电子商务给我国外贸企业带来的商机和挑战 毕业论文外文翻译
外文翻译--电子商务对国际贸易和就业的影响(节选)
2200单词，13000英文字符，3700汉字文献出处: Terzi N. The impact of e-commerce on international trade and employment[J]. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2011, 24:745-753.外文文献:The impact of e-commerce on international trade and employmentNuray TerziaAbstractThe purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of e-commerce on international trade and employment. Electronic commerce offers economy-wide benefits to all countries. The gains are likely to be concentrated in developed countries in the short run but, developing countries will have more to benefit in the long run. The volume of international trade will increase via e-commerce. The countries open to imports from high-income economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers. In addition, electronic commerce is expected to create and destroy jobs.Keywords: e-commerce ; international trade ; employment1. IntroductionElectronic commerce offers unprecedented opportunities to both developing and developed countries. In the short run, the gains are likely to be concentrated in developed countries but, in the long run, developing countries have more to benefit. In the short run, developing countries lack the infrastructure necessary to take full advantage of Internet. But in the long run, they can leap frog, skipping some of the stages in the development of information technology through which developed countries have had to pass.The advancement of technology has aided international business. Millions of people worldwide use the Internet to do everything from research to purchasing products online. The Internet is profoundly affecting almost all businesses. The various uses of the Internet by business entities include the ability to advertise, generate, or otherwise perform regular business functions. Therefore, many firms are embracing the Internet for many of their activities. One impact for e-commerce is to intensify competition and producing benefits to consumers in lower prices and more choices.2. E-commerce: An overviewE-commerce can be defined as the use of the Internet to conduct business transactions nationally or internationally. E-commerce has come to take on two important roles; first as a more effective and efficient conduit and aggregator of information, and second, as a potential mechanism for the replacement of many economic activities once performed within a business enterprise by those that can be done by outside suppliers that compete with each other to execute these activities.The Internet is dramatically expanding opportunities for business-to-business and business-to- consumer e-commerce transactions across borders. For business to consumer transactions especially, the internet sets up a potential revolution in global commerce: the individualization of trade. It gives consumers the ability to conduct a transaction directly with a foreign seller without traveling to the seller’s country. The Internet allows sellers to put theirstorefronts, in the form of Web pages, in front of consumers all over the world. Technology has expanded the consumer marketplace to an unprecedented degree [5].3. Benefits of e-commerce on economyThe benefits of e-commerce on economy are classified into three groups: firms, prices, productivity. A combination of technological and market forces have compelled companies to examine and reinvent their supply chain strategies. To stay competitive, firms have searched for greater coordination and collaboration among supply chain partners to wring out the inefficiencies that might exist within firm transactions. Many of the transactions can be done externally, via electronic markets. The Internet and its applications have thus served to enhance the process to increase efficiencies in supply chain management. Moreover, ICTs allows firms to identify the market for the inputs they need in production and substantially reduces the cost of gathering and processing information about the prices and input characteristics of different goods and services. In addition, information and communication technologies make it easier to integrate and control remote operations without incurring prohibitive costs. Better ICTs enable optimized operations to be established in low cost domestic locations and countries where comparative advantage is present for the outsourced task. E-commerce thus facilitates the efforts of companies to separate and spin out every conceivable activity in the production process to entities outside the firm .The available empirical evidence on price is mixed. Some of the first studies found that prices of goods sold through the Internet were on average higher than their equivalent purchased through traditional retailers. A more recent study, however, found prices for books and CDs on average to be about 10 percent lower on the Internet compared with traditional retailers in the United States .Moreover, several studies conclude that information and communication technologies were an important factor in improving the overall efficiency of labor and capital, in the United States. Most importantly, productivity increased not only in the information and communication producing actors .but in sectors of the economy that do not produce information and communications technology. In other words, users of these technologies also benefited from increased productivity. In addition, the data seems to reveal that workers in the US may have also benefited from increased productivity induced by e-commerce and ICTs. 4. Effects of e-commerce on international trade and employmentElectronic commerce offers important opportunities to both developing and developed countries. The development of e-commerce is likely to have both direct and indirect impacts on international trade as well as the labor markets.The use of electronic means and the internet can make the process of initiating and doing trade a lot easier, faster, and less expensive. Collecting information is a costly activity when it involves acquiring information across national borders. In fact, these costs can be so high that they can be considered a substantial barrier to trade. Finding the right supplier, specifying the product’s requirements and quality, negotiating the price, arranging deliveries and marketing products is also very costly. With the internet and e-commerce applications, a whole range of these activities can occur without having buyer and seller in close physical proximity. In this respect, the internet will likely promote trade much in the same way as lifting other trade barriers would. Thus, it is the volume of international trade will likely increase.Especially, the internet when organized via electronic markets through e-commerceapplications, reduces information costs and allows consumers and sellers to be matched and interact electronically, reducing the significance of geographic proximity and traditional business networks. A study found ample evidence that, development of global markets via the Internet makes historical linkages less important and suggest that countries with the fewest past trade links have the most to gain from the Internet, especially for developing countries. An evident from a 1998 survey of enterprises in 15 low and middle-income countries suggests that firms in these countries use search engines to research market opportunities.However, whether e-commerce promote international trade will depend on the nature of the good. On the one hand, a number of products that traditionally have required physical delivery can be delivered to a customer via a network in digital form. Examples of these include media products, such as text, film and computer software. On the other hand, most of the goods traded internationally are not deliverable in digital form and therefore transportation costs will continue to play a significant role. In this regard, world trade in digital media products amounted to about US$44 billion in 1996, less than 1 per cent of total world trade. For most countries, trade in digital media products was less than 2% of total trade. The rate of growth of trade in digital media products is high and above the average rate growth of total trade: the growth in trade for digital media products on average was about 10% between 1990 and 1996, 1.5 times faster than total world merchandise trade.E-commerce will also have a significant impact on trade in services. The most relevant change in trade in services is e-commerce’s and information technology’s ability to make non-tradable services into tradable. Activities that were previously non-tradable (i.e. research and development, computing, inventory management, quality control, accounting, personnel management, marketing, advertising and distribution) will be traded through the use of e-commerce. All that is required is that the quality, speed and cost of communication between buyer and seller be adequate. International cross-border trade in a wide range of services, financial, legal, telecommunications and customized software will increasingly be carried out by electronic means.Internet effectively opens markets that were previously closed; it is tempting to think of it as another form of trade liberalization. A technical improvement lowers costs of transactions and generates far larger benefits than the triangular efficiency gains from trade liberalization. Indeed, the decline in costs increases potential benefits from trade liberalization in many services sectors.As communications costs continue to fall, the potential for international outsourcing grows. As a result, outsourcing management and production activities will become more important. Obviously, some sectors and activities throughout the world are more prone than others to be affected by developments in e-commerce. In this respect, there have been attempts to identify industries or sectors that may be more predisposed to the effects of developments in e-commerce and technology. For example, a research, based on criteria that weighed the effect of cost savings, increases in productivity, industry readiness and product fitness to e-commerce, has elaborated an index of Internet intensiveness. The finding based on data from the United States and Europe suggests that the most internet intensive sectors are electronic components, food, pharmaceuticals and forest/paper products. It is likely to expect that in other regions, these same sectors and industries will be affected by e-commerce via outsourcing. At the same time, recent evidence suggests that transnational corporations arelikely to be the most intensive users of electronic commerce.The potential benefits from international e-commerce to a developing country arise from a reduction in the cost of imports as much as from an increase in the price received for exports. Even if a country does not export any services, it can benefit from imports of services, paying for them in terms of goods. Cheaper availability of medical, engineering and architectural services, long-distance learning and reduced costs of transactions can confer benefits even if the country does not immediately export the services traded through Internet .Several recent studies have suggested that trade also stimulates internet use.. Countries with greater contact, either via trade, tourism, or geographical location, with the outside world, are more likely to be advanced in digital technology than other countries. Similarly, another study argues that countries open to imports from high-income OECD economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers and, hence, be more likely to adopt new technologies. Following figure and table shows world trade volume and the growth of world internet usage. According to figure 1, although world trade volume fluctuated between 2000 and 2010, it had a positive situation until 2008. After 2008, it declined because of the global financial crisis and then started to increase again. World internet usage increased all regions between 2000 and 2010.Fig. 1 World Trade V olume, 2000-2010, annul percent change. (source: IMF, WEO,2006/2011).Table 1 The Growth of World Internet Usage, 2000-2010, percentage Empirical studies of internet adaption have found that internet use is correlated with openness to trade, even after controlling for other factors, that might correlated with both. For example, one of the studies found that internet users made up a greater share of the population in developing countries that were more open to trade. Other studies have also found that additional measures of ICT use and investment are correlated with various measures of openness. For example, a research, which looks at the determinants of IT used in 54 countriesin Africa, found that IT use tended to be higher in countries that are more open. One research shows that enterprises that are more internationalized are more likely to engage in business to business e-commerce, but not in business-to-consumer e-commerce.Several recent studies have asked whether internet use affects trade. For example, using data from 20 low and middle income countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a research shows that enterprises with internet connections export more, as a share of their total sales, than enterprises without connections. In addition, using a gravity model of trade, another research find that Internet use appears to be significantly correlated with trade after 1996, although it finds only a weak correlation in 1995 and 1996. The same research also found that internet has a greater effect on trade in developing countries than it does in developed countries.Developing countries with higher Internet penetration export more to high-income countries than do developing countries where penetration is lower. First, Internet access is so common among manufacturing enterprises in high-income countries that the differences in the number of internet users as a percent of the population probably reflects differences at the consumer, rather than the enterprise, level in developed countries. In developing countries, contrarily, many manufacturing enterprises remain unconnected. Second, because Internet access is less common in developing countries than in developed countries, being connected to the Internet would seem to be a greater advantage for enterprises in developing countries with respect to exporting to developed countries.Finally, because of strong regional differences in income, and taking into account the fact that most exports from developing countries to other developing countries will be within the same region, communication costs will presumably be greater for exports to distant developed countries than it would be for exports to neighboring developing countries.5. ConclusionThis article concludes following results. Internet will promote international trade much as lifting other trade barriers would. Thus, the volume of international trade will increase via e-commerce. The countries open to imports from high-income economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers. E-commerce can also have a significant impact on trade in services. In addition, electronic commerce is also expected to directly and indirectly create new jobs as well as cause job losses. New jobs will be generated in the information and communication technologies sector, while the indirect creation of jobs will occur via increased demand and productivity.电子商务对国际贸易和就业的影响努拉伊.特尔齐摘要：本研究的目的是探讨电子商务对国际贸易和就业的影响。
对中国电子商务未来的看法英语作文
对中国电子商务未来的看法英语作文English: With the rapid development of technology and the increasing popularity of online shopping, the future of China's e-commerce industry looks promising. We can expect to see further advancements in artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and big data analytics to enhance the overall consumer shopping experience. As more and more consumers rely on e-commerce platforms for their daily shopping needs, companies will need to focus on personalized recommendations, efficient logistics, and secure payment systems to stay competitive in the market. Furthermore, the integration of online and offline retail channels will continue to blur as companies strive to provide a seamless omni-channel shopping experience for their customers. Overall, the future of e-commerce in China is bright, with endless opportunities for growth and innovation.中文翻译: 随着技术的快速发展和网购的日益普及，中国电子商务行业的未来看起来很有前景。
电子商务文献翻译——电子商务面临的挑战
