交通运输外文翻译--港口运输瓶颈仿真与分析

译自Adam Shammoon. Lincoln University，Simulation and Analysis of Port Bottlenecks : The Case of Male‟[D],2009:1~5
港口运输瓶颈仿真与分析
Adam Shammoon 林肯大学
摘要：马尔代夫是一个由大约1190个岛屿组成的岛国,位于印度洋上的
斯里兰卡西南部。

该国所有的消费品几乎全靠进口。

所有的国际海运货物都是在在马累港处理。

该港口的陆地面积很小，有很多运输瓶颈，经常会出现拥挤问题。

本文通过计算机仿真技术来调查研究马累港的情况，并指出其瓶颈所在。

因此，在马累商业港进行了实地调研，收集所需的数据。

定性和定量数据的收集，使用了焦点小组，访谈，现场观测，时间和运动的措施。

在本论文中提出的仿真模型进行了Arena软件（10.0竞技场学术版）。

该模型被用来分析了船舶的周转时间，泊位能力，堆场能力，集装箱停留时间，队列值，利用船舶起重机和其他集装箱装卸设备。

结果表明，泊位能力似乎是创建较长的队列和船舶延误的主要瓶颈。

通过对几种方案的测试，确定了船舶在泊位等待的最佳时间。

根据这个最佳的等待时间，提出了一个大力改善马累商业港泊位的项目并验证该项目的可行性。

关键词：仿真，动用，船舶周转时间，泊位能力，堆场容量，瓶颈。

一论文介绍
1.1研究背景
马尔代夫是一个由1190座岛屿组成的岛国，散布于800公里范围内的印度洋上。

共有330,000人，生活在200个不同的岛屿上。

（“马尔代夫统计年鉴”，2007年）马尔代夫是一个建设在沙丘上的热带国家，地势十分平坦。

它一直是一个世界贸易和旅游十字路口。

经济以渔业和旅游业为主。

马尔代夫的旅游业占GDP的30%，正是在旅游业的带动下，马尔代夫的经济
正在快速增长。

由于马尔代夫除了鱼类产品外几乎没有其他任何实际的国内生产物，为了应对日益增长的游客，马尔代夫几乎要进口所有的东西。

从2000年到2007年，去马尔代夫的游客数量以年平均8.4%的速度增长（“马尔代夫统计年鉴”，2007年）为游客服务的货物运输也将持续增长。

出于安全和存储的需要，马累商业港要处理除了石油以外的该国所有货物并提供来自欧洲，中东，非洲，亚洲和远东的大部分定期货运服务。

其出口量是很少的，主要是一些空箱。

它是全国唯一的海上门户。

因此，任何端口的物理容量的限制，无论是内部还是外部，都将影响国家的经济发展和贸易。

马累商业港也十分显著地影响着该国的供应链和物流情况，该港口在材料和信息流的管理和协调中也扮演着重要的角色。

港口性能也极大地影响交货时间和进口商/分销商的库存水平。

目前，目前，马尔代夫进口商通常要一至三个月的存货，以防止因与供应商，港口接触间隙或者运输延误等原因造成的货物短缺。

当前周期从订单到最终销售的时间是2-5个月（“统计：百合航运，马累”2009年）这较长的周期时间，部分原因是由于港口运输瓶颈造成的港口作业效率低下。

马累商业港在国家发展，尤其是在供应链中的重要作用促使我研究这个课题。

本研究试图探讨存在于马累商业港的影响物流绩效的主要制约或瓶颈。

1.2 研究目的
自从20世纪60年代集装箱诞生以来，货柜码头的最佳容量的测定一直以来都是一个问题。

经济全球化和集装箱运输的增加为导致许多问题，对港口码头的通过能力提出了更高的要求（亚美铝尔，1997年）。

许多货柜码头达到其容量的限制，导致交通和港口拥堵。

港口拥堵的后果影响了很多集装箱的终端代理商。

扩容是处理港口码头的拥塞和瓶颈问题的方式之一。

容量增加既可以通过物理扩展也可以改进现有资源的利用率。

然而，现实中的大部分港口无法像他们希望的那样扩大占地面积。

因为大多数海港的空间都很有限。

同时，人们往往也没有足够的资金来建设新的设备。

马尔代夫是最不发达国家之一，和其他大多数国家相比，经济资源很少。

而土地面积是其最稀缺的资源之一。

马累商业港所在的岛屿是该国的首都，任何参观者都会到来。

这个岛的面积仅约2平方公里，但在岛上居住的人超过了85,000。

因此，分配给该港口的土地是很小的，造成了港口运输的瓶颈和阻塞情况的发生。

这些情况会对一下的人造成消极的影响：
海运公司 - 船舶延误，额外费用，并错过馈线；
港口码头 - 额外人手，码头的挤塞情况，并重新处理；
货运公司 - 等待时间和业务损失；
进口商 - 较长的交货时间。

