and culture.b) Psycholinguistics deals with the relation between language and mindc) Applied linguistics is concerned with the application of linguistic theories and descriptions in other fields.All above three belong to sociolinguistics.2. How is linguistics different from traditional grammar?1) Traditional grammar is prescriptive, while modern linguistics is descriptive.2) Traditional grammatical categories are merely based on European language, while modern linguisticsstudies all languages.3) Traditional grammar lacks a theoretical framework, while modern linguistics is theoretically rather thanpedagogically oriented.3. What are the two main schools of contemporary western linguistics? What are the fundamental differences between them?TG grammar v.s systematic-functional grammarTG based on UG, studies the general principles while systematic-functional grammar studies language functions.4. On what basis do linguists regard human language as species-specific (unique to humans)? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man. Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures. They spell out a number of features of language which are not found in animal communication systems. These features: creativity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity. These are universal features possessed by all human languages. Although some animal communication systems possess, to a very limited degree, one or another of these features except creativity and duality, none is found to have all the features. On this basis linguists tend to conclude that human languages are qualitatively different form animal communication systems.5. What is the difference between linguistic competence and communicative competence?The term linguistic competence is applied to account for a speaker’s knowledge of his language. While communicative competence is proposed to account for both the tacit knowledge of language and the ability to use it. There are four parameters that underlie a speaker’s communicative competence, namely the ability to judge: Whether (and to what degree) something is feasible/appropriate/formally possible/in fact done.II. Phonetics 语音学1. How are speech sounds described?The study of speech sounds is phonetics which includes 3 parts: 1) articulatory phonetics 2) acoustic phonetics 3) auditory phonetics.Articulatory phonetics is the primary concern in linguistics, in which speech sound is described within 3 sides: The description of consonants: a) place of articulation b) manners of articulation c) voicing d) aspirationThe description of vowels: a) monophthongs b) diphthongs c) lip rounding d) tensityIn more detailed transcription (sometimes referred to as narrow transcription), a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller symbol is added in order to mark the finer distinctions. The smaller one is called diacritic.2. What are the two classes of phonetic features? What is the fundamental difference?The two classes of phonetic features are distinctive features and non-distinctive features. Features thatdistinguish meaning are called distinctive features, in other words, those distinguishing phonemes. Non-distinctive features do not distinguish meanings, i.e. the features belong to allophones. However, whether a phonetic feature is distinctive or non-distinctive varies from one language to another language.III. Phonology 音位学1.Analyze the two English sound segments [t] and [t h], [k] and [k h], [p] and[p h] in terms of distribution and the phonetic feature that distinguishes them.[t] and [t h], [k] and [k h], [p] and [p h] are the allophones of the same phoneme /t/, /k/, /p/. They are in complementary distribution and share phonetic features.[t] is an unaspirated voiceless alveolar stop; [t h] is an aspirated voiceless alveolar stop[k] is an unaspirated voiceless velar stop; [k h] is an aspirated voiceless velar stop[p] is an unaspirated voiceless bilabial stop;[p h] is an aspirated voiceless bilabial stop/t/→ [t] / [voiceless, fricative, alveolar]_______[t h]/ elsewhere[k] and [k h], [p] and [p h] is the same as above.2.Analyze the change of feature concerning the vowels in "bean, time, farm" and generalize the rule. This rule is called nasalization, that is a vowel becomes nasalized before a nasal segment, possible followed by one or two consonants within a syllable.V →[+nasal] / ____ [+nasal]3.Analyze the relation of {im-}, {in-}, {ir-}, {il-} in English and generalize of their distribution.{im-}, {in-}, {ir-}, {il-} are the allomorphs of the same morpheme {in-},which represents the negative meaning as a prefix.{in-}→ {im-} / ________ [m,p, b] [bilabial stop, or nasal]{ir-} / _________ [r] [retroflex, alveolar]{il-} / _________ [l] [lateral, alveolar]{in-} / elsewhere4. How do you account for the relation between phonetics and phonology?1) Phonology and phonetics are both concerned with the study of speech sounds, but the two differ in perspectives.2) Phonetics, particularly articulatory phonetics, focuses on how speech sounds are produced, what phonetic features they have, and how to transcribe them. In phonetics, sound segments are assumed to be invariable; variations are overlooked.3) Phonology focuses on three fundamental questions. What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language? What sounds vary in what ways in what context? What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?5. What are the functions of supra-segmental features?Supra-segmental features are distinctive features that can be found in units of syllables, words, phrases and sentences. They are stress, intonation and tone. Intonation and stress generally occur simultaneously in utterance. The simultaneous functioning of the features serves to highlight the information focus, or to eliminate ambiguity of the phrases and sentences. "a greenhouse" and "a green house", "Jack hit the ball under the desk".Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish words. English is not a tone language, but Chinese is a typical tone language in which each of the four tones means four different words.6. Analyze the change of feature concerning the liquids and nasals in flight, snow, smart, pray and generalize the rule.Liquids /l/ /r/ appear after a voiceless consonant /f/ and /p/ respectively, they are devoiced.Nasals /n//m/ appear after a voiceless consonant /s/, they are devoiced.Rule: Devoice a voiced consonant after a voiceless consonant.Or:When the English liquids, glides and the two anterior nasals appear after a voiceless consonant, it is devoiced. This rule can be expressed as follows: devoice a voiced consonant after a voiceless consonant，that is, [+voiced+consonantal] [-voiced] / [-voiced+consonantal]-. The phonology /l/ /r/ belongs to liquids, and /m//n/ belong to anterior nasals. All these four are voiced consonant, but in these words, they change to the voiceless, for they appear after voiceless consonants.7. What is distinctive feature?Features that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, in other words, just those distinguishing phonemes, such as [b] and [p] in the words between "big" and "pig".8. Analyze the relation of -er, -est and more, most in Englsih and generalize their distribution.They are in complementary distribution. -er and more, -est and most are allomorphs. More and most are put before adjectives and adverbs composed of two or more syllables.IV. Morphology 形态学1. What are the categories of lexical meaning?Lexical meaning includes:a) Referential meaning (also denotative meaning) is the central meaning and it is more stable and universal.b) Associative meanings. Associative meanings are meanings are meanings that hinge on referential meaning, which are less stable and more culture-specific.Types of associative meanings: connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning,collective meaning2. How are words decomposed into their constituents?1) Words are composed of one or more than one morphemes.2) Morphemes are the smallest meaningful unit of language.3) A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.4) Morphemes can be categorized into 2 kinds. a) Free morphemes (they constitute words by themselves)b) bound morphemes (they are never used independently)5) Bound morphemes include inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes.6) The distinction between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.V. Syntax 句法1.What are the aspects of syntactic knowledge?Knowing which strings of words are grammatical and which are not is part of syntactic knowledge. In addition, native speakers know at least the following:1) structural ambiguity---which strings of words have more than one meaning.2) word order---different arrangements of the same words have different meanings.3) grammatical relations---what element relates to what other element directly or indirectly4) recursion---the repeated use of the same rules to create infinite sentences5) sentence relatedness---sentences may be structurally variant but semantically related6) syntactic categories---a class of words or phrases that can substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality.2. How does transformational grammar (转换生成语法)account for sentence- relatedness?1) Sentence- relatedness: sentences may be structurally variant but semantically related.2) According to Chomsky, a grammar as the tacit shared knowledge of all speakers is a system of finite rules by which an infinite number of sentences can be generated. He attempts to account for this aspect of syntax by postulating that deep structures and surface structures.3) Deep structures are the basic structures generated by phrase structure rules.4) Surface structures are derived structures, the structures of sentences that we actually speak. Surface structures are derived from deep structures through transformational rules which include replacement, insertion, deletion and coping, etc.5) There are five transformations: particle movement transformation, replacement, insertion, deletion and copying.3. What is the advantage of immediate constituent analysis compared with traditional grammar?1) The concept of immediate constituent is an important concept of structural grammar, which is characterized by a top-down analysis. A sentence is seen as a constituent structure, i.e. all the components of the sentence are constituent. A sentence can be cut into sections. Each section is its immediate constituent. Then each section can be further cut into constituents. This on-going cutting is termed immediate constituent