2014年职称英语考试 综合类 新增文章汇总 完整版 字典版 可以直接打印
2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文(3)
2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文（3）2014年职称英语考试时间为3月29日。
小编为您整理职称英语教材中，补全短文部分的文章及译文，希望对您有所助益。
Are Online Friends Real Friends?Modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship. ____(1)____. Are online friendships as beneficial as face-to-face friendships? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having virtual friends? Can people form strong bonds online? Today these questions are the subject of lively debate1.Some people believe that the Internet is the best way to make new friends. It’s convenient, it’s fast, and it allows to make contact with different kinds of people from all over the world. When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours2. Information updates and photos add to the experience. Making friends on the Internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in social situations. It’s often easier to share thoughts and feelings online. ____(2)____. They can make people feel less lonely and help them solve problems.Although the Internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantage. ____(3)____. Online friends only tell you what they want you to know. They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hid e the less positive ones, so you can’t be sure of what they really like3. That is why you should not give personal information to anyone online unless you’re totally sure of who that person is.Can online friendship be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? There are different points of view. Researchers at the University of Southern California surveyed 2,000 households in the United States. The results showed that more than 40 percent of participants feel “as strongly about their online buddies”as they do about their “offline”friends. ____(4)____. In contrast, there are many people who believe that it’s not possible to have deep relationships with online friends. A young Indian software engineer, Lalitha Lakshmipathy，says，“it’s good to feel connected with many people, but all my e-buddies are not necessarily my close friends. ”____(5)____. They say that it’s hard to develop feelings of trust and connectionwhen you don’t share experiences in person4.People continue to express different opinions about online friendship. However, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships. As one life coach says, “a social networking site should only be the ‘add on’ in any relationship.”注释：1.Today these questions are the subject of lively debate.：现今这些问题成了人们热议的话题。
2014年职称英语综合类考试教材阅读理解文章及译文(4)
2014年职称英语综合类考试教材阅读理解文章及译文（4）2014年职称英语考试时间为3月29日。
小编为您整理职称英语教材中，阅读理解部分的文章及译文，希望对您有所助益。
Motoring Technology1.2 million road deaths worldwide occur each year, plus a further 50 million injuries. To reduce car crash rate, much research now is focused on safety and new fuels-though some electric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster.Travelling at speed has always been dangerous. One advanced area of research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-car assistants. They can ensure you don’t miss important road signs or fall asleep. Most crashes result from human and not mechanical faults.Some safety developments aim to improve your vision. Radar can spot obstacles in fog, while other technology "sees through" big vehicles blocking your view.And improvements to seat belts, pedal(脚踏)controls and tyres are making driving smoother and safer. The colour of a car has been found to be linked with safety, as have, less surprisingly, size and shape.But whatever is in the fuel tank, you don’t want a thief in the driving seat and there have been many innovations(创新).Satellite tracking and remote communications can also come into play if you crash, automatically calling for help.Accidents cause many traffic jams, but there are more subtle interplays between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road. Such jams can be analyzed using statistical tools. Robotic drivers could be programmed to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyons’s personal chauffeur(司机),but their latest efforts suggest that won’t be soon.1.To reduce car crash rate,many scientists are working hard toA.design fully automatic cars.B.develop faster electric vehicles.C.analyze road deaths occurring worldwide each year.D.improve the safety of cars and develop new fuels.2.According to the second paragraph,most road accidents happen due toA.heavy traffic.B.human mistakes.C.engine failure.D.bad weather.3.Which of the following safety developments is NOT mentioned in the passage?A.Windscreens that can help drivers to improve their vision.B.Radars that can help drivers to see obstacles in fog.C.Devices that can help drivers to see through big vehicles.D.Improvements in seat belts,pedal controls and tyres.4.Satellite tracking and remote communication systems cna be used toA.reduce oil consumption.B.remove the obstacles on the road.C.call for help when one’s car crashes.D.help drivers get out of a traffic jam.5.Which of the following statements is true of robotic drivers?A.It will take some time before robotic drivers are available.B.Robotic drivers are not allowed to driveon busy roads.C.Robotic drivers can never replace human drivers.D.Robotic drivers are too expensive to use.答案与题解：1.C 文章第一段的意思是：在世界范围内，每年发生120万起交通死亡事故，加上5000万起伤残事故，因此正在进行的许多研究的重点是安全问题和新燃料问题，尽管一些电动车和生物燃料的研究旨在达到更快的速度。
2014全国职称英语考试理工A阅读理解、完型填空、教材新增文章复习资料
2014理工A阅读理解、完型填空、新增文章复习资料目录阅读理解+第三十四篇Batteries Built by Viruses+第三十五篇Putting Plants to Work （2013理工B真题）+第三十六篇Listening Device Provides Landslide Early Warning+第三十七篇"Don't Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning+第三十八篇"Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan（2012真题）+第三十九篇Clone Farm+第四十篇Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety（2012新增文章）+ 第四十一篇Too Little for Global Warming+ 第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources+ 第四十三篇Forecasting Methods（2013理工A真题）+ 第四十四篇Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed+ 第四十五篇Small But Wise （2012年真题）+ 第四十六篇Ants have Big Impact on Environment as "Ecosystem Engineers"（2012新增文章）+ 第四十七篇Listening to Birdsong+ 第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright （2013教材新增）+ 第四十九篇U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars+ 第五十篇Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities完型填空：+第十五篇（2012新增）"Liquefaction" Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage+第十二篇（2012新增）Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk*第十篇（2012新增）Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters2014年教材新增文章第二部分阅读判断*第八篇What Is a Dream?*第十篇The Biology of Music+第十一篇Bill Gates: Unleashing Your Creativity+第十四篇Stage Fright第四部分阅读理解*第二十九篇I’ll Be Bach第五部分补全短文第四篇The Bilingual Brain*第十篇How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear+第十五篇 A Memory Drug?理工A复习说明：2014 阅读理解带加号，重点要求17篇，第34-50篇，较2013年增加了7篇文章（这7篇原来是2013理工B的文章）这里注意下，第35篇Putting Plants to Work（非2013新增文章）是2013年理工B的真题，2014年应该不会考到。
2014年职称英语(综合A)(综合B(综合C)完形填空字典小抄(可直接打印贴在字典上)
A Life with BirdsFor nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of London's yeoman warders(伦敦塔看守),_better （更…）known to tourists as beefeaters. David, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the top（顶部）of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses. "From（从）our bedroom we have a marvelous(a.奇妙的，不可思议的) view of Tower Bridge and the Thames, " says David.The Tower of London is famous for（以..而著名）its ravens(n.乌鸦，黑色的鸟), the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated(着迷，吸引) by the birds and when he was _offered(提供)__ the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no _ hesitation （犹豫）_ in accepting it. "The birds have now become my life and I'm always _ aware （意识到）of the fact that I am _ maintaining （保持）_ a tradition. The legend(传奇，传说) says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and it's my job to _ make（确保）sure this doesn't happen!"David devotes（献身于）about four hours a day to the care of the ravens. He has grown to love them and the _ fact（事实）that he lives right next to them is ideal. "I can keep（关注）a close eye on them all the time, and not just when I'm working." At first（起初）, David's wife Mo was not _keen（对..