外文文献原文The Strategic Challenges of Electronic CommerceIntroduction11th Century Europe saw the emergence of credit-based banking systems and fi nancial instruments such as bills of exchange. These concepts remain with us, in their modified form, to this day (Chown, 1994). They underpin all modern forms of comm erce. The arrival of information technology (computers and telecommunications) has raised the prospect of radical change to this traditional model.The rise of the Internet (electronic commerce), since the advent of the World Wi de Web, has provided an easy to use communication channel for businesses to conta ct current and potential customers. The emergence of the Internet as a general communication channel has also given rise to the possibility of widespread elect ronic commerce. Even though there is still much debate relating to electronic payme nt for commercial activities, this is clearly an area of growth.It is difficult to say how large the Internet is. Hoffman & Novak (1996) quote a n umber of surveys (O'Reilly, FIND/SVP, Times Mirror and CommerceNet) which sugges t that there are at least 10 million Internet users in the United States alone. The num ber of computers (hosts) connected to the Internet topped 9.47 million (Network Wiz ards, 1996) as of January 1996. Note that a single host supports anywhere from a sin gle user to, in some cases, thousands of users.As of March 21, 1996, 24,347 firms were listed in Open Market's (1996) director y of "Commercial Services on the Net," and there were 54,800 entries in the "Compa nies" directory of the Yahoo Guide to WWW (Yahoo, 1996), with the total number of Web sites doubling approximately every two months. Jim Clarke, the chairman of Net scape, estimated the Internet has 40 million users in 1995 with growth at 8% per mo nth (Clarke, 1995).The Internet is only one aspect of technology. Businesses require information an d supporting systems (processes) to handle the data - over time these systems have become computerised (IT). Modern information technology can both support the proc esses and help capture useful information for the enterprise. These technologies incl ude:1. Organizational support systems, such as workflow and groupware - making bu sinesses more efficient.2. Customer contact databases - helping capture information about customers a nd facilitate new methods of marketing.3. Electronic payment systems for goods and services - these are emerging, alth ough the majority of payments are still based on relatively expensive traditional cheq ue clearance.Collectively and individually, these areas will contribute to major changes in the way a company conducts its business. Enix have coined the term Workware to descri be the combination of these technologies.Figure 1 - The emergence of Electronic Commerce will be underpinned by three key componentsHowever, there is still widespread misunderstanding on the value of organisatio nal support technology. A recent survey of 437 large enterprises by research compan y Xephon (1996) indicated that an astonishing proportion (44%) had no immediate in tention of introducing modern information handling systems (Groupware was define d by Xephon as Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange and Novell GroupWise). Of these, 6 5% said they were unsure what these technologies could deliver. From these statistic s, it is clear many organisations are still sceptical about the benefits of technology.The efficient collection, utilisation, handling, storage and dissemination of information is a vital component of corporate success in the modern business world. How ever, the gathering and use of information must take into account issues of privacy a nd security. A recent feature in the Financial Times (1996) noted that " … in order to t hrive in the 1990s, financial services organisations are as much in the business of ma naging and manipulating information as managing and making money." Furthermore, the interest shown in topics such as TQM and BPR has demonstrated the importance of processes as a fundamental building block.Inevitably a few savvy organizations in each sector will utilise all three compone nts to change their market or develop new markets. Those who do not adapt quickly to the new ways of working are likely to be disadvantaged as their strategies become redundant. All businesses should investigate the implications of these technologies fo r them and the markets within which they operate. MarketingChampy, Buday and Nohria (1996) argue that the rise of electronic commerce an d the changing consumer processes brought about through electronic communities a re likely to lead to a new wave of reengineering, mergers and acquisitions. Moreover, organizations may expand into new business areas, taking on roles unforeseen prior to the rise of the Web. For example: a magazine publisher, Cond Naste, has moved in to the travel business; Bill Gates is now an electronic real estate agent; and a recruit ment advertising agency, Bernard Hodes, has now become an electronic recruitment company.The emergence of electronic commerce will significantly impact what we curren tly call ‘marketing’. Clearly, the appearance of electronic communities (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996) implies that marketing professionals must expand their horizons as the advent of this technology will threaten existing channels of business. Those involve d in marketing need to understand the full range of products and services required b y the electronic community. They must learn to take advantage of the technology tha t allows customers to move seamlessly from information gathering to completion of a transaction, interacting with the various providers of products and services as nece ssary. A number of interesting questions are implied:1. What kind of information is available for collection? Is it appropriate to gatherthis information and for what should it be used?2. Are information systems equipped to capture customer information and trans actions, making it available for later analysis?3. When dealing with electronic communities, do marketing professionalscomprehend the differences? One needs to engage the customer as part of the t ransaction rather than blindly mailing targets.This idea of community has been at the heart of the Internet since its origins as a defence and academic computer network although most communities are still not particularly oriented toward commerce. However, the World Wide Web has changed and broadened the nature of the Internet and the way in which commercial transacti ons are conducted. The CEO of Kodak is alleged to have remarked that he c ouldn’t tel l if the Kodak Website was a money maker. But he knew it was important because it was the most personal way of selling since door to door salesmen, only now the cust omers were knocking on Kodak’s door.Armstrong and Hagel propose four types of non-exclusive electronic communiti es, those: interested in transactions; sharing common interests; indulging in fantasy g ames; and with a shared life experience. The business opportunity is for those who s upport and interact with these communities, building customer loyalty on an ongoing basis. By satisfying the requirements of relational marketing and transactions, comp anies may gain important insights into their customers’ nature and needs. For exampl e, a baby products company could entice customers to order items from an associate d on-line catalogue by providing bulletin boards for new parents.The desire to establish long-term customer relationships with increasingly sophi sticated demands has led companies to seek new ways of acquiring, managing and ut ilising customer information (Peters and Fletcher, 1995).Furthermore, advances in information technology have fundamentally altered t he channels through which companies and customers maintain their relationships. T he capacity to obtain and apply customer information within processes has become a key strategic issue. This often places the company in the position of requiring sensiti ve personal information from customers.Gummesson (1987, 1994, 1995) views marketing as a set of relationships, netwo rks and interactions and lists 30Rs (relationships) in contrast to McCarthy’s (1981) 4Ps (Product, Price, Place & Promotion). Gummesson highlights the fact that the electro nic relationship is not discussed in the marketing literature even though it is practise d widely by many businesses. He links relationship marketing to the imaginary (simila r to a virtual or network) organisation. He argues that by increasingly applying IT, mor e relationships are established. They create a new type of bond to customers and bet ween employees.The electronic relationship extends beyond the bounds of the organisation into t he market as seen in the example of airline, hotel and car rental reservation systems. The communities established have a re-enforcing effect. These insights force us to re-examine traditional theories of economics, systems, organisations, marketing, compe tition and transaction cost analysis. As the boundaries between firms and markets dis solve, a characteristic of relationship marketing and network organisations, a new im age of interaction and business is needed.The importance of information exchange in relationship marketing (particularly using an electronic channel) requires a clear understanding and recognition of the po tential problems. Privacy is also an issue - what is private changes from one person to another as well as between different cultures. Those who use the Internet are likely t o be better educated and less willing to give information, unless they trust the recipie nt. Companies need to realise that the only reason they hold information on a custo mer is because they have a relationship with that customer - something which is not transferable. Those using electronic channels to reach customers are likely to target b etter educated and more affluent customers. They need, therefore, to ensure that th eir customer information systems are appropriate.An understanding of the trust building process is also required. Firms need to m ake a feature of their trustworthiness (a unique selling point!). Trust is best develope d through processes. Processes tend to be customer facing - within each customer int eraction trust is built-up or eroded. Companies must be absolutely clear about the va lue and intended use of information. Collecting information because it is technically possible (and one day might be useful) is likely to weaken trust development.Hoffman and Novak (1996) assert that the Web heralds an evolution in marketin g concepts. In order for marketing efforts to succeed in this new medium, a new busi ness paradigm is required in which the marketing function is reconstructed to facilitat e electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.The "many or any" communication model of the Web (in fact many instances of many-to-one) turns traditional principles of mass media advertising inside out (a one -to-many model) (Hoffman and Novak, 1994). The application of advertising approac hes which assume a passive, captive consumer are redundant on the Web.Surprisingly, as it is currently evolving, there is little activity aimed at including t he consumer in the development of emerging media (Dennis & Pease, 1994). In orde r to adopt a market orientation, firms must understand their customers and engage i n consumer research. Potential customers are most effectively engaged through new conversational marketing approaches.Anecdotal evidence suggests there are two types of customers - ‘convenience sh oppers’ and ‘explorers’ (those street-smart consumers who are happy to surf the We b looking for the best deal or most appropriate product combination). Furthermore, t he sheer size of the Web (trillions of documents and growing exponentially) means fi nding relevant information is becoming more and more difficult - despite the best eff orts of search engines such as Yahoo. Our research suggests that the large proportion of Web users would rather rely on an intermediary (community operator) to sift and select information on their behalf. Web sites not endorsed will require knowledge of the address (URL) and are unlikely to be accessed when similar information, products or services are readily available inside the community.Contributing to the rise of intermediaries are associated issues of privacy, trust a nd security (Schell, 1996). Whilst there is much discussion on the issues of Internet pr ivacy and security, in the context of normal business activities, many millions of peop le trust others with their personal financial information. Examples include ordering o ver the telephone, passing a credit card to an unknown waiter, even signing direct de bit mandates. If an error occurs in these types of transactions we trust the service provider to correct the error. So why is it that we expect the Internet to support a level of trust and security which we do not observe in everyday life?There is no reason why similar trust relationships cannot be established in electr onically mediated discussions. If anything, it becomes easier for an individual (or gro up of individuals) to seek retribution on those that break the rules within an electroni c community. Evidence of this can be found in the tendency to attack those that try t o advertise on academic discussion groups (mail bombs) and community policing aga inst pornographers in the Netherlands.Marketeers must reconstruct their advertising models for the interactive, consu mer controlled medium. The traditional customer loyalty ladder (Suspect, Prospect, C ustomer, Client, Partner, Advocate) is still applicable, but now operates in a different f ashion. The first three stages are often instantaneous in electronic commerce. The tr ansition from customer to advocate relies on loyalty earned through trust. The instan taneous nature of the Internet makes this more difficult.Communicating Across The Value ChainIt should be recognized that processes are not confined within one organization - they cross the value chain as demonstrated by the following example. Steinfield, et al (1995) describe a large, multinational, electrical appliance and consumer electroni cs manufacturer that used France Telecom’s Telnet system to support EDI-like connec tions to approximately 10,000 separate retailers and independent service engineers t hroughout France (accessed through Minitel terminals). The ubiquitous Telnet servic e and the commercial applications which emerged to exploit it, provide insights into t he development of commerce on a world-wide Internet.The after-sales service subsidiary of this manufacturer provided replacement pa rts and training to its widely dispersed customer base. The Telnet system permitted e lectronic transactions, even with the smallest trading partners. Through the use of on -line ordering, coupled with courier service for rapid delivery, the firm was able to eli minate regional parts warehouses and reduce the average repair time from two wee ks to two days. In the past, service engineers waited until they had a sufficient need f or parts before driving to a regional warehouse. Once the system was implemented, they used the Telnet based "just-in-time" stocking practice for replacement parts.Moving to a centralised warehouse reduced the need for replicated inventories and extra personnel around the country, creating substantial savings. Moreover, servi ce engineers were further bound-in following the introduction of a revenue producin g, expert system-based, training application. Technicians connected to the expert syst em which asked a series of questions designed to diagnose the fault and indicate the repairs needed.This "just-in-time" training service meant that technicians no longer required ex pensive and lengthy in-person training - a difficult task given the short life cycle of ne w electronics products. Service engineers were charged a fee for connecting to the se rvice, but it clearly helped them to provide a faster service to the end customer whils t also further enforcing their dependence on the supplying firm. The expert system al so accumulated data on repair problems and provided valuable feedback to the desig n and manufacturing divisions of the company. A primary motivation for this service was to dissuade service engineers from obtaining parts and services from other suppl iers. The ubiquity of Minitel merely created the environment within which the suppli er could manage relationships with a very large set of buyers, without opening their s ervice to other suppliers.翻译电子商务战略挑战介绍11世纪欧洲出现了信贷和银行系统等金融工具，如外汇支出。
电子商务对我国外贸企业带来的商机与挑战英文文献
Our country foreign trade enterprise how to deal with the opportunities and challenges of e-commerceAbstract: with the constant expansion of the Internet, electronic commerce activity rise and rapid development in the countries all over the world, and to our country international trade field far-reaching. After joining the WTO, China's international trade under the tide of e-commerce faces great opportunities and challenges. The advantages of high speed information, our country foreign trade enterprise facing the huge opportunity, inevitable is faced with great challenge. In an enterprise as a network economy era to adapt to the network virtual enterprise management new mode of market development, will break through the traditional business model, under the condition of foreign trade enterprises will certainly to make adjustments to adapt to this pattern, in order to achieve the ultimate goal of development.Keywords: foreign trade enterprise electronic commerce business strategies to respond to the challengeFirst, electronic commerce researchE-commerce as an important industry in modern service industry, "chaoyang industry, green industry", has the characteristics of the "three highs", "3". "Three highs" namely high human capital content, high technology content and high additional value; "Sanxin" refers to new technologies, new forms and new ways. Stream of people, logistics, cash flow, information flow and "four circulations" is the core of electronic commerce value chain. E-commerce industry has the marketglobalization, continuous trading, the cost is low, the advantage such as resource intensive.(a) the electronic commerce development situationThroughout the global e-commerce market, regional development is not balanced, the United States, the European Union, Asia's "three pillar" of the situation. Global B2B e-commerce trading has been dominated, since 2002, thesustained high-speed growth, global B2B trading to $8.3 trillionin 2007, is expected to maintain the growth rate of more than 40% in the next few years, to 2010 B2B transactions will reach $26 trillion, more than 30 times higher than in 2002.Always attach importance to the development of electronic commerce in our country, our country electronic commerce application is still in the primary level, pay most of the electronic commerce is a type of electronic commerce, Internet marketing, namely offline payment; Small is e-commerce payment type,that is, Internet marketing, online payment. Have to carry out the electronic commerce enterprise also is only a small number of large enterprise groups.. Because our country industry, imbalance of regional development, the southeast coast and the central and western regions have very big difference, at present, the traditional industry in some industries and southeast coastal cities has to develop e-commerce, some industries and thebroad masses of urban and rural areas has not yet to carry outthe electronic commerce in the Midwest. But it's very likely. National economy informationization foundation weak, the commercial automation level is low, the traditional business and electronic commerce of modern business will co-exist for a longtime; Traditional stores and online mall long period; Must adopt diversified, multi-level and multimodal development of electronic commerce strategy with Chinese characteristics.1, the function and advantage of e-commerce in international trade1.1 looking for trading partners, build your own website or with the aid of relevant countries trade e-commerce platform, to the world within the scope of the potential customers to provide information about products and services, and online directory, attract customers consultation regarding the related trade, on a global scale to find the ideal trading partner and more business opportunities.Trade negotiations. Under the electronic commerce mode, via the Internet for consultation and negotiation between the seller and the buyer can span the limitation of face-to-face negotiations, offers a variety of convenient and cheap way of long-distance communication, greatly save the transaction time and expenses.1.2 the advantages of e-commerce in international tradeTo reduce international trade transaction costs, the use of e-commerce in international trade can reduce inventory carrying costs, save the storage fee; Improve transaction efficiency of various relevant documents on the Internet can realize instant transfer, greatly save the document transmission time, its effect in improve transaction efficiency is very obvious; Improve the national competitiveness of enterprises, as the development direction of international trade, e-commerce will become the international trade will become mainstream.This advocate the use of e-commerce markets would reject without the use of e-commerce to international trade of traders, makes those who lag behind the foreign trade enterprises tolose a lot of trading opportunities, and those using e-commerce to international trade enterprises get more opportunities, improve the competitiveness of the enterprises.