analysis.2) Traditional grammar mainly analyzes a sentence horizontally with a synthetic (bottom-up) approach. It focuses on the product of a sentence rather than the procedure. It is prescriptive in nature.3) Therefore, immediate constituent analysis adds a new dimension to the analysis of sentence structure. In this way, sentence structure is analyzed not only horizontally but also vertically. In other words, this way of syntactic analysis can account for the linearity and the hierarchy of sentence structure, and, therefore, structural ambiguity.4.What part of syntax can phrase structure rules account for and what they cannot?1) Phrase structure rules are rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories.2) Deep structures are the basic structures generated by phrase structure rules, but the surface structures are derived from the deep structures, and is generated by transformational rules.3) All in all, phrase structure rules can account for structural ambiguity, word order, grammatical relations, recursion, and syntactic categories; but they cannot account for sentence relatedness.5. Analyze the sentence in terms of type of process, mood structure, and theme and rheme:The academician will address the issue of the legitimacy of cloning at the conference.1) It is the verbal process. In this sentence, the sayer is the academician, the receivers are the people at the conference though it is not mentioned but we can infer it from the sentence. The verbiage is the issue of the legitimacy of cloning.2) This sentence is the realization of linguistic interaction; it is the giving of information. Its syntactic form is statement. The subject is the academician; the finite is the verbal operator “will”.3) The constituent that stands for the starting-point for the message is termed theme; all the rest of the sentence is labeled rheme. In this sentence, the theme is the academician and “the issue of the legitimacy of cloning at the conference” is the rheme.VI. Semantics语义学1. What are the components of metaphor?Target domain and source domain are the components of metaphors. That is to say all metaphors are composed of two components. This allows us to understand one domain of experience in terms of another. The domain to be conceptualized is called target domain, while the conceptualizing domain is termed the source domain. The transference of properties of the source domain to the target domain is referred to by some cognitive linguistics as mapping. The source domain is concrete and familiar. The target domain is abstract and novel.2. Why is metaphor essential in cognition?Our linguistic knowledge is part of general cognition and linguistic categorization is a product of the human mind. According to this view, meaning is based on conventionalized conceptual structures. Semantic structure reflcects the mental categories which are formed on the basis of experiences. Metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process. Cognitive linguistics has shown that metaphor is not an unusual or deviant way of using language. The use of metaphor is not confined to literature, rhetoric and art. It is actually ubiquitous in everyday communication. Metaphors as linguistic expressions are possible precisely because there are metaphors in a person's conceptual systems.3. How is word meaning analyzed? And what are the limitations of the method of analysis?1) In modern linguistics, semanticists manifest that the sense of a word can be analyzed in terms of a set of more general sense components (or semantic properties/features). The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomic features is called componential analysis (CA).2) The limitations of componential analysis are apparent. It cannot be applied to the analysis of all lexicons, merely to words within the same semantic field. It is controversial whether semantic features are universal prime of word meanings in all languages.3) Advantages: a. It is a breakthrough in the formal representation of meaning. Once formally represented,meaning components can be seen. b. It reveals the impreciseness of the terminology in the traditional approach to meaning analysis. CA examines the components of sense. The more semantic features a word has, the narrower its reference is.4. Analyze the semantic properties of the given cooking terms, using the features [+/- WATER], [+/-FAT], [+/- PAN], [+/- POT], [+/- OVEN], [+/- SIEVE], etc.boil: [+WATER] [-FAT] [- PAN] [+ POT] [- OVEN] [- SIEVE]fry: [- WATER] [+FAT] [+ PAN] [- POT], [- OVEN] [+SIEVE]steam: [+WATER] [-FAT] [- PAN] [+POT] [-OVEN] [- SIEVE]stew: [+WATER] [+FAT] [- PAN] [+ POT] [- OVEN] [- SIEVE]bake: [- WATER] [+FAT] [- PAN] [- POT] [+ OVEN] [- SIEVE]5. Analyze the semantic differences of father and daddy in the given sentences, using Leech's classification of lexical meanings.It is easy for every man to be a father, but not to be a daddy.They differ in affective meaning. Affective meaning is what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker or writer toward what is referred to. "Father" is commending in sense while "daddy" is rich in passion.6. Analyze the difference between summon and call in terms of register.Register refers to varieties according to use. Summon is a formal word, used