感兴趣）on the idea of life in the Tower, but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year. "When we look out of our windows, we see history all（所有）around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories."A Lucky BreakActor Antonio Banderas is used to breaking bones, and it always seems to happen when he's doing(做) sport. In the film Play It to the Bone he plays（扮演一个…）the part of a middleweight(n.中量级拳击手) boxer alongside Woody Harrelson. During（过程中）the making of the film Harrelson kept （连续）complaining that the fight scenes （场面）weren't very convincing(a.有说服力的，令人信服的), so one day he suggested that he and Banderas should have a fight for real. The Spanish actor wasn't keen（对…热衷）on the idea at first, but he was eventually（最终）persuaded by his co-star to put on his gloves and climb into the boxing ring(拳赛场地). However, when he realized how seriously(认真地) his opponent（对手）was taking it all, he began to regret his decision to fight. And then in the third round, Harrelson hit Banderas so（太…以至于..）hard in the face that he actually broke his nose. His wife, actress Melanie Griffith, was furious(a.暴怒的，强烈的) that he had been playing "silly macho(a.雄壮的，男子气概的) games". "She was right," confesses(v.承认，坦白) Banderas, "and I was a fool to take（冒险）a risk like that in the middle of a movie." He was reminded（提醒）of the time he broke his leg during a football match in his native Malaga. He had always dreamed（梦想）of becoming a soccer star, of performing in front of a big crowd, but doctors told him his playing days were probably over. "That's when I decided to take up（开始）acting; I saw it as another（另外）way of performing, and achieving recognition. What happened to me on that football pitch（场）was, you might say, my first lucky break."A Success StoryAt 19, Ben Way is already a millionaire, and one of a growing number of teenagers who have made(制造) their fortune(财富) through the Internet. What(这) makes Ben's story all the more remarkable(a.卓越的，值得注意的) is that he is dyslexic(a.诵读困难的n.诵读困难者), and was told(告知) by teachers at his junior school that he would never be able to read or write properly(正确地) . "I wanted to prove them wrong(错了) ", says Ben, creator and director of Waysearch, a net search engine which can be used to find goods in online shopping malls.When he was eight, his local authorities(n.权威，权力，当权) provided(提供) him with a PC to help with school work. Although he was unable(不能) to read the manuals, he had a natural ability with the computer, and encouraged(鼓励) by his father, he soon began charging(收费) people $l0 an hour for his knowledge and skills. At the age of 15 he set(创建) up his own computer consultancy(n.咨询公司，顾问工作), Quad Computer, which he ran from his bedroom, and two years later he left school to devote(精力) all his time to business."By this time the company had grown and I needed to take on a couple(一些) of employees to help me", says Ben. "That enabled me to start doing(做) business with bigger companies.” It was his ability to consistently(始终如一的) overcome(克服) difficult challenges that led him to win the Young Entrepreneur(n.企业家，主办者) of the Year award in the same year that he formed Waysearch, and he has recently signed a deal worth(价值)$25 million with a private investment(n.投资，投入) company, which will finance(为…供给资金) his search engine.A Powerful InfluenceThere can be no doubt at all(根本) that the Internet has made a huge difference to our lives. Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet, hardly ever（几乎不）doing anything else in their spare time. Naturally, parents are curious（对…好奇）to find out why the Internet is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be harmful（伤害）to their children. Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at （盯着看成）their computers?Obviously, if children are bent over their computers for hours, absorbed（沉迷）in some game, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should make（利用）of the Internet, and the child should give his or her word（诺言）tha t it won’t interfere(妨碍) withhomework. If the child is not holding（坚持）to this arrangement(安排), the parent can take more drastic(严厉的，极端的) steps（采取措施）dealing with a child's use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating（协商）_ any other sort of bargain about(就(某物)讨价还价) behaviour.Any parent who is seriously（严重）alarmed about a child's behaviour should make an appointment(约定) to discuss（讨论）the matter with a teacher. Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily（必定）affect a child's performance at school. Even if a child is absolutely（完全地）crazy about using the Internet，he or sheis probably just going（度过）through a phase(阶段，时期), and in a few months there will be somethingelse to worry about!Family HistoryIn an age when technology is developingfaster than ever before, many people are beingattracted（吸引）to the idea of looking backinto the past. One way they can do this is byinvestigating(调查，研究) their own familyhistory. They can try to find（找出）out moreabout where their families came from andwhat they did, This is now a fast-growinghobby, especially in countries with a fairly（相当）short history, like Australia and the United States.It is one（一方面）thing to spend sometime going（探究）through a book on familyhistory and to take the decision（决心）toinvestigate your own family's past. It is quite（的确）another to carry out(完成) the research work successfully. It is easy to set about(开始做(某事)) it in a disorganized(扰乱,瓦解) way and cause（引起）yourself many problems which could have been avoided（避免）with a little forward planning.If your own family stories tell you that you are connected（有关系）with a famous character, whether hero or criminal(罪犯), do not let this idea take over(接管) your research. Just treat（当作）it as an interesting possibility(可能的事). A simple system for （用collecting and storing your information will be adequate(充足的，适当的) to start with; a more complex(错综复杂的) one may only get in your way（道路）. The most important thing, though, is to get（被）started. Who knows what you might（可能）find ?Helen and MartinWith a thoughtful sigh(长叹一声), Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair(扶手椅). Would（将要）her brother never arrive? For a brief moment, she wondered if she really cared that much.Over the years Helen had given up (放弃)_ waiting for Martin to take an interest in her. Her feelings for him had gradually weakened(变淡)_ until now, as she sat waiting for him, she experienced no more than a sister's. curiosity(好奇心) to see what had become(发生…事) of her brother.Almost without warning(预兆) , Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office. Somehow the two of them hadn't bothered(烦扰) to keep in touch and, left alone, Helen had slowly found her confidence(对…有信心) in her ownjudgment growing. Ignoring(不顾) the wishes of her parents, she had left university halfway through(过程中) her course and now, to the astonishment(惊讶;令人惊讶的事物) of the whole family, she was gaining(获得) a fast-growing reputation(名声，名誉;声望) in the pages of respected art magazines and was actually earning enough to live on(靠)from her paintings.Of course, she took(对) no pleasure in Martin's sudden misfortune(不幸;灾祸，灾难), but she couldn't help(忍不住)looking forward to her brother's arrival with quiet(暗暗地) satisfaction(满意，满足) at what shehad achieved.Global WarmingFew people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate(n.气候，风气). Many scientists put （把…归咎于）the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase in（在）the world's temperatures and are convinced that, more than ever(任何时候) before, the Earth is at risk(危险) from the forces(暴力) of the wind, rain and sun. According(据说) to them, global warming is making extreme(极端的) weather events, such(例如) as hurricanes(n.飓风，暴风) and droughts(n.干旱，早灾), even more severe(严重) and causing sea levels all around the world to rise(上升) .Environmental groups are putting pressure(压力) on governments to take actionto reduce the amount(数量) of carbon dioxide(n.二氧化碳) which is given off(排放) by factories and power plants, thus attacking(攻击) the problem at its source. They are in favour(赞成) of more money being spent on research into solar(a.太阳的n.太阳能), wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power stations(装置) .Some scientists, however(然而) believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere(n.大气) tomorrow, we would have to wait several(几) hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay(停留).Look on The Bright SideDo you ever wish you were more optimistic(adj.乐观的，乐观主义的), someone who always expected（期望）to be successful? Having someone around who always fears（恐惧）the worst isn’t really a lot of fun（乐趣）. We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says, "It looks like（像）rain. " But if you catch yourself thinking such things,it's important to do something about（对此）it(代前面整句话，指这个状况、情况、事实).You can change your view of life, according（根据）to psychologists(心理学家). It only takes a little effort, and you'll findlife more rewarding(adj.