(2) the status quo of China's foreign trade enterprises to use e-commerceOur country as the world's most populous country, electronic commerce has caused many companies enough attention, and many companies have even e-commerce as an indispensable important part of enterprise management to management. For example, we are very familiar with taobao, dangdang, such as the network trading platform on the seller initially is for individuals or small shops. But after years of development and progress of network technology and network and regulations more and more enterprises to join the network trading platform, made outstanding contributions to the business development of our country. But in the overseas trade, most enterprises are preliminary involved in e-commerce. There are 4.5% of the export enterprises have been extensively developed, and the preliminary began to 31.2% of the enterprises, 28.7% of companies have embarked on, 12% of the enterprises have to consider, only 23.6% of the enterprise has not yet been considered.Using e-commerce mostly limited to 1, the our country foreign trade enterprise information delivery, collection, communication, and information recording and processing. Raw material supplyinformation such as collect, record orders, accounting unit time income and cost, etc. But for the order and the contract is signed, and payment, distribution and other activities mainly in offline, the scope of electronic commerce become very limited.1.1 the enterprise information infrastructure is weakTo drive industrialization by informationization in our country development of strategic objectives. At present our country enterprise widespread lack of core competitiveness. Problems such as outdated management ideas, management foundation is weak, is still widespread. These problems have restricted to improve the economic benefits of the enterprises and the improvement of market competition ability.1.2 to the implementation of B2B electronic commerce foreign trade enterprises do not have enough attentionEnterprise development electronic commerce activity directly, can drive the enterprise internal network construction, thus realizing the each link of production and operation of electronic commerce. Is also very easy to maintain direct and close contact with customers. Our country foreign trade enterprise, however, didn't pay enough attention to for B2B e-commerce. 2, due to our country foreign trade e-commerce environment is not yet mature, our country foreign trade enterprise electronic commerce development in terms of overall, still stay on for security, security certification, technical means such as law and standard specification is mature and reliable. Not real network trade at the present stage in China, and can only be "browse online, offline trade".2.1 China's e-commerce logistics couldn't keep up with the international trade developmentThe growth of the added value of the total social logistics and logistics constitutes a powerful logistics market demand.China's e-commerce logistics, however, failed to keep pace with the development of international trade, lead to the restriction of the logistics cost, thinking consciousness and the constraints of the rule of law, power to do international logistics, international logistics problems such as lack of professional talents.2.2 international payments in foreign trade activities is difficult to achieveOur country is in the development of market economy less developed countries, financial law remains to be perfect, credit card system remains to be development. Implementation in our country electronic commerce electronic payment of the subjective and objective conditions have not fully mature, need to build e-commerce payment systems have their own characteristics. Formulate corresponding laws to clear the legal relations between the parties of electronic payment, formulate relevant electronic payment system.Second, the electronic commerce brings to the our country foreign trade enterprise of business opportunities and challengesGlobal economy is entering the information economy era, the electronic commerce is the next 25 years economic development an important driving force in the world, and its effects can even 200 years ago the industrial revolution for thepromotion of economic development role. Just as President jiang zemin on the sixth APEC leaders' informal meeting pointed out: "the electronic commerce represents the developing direction of future trade way, its application promotion will bring more trade opportunities for members." Compared with the traditional business mode, e-commerce will have a major impact on human social life, also will certainly to our country traditional industry play a positive role in promoting the modify and improve:(a) the electronic commerce brings to the our country foreign trade enterprise of business opportunities1. The huge market gestates unlimited business opportunities The rapid development of the Internet has become after the traditional market is a huge market, this market break through the borders and territory, is forming a new continent on earth, that is: "the seventh continent" - virtual state. Enterprise or business can be on the "virtual state" building global business marketing network, and thus obtain a global, unlimited business space. The global Internet users has close to 400 million, and still growing. It is predicted that the next 10 years, a third of the global international trade will be completed in the form of network trade. For China's foreign trade enterprises, it will be a huge piece of cake. Huge market and infinite business opportunities, show the market reality and potential commercial profits.1.1 with the help of a new method for global competitive advantageInformation in the information age has become the most important strategic resources, e-commerce is the best means of access. Method of e-commerce, enterprises can build global business marketing system, the implementation of global management strategy, strengthen the cooperation between industry globally, and thus enhance the global competitiveness. Especially for small business or small business, to understand the world through e-commerce market demand, promote cooperation between companies all over the world, it certainly gave a stage of their foreign trade enterprises.1.2 the new business model, make the enterprise management efficiency and productivity hugelyE-commerce in a way of maximizing network customers, distributors, suppliers and employees together, make the supply and demand in the most appropriate time to get the most suitable market information, thus greatly promote the economic activity of supply and demand, reduce transaction costs and operating costs, improve enterprise economic efficiency and the ability to participate in world competition.1.3 e-commerce is becoming a new growth point of national economy and the core competitiveness in the futureElectronic commerce is the dominant technology of information technology, it will strongly promote the development of a group of information industry and the development of the information service industry, promote the adjustment of economic structure, so as to promote economic development. In 1996, the world bank estimates that global upgrade for information infrastructure investment of $300 billion, predictably, the futurewill be from all around the world to attract capital to construct information infrastructure and fierce competition. Based on the above, countries will develop electronic commerce in recent years, as for the plans of national competitiveness. Know this is going to the transformation of Chinese traditional enterprises and network company and industry development is of great significance.(2) although in the electronic commerce to our country foreign trade enterprise got the huge opportunity, but at the same time also faces great challenges:1, lack of awareness of e-commerceMost of the foreign trade enterprise although has been on the Internet, but it is mainly used for information query and import and export of parts and building enterprise website or in the professional network platform to build enterprise web is still few. For production, supply and sale, people, money, and other important resources electronically, network management a smaller proportion of business. Thus caused many enterprise site under the Internet's vast information, cannot reflect its product differentiation competition.1.1 the electronic commerce itself security problemsWith the development of e-commerce, Internet banking, online contract, electronic signature application more and more widely, such as the network has become an indispensable part of our life. In e-commerce bring convenient to our work life at the same time, there is also a safe hidden trouble. E-commerce must be conducted through the Internet, the Internet does not have the security of business need. A large number of economicinformation on the Internet, online transfer flow of funds, online trading authority authentication are required to do foolproof,both international and domestic e-commerce security is worrying.1.2 the legal system of electronic commerceWith the popularity of Interment, through the Interment theft software will become very easy, on software, music, movies and other intellectual property disputes are increasing; On the other hand, the establishment of related legal system is far behind the development of information industry.1.3 the information infrastructure construction problems of e-commerceElectronic commerce is based on the information network communication business activities, its characteristic is real-time, fast, the development of electronic commerce to some extentcan be said to depend on the size of the information infrastructure, therefore, need to build the necessaryinformation infrastructure. But in our country because of economic strength and technology, the network infrastructure is relatively slow and lag. Our country most enterprise informationization, electronic degree is extremely low, many enterprises even the computer is not to buy, a few enterprises is mainly used to even have a computer typing and calculation,and the production, supply and sale, people, goods, content and other important resources management mostly no electronically.1.4 the foreign trade enterprise electronic commerce lack of talentE-commerce is a new things, need to build e-commerce in the information consciousness, information technology based on knowledge level and the consumption idea of habit change, need to master e-commerce talents. Its development effects and level depends largely on the quality and ability of professional talents. The lack of interdisciplinary talents is to restrict international trade one of the key factors for enterprises to implement electronic commerce.Three, our country foreign trade enterprise in the face of the countermeasures of e-commerce(a) to speed up the construction of information infrastructure Application and development of international e-commerce in a country depend on complete information infrastructure as the foundation. At present, the global international e-commerce sales of 80, took place in the United States. The United States in the advantage position in the competition for its high investment, capital, technology and complete information infrastructure construction as the foundation. Impoverishment "" information is regarded as the bottleneck of economic development in the developing world in the 21st century, and in the information infrastructure in our country, is likely to lose our international electronic commerce brings to the economic development opportunities. Widens the gap with developed countries in the competition. In order to promote the development of international e-commerce in our country. At the same time to speed up the construction of information infrastructure, a more effective use of existing network resources. Must do, (1) break the industry division managementsystem, improve the efficiency of the resources, (2) reform the existing charging system, cut down the high rates.(2) strong key technology researchCurrent around the confidential technology, security management, CA authentication and the research of key technologies such as electronic payment, the parties should strengthen the contact, close cooperation and common development, to change the situation of domestic network "silos", the early realization of the domestic network interconnection, set up special national foreign trade information network, then planned and organized to achievewith the United Nations and other international trade information network connected to the Internet business information network, and strive to in a relatively short period of time to make our country power has an obvious increase of technological research.(3) promoting the public awareness of societyIn the process of the development of international e-commerce, government support, encourage and guide is essential, it is introduced the international e-commerce more successful countries Shared experience. Our country government information consciousness is relatively weak. Although the central government has founded in April 1998 to form the ministry of information industry, but local governments at all levels of the impact of the global informationization tide may know enough, lack of initiative in promoting the activities of the international e-commerce, measures are not effective, did not play a proper role. At present, the international electroniccommerce in our country is still in its infancy stage, must give full play to the government's guiding and promoting role.(4) push the enterprise informationEnterprise is an important subject, carry out international e-commerce enterprises to actively participate in is essential guarantee for the development of international e-commerce. But at present, our country enterprise is in the crucial stage of reform. In the enterprise management mechanism and leadership, employee ideas, haven't really realize the transition from planned economy to market economy. There's not a good benefit and the pursuit of the development of the inner motivation of doing basic, inevitably cause enterprise information consciousness, the lack of development of international e-commerce.(5) strengthen the study and draft laws and regulationsThe current international trade law is based on the traditional paper trade way, many rules do not apply to international e-commerce way, the development of international e-commerce will bring a lot of difficult to overcome obstacles. In order to guarantee the development of international e-commerce. Around the international e-commerce development and related network management, information security, financial settlement, the protection of intellectual property rights and other issues, should speed up the pace of current law changes, timely, introduce new trade regulations.(6) to actively participate in international cooperation and dialogueInternational e-commerce to break the boundaries of time and space, speed up the global economic integration. In the face of international e-commerce, such as tariffs and taxes, uniform commercial code, the protection of intellectual property rights and a series of new problems, and the countries to strengthen dialogue and cooperation. For international discussion activity, our government is involved, but not positive enough.(7) to participate in the international conventions and trade partner agreementThe opportunity and the challenge seems to is always coexist, international e-commerce for China's foreign trade, is not only an unprecedented opportunity. Is an unprecedented challenge. Our country is in economic reform period, the market system construction is still in progress. The reform of state-owned enterprises are at a crucial stage. Combined with the management system of international e-commerce itself. International legal issues of e-commerce, the security problem, and the personnel quality requirements for international electronic commerce, is the current enterprise engaged in international e-commerce, banking, information management department, the economic and trade management departments at all levels and the workers engaged in research on related theory and method must face and solve the problem seriously. Changeable international trade environment will not falter for who. In international e-commerce under the big push of flood. Both size enterprises, and the whole foreign trade policy, are under great pressure. At the beginning of the world, under the benign interaction of China should make hay while the sunshines. In international e-commerce, for incision, international trade as the backing, in the entire national economy onto a new stage. In the new world economic pattern.。
电子商务对国际贸易和就业的影响-外文翻译
The Impact of E-commerce on InternationalTrade and Employment(Partly)The benefits of e-commerce on economy are classified into three groups: firms, prices, productivity. A combination of technological and market forces have compelled companies to examine and reinvent their supply chain strategies. To stay competitive, firms have searched for greater coordination and collaboration among supply chain partners to wring out the inefficiencies that might exist within firm transactions. Many of the transactions can be done externally, via electronic markets. The Internet and its applications have thus served to enhance the process to increase efficiencies in supply chain management . Moreover, ICTs allows firms to identify the market for the inputs they need in production and substantially reduces the cost of gathering and processing information about the prices and input characteristics of different goods and services. In addition, information and communication technologies make it easier to integrate and control remote operations without incurring prohibitive costs. Better ICTs enable optimized operations to be established in low cost domestic locations and countries where comparative advantage is present for the outsourced task. E-commerce thus facilitates the efforts of companies to separate and spin out every conceivable activity in the production process to entities outside the firm .The available empirical evidence on price is mixed. Some of the first studies found that prices of goods sold through the Internet were on average higher than their equivalent purchased through traditional retailers. A more recent study, however, found prices for books and CDs on average to be about 10 per cent lower on the Internet compared with traditional retailers in the1United States . Evidence on demand sensitivity to price is also mixed, with some work suggesting a low and others a high price elasticity of demand .Evidence from countries were the use of information and communication technologies is widespread suggests substantial improvements in productivity. In an analysis of the contribution of information and communications technology to economic growth in nine OECD countries, over the past two decades, ICTs contributed between 0.2 and 0.5 % per year to economic growth . During the second half of the 1990s, this contribution rose to 0.3 to 0.9% per year. Effects were the largest in the United States, followed by Australia, Finland and Canada . Another study suggests that the rise of B2B e-commerce will in the long run increase the level of GDP by 5 per cent . In addition, it has been argued that Internet related technologies could increase the speed of financial operations, which raises the issue as to how interest rates should be set and whether the short end of interest setting needs to become shorter i.e. time units smaller than a day .Moreover, several studies conclude that information