in court of law to order sb to appear, while call is widely used in daily life.7. Point out the semantic problem of the sentence “The orphan is staying with his parents.”There are some sentences which sound grammatical but meaningless. The sentence "the orphan is staying with his parents” is just one example. This sentence is always false which is called contradiction. An orphan is a child whose parents are dead, or a child who has been deprived of parental care. The theme (the orphan) and the rheme (is staying with his parents) are incompatible.VII. Pragmatics 语用学1.Write 3 sentences, each of which contains it in either euphoric reference or endothermic reference(anaphoric or cataphoric)1) It is rather foggy these days."It" here refers to the weather. It is an euphoric reference, referring to the word outside linguistic forms.2) It is so far hard to tell how many lives are claimed in the catastrophe."It" refers to the following expression "how many lives are claimed in the catastrophe", which is a linguistic form. Thus, it is an endothermic reference, specifically, cataphoric reference.3) The most powerful earthquakes triggered massive tidal waves that slammed into coastlines across Asia yesterday. It killed over 30,000 people in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladeshand Maldives."It" refers to the preceding expression that "massive tidal waves slammed into coastlines across Asia yesterday". Therefore, it is an endothermic reference, specifically, anaphoric reference..2. Point out the maxim flouted and the implicature of B `s utterance:A: Did you notice something odd between the host and hostess?B: Have another glass of beer?The maxim of relation is violated. The implicature of B’s utterance: the hearer doesn’t want to gossip about those people.3. Point out the degree of formality of:It is gratifying that cooperative program has been proceeding smoothly. Degree of formal4. Analyze the ambiguity of the two sentences, telling the difference:1) Flying planes can be dangerous.2) She cannot bear children.1) a. The behavior of flying planes can be dangerous.b. Planes which are flying can be dangerous.2) a. She cannot tolerate children.b. She cannot give birth to a baby..c. she can not carry a child.★How do you account for the relation between semantics and pragmatics.They are two separate fields. Both study meaning, but semantics studies the conventional meaning of a word while pragmatics studies the international meaning, the meaning in use. Semantics is bilateral while pragmatics is trilateral. Semantics studies the relationship between sign and meaning, but pragmatics studies the sign, meaning and user.VIII. Sociolinguistics 社会语言学1. How do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?1) The term variety is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field. A variety is characterized by the basic lexicon, phonology, syntax shared by members of the group. Varieties of a language are of four types: the standard variety, regional dialects, sociolects and registers.2) The standard variety is the form of a language used by the government and communication media, taught in schools and universities and is the main or only written form.3) A regional dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area. For example, the English language has many regional dialects. British English, American English, Australian English. Indian English, South African English, etc. are all regional varieties of the language. One dialect is distinctive from another phonologically, lexically and grammatically.2. Analyze the cause of the error that some Chinese speakers of English use although and but within one sentence.In the process of analyzing learners' language, error analysis is a milestone. Explaining errors is the final but very important step in error analysis. In terms of sources, errors are divided into interlingual errors and intralingual errors. Interlingual errors are caused by mother tongue interference which means the negative role one's knowledge of L1 to L2 learning. In Chinese, we can use “不但”，“而且”in the same sentence, so some Chinese speakers transfer this expression directly to English. But according t o English grammar, “although” and “but” can not appear in the same sentence. This phenomenon is a kind of negative transfer of learners' syntactic knowledge. This is a typical phenomenon of interference in learning.。
东师15春《英语语言学》题库及满分答案
东师15春《英语语言学》题库及满分答案、单选题（共 10 道试题，共 25 分。
）1. In a communicative syllabus, the objective of teachinga foreign language is developing learner’s ______.A. linguistic competenceB. Communicative competenceC. grammatical competenceD. sociolinguistic competence正确答案：B2. In China, foreign language teaching is composed of activities on four levels, the first of which is ______.A. operation in the classroomB. preparationC. educational planning.D. evaluation正确答案：C3. 