有益的，值得的，有报酬的) as a result（结果）. Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect and confidence but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to offer（提供）. Optimists are more likely（很有可能）to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks.Upbringing(教养，养育，抚育) is obviously(adv.明显地，显然地) very important in forming your attitude（态度）to the world. Some people are brought up to depend（依赖于）too much on others and grow up(成长) forever blaming(v.责备，归咎于) other people when anything goes（发生）wrong. Most optimists,on the _other（另一方面）hand, have been brought up not to regard（把..看作）failure as the end of the world—they just get on（继续）with their lives.School LunchResearch has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly（正常地）in the middle of the day. In Britain schools have to provide（提供）meals at lunchtime. Children can choose（选择）to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen(食堂小卖部) One shocking finding（发现）of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents. There are strict standards（标准）for the preparation of school meals, which have to include one portion（比例）of fruit and one of vegetables, as well as meat, a dairy(乳制品的) item and starchy((食物)含有大量淀粉的) food like bread or pasta(意大利面食). Lunchboxes examined（检查）by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps(炸马铃薯片) and chocolate bars. Children consume（摄取）twice as much sugar(糖) as they should at lunchtime.The research will provide a better understanding （解释）of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased（增长）in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot criticise（批评）parents, but it can remind them of the nutritional（营养的）value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their children's diet can affect（影响）their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating habits（习惯）at this age, and parents are the only ones who can prevent（阻止）it.Traffic in Our CitiesThe volume of traffic in many cities in the world today continues to expand. This causes many problems, including serious air pollution, lengthy(a.漫长的，冗长的) delays, and the greater risk of（..的风险）accidents. Clearly, something must be done, but it is often difficult to persuade(说服) people to change their habits and leave their cars at home.One possible approach(方法) is to make it more expensive for people to use their cars by increasing(增加)charges for parking and bringing(收益) in tougher(严格的, 强硬的) fines for(因…而罚(款)) anyone who breaks(打破) the law. In addition, drivers could be required to pay for using particular routes at different times of the day. This system, known(为所熟知) as "road pricing", is already being introduced in a number(一些) of cities, using a special electronic card fixed(固定在..上) to the windscreen(n.汽车挡风玻璃) of the car.Another way of dealing(处理) with the problem is to provide cheap parking on the outskirts(效区) of the city, and strictly control the number of vehicles allowed into the centre. Drivers and their passengers then use a special bus service for the final(最后的) stage of their journey.Of course, the most important thing(..的事) is to provide good public transport. However, to get people to give up(放弃) the comfort of their cars, public transport must be felt to be reliable(a.可靠的，可信赖的), convenient(方便的) and comfortable, with fares(票价) kept(保持) at an acceptable level.Teaching and learningMany teachers believe that the responsibilities(职责) for learning lie with(是…的责任) the student. If a long reading assignment(n.任务，作业) is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the information（信息）__in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The idea （理想）_ student is considered to be one who is motivated(v.刺激，激发……的积极性) to learn for the sake of(为了) learning（学习）_, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with（带…回来）brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible（对…负责）for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned （选定）_ , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum(最少的)guidance. It is the student's responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how(如何) a university library works; they expect students particularly (尤其)graduate students to exhaust(v.耗尽，使筋疲力尽;彻底讨论) the reference _ sources(资源) _in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer(更喜欢) that their students should not be too(太)dependent on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties besides(除…之外) teaching, such as administrative(adj.管理的,行政的) or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited(有限的). If a student has problems with classroom work , the student should either _ approach(接近)_a professor during office hours or make an appointment(n.约定，约会).TheDiffeencebetweenManandComputer What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element(n.元素，成分，要素) that our theories don’t yet account(解释)__ for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about _ what(那些) __ they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, don't. In fact, computers don't even (甚至)have interests;there is nothing in particular(尤其, 特别) that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer program（程序）_ is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a "purpose".Of course, people have several goals that do not make sense（合理）to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide in （为了）order to satisfy hunger or entertainment(n.娱乐，消遣) goals, or to find （寻找）a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, andcomputers do not have business lunches.However, these physiological(adj.生理学的,生理的) and social goals give rise （导致）to several intellectual(adj.智力的，聪明的) or cognitive(adj.认知的，认识上的) goals.A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to(引起, 导致) goals to find information（信息）about the name of a restaurant which serves （供应）the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is,the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to _ acquire （获取）information or knowledge, what we are calling learning（学习）_ goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer might（可能）_ "want" to find outthe location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so in（以…方式）the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise（起于）out of hunger in the case of the computer, it might well(很可能) arise out of the "goal" to learn more about restaurants.The First BicycleThe history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791, Count(伯爵) de Sivrac delighted（使...喜悦）onlookers(观众) in a park in Paris as he showed off(炫耀) his two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an enlarged （扩大）version of a children’s toy which had been in use（在使用中）for many years. Sivrac's "celeriferé" had a wooden frame, made in the shape（形状）of a horse,which was mounted on a wheel at either end．To ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modem bicycle,and pushed hard（努力）against the ground（地面）with your legs—there were no pedals(踏板，脚蹬子). It was impossible to steer(驾驶，操纵，控制) a celeriferéand it had no brakes(闸，刹车),but despite these problems the invention very much appealed （吸引）to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holding（举行）races up and down the streets.Minor injuries（受伤）were common as riders attempted a final burst(爆发，突发，爆炸) of speed（速度）. Controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change direction（方向）was to pull up the front of the "celeriferé" and turn（掉转）it round while the front wheel was spinning（自旋）in the air. "Celeriferés" were not popular for long,however,as the combination（组合）of no springs(弹簧), no steering and rough roads(起伏路) made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so,the wooden celeriferéwas the origin（始祖）of the modem bicycle.The Old GateIn the Middle Ages the vast majority ofEuropean cities had walls around them. This was partly for defensive reasons(原因)but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable, like people with contagious(传染性的，会蔓延的) diseases(疾病). The Old City of London gates were all demolished(拆毁) by the end of the 18th century. The last of London's gates was removed a century ago, but by a stroke(打击) of luck, it was never destroyed.This gate is, in actual(实际的) fact, not called a gate at all; its name is Temple Bar, and it marked the boundary（分界线）between the Old City of London and Westminster. In 1878 the Council of London took the Bar down, numbered the stones and put the gate in storage(存储)because its design was unfashionable(老套) it was expensive to maintain(维修) and it was blocking the traffic.The Temple Bar Trust was set out(建立) in the 1970's with the intention of returning the gate home. The aim of the Trust is the preservation(保存)of the nation's architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down(推倒) , stone by stone, removing and rebuilding it near St Paul's Cathedral(总教堂, 大教堂). Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced(替换) , though there is a good chance(机会)_ that the basic structure will be sound. The hardest job(工作) of all, however, will be to recreate the statues(雕像) of themonarchs(君主) that once stood on top of the gate.Working MothersCarefully conducted(v.实施，实行) researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems, compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal view（观点）is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not, there are a number（很多）of mothers who just have to work. There are those who have invested(投资) such a big part of their lives in establishing(建立) a career that they cannot afford（负担）to see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic(经济上的) necessity（有必要）. Many mothers are not cut （适合于）out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant(婴儿，幼儿), they feel trapped(v.使陷入困境，使受限制) and isolated(使隔离，使孤立).There are a number of options(选项，选择) when it comes（涉及）to choosing childcare. These range from child minders(照顾者) and nannies(保姆) through to(直到) Granny(奶奶) or the kind(好心的) lady across（对面）the street. In reality（在现实状况下）, however,many parents don't have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter （无论）how good the childcare may be,some children are going to protest(抗议) wildly(激烈的) if they are left. This is a perfectly（完全）normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months,but soon after that they start to get a crush(依恋, 压烂) on Mum and close family members（成员）. Make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of（大量）time to help your child settle in(安顿下来).All children are different. Some are independent, while others are more attached(依恋于) to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do（做）the best for your children, it's not the quantity(数量) of time you spend with them，it's the quality（质量）that matters.。
2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文(2)
2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文（2）2014年职称英语考试时间为3月29日。
小编为您整理职称英语教材中，补全短文部分的文章及译文，希望对您有所助益。
Teamwork in TourismGrowing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus，trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum3 conditions for travelers.(1) They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services，and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. ⑵Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. (3)Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts，considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement.(4)(5) Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers，and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.注释：concerned:作定语时常常放在所修饰的词或短语的后面，表示“有关的”。
2014年职称英语_国家教材精讲精练_阅读理解部分(综合类)
目录综合类C级： (2)Shark Attack ! 【小心鲨鱼!】 (2)The Travels of Ibn Battuta【伊本白图泰游记】 (3)综合类B级： (5)Income【收入】 (5)I'II Be Bach【我也能成为巴赫】【2014年新增文章】 (6)Oseola McCarty 【老妇人】 (8)综合类A级： (9)To Have and Have Not【逃亡】 (9)Life as a Movie Extra【群众演员的人生】【2014年新增】 (11)综合类C级：Shark Attack ! 【小心鲨鱼!】Craig Rogers was sitting on his surfboard, scanning the distance for his next wave, when his board suddenly stopped moving. He looked down and was terrified to see a great white shark biting the front of his board. "I could have touched its eye with my elbow," says Craig. The shark had surfaced so quietly that he hadn't heard a thing.In his horror and confusion, he waved his arms and accidentally cut two of his fingers on the shark's teeth. He then slid off the opposite side of his surfboard into the water. Then, with Craig in the water and blood flowing from his fingers, the five-meter-long shark simply swam away, disappearing into the water below.Although sharks are often categorized as killers that hunt and eat as many humans as they can, this is factually inaccurate. Sharks very rarely kill humans. A person has a greater chance of being struck by lightning or drowning in a bath than of being killed by a shark. 0nly 74 people have been reported killed by great whites in the last century. But great white sharks can reach six meters in length and weigh 2,200 kilograms or more. With frightening jaws that can hold up to 3,000 teeth arranged in several rows, they could very easily kill and eat a helpless human in the water. Why is it, then, that most people survive attacks by great whites? Shark researchers are trying to comprehend the reasons that allow people to escape without being eaten.The most common explanation is that great whites don't see well. It has been thought that they mistake people for the seals or sea lions which make up a large part of their diet. There is reason to doubt this, however. Recent information shows that great whites can actually see very well. Also, when attacking seals, great whites shoot up to the surface and bite with great force. When approaching humans, however, they most often move in slowly and bite less hard. They soon discover that humans are not a high---fat meal. “They spit us out because we're too bony,” says Aidan Martin, director of Reef Quest Center for Shark Research.Shark researchers like Martin hypothesize that great whites are actually curious animals that like to investigate things. It's possible that they use their bite not only to kill and eat, but also to gather information. Although such an experience is unlucky for people like Craig Rogers, when sharks bite surfboards of other objects or people, they are likely just trying to learn what they are.练习：1. After Craig Rogers fell into the water, the shark __________.A) bit his surfboardB) bit his fingersC) swam awayD) attacked him2. It is difficult for the author to understand why great whites ________.A) often let humans escapeB) kill humansC) have so many teethD) grow to six meters or more3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to make up in line 2 of paragraph 4?A) create.B)are.C)increase.D)depend upon.4. The word their in line 2 of paragraph 4 means __________.A) people'sB) great whites'C) sea lions'D) seals'5. What is the main idea of the forth paragraph?A) Great whites eat low-fat, bony meals more slowly.B) Great whites see well enough to include seals, sea lions, and humans in their diet.C) We now know great whites don't mistake humans for other animals.D) There is reason to doubt that great whites see well enough to attack humans.1. 答案：C2. 答案：A3. 答案：B4. 答案：B5. 答案：CThe Travels of Ibn Battuta【伊本白图泰游记】“I left Tangier, my birthplace, the 13th of June 1325 with the intention of making the pilgrimage [to Mecca]...to leave all my friends both female and male, to abandon my home as birds abandon their nests.” So begins an old manuscript in a library in Paris-the travel journal of Ibn Battuta.Almost two centuries before Columbus, this young Moroccan set off for Mecca, returning home three decades later as one of history's great travelers. Driven by curiosity, he journeyed to remote corners of the Islamic world, traveling through 44 modem countries, three times as far as Marco Polo. Little celebrated in the West, his name is well known among Arabs. In his hometown of Tangier, a square, a hotel, a cafe, a ferry boat, and even a hamburger are named after him.Ibn Battuta stayed in Mecca as a student for several years, but the urge to travel soon took over. In one adventure, he traveled to India seeking profitable employment with the Sultan of Delhi. 0n the way, he described his group being attacked in the open country by 80 men on foot, and two horsemen: “we fought…killing one of their horsemen and about twelve of the foot soldiers…．I was hit by an arrow and my horse by another, but God in his grace preserved me…．