and communication technologies were an important factor in improving the overall efficiency of labor and capital, in the United States . Most importantly, productivity increased not only in the information and communication producing sectors but in sectors of the economy that do not produce information and communications technology . In other words, users of these technologies also benefited from increased productivity. In addition, the data seems to reveal that workers in the US may have also benefited from increased productivity induced by e-commerce and ICTs .Effects of e-commerce on international trade and employmentElectronic commerce offers important opportunities to both developing and developed countries. The development of e-commerce is likely to have both direct and indirect impacts on international trade as well as the labor markets.2E-commerce and International TradeThe use of electronic means and the internet can make the process of initiating and doing trade a lot easier, faster, and less expensive. Collecting information is a costly activity when it involves acquiring information across national borders. In fact, these costs can be so high that they can be considered a substantial barrier to trade. Finding the right supplier, specifying the product’s requirements and quality, negotiating the price, arranging deliveries and marketing products is also very costly. With the internet and e-commerce applications, a whole range of these activities can occur without having buyer and seller in close physical proximity. In this respect, the internet will likely promote trade much in the same way as lifting other trade barriers would. Thus, it is the volume of international trade will likely increase .Especially, the internet when organized via electronic markets through e-commerce applications, reduces information costs and allows consumers and sellers to be matched and interact electronically, reducing the significance of geographic proximity and traditional business networks . A study found ample evidence that, development of global markets via the Internet makes historical linkages less important and suggest that countries with the fewest past trade links have the most to gain from the Internet, especially for developing countries . An evident from a 1998 survey of enterprises in 15 low and middle-income countries suggests that firms in these countries use search engines to research market opportunities .However, whether e-commerce promote international trade will depend on the nature of the good. On the one hand, a number of products that traditionally have required physical delivery can be delivered to a customer via a network in digital form. Examples of these include media products, such as text, film and computer software. On the other hand, most of the goods traded internationally are not deliverable in digital form and therefore transportation costs will3continue to play a significant role. In this regard, world trade in digital media products amounted to about US$44 billion in 1996, less than 1 per cent of total world trade. For most countries, trade in digital media products was less than 2% of total trade. The rate of growth of trade in digital media products is high and above the average rate growth of total trade: the growth in trade for digital media products on average was about 10% between 1990 and 1996, 1.5 times faster than total world merchandise trade .E-commerce will also have a significant impact on trade in services. The most relevant change in trade in services is e-commerce’s and information technology’s ability to make non-tradable services into tradable. Activities that were previously non-tradable (i.e. research and development, computing, inventory management, quality control, accounting, personnel management, marketing, advertising and distribution) will be traded through the use of e-commerce. All that is required is that the quality, speed and cost of communication between buyer and seller be adequate. International cross-border trade in a wide range of services, financial, legal, telecommunications and customized software will increasingly be carried out by electronic means .Internet effectively opens markets that were previously closed; it is tempting to think of it as another form of trade liberalization. A technical improvement lowers costs of transactions and generates far larger benefits than the triangular efficiency gains from trade liberalization. Indeed, the decline in costs increases potential benefits from trade liberalization in many services sectors .As communications costs continue to fall, the potential for international outsourcing grows. As a result, outsourcing management and production activities will become more important. Obviously, some sectors and activities throughout the world are more prone than others to be affected by developments in e-commerce. In this respect, there have been attempts to identify industries or4sectors that may be more predisposed to the effects of developments in e-commerce and technology. For example, a research, based on criteria that weighed the effect of cost savings, increases in productivity, industry readiness and product fitness to e-commerce, has elaborated an index of Internet intensiveness. The finding based on data from the United States and Europe suggests that the most internet intensive sectors are electronic components, food, pharmaceuticals and forest/paper products. It is likely to expect that in other regions, these same sectors and industries will be affected by e-commerce via outsourcing . At the same time, recent evidence suggests that transnational corporations are likely to be the most intensive users of electronic commerce .The potential benefits from international e-commerce to a developing country arise from a reduction in the cost of imports as much as from an increase in the price received for exports. Even if a country does not export any services, it can benefit from imports of services, paying for them in terms of goods. Cheaper availability of medical, engineering and architectural services, long-distance learning and reduced costs of transactions can confer benefits even if the country does not immediately export the services traded through Internet .Several recent studies have suggested that trade also stimulates internet use. For example, a study suggests that the extent to which a country is integrated into the global economy can play a role in its access to IT. Countries with greater contact, either via trade, tourism, or geographical location, with the outside world, are more likely to be advanced in digital technology than other countries. Similarly, another study argues that countries open to imports from high-income OECD economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers and, hence, be more likely to adopt new technologies. Following figure and table shows world trade volume and the growth of world internet usage. According to figure 1, although world trade volume fluctuated between 2000 and 2010, it had5a positive situation until 2008. After 2008, it declined because of the global financial crisis and then started to increase again. World internet usage increased all regions between 2000 and 2010.Several recent studies have asked whether internet use affects trade. For example, using data from 20 low and middle income countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a research shows that enterprises with internet connections export more, as a share of their total sales, than enterprises without connections . In addition, using a gravity model of trade, another research find that Internet use appears to be significantly correlated with trade after 1996, although it finds only a weak correlation in 1995 and 1996. The same research also found that internet has a greater effect on trade in developing countries than it does in developed countries. In a second paper, same researchers find that exports of services to the United States grew more quickly for countries with greater internet penetration in a sample of 31 middle-and high-income countries .Developing countries with higher Internet penetration export more to high-income countries than do developing countries where penetration is lower. However, they do not appear to export more to other developing countries and high-income countries with greater Internet penetration do not appear to export more to either developing or developed countries. These results make intuitive sense. First, Internet access is so common among manufacturing enterprises in high-income countries that the differences in the number of internet users as a percent of the population probably reflects differences at the consumer, rather than the enterprise, level in developed countries. In developing countries, contrarily, many manufacturing enterprises remain unconnected. Second, because Internet access is less common in developing countries than in developed countries, being connected to the Internet would seem to be a greater advantage for enterprises in developing countries with respect to exporting to6developed countries. Finally, because of strong regional differences in income, and taking into account the fact that most exports from developing countries to other developing countries will be within the same region, communication costs will presumably be greater for exports to distant developed countries than it would be for exports to neighboring developing countries.Employment and e-commerceAs e-commerce continues expanding, its impact on employment and wages will be the result of a complex set of interactive forces. Electronic commerce is expected to directly and indirectly create new jobs as well as cause job losses. New jobs will be gained in information-related goods and services, entertainment, software and digital products, for instance. Indirect creation of jobs will occur via increased demand and productivity. Jobs will be lost when e-commerce substitutes for the traditional way of doing business. The jobs most likely affected, as preliminary evidence suggests, are those in the retail sector, postal offices and travel agencies. However, the effects will not be uniform across countries, geographic areas, industries or skill groups.Evidence for the United States and the European Union reveals that employment in ICT-related industries and in the finance, business and commerce-related sectors account for almost one- third and one-fourth of total employment, respectively. More importantly, they accounted for 28% and 35% of job creation in 1993-96.The increased demand for high-skill workers, with augmented managerial and executive responsibilities and a greater need for specialized expertise, who will command higher wages are viewed by some researchers as a cause of worsening of income distribution. Evidence for the U.S. seems to suggest that demand has shifted from low and middle-wage occupations and skills toward highly rewarded jobs and tasks requiring specific talent, training or management ability. Much of the labor demand shift is being explained by skill-biased7technical change. Overall, low wage, low-skill production, did not enjoy the wage increases that IT-intensive, high productivity growth industries experienced. Thus, real wages grew in IT-intensive industries, were wages were already relatively high and did not change in IT-poor industries that faced workforce reductions and were already employing low-wage workers .Among developing countries, countries best situated to benefit from e-commerce through export expansion are those with a substantial pool of skilled labor, capable of working on or near the frontier of computer technology. The case of India, which is already benefiting from e-exports in a big way, best illustrates this point .A consulting firm made a estimate to calculate the multiplier effects of e-commerce on employment in France, Germany, Italy and the U.K. By utilizing input-output framework and methodology, three types of economic effects were obtained –direct effects produced by e-commerce revenues in the industries directly involved, indirect effects generated by inter-industry linkages, and second order effects determined through the basic Keynesian income-consumption circuit from the value added generated in the first-order round. The results reveal that indirect and second-order effects for employment requirements are large enough to counterbalance the direct losses of jobs (assuming a 100% substitution rate of e-commerce with traditional industries), with the exception of the case of Germany. This also confirms the potential of e-commerce to create jobs in the future. Their estimates also show that e-commerce businesses that rely on labor -intensive intermediaries will directly eliminate a larger share of direct jobs.This article concludes following results. Internet will promote international trade much as lifting other trade barriers would. Thus, the volume of international trade will increase via e-commerce. The countries open to imports from high-income economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers.8E-commerce can also have a significant impact on trade in services. In addition, electronic commerce is also expected to directly and indirectly create new jobs as well as cause job losses. New jobs will be generated in the information and communication technologies sector, while the indirect creation of jobs will occur via increased demand and productivity. The net employment gains and losses will depend on the demand for certain skills.9电子商务对国际贸易和就业的影响（部分）电子商务对经济的促进作用体现在三个方面：企业，价格，生产力。
电子商务对国际贸易的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务对国际贸易的影响中英文对照外文翻译文献原文：The Impact of Electronic Commerce on International Trade E-Commerce is doing business through electronic media or the practice of buying and selling products and services over the Internet,utilizing technologies such as the Web,Electronic Data Interchange(EDI),Email,electronic fund transfers and smart cards,without face-to-face meeting between two parties of the transactions.In brief,E-Commerce is the online exchange or sale and purchase of goods and services.The BackgroundWith the extension of internet in application area, from academies, enterprises tothe government departments, the network reaches variable aspects of our society. From knowledge learning, message obtaining to e-commerce, the digital network is all proved a strong pushing strength. With network, the difference of time and space are eliminated, the exchange and communication among people, the resources sharing are becoming much more easier, based on that, more and more applications are developed, and one of which is the network university and remote learning which will be a great revolution to the traditional teaching and learning way. People can study online, exchange thoughts interactively with teachers and schoolmates through network rather than special classrooms in the campus, this will provide a chance to learn knowledge all the life for those who are in work or can’t go into colleges, perhaps the network university will be the most important model to study in a not long future.Abstract：The 21st century is the century of the network, with the growing popularity of the network, making e-commerce has become the most important international trade as a means of convenient e-commerce has brought the entire international trade an in-depth change, a great impact the development of international trade.In this paper, the impact of electronic commerce on international trade research, first on the meaning and mode of e-commerce and international trade, a simple introduction to basic concepts,followed by analysis to identify the impact of electronic commerce on international trade, and found that not only e-commerce promote the rapid development of international trade transactions, but also changed the way of making small and medium enterprises to become more involved in international trade to; and making the international market truly be realized, but also the international trade business management major changes.Key Words：Electronic commerce; international trade; InternetIntroductionIn recent year, e-commerce has emerged as the fastest growing sector of the world marketplace. Despite the contraction in the high-tech industry during the recent recession, firms have continued to enter and expand their presence in e-commerce, and consumers have increased the number of purchases made online. E-commerce currently represents a very small share of overall commerce, but it is expected to continue to expand rapidly in coming years. As e-commerce grows, so will its impact on the overall economy.1．The Overview of E-commerce1.1 The Meaning of E-commerceE-commerce usually refers to the use of computer technology, network technology and telecommunication technology to achieve the entire business process become computerization, digitization and networking.E-commerce is a new business model making that both buyers and sellers do not have to meet each other in various business activities in a wide range of business around the world trade. It also contributes to the consumer's online shopping, online transactions between merchants and online electronic payment in different business activities, trading activities, financial activities and activities related to integrated services in the Internet, an open network environment which based on WEB / server applications ways.E-commerce permeates every stage of trade activities, including information exchange, pre-sales service, sales, electronic payments, transportation, the formation of virtual enterprise and sharing resources. The participants of E-commerce include consumers, vendors, suppliers, financial institutions, enterprises, government and other institutions or individuals, whose purpose is to achieve a business and the whole society efficiency and low-cost trade.1. 2 The E-commerce PatternThe E-commerce pattern is refers to the basic mode which the enterprises obtain the business income using the Internet development management, it is based on a certain technology based commercial operation way and the profit pattern in the network environment. The research and the analysis of the E-commerce pattern’s classified system is helpful in unearths the new E-commerce pattern, provides the way for the E-commerce pattern innovation and be helpful in the enterprise formulates the specific E-commerce strategy and the implementation step. The E-commerce pattern can establish different classification framework from different angles. From the traditional viewpoint, E-commerce pattern is summed up as B2C(Business to Consumer), B2B(Business to Business), C2B(Consumer to Business), C2C(Consumer to Consumer), B2G(Business to Government), BMC（Business Medium Consumer）..1.2.1 The Emergence of E-commerceDuring the 1940s’ and 1950s’, the fiber optic communication technologies and computer technology based on microelectronics has detonated the information technology revolution which still has not ceased until now. Whether it is data processing or information transmission, the human beings have entered an unprecedented era of efficient. In the 1970s, the production of EDI technology (Electronic Data Interchange, Electronic Data Interchange) causes the people began to try to exchange business data automatically between different computers, which is the primary form of e-commerce.E-commerce originated in the 1960s’ and development in the 1990s’, and the important conditions of its emergence and development are mainly:● Government's support and impetusAfter the European Union issued Europe Electronic Commerce Agreement in 1997 and the US issued the “Framework for Global Electronic Commerce”, the electron ic commerce has been valued by the governments all over the world.