1. ______ is an official document that determines the content and principles of teaching and learning authoritatively. A. A syllabus B. A textbookC. An educational planD. A test正确答案：A4. What maxis of the cooperative principle does the following sentence flout? A: Is Don Regan, the White House chief of staff, a feudist? B: Don Regan, 66, is not a feudist, but he is not as well as his predecessor [James] Baker. Somehow,the adjective “ruthless” invariably arises when Regan discussed. A. QualityB. Quantity C. Relation D. Manner 正确答案：D5. refers to a statement in which you unnecessarily say the same thing twice using different words, for example, “He sat alone by himself”. A. TautologyB. Rhetorical deviceC. Truth conditionD. Prototype正确答案：A6. _____ is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language. A. Metalanguage B. Interlanguage C. SignD. Esperanto正确答案：B7. The term ______ is used for less drastic difference restricted to variation in pronunciation. A. sociolect B. dialectC. geographical dialectD. accent正确答案：D8. ______ is the label given to the form of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.A. varietyB. registerC. dialectD. Creole正确答案：A9. British English and American English are ______ varieties of the English language. A. functional B. social C. regional D. standard正确答案：C10. ______ is/are used most widely in a community. A. SociolectsB. regional dialectsC. The standard varietyD. Registers正确答案：C、判断题（共 30 道试题，共 75 分。
东北师范大学22春“英语”《英语语言学》期末考试高频考点版(带答案)试卷号：1
东北师范大学22春“英语”《英语语言学》期末考试高频考点版（带答案）一.综合考核(共50题)1.Krashen’s Monitor Theory belongs to nativist theories.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A2.Words like man and woman are gradable antonyms.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A3.The term ____ is used for less drastic difference restricted to variation in pronunciation.A.sociolectB.dialectC.geographical dialectD.accent参考答案：D4.peddle (为下列单词选择相对应的构词法)A.ConversionB.BackformationC.Blendingpounding参考答案：BCognition refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A6.The structural syllabus takes the sentence as the basic teaching unit.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B7.It is the interpersonal function of language, in a sense, that brings the world into our mind.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：B8.Insertion sequences refer to having the right to speak by turns.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A9.The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：AMetaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B11.Immediate constituent analysis adds a new dimension to the analysis of sentence structure.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B12.The following are all suprasegmental features except ____.A、stressB、toneC、voicingD、intonation参考答案：C13.Blending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. A well-known example is smog (smoke and fog).()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B14.A polyseme is a word which has several related senses.()A、正确B、错误15.A phoneme is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B16.A natural language is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：B17.A textbook is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A18.I like to have (brunch) quite often. (为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法)A.ConversionB.BackformationC.Blendingpounding参考答案：C19.The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morph.()A.错误参考答案：A20.Children all undergo babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speech stages of language development.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A21.Functional linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A22.A syllabus is an official document which authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A23.What kind of pre-sequence is A's first utterance in the following discourse? A: Do you know what I want to tell you about Mr.Smith? B: What? A: I saw him flirting with a lady at a party. B: Does his wife know that? A: Of course, she does. The lady is his wife.A.Pre-invitationB.Pre-requestC.Pre-announcementD.Pre-apology参考答案：CThe structural syllabus takes the sentence as the basic teaching unit.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A25.The ____________ function (sometimes also referred to as experiential function) is realized by the transitivity system of language.A、ideationalB、interpersonalC、textualD、logical参考答案：A26.Sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B27.A green bottle is a kind of fly.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B28.Applied linguistic is concerned with the application of linguistic theories and descriptions in other fields.()A、正确B、错误29.A green bottle is a kind of fly.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A30.Back-channel signals are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：B31.The term Creole is the label given to the form. of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A32.Conversion is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B33.Pragmatics is defined as the study of meaning.()A.错误B.正确34.The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A35.A social dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A36.___________ are minimal pairs.A、moon/noonB、foot/foodC、she/sheetD、sea/sea参考答案：A37.Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future because it has the feature of interchangeability.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：B38.Eponyms is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.()A.错误B.正确39.When we speak or write we usually confine ourselves to single phrases or sentences.