We carried the heads of the slain to the castle of Abu Bak'har…and suspended them from the wall.” In Delhi, the sultan gave him the position of judge, based on his prior study at Mecca. But the sultan had an unpredictable character, and Ibn Battuta looked for an opportunity to leave. When the sultan offered to finance a trip to China, he agreed. Ibn Battuta set off in three ships, butmisfortune struck while he was still on the shore. A sudden storm grounded and broke up two ships, scattering treasure and drowning many people and horses. As he watched, the third ship, with all his belongings and slaves—one carrying his child—was carried out to sea and never heard from again.After a lifetime of incredible adventures, Ibn Battuta was finally ordered by the Sultan of Morocco to return home to share his wisdom with the world. Fortunately, he consented and wrote a book that has been translated into numerous languages, allowing people everywhere to read about his unparalleled journeys.练习：1. What is the passage mainly about?A) Visitors to Mecca.B) The adventures of Ibn Battuta.C) Ibn Battuta's character.D) Asian countries of the 14th century.2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to set off for in line 5?A) left to go toB) discussed.C) arrived at.D) decided upon.3. The Sultan of Delhi gave Ibn Battuta a position of judge because _____A) the sultan needed a translator.B) Ibn Battuta had been a judge before.C) Ibn Battuta had studied in Mecca.D) Ibn Battuta had traveled to many countries.4. Which of the following would the writer of this passage most likely agree with？A) Ibn Battuta's journeys were very common for people of that time.B) Ibn Battuta's stories are probably not true.C) Ibn Battuta's journey was less important than Marco Polo's.D) Ibn Battuta should be better known in the West today.5. Why did Ibn Battuta finally return to his home?A) He was tired of traveling.B) He didn't have any more money.C) He feared the Sultan of Delhi.D) The Sultan of Morocco asked him to return.1. 答案：B2. 答案：A3. 答案：C4. 答案：D5. 答案：D综合类B级：Income【收入】Income may be national income and personal income. Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production—namely, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. National income does not equal GNP(Gross National Product)because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income. Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production., not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income.On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money received. Interest received on government bonds is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to the economy.The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. However, not all spending is completely voluntary. A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks. The money that individuals are left with after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending.练习：1. This passage is mainly about _______。
2014年卫生类职称英语考试教材新增部分
2014年职称英语考试卫生类教材对比题型2014年备注第一部分词汇选项无变化无变化第二部分阅读判断第九篇 What is a dream?新增第十三篇 Stage fright第十四篇 Azeri hills hold secret of long life第三部分概括大意与完成句子无变化无变化第四部分阅读理解无变化无变化第五部分补全短文第四篇 The bilingual新增第十篇 Jow deafness makes it easier to hear第十四篇 A memory drug第六部分完形填空无变化无变化2014年卫生类职称英语考试教材新增：补全短文第十四篇A Memory Drug？IT'S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than a memory-enhancing drug. ____1____ Furthermore，such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work. As scientists learn more about memory，we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.1Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier findings linking LTP2 and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice. ____2____ Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors，more LTP，and improved performance on several different memory tasks — learning a spatial layout3，recognizing familiar objects，and recalling a fear-inducing shock.If these basic insights about genes，LTP，and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people — and that remains to be seen — they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments. ____3____ As exciting as this may sound，it also raises troubling issues. Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs. If memory enhancers were available，children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information，allowingthem to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise. How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information？ What happens to children who don't have access to the latest memory enhancers？Are they left behind in school — and as a result handicapped later in life？____4____ Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory，such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers'names as well as the attributes of different products and services. Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position？Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities？Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can't.4 The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup. As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter，emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories，and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones. Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs？Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can’t forget the trauma？ Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals. But could they also interfere with an individual's ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience？5 ____5____词汇：tantalizing adj.诱人的synaptic adj.（解剖学）突触的steroid n.类固醇onslaught n.大量lucrative adj.有利可图的hit n.（演出等）成功注释：1.As scientists learn more about memory，we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.随着科学家们对记忆了解增多，我们正接近这一诱人的目标。
2014年 职称英语综合类阅读理解50篇 整理珍藏版
2014 年职称英语综合类阅读理解 50 篇（含答案）第一篇 Telling Tales about People 传记类文学作品1、 This passage is mostly about________.这篇文章主要是关于______2、 Helen Keller wrote________.海伦﹒凯勒写了_____3、Autobiography writers are not always objective because they________.自传作者有时是不客观的，因为他们_____4、 The writer introduces each category in the passage by________.本文的作者通过_____介绍每种类型的非小说文学作品。
5、 Diverse means________.Diverse 的意思是_______1、 the characteristics of autobiographies, memoirs, and biographies.自传、回忆录和传记的特点2、 an autobiography.一部自传3、 want to present themselves in a good light想展示自己好的一面4、 defining it定义每个类型5、 varied or different多种多样的或者不同的第二篇 Outside -the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference 课外学习带来很大不同问题答案1、 An extracurricular activity like raising a fund of $300,000 is risky because most student leaders一项课外活动像募集 30 万美元资金很冒险，因为大多数的学生干部___ 2、 American students join campus organizations mostly for__美国学生参加校园组织主要为了____3、 Who is Katie Rowley?谁是 K.R?4、 What do student leaders need to carry an activity through to a successful end?学生干部如果要成功的贯彻一个活动需要什么？5、 The phrasal verb fatten up in paragraph 6 could be best replaced by第六段的动词性短语“fatten up”可以被下面哪个单词替换？1、 Will not take an interest in it.不感兴趣2、 Building friendship.建立友谊3、 She's a senior student.她是一个大四的学生4、 Passion.热情5、 Polish.polish（润色；上光；抛光）(新增) 第三篇 Shark Attack! 小心鲨鱼！问题答案1、 After Craig Rogers fell into the water, the shark_________. Craig Rogers 落水之后，鲨鱼____?2、It is difficult for the author to understand why great whites_________作者很难理解为什么大白鲨____?3、 Which of the following is closest in meaning to make up in line2 of paragraph 4?下面哪个单词最接近第四段第二行斜体标出的词组“make up”的意思？4、 The word their in line 2 of paragraph 4 means_________第四段第二行的单词“their”指什么？5、 What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph?1、 swam away鲨鱼自己游走了2、 often let humans escape常常让人类逃脱3、 are.是4、 great whites'大白鲨5、 We now know great whites don't mistake humans for other animals. 第四段的主要内容是什么？. 我们现在知道大白鲨不会把人类误以为是其他动第四篇 Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving 火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝福问题答案1、 On Halloween, children in the United States often dress up as__ 在万圣节上，孩子打扮成____2、 When are turkey and pumpkin pie eaten?什么时时候吃火鸡和南瓜饼？3、 Thanksgiving is the time for the American people to thank God for___感恩节上美国人感谢上帝_______4、 Many children in the United States like Thanksgiving because___ 美国孩子喜欢感恩节的原因是_______5、 The first pilgrims settled in the United States in ___ 第一批定居到美国的人是在_____1、 Ghosts.魔鬼2、 On Thanksgiving.感恩节上3、 Providing them with comfortable and happy lives.为其提供舒适快乐的生活4、 They can stay with their parents at home and eat a lot of nice food.能够与父母呆在一起，吃许多好吃的食物5、 1620.1620 年(新增) 第五篇 The Travels of Ibn Battuta 伊本白图泰游记问题答案1、 What is the passage mainly about?这篇文章主要是讲什么的？2、 Which of the following is closest in meaning to set off for in line 5?哪个词组最接近第五行中“set off ”意思？3、 The Sultan of Delhi gave Ibn Battuta a position of judge because__德里的苏丹王给伊本白图泰安排了法官的工作是因为___?4、 Which of the following would the writer of this passage most likely agree with?下面哪个观点是这篇文章的作者最认同的？5、 Why did Ibn Battuta finally return to his home?为什么伊本白图泰最后回到了他的家乡？1、 The adventures of Ibn Battuta.伊本白图泰历险记2、 left to go to.出发3、 Ibn Battuta had studied in Mecca.伊本白图泰在麦加的学习经历4、 Ibn Battuta should be better known in the West today.在现今的西方世界，伊本白图泰应该会比以前更有名5、 The Sultan of Morocco asked him to return.摩洛哥的苏丹王要求他回家第六篇 TV Shows and Long Bus Trips 看电视与长途汽车旅行问题答案1、 According to the passage, what do the passengers usually see when they are on a long bustrip?根据本文，长途汽车旅行中乘客通常可以看到什么？2、 What is the purpose of this passage?本文的写作目的是什么？3、 The writer of this passage would probably favor作者可能支持的观点是？4、 The writer feels long bus rides are like TV shows because电视表演与长途汽车相像的原因是？1、 Advertisements on the board.路两边的广告。