● Widespread use of computerIn the recent 30 years, the faster speed of computer's processing, the stronger handling ability, the lower price and the broader application area provided the solid foundation for use ofE-commerce.● Popularity and maturity of the networkUp to December 31, 2008, the Chinese net citizen achieves at 298, 000, 000 people, and the popularizing rate achieves 22.6%, which surpasses the global average level.● Impeccable network serviceAccording to the statistics, there are more than 4000 influential websites in the world, and almost every website can provide the electronic commerce information and the service. And theOn-line payment technology and the electronic currency payment technology are reliable and popular used all over the world.A recent study of the marketplace by Nielsen//Net Ratings found more than 200 million Americans (or 75%) are using the Internet. Those who shopped online in 2003 spent $17.2 billion online in just the fourth quarter alone. Research firms anticipate that, in 2004, the number of online shoppers will increase by 14 percent, representing 30 percent of the U.S. population. In four more years, half the country’s population will be purcha sing online.1.2.2 The Meaning of International TradeThe international trade refers the exchange between commodity and service in different countries (and/or area), the business of buying and selling commodities beyond national borders. It is the international shift of commodity and service which is also called the world trade and composed of two parts, imports and exports.International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Political change in Asia, for example, could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. A decrease in the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new shoes.Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of product can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation. A product that is sold to the global market is an export, and a product that is bought from the global market is an import. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of payments.2 The Impact of Electronic Commerce on International Trade2.1 Promote the Rapid Development of International TradeThe electronic transaction can replace other trading method to a certain extent. In this case, the rise in e-commerce trade will offset the decline in trade in other ways. For example, the increase of international commercial volume through the Internet means the decrease of the volume through the mail or services across the border. However, electronic commerce improve the transaction efficiency and creates the extra commercial opportunity unceasingly by reducing the transaction cost and the price, which on one hand from the superiority that the electronic commerce can reduce the price and increases the international demand; On the other hand it can create the new trade partner and develop the new business partner, making these overtop cost or implementation difficulties transaction becomes feasible.Moreover, electronic commerce can be supplement of the traditional transaction method to complete the transaction together with the transportation of tangible goods. For example, electronic commerce can be the supplementary means of trade through advertisement, marketing, purchase and electronic payment. In short, electronic commerce makes the cross-border transfer of information and resource sharing truly meet the requirements as breaking the space and time limit, thus promoted the international trade development.websites through the provision of goods price and seeking the lowest prices all over the world and use the online auction bidding and other forms of collective bargaining to buy goods at lower prices. This can reduce the prices of imported goods in the country and be conducive to the development of the country's import trade and growth, and form the expansion effects of trade to a certain extent. 2.2 Changed the Trade ModeThe traditional marketing model is the first with the product to look for customers, and sellers are basically telephone communication, mailing product catalogs, all kinds of exhibitions, and so the traditional way to exchange views and suggestions. The changes arising from electronic eommerce marketing, the promotion of international trade, marketing, generate new forms of marketing - e-marketing (e-marketing). E-marketing, there are two meanings: one refers to the use of electronic means of marketing; the other one refers to the Internet as the core e-marketing. However, the latter is developing as a modern international trade, an important way of marketing.The emergence of e-commerce makes a significant change in the trade transactions of the international market, and contributes to the appearance of the virtual trading market without cashtransaction. Electronic commerce developed a brand-new opening, multi-dimensional, the three-dimensional market environment through the exchange of on-line “virtual” information, which broke through the premise condition in which traditional market must take certain time and area. the whole world are connected into a unified "big market" by the information network, promoting to form a world economics marketability. Meanwhile, it drove the development of our country’s social economy in great extent and urged deepen the reform of our country’s enterprise in industrial structure and the trading mode.The existing network has achieved the real-time transmission and exchange of the standard format among the business users document such as contracts, bills of lading, invoices and so on). Both buyers and sellers can handle the order, the negotiations, signing, the declaration, the inspection, the chartering, the taxes payment and other trade service procedure directly online, which reduced the trading hours greatly and made the transaction more fast and convenient and promote the working efficiency of the finance, the customs, the transportation and the insurance. The capital, the commodity and the technology brought by the fast flowing information accelerate the global flows of production elements and promote network economy to the computer network technology as the platform and electronic commerce for the pattern in the rapidly developing economy world. The economic and trade and the connection among countries can strengthen greatly under this kind of network trade's environment and bring the new energy and spirit to the development of world’s economic.2.3 Making SMEs More Involved in International TradeThe rapid development of e-commerce in the world makes the position where the large enterprises plays a leader role in the international trade in traditional trade pattern decrease day by day and ushered a brand-new development opportunities and a broader international market. The emergence of electronic commerce makes the Small and medium-sized enterprises have more opportunities to show their good brand image and product on the international stage, which is mainly manifested in two aspects:On the one hand, e-commerce is helpful for the small and medium-sized enterprise displays its unique superiority of products and greatly develops the brand products. in environmental impact of the traditional mass production and marketing, people often tend to buy the most satisfying products in the lowest price, which often has the relative advantage of the advantage in large scale of economies, mass production capabilities by large enterprises, the formation of cost, so that to bea dominant position in the small and medium-sized enterprise competition. However, electronic commerce provided customers an effective way that they can talk face to face with manufacturers of products and ordered services personalized, by which customers can massively visit enterprise's related website, describe their products and business needs and different requirements in the web sides, and make a transform from large scale production's pattern into the personalized product ordering pattern。
电子商务在中国的现状及其影响英语作文
电子商务在中国的现状及其影响英语作文The current situation of e-commerce in China is thriving and rapidly evolving. With the rise of internet and mobile technology, the e-commerce market in China has become one of the largest and most dynamic in the world. The scale and potential of e-commerce in China have attracted the attention of global businesses and investors.The impact of e-commerce in China is profound and far-reaching. It has transformed the way Chinese consumers shop and interact with businesses. The convenience and variety of products available online have led to a shift in consumer behavior and preferences. E-commerce has also opened up new opportunities for small and medium-sized businesses to reach a wider audience and compete in the market.The rapid growth of e-commerce in China has also had a significant impact on traditional retail and commerce. Many traditional brick-and-mortar stores have had to adapt to the changing landscape and integrate online and offline channels to stay competitive. Additionally, the logisticsand delivery infrastructure in China has seen significant investment and improvement to meet the demands of e-commerce.The government has also recognized the importance of e-commerce and has implemented policies and regulations to support its growth. This includes initiatives to promote cross-border e-commerce, improve consumer protection, and regulate online marketplaces. The government's support has contributed to the overall success and sustainability of e-commerce in China.Overall, the current state of e-commerce in China is a dynamic and influential force in the global market. Its impact on consumer behavior, business practices, and the economy as a whole cannot be understated.电子商务在中国的现状是蓬勃发展且迅速变化的。
电子商务对国际贸易的影响(双语论文)
摘要二十一世纪是信息化的时代，第三产业在各国的比重不断上升，特别是服务业，信息服务业成为21世纪的主导产业，这导致了电子商务的产生和发展，在全球信息化大势所驱的影响下，各国的电子商务不断的改进和完善，电子商务成为各个国家和各大公司争夺的焦点。
本文从我国电子商务发展的环境，存在的问题，目前我国电子商务的发展趋势方面，探讨分析了我国电子商务发展的现状及对国际贸易的影响。
关键词：电子商务；国际贸易；现状；趋势电子商务概论（双语）结课论文The Impact of Electronic Commerce on International TradeAbstractThe 21st century are the information time, the tertiary industry unceasingly rise in the various countries" proportion, specially service industry, information service industry becomes for the 21stcentury the leading industries, this has caused the electronic commerce production and the development in the global information is under the influence which the situation drives, the various countries" electronic commerce unceasing improvement and the consummation, the electronic commerce is a focal point which each country and each big company capture. This text from of our country e- commerce environment of development, existing problem, how improve development environment and of our country development trend 3 of e-commerce at present, probed into and an aliped the current situation of e-commerce development of our country.Key Words: Electron; international trade; Actuality; StreamThe Impact of Electronic Commerce on International Trade电子商务对国际贸易的影响毕业论文（设计）原创性声明本人所呈交的毕业论文（设计）是我在导师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
电子商务对我们带来的好处英语作文
电子商务的利与弊Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, has revolutionized the way we conduct business transactions, shop, and interact with one another. The advent of the internet and subsequent advancements in technology have paved the way for a more convenient, efficient, and globalized shopping experience. In this essay, we will explore the benefits of e-commerce, discussing how it has transformed our lives and the economy.Firstly, e-commerce has provided unprecedented convenience to consumers. With just a few clicks, consumers can browse a wide range of products and services from various sellers, compare prices, read reviews, and make informed purchasing decisions. This eliminates the need to physically visit multiple stores, saving time and effort. Furthermore, e-commerce platforms often offer doorstep delivery, eliminating the hassle of carrying heavy items home.Secondly, e-commerce has opened up new avenues for entrepreneurs and small businesses. Traditionally, starting a business required significant capital, physicalstorefronts, and a wide network of suppliers and distributors. However, with e-commerce, entrepreneurs can launch their businesses with minimal investment, reaching a global audience without the need for physical infrastructure. This has created a more competitive market, driving innovation and reducing prices for consumers.Moreover, e-commerce has fostered transparency and accountability in business transactions. Customer reviews, ratings, and feedback mechanisms allow buyers and sellers to interact directly, ensuring that sellers deliver quality products and services. This transparency builds trust among parties and encourages fairer pricing practices.Additionally, e-commerce has had a significant impact on the job market. It has created numerous employment opportunities in areas such as web development, digital marketing, logistics, and customer service. These new job roles have not only provided livelihoods but have also contributed to skill development and career growth.However, despite its numerous benefits, e-commerce also presents some challenges. One of the main concerns is the security of online transactions. With the rise ofcybercrime, protecting personal information and financial details has become paramount. E-commerce platforms must invest in robust security measures to ensure the safety of their customers' data.Another challenge is the lack of personal touch inonline shopping. Shopping in a physical store allows customers to touch, feel, and try products before making a purchase. This personal experience is often lacking inonline shopping, leading to returns and dissatisfaction. To address this, e-commerce platforms are increasinglyinvesting in technologies such as augmented reality (AR)and virtual reality (VR) to provide a more immersive shopping experience.In conclusion, e-commerce has brought numerous benefits to our lives, revolutionizing the way we shop, interact,and conduct business transactions. It has provided convenience, opened up new business opportunities, fostered transparency, and created employment opportunities. However, it also presents challenges such as security concerns and the lack of personal touch. As we continue to embrace e-commerce, it is crucial to address these challenges andensure that its benefits are accessible and sustainable for all.**电子商务的利与弊**电子商务，通常被称为电商，已经彻底改变了我们进行商业交易、购物和互动的方式。
国际经济与贸易 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 电子商务的竞争优势及发展前景
英文原版：Electronic Commerce Competitive AdvantageAnd Prospects For DevelopmentGaoJing .Electronic business world，2009（03）As the human society soon entered in the 21st century, a great swell of world information swept into human society swiftly and violently. The information technology revolution becomes the modern science technological revolution the core and the mainstream, the information resource and the energy, the material becomes the national economy and the social development three grand strategy resources, who has the information resource, who has grasped the competition and the development initiative. Emerges vigorously the informationization tide, sped up the world industrial structure adjustment and the reorganization, urges the world economics to transform from the industry economy to the information economy, has the profound influence to human society's production method and the life style, is also changing the people tradition type of trading. Today, electronic commerce, specially based on Internet electronic commerce, because was reducing the expenses, to develop the market and so on various superiority to bring to more and more person's attentions. Electronic commerce is refers to the computer and in the communication network foundation, realizes the commercial exchange and the commercial work activity entire process using the electronic tool. It has emerged since the early 90s, from services and so in-line shopping expanded to bank, securities business aspects and so on operation, becomes one kind through the networking application, fast and carries on each kind of business dealing effectively the newest method. Some people estimated that to 2000, electronic commerce will become in the Internet application a most essential part. Electronic commerce not only causes the commercial revolution, also has provided the new turning point for the information industries, to global scale's economy, cultural even politics will have the profound influence.First, electronic commerce competitive advantage Electronic commerce has provided the global trade environment for the enterprise, has established the new commercial channel, raised the commercial activity level and the grade of service greatly. On enhancement enterprise competitive power's various links, it has the incomparable function: (one) electronic commerce can enhance the commercial activity efficiency electronic commerce to cause to limit production to market ability is more easy to do, the enterprise through the network demonstrated that own product, the service and the payment terms and so on, customer according to his need, issues the order form, the enterprise Production department basis network order information prompt arrangement or the adjustment scale of production and the variety, thus realizes the small batch, the multi-varieties, zero stock, the immediate manufacture and the delivery ideal pattern. Meanwhile may also reduce the artificial negligence, avoids loss which and waste possibly occurs. (two) electronic commerce can improve the work quality, expanded market electronic commerce to increase the customer andsupplier's relation. The bilateral space's barrier already vanished, the system network causes the customer and the supplier can understand the opposite party most recent data, moreover may provide 365/7/24 pattern service, strengthens the market competition status. (three) electronic commerce may reduce the cost, is advantageous in enhances profit of enterprise to reduce the transaction cost, has saved the latent expenditure, if the email has saved the correspondence postage, the electron data exchange greatly has saved management and the personnel link's expenses. In addition, electronic commerce may optimize the enterprise to supply the chain. Reduces the supply cost. Statistics indicated that under the traditional commerce pattern, the commodity approximately composes the private costs from ordering to the selling process's in physical distribution expense 18%~20%, after the partial enterprises use the electronic commerce optimization supply chain, reduces 10%~12% this expense proportion.Second, overseas electronic commerce prospects for development In overseas Internet and the Web development's early