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A40.There are two types of language in the world natural language and artificial language.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A41.The textual function is realized by the transitivity system of language.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：B42.A phoneme is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A43.Overgeneralization is found universal in second language acquisition.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：Binfotech (为下列单词选择相对应的构词法)A.ConversionB.BackformationC.Blendingpounding参考答案：C45.Consonants can be described in terms of places of articulation, manners of articulation, and vibrating.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A46.The word “multinationality” has 2 morphemes.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：B47.____ is, fundamentally speaking, logic-oriented.A.Sperber and Wilson's principle of RelevanceB.Leech's theory of Politeness PrincipleC.Grice's theory of Cooperative PrincipleD.Horn's Q-principle and R-principle参考答案：C48.Kodak (为下列单词选择相对应的构词法)A、Sound Reduplication书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她D、Clipping参考答案：B49.The majority of English prefixes change the part of speech when added to free morpheme or word.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A50.sonorant is only shared by all the vowels.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A。
2016年东北师范大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2016年东北师范大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解一、将下列短语译成汉语1. international reserve currencies【答案】国际储备货币2. contaminate【答案】污染3. orphanage【答案】孤儿院4. multilateral cooperation【答案】多边合作5. external-affairs commissioner【答案】外事专员6. terrorist attack【答案】恐怖袭击7. open ports to foreign trade【答案】开放通商口岸8. vehicle exhaust【答案】汽车尾气9. live TV broadcast【答案】现场直播10. insurance policy【答案】保险单11. Put oneself in opponent s shoes 【答案】换位思考12. jeopardize【答案】危害13. intercultural communication 【答案】跨文化交流14. foreign exchange dealing【答案】外汇交易15. APEC【答案】亚太经贸合作组织二、将下列短语译成英语1. 友好合作的伙伴关系【答案】friendlycooperativepartnership2. 和平共处【答案】peaceful coexistence3. 全民奥运【答案】the National Fitness initiated by Olympics4. 不平等条约【答案】unequal treaty5. 小康社会【答案】a moderately prosperous society6. 全球化【答案】globalization7. 感恩节【答案】Thanksgiving Day8. 农历【答案】lunar calendar9. 紧急出口【答案】emergencyexit10. 关税【答案】tariff;customsduties11. 财政部【答案】Ministry of Finance12. 通货膨胀【答案】inflation13. 防御性策略【答案】Defense Strategy14. 国债【答案】national debt15. 欧洲联盟【答案】European Union三、将下列短文译成汉语PASSAGE 1The manufacture of plastics requires a large quantity of heavy machines as well as a knowledge of science. Today the greater part of plastics is manufactured by the world s great oil refineries and chemical works. Chemical works are factories which produce chemicals ― a man-made liquids, gases and solid materials. The refineries and chemical works produce many different kinds of raw plastics, which are then taken to the tens of thousands of factories which made plastic products.Machines for making plastic objects are very different from those used for manufacturing articles of wood or metal or other natural materials. For raw plastics must first be softened by heat and then pressed into moulds. It is the moulds which give plastic objects their shapes. These moulds can be of any shape or size. And the same mould can be used over and over again. In fact one mould can produce many thousands of articles before it wears out. This is one of the reasons why plastic things are so cheap.【参考译文】塑料的生产需要大量的重机器以及科学知识.如今，较大部分的塑料由世界上大的炼油厂以及化工厂生产。
东师15春《英语语言学》题库33及满分答案
东师15春《英语语言学》题库33及满分答案一、单选题（共20道试题，共50分。
）1. Newspapers _______ against him, and TV networks banned him.A. editB. editorC. editorialD. editorialized正确答案：D2. You are moved to pity, exciteme nt, or______________ .A. gaietyB. costumeC. simulta neouslyD. engrossed正确答案：A3. We were hop ing to ___________ these difficult decisi ons un til September.A. set offB. stave offC. take offD. give off正确答案：B4. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardlyhad time ___ the last bus.A. to have caughtB. to catchC. catch ingD. hav ing caught正确答案：B5. I could see at once that the lock had bee n _________with.A. tamperedB. satiatedC. backedD. un frosted正确答案：A6. Televisi on sells us in sta nt ______ .A. gratifyB. gratitudeC. gratificati onD. grate正确答案：C7. ____________________________ I n fact it was this sile nee thatall the last mome nts of our climb.A. domin at ingB. domin atedC. domin atesD. domin ate正确答案：B8. Si nee every one we knew could sew _______ , praise was rarely han ded out for the com monly practiced craft.A. compete ntlyB. compete ntC. stitchD. apron like正确答案：A9. They ________ to follow him, eager to be touched by afew baptismal drops.A. tuneB. reactC. rebelD. surge正确答案：D10. We may fail to see how a __________ Deity could wishus to draw such conclusions from the hierarchical order He has created.A. objectiveB. ben evole ntC. sen time ntD. scruple正确答案：B11. It only took me an hour to pick up the _________ of skii ng.A. populaceB. stalki ngC. omni pote neeD. rudime nts正确答案：D12. This gifted woman's daughter (my wife) was taught her mother ' s __________ s kills.A. materialB. allegedC. gruesomeD. ven erable正确答案：D13. The soldiers had _________ barricades