2014年全国职称英语等级考试综合类阅读理解试题及参考答案
2014年全国职称英语等级考试综合类阅读理解试题及参考答案第四部分：阅读理解综合C级：第一篇至第十六篇综合B级：第十七篇至第三十三篇（第二十九篇I’ll Be Bach为新增文章）综合A级：第三十四篇至第五十篇（第三十六篇Life as a Movie Extra为新增文章）孙老师特别提示：此50篇阅读理解只为大家熟悉文章中文意思，万一考到好有准备，请大家一定不要做这50篇的练习，避免受到误导，练习务必以课上历年考试原卷为准。
具体说明专业课临终关怀为大家讲解。
综合C级：第一篇Telling Tales about People（综合C）One of the most common types of nonfiction, and one that many people enjoy reading, is stories about people's lives. These stories fall into three general categories: autobiography, memoir, and biography.An autobiography is the story of a person's life written by himself or herself. Often it begins with the person's earliest recollections and ends in the present. Autobiography writers may not be entirely objective in the way they present themselves. However, they offer the reader a good look at the way they are and what makes them that way. People as diverse as Benjamin Franklin and Helen Keller have written autobiographies of other writers, such as James Joyce, have written thinly fictionalized accounts of their lives. These are not autobiographies, but they are very close to it.Memoirs, strictly speaking, are autobiographical accounts that focus as much on the events of the times as on the life of the author. Memoir writers typically use these events as backdrops for their lives. They describe them in detail and discuss their importance. Recently, though, the term memoir seems to be becoming interchangeable with autobiography. A memoir nowadays may or may not deal with the outside world.Biographies are factual accounts of someone else's life. In many senses, these may be the hardest of the three types to write. Autobiography writers know the events they write about because they lived them. But biography writers have to gather information from as many different sources as possible. Then they have to decide which facts to include. Their goal is to present a balanced picture of a person, not one that is overly positive or too critical. A fair, well-presented biography may take years to research and write.1. This passage is mostly about _______.A) the characteristics of autobiographies, memoirs, and biographiesB) famous autobiographiesC) why biography can be difficult to writeD) differences between autobiographies and memoirs2. Helen Keller wrote _______.A) a memoir B) an autobiographyC) a work of fiction D) a biography3. Autobiography writers are not always objective because they _______.A) feel they have to make up details to make their books sellB) constantly compete with biography writersC) want to present themselves in a good lightD) have trouble remembering the good times4. The writer introduces each category in the passage by _______.A) defining itB) giving an exampleC) explaining why it is hard to writeD) telling when people first began writing it5. Diverse means _______.A) able to swim in deep water B) similar or alikeC) varied or different D) enjoying poetry第一篇讲述关于人们的故事最普遍的非小说类文学作品类型之一就是一些描述人们生活的故事，并且很多人喜欢阅读这类作品。
2014年职称英语新增文章汇总
I’ll Be BachComposer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people can’t tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-like compositions from Cope’s computer.It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera. He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. At first this music was not easy to listen to. What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music. He realized that composers，brains work like big databases. First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard. Then they take out the music that they dislike. Finally, they make new music from what is left. According to Cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.Cope built a huge database of existing music. He began with hundreds of works by Bach. The software analyzed the data：it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns.It then combined the pieces into new patterns. Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works. They weren’t good, but it was a start.Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write. He continued to improve the software. Soon it could analyze more complex music. He also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.A few years later，Cope’s computer program, called “Emmy”，was ready to help him with his opera. The p rocess required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy. Cope listened to the computer’s musical ideas and used the ones that he liked. With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. It was called Cradle Falling, and it was a great success! Cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions. Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn’t like of her music, but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!词汇：original/??r?d??n?l / adj．有独创性的collaboration / k??l?b??re???n / n．合作review/ r?'vju:/ n．评论feedback /'fi:db?k / n．反馈注释J. S. Bach约翰?塞巴斯蒂安?巴赫（德语：Johann Sebastian Bach，1685年3月31日一1750年7月28日），巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家，同作曲家亨德尔和泰勒曼齐名。
2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文(5)
2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文（5）2014年职称英语考试时间为3月29日。
小编为您整理职称英语教材中，补全短文部分的文章及译文，希望对您有所助益。
Financial RisksSeveral types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing ; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.(1) They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.(2) Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company，for example，shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. (3) The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.Political risk relates to2 the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility3,expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. (4) Management information systems and— effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk4，so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market.Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years，most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects5. (5) International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float,devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.词汇：solvency 偿付能力contract terms 合同条款 dehydrated potato 脱水土豆expropriation 剥夺……所有权;没收、征用expulsion .逐出，开除;呼出, 排出cancellation 取消，注销;作废，废除import license 进口许可证exchange-rate fluctuation 汇率率波动floating exchange rate 浮动汇率International Business Machine Corporation (美国)国际商用机器公司注释：1.... encountered in day-to-day business. ??…?在日常的商务活动中遇到的。
2014年职称英语综合A类教材新增文章(汇总整理)