stage, electronic commerce already appeared. For these years, along with in-ternet high speed development and relevant technology's day-by-day consummation, various countries' government took electronics trade's development in our country information infrastructural facilities the important work, intended to through the network construction and the application, won the market superiority, developed the global trade. For example: The US government continuously close attention electronics trade technology's development, and has established the US Business association in the Silicon Valley; European Union in 1995 proposed constructs Europe information society the plan; The Japanese government invested 320,000,000 US dollar impetus electronics trade in 1996 the master plan; The APEC subordinate's telecommunication work team has begun at present also to carry out every year two time electronic commerce impetus deliberation plan. The report which according to April, 1998 US Department of commercial affairs announced - - "Rose Digital Economy" the statistics, at the end of 1997 US and the Canadian on-line shopping population increased a half year ago 470,000 people to 1,000,000 people, the electronic commerce transaction income by every 100 day of 1 time of speed growth, to 2002, the US and Canada electronic commerce transaction income will achieve 3 100,000,000 US dollars; According to the IDC (IDC) forecast that to 2001, the Western Europe on-line transaction's profit might increase from last year's 100,000,000 US dollars to 3,000,000,000 US dollars. The electronic commerce broad prospects for development also cause each big computer manufacturer to step in this domain in abundance, like Microsoft, Sun, HP and so on one after another have promoted the safe electronic commerce solution. in June, 1997, two big credit cards organized Visa and the MasterCard unit exploitation security electron transaction (SET) the agreement promoted the electronic commerce development. Simultaneously many famous software companies already invested into the electronic commerce related support SET agreement software development. electronic commerce technology although now is also at the start stage, but Internet on-line already had many success application example, perhaps most influential is known as the world biggest bookstore's on-line hypothesized bookstore supermarket -- Amazon Bookstore (忽略此处). Besides more convenient, accesses the net this bookstore supermarket person not to be able to feel that it with has differently what to genuine bookstore purchase books. Moreover, but also has the Electronic bank, the electron to go, the electronic authentication, the electronic information consultation and so on.Third, China electronic commerce prospects for development Electronic commerce is application domain union and so on enterprise informationization and financial informationization inevitable products. The developing country must speed up the construction electronic commerce the speed, specially looked like China like this already to advance into the world trade 10 strong developing countries, if did not speed up the electronic commerce advancement, will not participate in the electronic commerce rule the formulation, the national benefit will suffer injury. At present, Chinese society various domains and so on professions economy, trade, finance already realized particularly to the informationization advancement's urgency, starts to take the measure, enlarges the manpower financial resource the investment, has created the good market condition for electronic commerce's development. However, must note is not very also high in the Chinese various trades and occupations informationization degree, in the information infrastructural facilities also quite weak foundation, the barrier which electronic commerce's development must overcome mainly has: (does 1) regarding the electronic commerce activity, how formulate one to conform to the network characteristic and the prospects for development reasonable tax revenue system. Very obvious, the present tax revenue system does not conform to the electronic commerce and the online retail trade's new characteristic, but if continues to carry out the old tax revenue system, then emerging electronic commerce will be unable to withstand the load inevitably. The US once passed Inter-net in October 21, 1998 to force 3 year tax holiday bill for this reason, simultaneously stipulated that will assign a just related network tax revenue by a related electronic commerce's Advisory commission in 18 months the plan. (2), if each country according to own trading mode operation electronic commerce, will be only able to carry on the domestic trade, but is impossible to realize the global electronic commerce. Therefore, must have a global standard and the rule, guarantees the electronic commerce the smooth implementation. (3) did business can avoid having the dispute, when had the dispute, how to solve? At present did not have one maturely, the unification law to carry on the arbitration. (4) intellectual property rights question in electronic commerce activity especially important. How to prevent the right infringement commodity or counterfeit the commodity the sale, also how attacks the abuse of authority is powerfully all quarters must consider. (5) electronic commerce involves economic society's many aspects, various departments, how should various links coordinate to correspondingly solve. (6) entire society to electronic commerce understanding question. Only then solves these problems, can in the Chinese smoothly promotion and popular electronic commerce. Electronic commerce in the development initial period, already had demonstrated the very strong vitality. China must comply with this tendency, takes seriously take the electronics trade as the characteristic type of trading transformation, enlarges the government to supportdynamics, formulates China's electronics trade development strategy promptly, realizes China take the information technology industry as the forerunner, leads professions and so on commodity production, circulation, capital, technology, service to achieve a quicker development. At present, the Control section, the bank, the business, the customer to reach the mutual recognition and the tacit understanding to the electronic commerce, along with the Chinese network construction in the coverage and the quality unceasing enhancement, surfer expense's unceasing reduction, related policies and regulations' formulation releasing one after another, China electronic commerce will have a bigger development.中文翻译：电子商务的竞争优势及发展前景在人类社会即将进入21世纪之时，一场席卷全球的信息浪潮迅猛而来。
国内外电子商务发展过程现状作文800字
国内外电子商务发展过程现状作文800字The Development and Current Situation of E-commerce inChina and Abroad翻译：中国和国外电子商务的发展和现状Introduction介绍E-commerce, or electronic commerce, has revolutionized the way businesses operate globally. It refers to the buyingand selling of goods and services through electronic networks such as the internet. E-commerce has grown rapidly both domestically and internationally over the past few decades, transforming traditional business models and creating new opportunities for entrepreneurs. In this essay, we will explore the development and current situation of e-commerce both in China and abroad.电子商务，即电子商务，已经彻底改变了全球企业运营的方式。
它指的是通过互联网等电子网络进行商品和服务的买卖。
过去几十年里，电子商务在国内外都迅速发展，改变了传统商业模式，为创业者创造了新机会。
本文将探讨中国和国外电子商务的发展和现状。
Development of E-commerce in China中国电子商务的发展China has witnessed a tremendous growth in e-commerce over recent years. The rise of large online marketplaces like Alibaba's Taobao and has played a significant role in shaping the country's e-commerce landscape. These platforms have made it easier for businesses to reach a wider consumer base, breaking down geographical barriers and expanding market opportunities.In addition to online marketplaces, social media platforms like WeChat also contribute significantly to China's e-commerce growth. WeChat mini-programs enable businesses to create personalized shopping experiences within the app, allowing users to browse products, make purchases, and share recommendations with their friends seamlessly.Furthermore, the development of logistics and payment infrastructure has been crucial in supporting e-commerce growth in China. The establishment of reliable delivery networks and the introduction of online payment systems such as Alipay have made it convenient for consumers toshop online and receive their purchases quickly.中国的电子商务近年来取得了巨大的发展。
电子商务毕业论文英文版《电子商务对我国国际贸易的影响及对策》
The Influence of Electronic Commerce on China International Trade and Its Countermeasures 电子商务对我国国际贸易的影响及对策AbstractModern society means information society，and also means the age of computer technology. As the core of information, the development of e-commerce prospects is unpredictable. E-commerce plays a good role in promoting unified international market, trade efficiency and trade measures, and others. For our country, the development of e-commerce trade is essential to enhance the international competitiveness. In order to participate in international competition in the market better, to maintain the maximum benefits in the process of economic globalization and trade, people must pay attention to electronic business development and trends carefully. E-commerce is extremely important for the development of China's international trade. This paper will mainly discuss the impact of electronic commerce on international trade, and in this environment, how China should develop e-commerce. This paper will discuss them in way of examples and analysis on the data. Many papers have discussed e-commerce in different ways. The focus of each paper is different. But since the era is developing, e-commerce issues are changing. There will be some new problems that never emerged, for example the current knowledge system of workers becomes increasingly important. In addition to the necessary foreign languages, business practices, financial management, traditional trading methods, these personals have been required having the necessary IT knowledge, knowledge of network technology and network practical skills, and have to constantly update. Otherwise, it is difficult to adapt to e-commerce age in carrying out international trade. Therefore, the study only in the current context is most valuable.Key words:electronic commerce; International trade; competitiveness; the development of economyContentI. Introduction (1)Ⅱ.Theoretical overview of e-commerce (3)2.1 Definition and characteristics of e-commerce (3)2.2 The development and types of the electronic commerce (4)III.The Function of Electronic Commerce in International trade (5)3.1 The unique advertising (5)3.2 Timely and efficient consultation discussion (6)3.3 Electronic accounts (6)IV. E-commerce impact on China's international trade (6)4.1 The positive impact (7)4.2 The negative impact (8)V．The status and the problemsof China's e-commerce in international trade (9)5.1 A strong momentum and great potential of electronic commerce (10)5.2 Imbalance between regions (11)5.3 Insecurity (11)5.4 Imperfections of e-commerce hardware (11)5.5 Harmonization issues (12)VI. The e-commerce development measures in international trade (12)6.1 Strengthening the guide of e-commerce development (12)6.2 Strengthening the studies of the technical safety (12)6.3 Strengthening the environment for the development ofe-commerce in legal system (13)6.4 Speeding up the construction of network infrastructure. (14)6.5 Promoting enterprises to participate in e-commerce. (14)6.6 Training the electrical businessmen in China (14)VII. Conclusion (16)ReferencesAcknowledgementsI. IntroductionModern society means information society, and also the age of widely used in computer technology. As the core of information, the development of e-commerce prospects are unpredictable, e-commerce plays a good role in promoting unified international market, trade efficiency and trade measures, and others. For our country, the development of e-commerce trade is essential to enhance the international competitiveness. In order to participate in international competition in the market better, to maintain the maximum benefits in the process of economic globalization and trade, we must pay attention to electronic business development and trends carefully. So that we can explore e-commerce development in the law, and find out how these laws impact on international trade. Discerning the negative impact and the positive impact of the law is the key. (Elahi, Alireza Hassanzadeh,2009,(29): 27-36.)Then depending on the conditions and forms of these laws to take measures actively to enhance the international competitiveness of enterprises so that enterprises can gain advantage in the fierce international competition, maintain business development fast, active, and healthy. With the rapid development of Internet, e-commerce has penetrated in the process in a variety of business dealings. It has been a trade way in businesses enterprises, and individuals, as well as a transaction between the individual and the individual .The world's richest man Bill Gates said: "The 21st century is either e-commerce, or no business can be." Alibaba founder Jack Ma also said:" Now you do not do e-commerce, after five years, you will definitely regret it." or e-commerce, or no business can be, this is the inevitable result of technological development. In the rapid development of society, people are gradually enjoying quick and easy way of life. So in this context, in order to meet the people's growing demand, companies have to pay attention to the development of the line. People cannot say all sectors in the future will choose to shop online, but now various areas of online shopping trends are becoming evident. The importance of e-commerce will become increasingly large, at leastcompared to the sales way down, the line wide. In recent years, many believe that people can feel the strong development of Jing dong, Ali Baba and other giants. Now, if companies do not realize the increasing sense of crisis, it must be extremely dangerous. In this case, the development of e-commerce is an inevitable trend. Today's society is the information society, is the fast to swallow the slow. This is the result of competition in all areas of society as a whole. It does not allow you to choose, but also have no choice. The only choice is to quickly understand the information, take the initiative fast, so that you can quickly grab opportunity. Such a move would be the first step of the companies to be strong.The impact that electronic commerce on social development, particularly in the economic aspect, this kind study of the problem is increasing. In the domestic, on the topic of e-commerce for international trade and its countermeasures, many seniors have done the research. For example, electricity in the "Economic Research Guide", (2012,29 period; 171-172) Liu Dianwei has analyzed and researched on the development of international e-commerce for international trade and Chinese coping strategies, and proposed strategies from government, business .Furthermore, Yang Yanchun , in the "Jilin Institute of Education", (2011,04 period: 109-111) from the basic functions of e-commerce, has do some superficial analysis on the impact of electronic commerce on international trade , and also says some advises about the development of international trade from information infrastructure construction, foreign trade rights of enterprises, technology research, relevant laws and regulations and international cooperation, and countermeasures development of international trade. Ma Xiaowei has described exhaustively in his analysis of China's electricity problems, clearly stated the advantages of full use of the electricity supplier (low cost, high efficiency, information flow benefits). In abroad, C. Freund and D. Weinhold have analyzed 60 countries in e-commerce applications, summed up the impact of the e-comers on trade increasingly significant, especially in reducing risk and lowering costs. I through some data has analyzed the impacton exports from e-commerce electricity supplier for some companies, drawn that using e-commerce supplier companies had been much better over unused companies in benefit. In these studies, the application of e-comers in international trade can increase their competitive advantage.E-commerce is extremely important for the development of China's international trade. This paper will mainly discuss the impact of electronic commerce on international trade, and in this environment, how China should develop e-commerce. It will discuss them in way of examples and analysis on the data. Emerged research perspectives are similar, and discuss from the emergence of e-commerce, international trade, business impact .The focus of each paper is similar. But since the era is developing, e-commerce issues are changing. There will be some new problems that never emerged, such as the current knowledge system of workers becomes increasingly important. In addition to the necessary foreign languages, business practices, financial management, traditional trading methods, these personals have been required having the necessary IT knowledge, knowledge of network technology and network practical skills, and have to constantly update. Otherwise, it is difficult to adapt to e-commerce times in carrying out international trade. Therefore, the study only in the current context is most valuable.Ⅱ. Theoretical overview of e-commerce2.1 Definition and characteristics of e-commerceE-commerce is divided into the broad e-commerce and the narrowed-commerce. The broad means that the application of information technology to carry out all business activities; in a narrow sense, it means to conduct e-commerce with the application of network E-commerce transactions have many characters like virtualization, coordination, the reasonable allocation of social resources, high transaction efficiency, lower transaction costs, and integration. Virtualization means in the trade both sides, without face to face. People carry business dealings through the network, including thecirculation of the entire transaction process. Coordination refers to transactions to coordinate their producers and suppliers and between. It also includes e-mail exchanges, management system operation and so on. According to the process, computers automatically deal the raw material procurement, distribution, production, etc. (Fang Meiqi,2002:158-200).This efficiency is out of reach compared with the traditional efficiency. To optimize the allocation of resources refers to that the convenience of e-commerce makes those enterprises who take the lead in using e-comers obtain all aspects advantages, making social capital, raw materials, high utilization rate of material and manpower turn to the efficiency enterprise. Low transaction cost refers to that the communication cost is reduced, including online advertising, lower manpower cost, and no paper trade. Integration refers to that in order to complete the task efficiently, the electricity business coordinate the old and new technology, standardize work process, make both parties more effective in using of existing technology.2.2 The development and types of the electronic commerceE-commerce is a kind of new things; its development is the unity of twists and forward. The prototype of the electronic commerce is cables in the early 1960s, later fax machines, electronic data interchange (edit) have been applied in our trade practice. At the end of 1995, along with the computer, network is a novel phenomenon in our daily life, attracting web site development. Some companies in this time do not fear to develop electronic commerce. Soon after, electronic commerce develops rapidly in China. Some nouns about electronic commerce appeared in the life. Goods ordering system in China, the Guangzhou trade fair, e-commerce bidding activities, online mall develop rapidly in the second half of 1999.1997-1999 is the bud period of e-comers, some behalf of the event like : in 1997 the first industry in China portal, China chemical information network is funding. In 1999, the first C2C electronic business platform of embay established in our country, China merchants’bank started full implementation of online banking services.2000-2002 is the continuing adjustment. Slow development in 2003-2005: established by Alibaba,taobao owned investment of 100 million Yuan, in the same year, pay treasure application launch in October. Hc-Web in 2003 became the first listed company in B2B e-commerce, first network business is held in 2004. 