本研究的主要目的是分析马累港当前的形势，指出影响该国供应链的物流瓶颈所在。

因此，本研究更具体的目标包括：
1)要了解在马累港集装箱运输的现状和调查未来十年的潜在的容器流动模式；
2)更好地了解完整的集装箱码头操作；
3)港口码头泊位能力分析；
4)分析港口码头堆场容量；
5)分析船舶，港口码头工作率；
6)分析集装箱在港口码头停留时间；
7)分析港口码头设备的利用率；
8)提出在马累港扩大容量的建议；
9)为提出的建议实施成本效益分析。

1.3 本研究的贡献
这项研究将在该领域做出很大贡献。

到现在为止，只有“整合优化”货柜码头的问题上存在一些研究。

虽然，有关货柜码头问题的文献是丰富的，但是只有少数的研究集中在完整的终端，大多数研究集中分离的决策问题，例如泊位分配，装载规划，车辆调度等。

本研究着重于完整的终端。

因此，我们希望，在一定程度上，这项研究将对显存的关于完整的终端问题研究的有限文献提供给更多资料。

马累港仿真模型的提出有助于货柜码头建模领域的发展，该模型也可以根据细节的需要而进行修改，还可用于大多数港口终端。

因此，为马累港模型的发展所采用的方法，将为利益相关者和未来的研究者提供一个平台。

端口限制和容量最大化已经是困扰马累港多年的两个重大问题。

这项研究是首次阐明这个问题的研究之一。

这项研究的结果将使马尔代夫港有限公司，当地进口商，运输商，货主，有关政府部门收益颇丰。

1.4 论文的组织
本论文分为七个章节，主要部分是实证研究。

首先，本章节在广泛的领域介绍了本文的主题大概内容以及研究的目的和意义。

第二章进行讨论在该领域发表的有关理论文献。

为此，它首次引入“端口”的概念以及近年来发生在全世界的在该领域的发展以及技术进步。

接下来的章节介绍了解决不同端口问题的不同方法以及其处理设备。

接下来，回顾了在货柜码头出现的普遍问题。

最后，提出了解决这些问题的不同的技术。

第三章通过提供一些关于马尔代夫港口管理系统的背景资料进一步回顾了一些文献。

特别是提供了该国港口管理结构的信息和马尔代夫港口有限公司的组织管理信息以及马累商业港的装卸设备，货物装卸时间，和港口关闭。

本章还概述和说明了现有的航线和其他辅助服务。

第四章描绘了进口货物的主要需求驱动，旨在预测未来10年由于人口增长和经济增长而带来的货物运输的增长量。

第五章介绍的是概念和实证研究模型，并对每个模型提供了一个简要说明。

本章的第二部分介绍了研究设计和研究的数据收集程序。

第六章是关于该研究的仿真模型的详细介绍。

它概述了该模型的结构，终端的逻辑流，并介绍了用于模型的输入参数。

本章还概括性地讲述了资源仿真模型以及用来控制资源的运作周期的资源周期运作模型。

它还涉及模型的验证问题，以及运行模型的开始运行的问题。

最后，第七章是详细结果的报告，并且还讨论了理论和管理方面的影响。

这项研究是以现有研究的局限性以及对未来研究的影响来结束的。

二本文简介，码头港口业务。

2.1 介绍
本章将介绍一些关于海洋货柜码头的发展和经营的文献以及一些相关的背景资料。

它旨在解决与本研究密切相关的议题，并提供了世界发展趋势的概述信息，以及研究集装箱的发展，技术的变化，终端操作，物流流程，货柜码头等要使用的资源类型。

它还介绍了在码头的决策问题中的计算机模拟的方法，并提出在集装箱码头分析中的仿真建模方法。

2.2港口的定义
港口可定义为货物和乘客在船和岸之间转移的地方。

港口也很自然的是一个把货物从一种运输方式转换为另一种运输方式的地方。

港口一直以来也是海运和内陆运输，海上和河流之间以及道路和铁路运输直间的接口。

运输是整个供应链的重要组成部分，如今，港口在材料和信息流的管理和协调中发挥着重要的作用。

Simulation and Analysis of Port Bottlenecks: The Case of Male‟
By
Shammoon Adam
Maldives is an island nation that consists of around 1190 islands located in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Sri Lanka. The country virtually imports everything it consumes. Male‟Commercial Harbor handles all international sea cargo for the country. The land area assigned for the port is small; and there are frequent bottlenecks and congestion in the port.
By using computer simulation techniques, this research investigates the situation of Male‟ Commercial Harbor and identifies logistic bottlenecks that exist at the port. Accordingly, a field research was conducted at Male‟ Commercial Harbor to collect required data. Both, qualitative and quantitative data were collected using focus group, interviews, on-site observations, and time and motion measures.
The simulation models presented in this thesis were carried out with Arena software (Academic Version of Arena 10.0). The models were used to analyze the vessel turnaround time, berth capacity, yard capacity, container dwell time, queue values, utilization of ship cranes and other container handling equipment. The results show that berth capacity seems to be the major bottleneck that creates longer queues and ship delays at Male‟ Commercial Harbor.
Several scenarios were tested to identify the best scenario regarding ship waiting time at berth. Based on the best scenario, a project was proposed focusing on the development of an extended alongside bert h at Male‟ Commercial Harbor. A cost benefit analysis was performed to see whether the project is financially feasible.
Keywords: Simulation, Utilization, Vessel Turnaround Time, Berth Capacity, Yard Capacity, Bottlenecks.
CHAPTER 1
Thesis Introduction
1.1Background
Maldives is a group of islands that consists of 1190 islands, which are scattered over a distance of more than 800km situated in the Indian Ocean. It has a population
of about 330,000 people, living in 200 different islands (Maldives Statistical Yearbook, 2007). The
Maldives is a tropical country, with very flat topography, having been built on sand dunes. Because of its strategic location it has been a crossroads of world trade and travel for centuries. The economy is based on fishing and tourism. A map of the Maldives is shown in Appendix A
The Maldives economy is expanding rapidly, driven primarily by the booming tourism industry, which makes up over 30% of GDP (Maldives Statistical Yearbook, 2007). The lack of any real domestic production and exports consisting only of fish products result in the fact that the Maldives must import nearly everything for its growing population and its tourists consumption. With the number of international tourists travelling to the Maldives growing an average of 8.4% per year between 2000 and 2007 (Statistical Yearbook, 2007), cargo traffic supporting tourist consumption has and will continue to grow.