2014年职称英语综合类教材新增第二部分阅读判断第十一篇Stage Fright 1（A级）Fall down as you come onstage. That’s an old trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic，2 Mr. Feltsman said，”All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen？”Today，music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms：icy fingers，shaky limbs，racing heart，blank mind.3Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice，from basics like learning pieces inside out，4 to mental discipline，such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don‘t deny that you’re jittery，they urge；some excitement is natural，even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often，simply for the experience.Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance，“Take two deep abdominal breaths，open up your shoulders，then smile，‘’ she says. ”And not one of these ‘please don’t kill me‘ smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the aud ience，people you would communicate with and make music to，and make eye contact with them.“She doesn’t want performers to think of the audience as a judge.Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright，says Dorothy Delay，a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.When Lynn Harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra，and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought，‘ If I have to go through this to play music，I think I’m going to look for another job.”5 Recovery，he said，involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent，he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.6It is not only young artists who suffer，of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz‘s nerves were famous. The great tenor F ranco Corelli is another example. “They had to push him on stage，”Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.Actually，success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career，when you‘re scared to death，nobody knows who you are，and they don’t have any expectat ions，”Soprano June Anderson said. “There‘s less to lose. Later on，when you’re known，people are coming to see you，and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose.”Anderson added，“I never stop being nervous until I‘ve sung my last note.”词汇：veteran adj.经验丰富的jittery adj.紧张不安的mentor n.指导者soprano n.女高音；女高音歌手cellist n.大提琴演奏家abdominal adj.腹部的fallible adj.易犯错误的tenor n.男高音注释：1.Stage Fright：舞台恐惧2.The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-perform ance panic…资深大提琴家米提斯拉夫罗斯特罗波维奇故意把他绊倒，因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症……cure somebody of illness （problem）：医治好病（解决问题）3.… its symptoms：icy fingers，shaky limbs，racing heart，blank mind…：……舞台恐惧的症状有：手指冰凉、四肢颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白……4.Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice，from basics like learning pieces inside out…：老师和心理学家给出了方方面面的建议，从基础的做法，比如详细地学习曲目…… inside out：in great detail详细地，从里到外地5.I came to a point where I thought，‘If I have to go through this to play music，I think I’m going to look for another job‘。
2014年职称英语考试 综合类 新增文章汇总 完整版 字典版 可以直接打印
职称英语综合类教材新增第二部分阅读判断第九篇What Is a Dream？For centuries，people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about.Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives.In fact，many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person‘s mind and emotions.Before modern times，many people thought that dreams contained messages from God.It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist，Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically.In his famous book，The interpretation of Dreams（1900），Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person‘s wishes.He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings，thoughts，and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2was once a student of Freud‘s.Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.For example，people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves.On the other hand，people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams.For example，psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California，Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person‘s daily life，thoughts，and behavior.A criminal，for example，might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age.His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults.According to Domhoff，dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different.For example，the people in men‘s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of women’s dreams.3Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from11cultures around the world，including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves？Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways.However，one thing they agree on this：If you dream that something terrible is going to occur，you shouldn‘t panic.The dream may have meaning，but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place.It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.词汇：psychologist n.心理学家psychiatrist n.精神病学家（医生）Austrian adj.奥地利的gender n.性别注释：1.Sigmund Freud西格蒙德弗洛伊德（1856—1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。
2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文(4)
2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文（4）2014年职称英语考试时间为3月29日。
小编为您整理职称英语教材中，补全短文部分的文章及译文，希望对您有所助益。
The First Four MinutesWhen do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, “Contact： The first four minutes”he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships：“(1) A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that.”You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met.(2)If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much.When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, “People like people who like themselves1. ”On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic，realizing that the other person has his own needs， fears, and hopes.Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a fiiendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way. ”(3) We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. “It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one. ”But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honesty" is not always good for social relationships2 ’ especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger3 . That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions.(4) For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their firstfour minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later.The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course5 in everyschool, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. —(5) That is at least as important as how much we know.词汇：undivided 不分散的，专一的 personality 个性，人格accustomed 惯常的注释：1.People like people who like themselves.人们喜欢那些有自信心的人。
2014年职称英语教材新增文章汇总
2014年职称英语教材新增文章汇总第十篇：How Deafness Makes It Easier to HearMost people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle tocomposing music. However, he producedhis most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completelydeaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will overadversity, but hisbiographer, Maynard Solomon, takes adifferent view. 1 . In his deaf world Beethovencould experiment, free from the sounds ofthe outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies. Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicianswho become deaf. Theycontinue to"hear" music with asmuch, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing itbeing played. 2 . He described a fascinating phenomenonthat happened within three months:" my former musical experiences began toplay back to me. I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and realhearing. 2 After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to theseplaybacks, to ' hear' music which is new to me and to find many quietaccompaniments for all of my moods. "How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both"out there" and at the same time within us? There is no betterexample of this connection between external stimulus and internal perceptionthan the cochlear implant. 3 . However, it might be possible to use thebrain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implantproduces.When Michael Edgar first" switched on" his cochlear implant,the sound's he heard were not at all clear. Gradually, with much hard work, hebegan to identify everyday sounds. For example," The insistent ringing ofthe telephone became clear almost at once. "The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication withothers. When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices "coming throughlike a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection. " But when itcame to his beloved music, the implant was of no help. 4 . He said," I play the piano as Iused to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of my fingers andthe feel of the keys give added ' clarity' to hearing in my head. ''Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is notperfect, but which canchange their lives. 5 . Even the most amazing cochlear implantswould have been useless to Beethoven ashe composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.注释：1.the triumphof will over adversity：the successful overcoming of difficulty through determination用意志力成功战胜不幸2.I couldn’tdifferentiate between what I heard and real hearin9.我不能分辨我听到的和真实的声音有什么不同。
2014年职称英语考试 综合类B级C级 完形填空与阅读理解 字典版 重点预测标注版 正反打印