2006-2007 is in a rapid development state. These two years, the traditional industry and e-commerce make a further integration .In 2007, Alababa is listed in Hong Kong, a total financing of 1.69 billion, a move that has created the world's second largest Internet company financing.2008-2010 are developing years.In 2008, in order to actively cope with the financial crisis, rapid growth appears in e-commerce. Vancl raises $40 million, represented by Li Ning, clothing online shopping has changed the traditional sales channels; B2B turnover reached 3 trillion, C2C, the B2C online shopping reached 150 billion. In 2009, it became 250 billion. By 2010, more than 60% of the domestic brand enterprises join in the new mall, setting up the enterprise in name of their own independent online store.There are five basic classifications of e-comers: between enterprise and the consumer (B2C), such as jingdong; E-commerce (B2B) between enterprises such as Alababa, hc-net; between consumers (C2C) e-commerce such as taobao; electronic commerce between enterprise and the government (B2G).The most common of them are B2B and B2C. (Pather, S, Remenyi, Dan. 2006, 9(1):15-26).III. The Function of Electronic Commerce in China International tradeE-commerce can provide online transactions and management for all size enterprises; it has the following distinctive features: unique advertising, timely and efficient consulting, online ordering and payment, electronic account and other functions. These functions ensure the advantages of efficient and convenient in operation of the e-commerce in trade, reducing costs and others cost.3.1 The unique advertisingCustomers can browse online publishing about all kinds of business information, commodity information. Using retrieval tools to find thetarget and its related category of goods, the enterprises can make full use of the web pages and email in the network so that can reach the scope to advertise themselves, always keeping the propaganda in the line of sight of people.3.2 Timely and efficient consultation discussionPictures show physical commodities and specifications information by mail (E-mail) and other media to the customer. Enterprises through online discussion group (chat) to understand the target product information and discuss the process of transactions.( Elizabeth E. Grandona, J.Michael Pearson. 2004, 42(1):97-216.)Board meeting is also available online (Whiteboard Conference) to discuss. Network gives electricity the chances to break the limit of time and space to negotiate.3.3 Ordering and payment onlineWhen customers glance over the goods then negotiate and determinate the purchase of goods. The customers make order through Internet, and electronic payment on the internet. Finally the transaction is completed. Through the application system, e-comers make the identification and ensure to complete customer orders information in a state of preservation and confidentiality.3.4 Electronic accountsBoth of the seller and the buyer must have their own electronic account as well as electronic funds, generally with bank cards, credit cards for online operation. The electronic payment has already been convoyed by electronic banking operation.IV. E-commerce impact on China's international tradeEspecially when China has joined the WTO, the domestic international trade is under the impetus of the e-commerce facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges. So in February 1996, ministry of foreign trade in our country established the international trade EDI service center - China international electronic commerce center. It is dedicated to research, construction and operation in Chinainternational electronic commerce engineering.On the basis of the Internet, with both parties as the main body, the means of electronic payment of the electronic commerce is growing worldwide, and has become a strong momentum of world economic development in the new century. The development of electronic commerce continues to have significant influence on international trade in our country, mainly reflected in the following aspects:4.1 The positive impact4.1.1 Promoting the division of labors in international, increase the turnover of multinational companies year by year.Under the information society, the international division of labor gradually deepens, promoting the optimization of resources in the international flowing. Raw materials and technology elements achieve the sharing. The emergence of the multinational company and its subsidiaries make a huge expansion within the global. This action fully promotes the play of the resource advantage, coordinating the international productivity. (Ying Xiaofan, 2011, (11): 53-54) The global supply and demand information become more accurate and stable to make the multinational trade grow fast.4.1.2 Promoting the growth of services in international tradeThe whole industry chain becomes electric, internationalized, and makes the company trade reach any place. Time and location limitations cannot be limiting conditions, which save costs in international communication in a large part. International talent training, medical treatment, and product development realize the international trade in services. （Han Chunyan《Monthly Magazine》2008,01期：71-73）Housebound trade, at the same time, also contributes to the product structure of the company in a more great state under the global resources.4.1.3 The positive effect to the foreign trade company and to all kinds of enterprisesFirst is the function of ad. The Internet has web pages to introduce products, manufacturers, companies and national trade database and so on. Through these information, it comprehensively shows company'sstrength which can attract the best international partners. It can also make enterprises produce an international and famous brand effect. (Yang Chunyan,2011,04,109-111) In this way, they will achieve a big market which can expand market in overseas to improve international competitiveness. Followed by is the intelligence function on the Internet, there is tracking service, which is used to know the information of the clients, and competition status of the company. Through the network, people can monitor the changes of international market policies, grasp the latest market dynamics; Finally the business functions, such as China commodity trading center of CCEC information network, show that the emerging e-commerce system towards to the high quality service and provides business, information and others of multi-function integrated organization.4.1.4 Promoting the international technology trade in vigorous developmentTechnology products and each tech product upgrade cycles are getting shorter, facing increasingly fierce competition at the same time. Spreading within the global, information technology and the increasing popularity of technology appear in a variety of products. Productivity is rising, presenting a tendency of increasing international technology trade in service.4.2 The negative impactDo not underestimate the negative impact of electronic commerce. The negative influence becomes big, the big of resistance. Its negative impact is mainly manifested in the following respects:4.2.1 Web search functionMore than one seller sells the same products, how to find the need of consumers? After inputting the key words in the search engine, database will help to screen, but the network selection function will be partial by business monopoly, setting up by men. And according to the NEC research, when customers are screening, half of the pages will be ignored because of the limited scope of the search engine's index.4.2.2 The worry of the security in transitionThere is more convenient, there is more dangerous. Electronicpayment bring convenience, at the same time ,also come some electronic hackers, stealing credit card information, stealing data transmission process, resulting in money loss of both parties and important information being stolen. These events have been affecting the development of electronic commerce.4.2.3 The lack of standardization of the operating systemEach country is different; the electricity business activity way is different too. In the global business activities, e-commerce is lack of international standard operating procedures, and different from each other. (Zhang Cheng,KuangYaJie.2011,(5): 109-110) So we should establish a global standard of operation, making the business and better electrical connected well.4.2.4 The lack of a systematic logistics distributionTrade both sides blame each other and these events are mainly concerned in time because of losing the right time. Some seasonal, short-term commodity can’t get the goods on time, producing many logistics cases in international litigation .Therefore, establishing specialized systematic logistics is an important factor to promote the development of electricity.4.2.5 The legal problems of electricity contractThe paper contract is not suitable for electronic trading and the emergence of new electronic contract is difficult to distinguish .Now, the law has no regulations about electronic contract, electronic contract disputes are more and more difficult.Besides, the negative impact of the electricity business is also reflected in the spread of information, false advertising, the sale of customer information, information pollution, and information on crime. It can bring serious impact on health of enterprises and consumers.V. The status and the problems of China's e-commercein internationaltrade developmentThe emergence of e-commerce is a manifestation of economicdevelopment, the status quo of China's economy determines the status of e-commerce-commerce but also promotes the economic development. China's economy is in the golden period of development. There are many problems of rapid development of economy, the same to the e-comers in this environment. The emergence of a new thing has to meet various challenges. Compared with some developed countries, it started late but the momentum is strong, for various electricity comers sites appear one after another in all areas of the electricity comers, such as education, games, travel and so on. The areas were covered from inland to the coastal.5.1 A strong momentum and great potential of electronic commerceIt requires a process to accept new things; a correct understanding of the electricity comers is to follow an important step in the information society. (Robert Thames. Pursue E-business or Die.Strategic.Finance, Vo1.8 1No.9 2000)Lynx international data made us see the huge potential of China's retail market.Current Situation of e-commerce as follows:5.2 Imbalance between regionsImbalances between regions are in the various development problems. The huge difference in the southeast coast and the Midwest always comes first. The development of e-commerce is gathered in most coastal cities. Northwest regional development of e-comers faces the biggest problems. In order to promote the balanced development of e-commerce, the need for regional support must be carried. Strengthening human cultivation and distribution can realize the sharing of resources in e-comers.5.3 InsecuritySecurity is the key to e-commerce operation, because many large and small sellers and buyers are concerned about security, commodity authenticity and security issues, transaction security issues, trade secrets and so on. On the one hand, the contract is the most important insurance so that large enterprises have to put attention. But the relevant legal documents electronic contracts are not in place, many traders are still blocked. Cross-border e-commerce disputes make it easier for business losses. There are many differences between countries in e-commerce legislation. How to ensure the best interests of the enterprise? If these cannot be guaranteed, the full realization of e-commerce is just on paper.5.4 Imperfections of e-commerce hardwareHardware facilities mainly include electronic configuration, network speed, and information security. As China's economic strength is less powerful than developed countries, information technology is far behind and electronic core technology still needs assistance of developed countries. Many software developers have to buy the right of developed countries to use in our own. There are so many to do to improve low speeds, slow, poor operating environment and the high operating costs of electronic , logistics and distribution needs in e-commerce ,but as well as the faith of consumers.5.5 Harmonization issuesE-comers require running all aspects cooperated, including banking, insurance, logistics, and tax, legal and so on. In order to make efficient operation of the electricity comers, these sectors should cooperate well together .If not, it will cause a series of problems.VI. The e-commerce development measures in international tradeProblems that existing in the development of e-business in China, people should take countermeasures, which mainly should be focused on the following five aspects6.1 Strengthening the guide of e-commerce developmentOur country's information technology is working badly, because there is a big problem in keeping talents and the shortage of capital, government monopoly on the management of information technology, as well as high strength control of information technology. The electricity enterprises in our country cannot get government support, losing market dynamics. So some small businesses even face insolvency, which will destroy them in a short time .If the government doesn't actively help electricity business enterprise to develop, our country's electricity will be very difficult to step forward, even rejected by the public, which can cause trauma to our country's economy. If government units other departments, attaches great importance to the electricity of our country in the future prospects and does some practical planning, then, e-commerce will ushers in an unprecedented prosperity.6.2 Strengthening the studies of the technical safetyIn the operation of the electronic commerce, it is the safety, which is the most critical problem. In the process of electronic account dealings, security is the most concern to the both parties. When electronic commerce capital circulation links in the network can't get the protest of password techniques and firewall technology and so on, then thetraditional trading and paper-based transaction would be more trusted in the modern society. In the process of the development of the electronic computers, there are so many security problems, such as backward technology, virus infection, and hacker level become more and more strong. These problems are always there and the electronic commerce based on the run, so it really puts us in worrying. In order to guarantee line trading to be successful, ensure all online electronic exchanges to be more safe and reliable than paper, these technical problems of the computer itself must be solved. The commerce involves the electronic contract, electronic signature technology such as identification method, password protection, firewall technology, which must be able to get a concentrated solution. If a problem comes, it will be completely annihilated. It is very urgent to set up technology elite team, improve the network environment, and ensure the safety of electronic trading.6.3 Strengthening the environment for the development of e-commerce in legal systemWith the globalization of all kind of economy, trade has become increasingly blurred, which promotes the electronic commerce reaching all around the world in the progress of sourcing, producing, and sailing. How to protect the legitimate rights and interests of both parties in the globalization? It needs the joint efforts of all countries. The differences between terms should be agreed after a discussion. At the moment, the international cooperation is particularly important. To formulate a set of generally applicable national laws and regulations of electricity is very important, which will involve the reform laws in the electronic commerce and signature authentication. National laws and regulations must be clear in the responsibility between the national networks. The problem of privacy must be guaranteed. Trademark, domain name system of technology property right transaction identity discrimination, electronic documents and other issues must be addressed and specified as soon as possible.。
论电子商务为我国对外贸易企业带来的商机和挑战
摘要随着国际互联网的不断拓展，电子商务活动在世界各国兴起和飞速发展，并对我国国际贸易领域影响深远。
加入WTO后，我国的国际贸易在电子商务大潮下面临着巨大的机遇和挑战。
信息高速化带来的便利，我国对外贸易企业面临着巨大的商机，不可避免的也面临着巨大的挑战。
在电子企业作为网络经济时代适应网络虚拟市场发展的企业经营管理新模式，将突破传统的商务模式的情况下，外贸企业必将要做出调整来适应这个模式，以达到发展的最终目的。
关键词：电子商务外贸企业商机挑战应对策略AbstractWith the continuous expansion of the Internet, e-commerce activities in all countries in the world rise and develop rapidly, and far-reaching impact on China's international trade. After China's accession to the WTO, China's international trade is facing great opportunities and challenges under the tide of e-commerce. With the convenience of high-speed information, China's foreign trade enterprises are faced with huge business opportunities, and they are also faced with great challenges. In the electronic business as the era of network economy to adapt to the new mode of enterprise management network virtual market development, will break through the traditional business mode, foreign trade enterprises will make adjustments to adapt to this model, in order to achieve the ultimate purpose of development.Key words: e-commerce, foreign trade enterprises, business opportunities, challenges, coping strategies目录一、电子商务研究概况 (4)(一)电子商务发展概况 (4)(二)我国外贸企业运用电子商务的现状 (5)二、电子商务给我国外贸企业带来的商机和挑战 (6)(一)电子商务给我国外贸企业带来的商机 (6)1.巨大的市场孕育着无限的商机 (6)(二)尽管在电子商务让我国的外贸企业中得到了巨大的商机，但是同时也面临很大的挑战： (6)1、对电子商务的认识缺乏 (6)1.1电子商务本身的安全问题 (7)1.2电子商务的法律制度问题 (7)1.3电子商务的信息基础设施建设问题 (7)1.4外贸企业电子商务人才缺乏 (7)三、我国外贸企业应对电子商务的对策 (8)1.加快信息基础设施建设2,强关键技术研究3.推动社会公众认识4.大力推动信息化5.加强法规的研究与制定6.积极参与国际合作与对话7.参加国际公约和贸易伙伴协议参考文献： (10)一、电子商务研究概况电子商务作为现代服务业中的重要产业，有“朝阳产业、绿色产业”之称，具有“三高”、“三新”的特点。
电子商务给企业发展带来的挑战和机遇毕业论文