Male‟ Commercial Harbor (MCH) handles all the international sea cargo for the country except petroleum products, which are unloaded at an offshore island for reasons of safety and storage. Regular cargo services are provided to and from Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and much of Asia and the Far East. Exports are minimal so outbound international traffic via Male‟ consists mostly of empty containers. The performance of MCH is particularly important because, at present, it is the sole maritime gateway to the country. Therefore, any physical capacity constraints of the port, whether internal or external, affect the cou ntry‟s economic development and trade.
MCH can also significantly influence the supply chain performance and the logistics distribution of the country. Ports play an important role in the management and co-ordination of materials and information flows (Bassano, 2007). The port performance also immensely influences the lead time and the stock level of importers/distributors (Carbone & De Martino, 2003). Currently, Maldivian importers typically hold stocks for one to three months to minimize the occurrence of shortage due to problems with suppliers, port clearances, and delays in shipping. Current cycle time from order to final sale is 2-5 months ("Statistics: Lily Shipping,
Male'," 2009). This longer cycle time is partly due to inefficiency of the port performance.
The important role MCH plays for the development of the country and especially the performance of the supply chains as a whole motivated me to do this research. The study attempts to examine the main constraints or bottlenecks that exist at MCH that affects the logistics performance.
1.2Objectives of this Research
Determination of the optimum capacity of container terminals has been a major issue since the introduction of containers in the 1960s (King, 1997). The advancement of globalization and increasing container transportation has created many problems for ports leading to higher requirements on port terminals (Bluely, 1997). Many container terminals are reaching their capacity limits, leading to traffic and port congestion (Dacca, Bellaire, & Salami, 2007). The consequences associated with port congestion have effects on a number of agents related to container terminals.
Capacity expansion is one way of handling congestion and bottleneck problems that limit port terminal performance (Legato & Massa, 2001). Capacity can be increased either by physical expansion or improved utilization of the available resources (Legato & Massa, 2001). However, in reality most of the seaports are unable to expand their terminal areas as they wish because of limited space; and often do not have enough funds to build new infrastructures.
Maldives is among the least developed countries and has fewer economic resources compared to most other countries. Land area is one of the scarcest resources. The need for area on the island (the capital) where the port is located is obvious to any visitor. The area of the island is approximately 2km² only, and it is home to more than 85,000 inhabitants. The land area assigned for the national sea port is small; and there are frequent bottlenecks and congestion in the port. The situation is negatively affecting important stakeholders as follows:
1 Shipping Companies– vessel delays, extra costs, and missed feeders
2 Port Terminals – extra manpower, yard congestion, and re-handling
3 Trucking Companies – waiting time and loss of business
4 Importers – longer lead times
The main objective of this research is to analyze the current situation of MCH and identify logistic bottlenecks that exist within the port terminal that hinder the supply chain performances of the country. Accordingly, more specific objectives of this research include:
1. to show the current status of containeriz ation at Male‟ Port and to investigate
the potential container flow pattern for the next ten years
2. To assist in better understanding of the complete container terminal operation
3. To analyze berth capacity of the port terminal
4. To analyze the yard capacity of the port terminal
5. To analyze ship working rate of the port terminal
6. To analyze dwell time of containers in the port terminal
7. To analyze the utilization of port terminal equipment
8. To analyze and propose measures that can be taken at MCH to maximize the
capacity
9. To provide a cost benefit analysis for implementation of the proposed
measures
1.3 Contributions of this Research
This research will make a number of contributions to the field. Up to now, only a few studies on …integrated optimization‟ for cont ainer terminal problems exist (Dacca et al., 2007).Although, literature concerning container terminal problems are rich, only a few studies have concentrated on complete terminals; most studies concentrate on separated decision problems, for example berth allocation, stowage planning, and vehicle dispatching (Dacca et al.2007). This research concentrates on the complete terminal. Therefore, it is hoped that this study will, in a small way, contribute to the limited literature of complete terminal problems.