to protect themselves.A. erectedB. amplifiedC. con formedD. orda ined正确答案：A14. Medicare has ________ the populati on into reassuri ng itself that the once terrible financial burdens of late-lifeill nesses are now eradicated.A. morbidB. eapedC. toiledD. lulled正确答案：D15. After the rece nt sca ndal, the priest is expected todo the _______ thi ng and resig n from his positi on.A. decentB. celebratedC. wiltedD. bla nd正确答案：A16. It takes the huma n voice to ________ t hem with the shades of deeper meaning.A. refuseB. con fuseC. i nfuseD. refus ing正确答案：C17. A man was not stamped as a ____________ for protesting aga inst vivisecti on.A. ir onB. triumphC. crankD. imbecile正确答案：C18. When a local paper has a monopoly in a region, as most of them do, why is it n ecessary to aim at the lowest com mon_______ ?A. serviceB. featureC. denomin atorD. dispatch正确答案：C19. I ‘ m usually ____________ by beggars and drunks as I walk to the stati on.A. batteredB. raggedC. accostedD. terraced正确答案：C20. The vocabulary and grammatical differe nces betwee n British and American English are so trivial and few ashardly _ .A. no ticedB. to be no ticedC. being no ticedD. to no tice正确答案：B二、判断题（共20道试题，共50分。
东师15春《英语语言学》题库55及满分答案
东师15春《英语语言学》题库55及满分答案、多选题（共 4 道试题，共 10 分。
）得分：1.251. Which of the sentences below use the rhetorical device of synecdoche?A. What’s Wrong with Our Press?B. Television may not have a Lippmann or a Reston, but then, what papers in America can claim an Eric Sevareid, a Walter Cronkite, a Huntley or a Brinkley, or—although he is invisible —an Edward Morgan?C. Among the leading commentators on television, you find no Pegler, no Winchell, no Fulton Lewis, Jr..D. Change means trouble, change means work, change means cost.正确答案：AB 得分：1.252. Which of the following sentences use the rhetorical device of onomatopoeia?A. They were interrupted from time to time by giggles that must have come from Mrs. FlowersB. Like the women who sat in front of roaring fireplaces,C. What on earth did one put on to go to Mrs. Flowers’ house?D. The chifforobe was a maze.正确答案：AB3. Simile is used in ________.A. Who can quarrel with a medium that so brilliantly packages escapist entertainment as a mass-marketing tool?B. Much of it is what has been aptly described as “machine gunning with scraps.”C. For nearly a year, I sopped around the house, the Store, the school and the church, like an old biscuit, dirty and inedible.D. Television’s variety becomes a narcotic, not a stimulus.正确答案：BC4. Which sentences use the rhetorical device of parallelism?A. Much that is unique in old age in fact derives from the reality of aging and the imminence of death.B. But what are an individual’s chances for a “good” old age in America, with satisfying final years and a dignified death?C. They are easy targets for crime in the streets and in their homes.D. For many elderly Americans old age is a tragedy, a period of quiet despair, deprivation, desolation and muted rage.正确答案：ABC二、判断题（共 36 道试题，共 90 分。
东师15春《英语语言学》题库1及满分答案
东师15春《英语语言学》题库1及满分答案单选题（共 10 道试题，共 25 分。
）1. The motivation that the learners have a sense of achievement as long as they learn if of vital importance may be termed ____ motivation. A. instrumental B. integrative C. cognitive D. none of them正确答案：C2. _________ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use.” A. field B. mode C. tenor D. register正确答案：D3. Words and phrases like now, yesterday, next week, in three day, etc. are called __________. A. person deixis B. time deixis C. place deixis D. discourse deixis正确答案：B4. Except _________, the followings are acknowledged as important factors in second language acquisition. A. motivation B. nationality C. ageD. learning strategy正确答案：B5. Children all undergo ________ stages of language development. A. babbling, two-word, holophrastic and the telegraphic speech B. babbling, two-word, telegraphic speechand the holophrastic C. babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speech D. babbling, holophrastic, telegraphic speech and the two-word 正确答案：C6. The idea that people cooperate with each other in conversing is generalized by Grice (1975) as __________.A. the principle of relevanceB. cooperative principleC. the politeness principleD. the theory of prototypes 正确答案：B7. _____ is used between family members and very close friends. A. The consultative style B. The casual style C. The intimate style D. The formal style正确答案：C8. In a communicative syllabus, the objective of teachinga foreign language is developing learner’s ______.A. linguistic competenceB. Communicative competenceC. grammatical competenceD. sociolinguistic competence正确答案：B9. Sodium Chloride and salt, which denote the same substance, differ in ______ of communication. A. Field B. Register C. Mode D. Tenor正确答案：A10. The study of meaning is defined as___________. A. linguistics B. semantics C. morphology D. pragmatics 正确答案：B、判断题（共 30 道试题，共 75 分。
东师15春《英语语言学》题库4及满分答案
东师15春《英语语言学》题库4及满分答案、单选题（共 20 道试题，共 60 分。