I 电子商务给企业发展带来的挑战和机遇毕业论文目录1 绪论 (1)1.1 研究电子商务的目的和意义 (1)1.1.1课题目的 (2)1.1.2 课题意义 (2)2 电子商务的分类 (3)2.1按电子商务的商业运作方式 (3)2.1.1完全电子商务 (3)2.1.2不完全电子商务 (3)2.2按电子交易的信息网络范围分类 (3)2.2.1本地电子商务 (3)2.2.2远程国内电子商务 (4)2.2.3全球电子商务 (4)2.3按电子商务的交易和服务对象分类 (4)2.3.1. 企业内部的电子商务 (4)2.3.2. 企业与企业之间（Business- to- Business）的电子商务 (4)2.3.3 企业与消费者之间（Business- to- Consumer）的电子商务 (5)2.3.4 企业与行政机构之间（Business- to- administrations）的电子商务 (5)2.3.5 消费者与行政机构之间（Consumer-to-administrations）的电子商务 (6)3.电子商务条件下的企业管理创新 (7)3.1企业由金字塔的科层组织向网络组织转化 (7)3.2管理重点由资本管理转为知识管理 (7)3.3新的管理思想和方法不断涌现 (8)3.4 从金字塔等级结构向知识网络化的柔性组织转变 (9)3.5由生产型的资本管理向信息型的知识管理转变 (10)3.6 从传统供应链管理转向电子供应链管理 (13)4.我国电子商务的进展和存在的问题 (15)4.1 从整体看 ,电子商务并未取得应有的效益 (15)4.2 信息化基础比较薄弱 (16)4.3 社会公众对电子商务的安全与可靠性存在疑虑 (16)4.4物流配送体系不完善和金融体系支撑不足 (17)4.5 相应的政策法规不够健全 (17)II5.我国应采取的对策 (18)5.1 成立专门的协调机构 (18)5.2 确立“市场导向、企业推进、政府监督”的原则 (18)5.3有步骤、有重点地推进电子商务的发展 (18)5.4 抓好发展电子商务所必须的信息化基础建设 (19)5.5积极推动传统企业与网络企业的结合 (20)致谢 (22)参考文献 (23)毕业设计说明书（论文）缩写稿 (24)毕业设计说明书（论文）缩写稿译文 (32)电子商务给企业发展带来的挑战和机遇 11 绪论电子商务通常是指是在全球各地广泛的商业贸易活动中，在因特网开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器应用方式，买卖双方不谋面地进行各种商贸活动，实现消费者的网上购物、商户之间的网上交易和在线电子支付以及各种商务活动、交易活动、金融活动和相关的综合服务活动的一种新型的商业运营模式。
关于电子商务的英语作文300字带题目
The Transformation of E-commerce:Opportunities and ChallengesIn the digital era, e-commerce has revolutionized the way we shop, sell, and transact business. With the advent of the internet and mobile technologies, online platforms have emerged as the preferred medium for buying and selling goods and services, disrupting traditional business models and opening up new avenues for growth and innovation.The rise of e-commerce has presented numerous opportunities for both businesses and consumers. For businesses, it offers a cost-effective platform to reach a wider market, expand their customer base, and enhance brand visibility. It enables them to streamline operations, reduce inventory costs, and improve customer satisfaction through personalized experiences and convenient services. Additionally, e-commerce has created millions of jobs, driving economic growth and innovation.Consumers also stand to benefit significantly from e-commerce. It provides access to a vast array of products and services from various sellers, enabling them to make informed decisions and compare prices easily. Theconvenience of shopping online, anytime and anywhere, has made it a popular choice among consumers, especially during the pandemic when social distancing measures were enforced. Furthermore, e-commerce platforms offer secure payment options, ensuring safe and hassle-free transactions.However, the growth of e-commerce has also presented some challenges. One of the major concerns is the security of personal data and transactions online. With the increasing frequency of cyberattacks and data breaches, consumers must be vigilant and choose reliable and secure platforms for their transactions.Another challenge is the need for businesses to adapt to the rapidly changing technological landscape. Stayingup-to-date with the latest trends and innovations in e-commerce can be challenging, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with limited resources.Moreover, the rise of e-commerce has led to increased competition, making it difficult for businesses to differentiate themselves from their competitors. This requires businesses to innovate and offer unique products and services to attract and retain customers.Despite these challenges, the future of e-commerce looks promising. With the continued advancements in technology and the increasing digitization of the global economy, e-commerce is expected to continue its growth trajectory and transform the way we do business.In conclusion, e-commerce has opened up new opportunities for businesses and consumers alike, but it also poses some challenges that need to be addressed. By staying vigilant, adapting to change, and innovating, we can harness the full potential of e-commerce and drive economic growth and prosperity in the digital age.**电子商务的变革：机遇与挑战**在数字时代，电子商务已经彻底改变了我们的购物、销售和交易方式。
电子商务专升本英语作文
电子商务专升本英语作文的挑战与机遇In the rapidly evolving landscape of technology and globalization, e-commerce has emerged as a pivotal force shaping business transactions, consumer behaviors, and market trends. The rise of e-commerce has presented both challenges and opportunities for individuals seeking to upgrade their academic qualifications in this domain, particularly those pursuing a specialized diploma in e-commerce. This essay explores the intricacies of writing an English composition for the purpose of e-commerce upgrading, highlighting the key elements that contribute to its success.The initial hurdle in writing an English compositionfor e-commerce upgrading lies in the need for a profound understanding of the subject matter. E-commerce is a vast and diverse field, encompassing areas such as online retailing, digital marketing, e-payment systems, and data analytics. Therefore, it is imperative for writers to possess a comprehensive knowledge of these subdomains and their intersectionalities. This knowledge acts as afoundation for constructing coherent arguments and insights that are relevant to the field of e-commerce.Furthermore, the language proficiency required for writing an academic composition in English poses another challenge. English, being an international language of business and technology, is the preferred mode of communication in the global e-commerce industry. Hence, writers must possess excellent command over the language, including its vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. They must be able to express complex ideas and arguments in a clear, concise, and professional manner.Additionally, the writing style and format play a crucial role in the effectiveness of an English composition for e-commerce upgrading. Academic writing demands a formal and objective tone, with a focus on evidence-based arguments and critical analysis. Writers should adhere to a structured format, typically consisting of an introduction, main body, and conclusion. The introduction should provide a brief overview of the topic and its significance, while the main body should delve into the details, supported by relevant examples and evidence. The conclusion shouldsummarize the main points and offer a thought-provoking perspective on the topic.Nevertheless, the challenges are outweighed by the opportunities that writing an English composition for e-commerce upgrading presents. Firstly, it enhances thewriter's professional profile and marketability. Possessing excellent writing skills in English demonstrates a high level of proficiency and commitment to the field of e-commerce. This could lead to better job opportunities and career advancements.Moreover, writing an English composition for e-commerce upgrading fosters critical thinking and analytical skills. By examining and discussing current trends, challenges, and opportunities in e-commerce, writers are able to develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter. This analytical ability is invaluable in the realm of e-commerce, where decision-making often hinges on understanding and analyzing complex data and market dynamics.In conclusion, writing an English composition for e-commerce upgrading is both a challenge and an opportunity. It requires a profound understanding of the subject matter,excellent language proficiency, and a structured writing style. However, the rewards are significant, as it enhances the writer's professional profile, fosters critical thinking, and prepares them for the evolving landscape ofe-commerce. By overcoming the challenges and seizing the opportunities, writers can contribute valuable insights and perspectives to the field of e-commerce, furthering its growth and development.**电子商务专升本英语作文的挑战与机遇**在科技和全球化迅速发展的背景下，电子商务已经成为塑造商业交易、消费者行为和市场趋势的重要力量。
中国未来电子商务有什么看法英语小作文
中国未来电子商务有什么看法英语小作文In my opinion, the future of e-commerce in China looks promising. With the rapid development of technology and the growing internet penetration rate, more and more Chinese consumers are embracing online shopping as a convenient and efficient way to make purchases.我认为，中国未来的电子商务前景看好。
随着科技的快速发展和互联网普及率的提高，越来越多的中国消费者正在接受在线购物作为一种方便高效的购物方式。
One major factor contributing to the growth of e-commercein China is the booming middle class. As their disposable income increases, Chinese consumers are seeking higher quality products and a wider range of choices. Online shopping platforms provide them with access tointernational brands and products that may not be available locally. This has led to a surge in cross-border e-commerce transactions, creating new opportunities for both Chinese entrepreneurs and foreign businesses.推动中国电子商务发展的一个重要因素是中产阶级的蓬勃发展。
跨境电商的优点和好处英语作文
跨境电商的繁荣：全球贸易的新机遇In recent years, the rise of cross-border e-commerce has revolutionized the global trade landscape, offering unprecedented opportunities and advantages for both businesses and consumers. This emerging trend has not only broken geographical barriers but also enabled无缝对接between diverse markets, driving economic growth and consumer welfare worldwide.One of the foremost advantages of cross-border e-commerce is its ability to expand market reach. Traditionally, brick-and-mortar stores were limited bytheir physical location, unable to attract customers beyond a certain geographical radius. However, with cross-border e-commerce, businesses can now market and sell their products globally, tapping into a much larger pool of potential customers. This increased market access not only boosts sales but also enables businesses to achieve scale and economies of scale, further driving down costs and increasing profitability.Consumers also stand to benefit significantly from cross-border e-commerce. With a wide range of productsavailable online from various countries, consumers can choose from a more diverse selection of goods than ever before. Moreover, cross-border e-commerce often offers more competitive prices due to increased competition between international brands and suppliers. This consumer-friendly environment not only enhances shopping experiences but also encourages greater spending, further driving economic growth.Another crucial advantage of cross-border e-commerce is its efficiency in supply chain management. By leveraging advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data analytics, cross-border e-commerce platforms can optimize inventory management, shipping routes, and customs clearance processes. This efficiency not only reduces costs but also缩短交货时间，增强消费者满意度和忠诚度。
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外文文献译文电子商务给我国外贸企业带来的商机和挑战全球经济发展正在进入信息经济时代，电子商务是未来25年内世界经济发展的一个重要推动力，其产生的作用甚至可以与200年以前工业革命对经济发展的促进作用相媲美。
正像江泽民主席在APEC第六次领导人非正式会议上指出的那样：“电子商务代表着未来贸易方式发展的方向，其应用推广将给各成员带来更多的贸易机会。
”与传统商务模式相比，电子商务将对人类社会生活产生重大影响，也必将对我国传统产业的改造和提升发挥积极的推进作用：（一）电子商务给我国外贸企业带来的商机因特网的迅速发展使之成为继传统市场之后的又一个巨大市场，这一市场突破了国界与疆域，正在地球上形成一个新的大陆，即：“第七洲”——虚拟洲。
企业或商家可以在这个“虚拟洲”上构筑覆盖全球的商业营销网，因而获得全球性的、无限的商务空间。
目前全球因特网用户已经接近4亿，并且仍在不断增长。
据预测，未来10年，1／3的全球国际贸易将以网络贸易的形式来完成。
对于中国广大的外贸企业来说，这将是一块巨大无比的蛋糕。
巨大的市场与无限的商机，展现出这一市场现实和潜在的丰厚商业利润。
1借助全新手段获得全球性竞争优势信息已经成为信息时代最重要的战略性资源，电子商务则是最好的获取手段。
利用电子商务方式，企业可以构筑覆盖全球的商业营销体系，实施全球性经营战略，加强全球范围内行业间合作，因而增强全球性竞争能力。
特别是对于小企业或小行业，能够通过电子商务了解世界范围市场需求，促进与遍布全球的公司间合作，这无疑给了外贸企业一个施展的舞台。
2采用新型商务模式，使企业经营效率和生产率获得巨大提高电子商务以一种最大化网络方式将顾客、销售商、供应商和雇员联系在一起，使供需双方在最适当的时机得到最适用的市场信息，因而极大地促进供需双方的经济活动，减少交易费用和经营成本，提高企业经济效益和参与世界竞争的能力。
3电子商务正在成为未来国家经济新的增长点和核心竞争力电子商务的主导技术是信息技术，它的发展将有力地带动一批信息产业和信息服务业的发展，促进经济结构的调整，从而对经济发展产生推动作用。
据世界银行估计，1996年全球用于信息基础设施升级改造的投入达3000亿美元，可以预见，未来各国将为吸引资本以构筑信息基础设施而展开激烈竞争。
基于以上作用，近年来各国都将发展电子商务作为角逐国家竞争力的大计。
认识这一大势对中国传统企业转型与网络公司及产业的发展具有重要意义。
（二）是巨大的商机，同时也面临很大的挑战：多数外经贸企业虽然己经上网，但主要用于信息查询和进出口的部分环节，建立企业网站或在专业网络平台建立企业网页的仍为数不多。
对产、供、销，人、财、物等重要资源实现电子化、网络化管理的企业比例更小。
这样就造成很多企业的网站淹没在互联网的浩瀚信息中，无法体现其产品的差异化竞争。
1电子商务本身的安全问题随着电子商务的发展，网上银行、网上合同、电子签名等的应用越来越广泛，网络己经成为我们生活中不可或缺的一部分。
电子商务在给我们的工作生活带来便捷的同时，也存在着安全隐患。
电子商务必须通过互联网进行，而互联网并不具备商业交易需要的安全性。
大量的经济信息在网上传递，资金在网上划拨流动，网上交易的权威性认证都要求做到万无一失，无论国际还是国内，电子商务的安全性还是令人忧虑。
2电子商务的法律制度问题随着Interment的普及，通过Interment盗窃软件将变得非常容易，关于软件、音乐、电影等的知识产权纠纷日益增多;另一方面，相关的法律制度的制定远远滞后于信息工业的发展。
3电子商务的信息基础设施建设问题电子商务是基于信息网络通信的商务活动，其特点是实时、快速，电子商务的发展从一定程度上可以说取决于信息基础设施的规模，为此，需要建设必要的信息基础设施。
但我国由于经济实力和技术等方面的原因，网络基础设施建设还比较缓慢和滞后。
我国绝大部分企业的信息化、电子化程度极低，很多企业连计算机还没有买，少数企业即使有计算机也主要是用来打字和计算，而产、供、销、人、财、物等重要资源的管理大多没有实现电子化。
4外贸企业电子商务人才缺乏电子商务是一项新鲜事物，电子商务需要建立在信息意识、信息技术知识水平和消费观念习惯的改变基础上，需要熟练掌握电子商务的人才。
它的发展成效和水平很大程度上取决于专业人才的能力和素质。
外文文献Electronic commerce brings to our country foreign trade enterprisebusiness opportunities and challengesThe global economic development is entering the era of information economy, electronic commerce is an important driving force of world economic development in the next 25 years, its effect can even 200 years ago, the industrial revolution to promote economic development comparable. As President Jiang Zemin at the sixth APEC informal leadership meeting pointed out: "the electronic commerce represents the development direction of future trade way, its application and promotion will bring more trade opportunities to members." Compared with the traditional business model, e-commerce will have a significant impact on the social life of human beings, and transformation of traditional industries of China will play a positive role in promoting and ascension:One.the electronic commerce brings to our country foreign trade enterprise business 1 huge market gestates unlimited business opportunities, the rapid development of the Internet has become a huge market following the traditional market, the market broke the borders and territory, is a new continent, formed on the earth: "seventh Delta" -- Virtual delta. Enterprises or businesses can build up a global marketing network in the "virtual state", so to gain global, unlimited business space. At present, the global Internet users have been close to 400000000, and still growing. According to the forecast, the next 10 years, 1 / 3 of the global international trade will be the network trade form to complete. For Chinese the majority of foreign trade enterprises, it will be a huge cake. The huge market and unlimited business opportunities, to show the realities of the market and potentially lucrative business profits.1.with a new means to obtain a global competitive advantageInformation has become the most important strategic resource in information era, electronic commerce is a means to obtain the best. Use of e-commerce, enterprises can establish a global commercial marketing system, the implementation of the global strategy, strengthen the global industry cooperation, thus enhancing the global competitiveness. Especially for small business or small industry, can understand the world market demand through electronic commerce, cooperation to promote the company and all over the world, this no doubt to the foreign trade enterprises in a stage play.2.the new business model, so that enterprises operating efficiency and productivity has improved.Electronic commerce with a maximum network to customers, distributors, suppliers and employees together, make both sides of supply and demand are the most suitable market information in the appropriate time, thus greatly promoting the supply and demand sides of the economic activity, reducing transaction costs and operating costs, improve the ability of the economic efficiency of enterprises and participate inthe world competition.3.electronic commerce is becoming the future of a new growth point of national economy and the core competitivenessThe leading technology of the electronic commerce is the development of information technology, its development will move a number of information industry and information service industry effectively, promote the adjustment of economic structure, so as to promote the economic development. According to the World Bank estimates, in 1996 the global used to upgrade information infrastructure investment amounted to 300000000000 US dollars, the foreseeable future, countries will be to attract capital to construct information infrastructure and intense competition. Based on the above, in recent years, every country will development electronic commerce as the competition of national competitiveness. It is significant to understand this trend of China transformation of traditional enterprise and network company and industry development.Two.in spite of the electronic commerce in our country foreign trade enterprises in the enormous business opportunities, but also faces great challenges:1, the lack of understanding of electronic commerceThe majority of foreign trade enterprises has Internet access, but mainly for the part information query and import and export, the establishment of enterprise web site or the establishment of enterprise Webpage in professional network platform is still a few. On the production, supply, marketing, human, financial, material resources and proportion of e-business, network management and the smaller. This has caused many of the web site is submerged in the vast information in the Internet, can not reflect the difference competition of its products.1. safety problems of e-commerce itselfWith the development of electronic commerce, online banking, online contract is used more and more widely, electronic signature, the network has become an indispensable part of our life. Electronic commerce brings convenience to our work and life, there are security risks. Electronic commerce must through the Internet, but the Internet does not have the security business needs. A lot of economic information in the Internet transmission, allocation of funds in the mobile Internet, authoritative certification online transactions are required to be no danger of anything going wrong, whether international or domestic, the security of e-commerce is still worrying.2．electronic commerce legal system with the popularity of Interment, through the Interment software theft will become very easy, intellectual property disputes about software, music, movies and other growing; on the other hand, develop the relevant legal system lags far behind in information industry.The problem of information infrastructure construction3. Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce is a business activity based on information and communication network, its characteristic is real-time, fast, the development of electronic commerce to acertain extent depends on the information infrastructure of the scale, therefore, the need to build the necessary infrastructure. But in our country, because of the economic strength and technical aspects, the construction of network infrastructure is still relatively lagging behind. Information, electronic level of most enterprises in China is very low, many enterprises even the computer has not bought, a few enterprises even if the computer is mainly used to typing and calculation, and the most important resource for production, no, pin, human resource, management etc. the electronic.4 foreign trade enterprise e-commerce talents lack of electronic commerce is a new thing, change the basis of electronic commerce needs to be based on information awareness, information technology knowledge level and consumption habits, to master e-commerce talents. Effects of development and its level depends largely on the professional ability and quality. The lack of talents is one of the key factors restricting the implementation of e-commerce in international trade enterprises.。