The development of MCH simulation model contributes to the area of container terminal modeling. The MCH model can be modified, depending on the level of n details needed; and can be applied to most port terminals. Therefore, the methodologies used for the development of MCH model will provide a platform for stakeholders and future researchers.
Port constraints and capacity maximization have been two major issues for
MCH for many years. This research is one of the first to shed light into this subject. The findings of this research will be valuable for Maldives Port Limited, local importers, transport providers shippers, and concerned government authorities.
1.3Organization of the Thesis
This thesis is divided into seven chapters presenting the main segments of this type of empirical research. First, the current chapter introduces the topic and outlines in very broad terms the objectives and contributions of the research. The second chapter proceeds to discuss the relevant theoretical literature published in the field. It does so by first introducing the concept of …ports‟ and providing informat ion on their developments and technological changes that took place worldwide over the years. The chapter then describes the different management approaches accompanied by different port terminals; and outlines port terminal handling equipment. Next, it reviews the common decision problems that arise in container terminals. Finally, different techniques used to analyze these problems are explained.
Chapter three furthers the literature review by providing some background information on Maldives Port Management System. In particular, it provides information on port administration structure of the country; and presents details on Maldives Port Limited (MPL) and its organization management, MCH and handling equipment, cargo working hours, and port shut downs. The chapter also outlines and illustrates the existing shipping lines and other auxiliary services.
Chapter four delineates the major demand drivers of import cargo and seeks to forecast cargo traffic for the next ten years based on population growth and economic growth indicators.
Chapter five introduces the conceptual and empirical research models and provides a brief description of each model. The second part of the chapter explains the research design and data collection procedures of the study.
Chapter six deals with the development of the simulation model for the study. It outlines the structure of the model, the terminal logic flow, and describes input parameters used for the model. This chapter also outlines the resource simulation model and resource operational cycle model which are used to control resource operational cycles. It also addresses the validation issues of the model, as well as
running setup1
Finally, chapter seven reports on the results in detail, and it also discuss the theoretical and managerial implications. This research concludes with a discussion of the research limitations and the implications for future research agendas.
CHAPTER 2
Port Terminal Operations: A Review of the Literature
2.1Introduction
This chapter reviews the relevant literature and provides some background information on the development of marine container terminals and their operations. It aims to address topics closely related to this research and provides overview information of world trends towards container developments, technological changes, terminal operations, logistics processes, and types of resources used in container terminals. It also describes an overview of decision problems at terminals; ways in which these problems are being dealt with including computer simulation, and presents methods used in simulation modeling of container terminals.
2.2Defining …Port‟
A …port‟ can be defined as a “gateway through which goods and passengers are transferred between ships and shore” (Wang, Cull inane, & Song, 2005, p. 14). Ports have been natural sites for transshipment in order to transfer goods from one mode of transport to another (King, 1997). They have historically provided the link between maritime and inland transport, the interface between the sea and rivers, and roads and railways (Dowd & Leeching, 1990). At present, ports play an important role in the management and co-ordination of materials and information flows, as transport is an integral part of the entire supply chain (Carbone & De Martino, 2003).。