）1. I like to have （brunch） quite often. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法） A. Conversion B. Backformation C. BlendingD. Compounding正确答案：C2. peddle （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法） A. ConversionB. BackformationC. BlendingD. Compounding正确答案：B3. The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is __________. A. International Phonetic Symbol B. International Phonetic Alphabet C. Narrow Transcription D. Wide Transcription正确答案：B4. __________ refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds produced. A. Voicing B. voicedC. nasalizationD. aspiration正确答案：A5. An editor is a person who （edits） a newspaper. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. BlendingC. BackformationD. Acronym正确答案：C6. The syllabic unit made up by the ____ is called a rhyme.A. onset + nucleusB. nucleus + codaC. onset + codaD. coda + onset正确答案：B7. （Orlon ）is a kind of new cloth material. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法） A. Sound Reduplication B. Coinage C. Eponym D. Clipping正确答案：B8. impossible （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法） A. Derivation B. ConversionC. Backformation D. Blending 正确答案：A9. In more detailed transcription (sometimes referred to as narrow transcription), a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller symbol is added in order to mark the finer distinctions. The smaller one is called ____________. A. segmentB. phonetic symbolC. markerD. diacritic正确答案：A10. Coinage is a process of ____ words not based on existing morphemes. A. inventing B. copying C. deleting D. adding正确答案：A11. Free morphemes were traditionally called _________, and bound morphemes affixes. A. prefixes B. suffixes C. rootsD. inflectional morphemes正确答案：C12. The features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called ___________. A. distinctive features B. non-distinctive features C. suprasegmental features D. free variation正确答案：C13. Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K. Halliday?A. Ideational functionB. Interpersonal functionC. Textual function.D. Logical function正确答案：D14. Traditionally, free morphemes were called _________.A. affixesB. prefixC. suffixD. root正确答案：D15. （Watt ）is the measurement unit of electricity. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. CoinageB. Sound ReduplicationC. ClippingD. Eponym正确答案：D16. The word “multinationality” has ______ morphemes.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5正确答案：C17. Some young people have （brunch ）quite often. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. BlendingC. BackformationD. Acronym正确答案：B18. The road was （enlarged） last year. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法） A. Conversion B. Derivation C. BlendingD. Backformation正确答案：B19. ______ is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. A. Coinage B. Blending C. Acronmyms D. Clipping正确答案：B 20. goody-goody （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法） A. Sound Reduplication B. Coinage C. Eponym D. Clipping正确答案：A、判断题（共 20 道试题，共 40 分。
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2016年东师英语语言文学(语言学)考研
真题
I. 填空题(20分)
顺序记不清啦:)
1. Children all undergo certain stages of language development, namely the babbling stage,___stage,
the two-word stage, and the telegraphic speech stage.(holophrastic)
2.Output plays three functions relating to accuracy: noticing role,hypothesis-testing role,____.(the metalinguistic function)
3.Five characteristics of culture: learnability,codifiability,transmittability,changeability,____.(ethnocentrism)
4.____ ,as a variety of language in use, is analyzed on three dimentions: field, mode and tenor. (Register)
5.Problem-solution pattern contains four components: Solution,Problem,Response,____.(Evaluation)
6.The three ways of grammatical cohesion: reference,_____,ellipsis.(substitution)
7.The process of putting words of the same lexical cateory into smaller classes according to their____characteristics is called subcategorization.(syntactic and semantic)
8.____is a process that put an existing word of one class into another class.(Conversion)
9.____ are always attached to free morphemes to form new words.(Bound morphemes)
10.A syllable is a ___ unit that is composed of one or more phonemes.(phonological)
11.Consonants can be described in terms of places of articulation,____ of articulation, and voicing.(manner)
12.Pragmatic analysis is concerned with speaker meaning,contextual meaning,and ___.(invisible meaning)
13.____ put forward the Monitor Theory.(Krashen)
……
其余的7道暂时记不清啦:)
II.Formulate the following rules.(10分)
1.devoicing rule
2.unaspiration rule
III.Terms(20分)
1.pragmatic presupposition
2.allomorphs
3.phrase structure rules
4.indirect speech act
IV.Semantics(20分)
1.The following pairs of words or phrases are similar in meaning. Try to tell the difference between the two words in light of lexical meaning.
a)statesman/politician b) capable/able
c)diminutive/tiny d)apartment/flat
h) choir/chorus
2.Indicate whether the pair is complementary,gradable,or reversal opposites.
a)cheap/expensive b)parents/children
c)buy/sell d)for/against e)true/false
f) awake/asleep
该题目类型与之相似，具体词组会记忆有不精准。
3.Tell the semantic relation within the given sentence and between the two sentences.
a)The bachelor is married.
b)War is war.
c)He has gone to London. He has gone to England.
d)Jim is an orphan. Jim lives with his patents.
e)Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.(semantically anomalous)
V.分析题(30分)
1.What are the orientations of TG grammar and systemic-functional grammar?
2.Why do we need to get to know its culture when learning a language?。