2014年职称英语考试综合类B级C级完形填空与阅读理解字典版重点预测标注版正反打印6 Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV TreatmentBristol-Myers Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,2 for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a dayNow, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market.3 Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva.4 Gilead combined the others, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand fourCombining drugs involves more than technical issues. It also involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIVIn January the New England Journal of Medicine5 published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its effectiveness to6 that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir contains two drugs, AZT7 and 3TC.8 The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects.9 Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithKlineGlaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studiesThe price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration10 to approve the new pillThere are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders.11 Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV7 ExerciseWhether or not exercise addsto the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the healthand contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exerise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration.The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so with those _of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is question hard _to answer. Individual variability istoo great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one should choose _depens upon one’s physical condition. Young people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one canenjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.9 The Case of the Disappearing FingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing them could become troublesome. A casereleased online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a problem of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to treat his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the drug ,the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials for 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly marks appearing from his index finger.U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are printed and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys? terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler,one potential side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. Hence ,no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine,” Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who prescribe the drug to provide their patients with .a doctor’s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States.I guess the name on his passport didn’t raise any red flags. But he,s also now got the explanatory doctor’s note ? and won’t leave home prescribe it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, which approved use of the drug11 years ago, should consider updating its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where does it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.10 Hospital MistreatmentAccording to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the AmericanMedical AssociationOverall, out of the 1,277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent eventMore than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours without _ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a _ typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. Although 30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “given tasks f or punishment,” “being pushed, kicked or hit,” and having someone “threatening your reputation or career,” were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.11 Migrant WorkersIn the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East,1 where increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities. Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, including South Korea and Japan.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, 2 it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. 3 This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. For example, the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other for safety and comfort. In a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers whoprefer to find solutions to problems rather than do routine work in their home country.One major problem which affects migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents. In any case , migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the considerable financial benefits which they receive.13 Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers have come up with? a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection from sudden death from cardiac arrest.In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart’s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening disruption to heart rnythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devicestake on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.Heart specialists at Freiburg’s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillatorcapable ?of generating asix-channel electrocardiogram ECG within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders of ECG data more precise.The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. “Many of the current programs only get into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use in a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,” Hagen Knaf says, “In this way?changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account.” An old study of ECG data, based upon 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the data considerably better.14 Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ ScoresYoung adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university, reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences PNAS. The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyzed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test,and not strength. “Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen ,” says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular strength. We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important. ”By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a higher IQ.“We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,” says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre. “This being the case6, physi cal education is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is anabsolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in life. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.15 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred YearsA hundred years ago,life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these ages? are rising all the time. What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest killers?of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often highly infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at riskIn the developed? world these diseases are far 1ess deadly? today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of factors have led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which make bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations against?common diseases. In addition?, people's general??health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food,better andwarmer housing,and better understanding of nutritionGenetically,we should all be able to live to about 85 but while people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those spread by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect older?people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity leading to?more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger agesThe killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases",which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.。
2014全国职称英语卫生类新增ABC级文章及答案详解(包括译文)
2014年职称英语卫生类新增新增ABC级文章及答案详解第二部分阅读判断第九篇What Is a Dream?（B级）For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person‟s mind and emotions.Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person‟s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2was once a student of Freud‟s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person‟s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men‟s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women‟s dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn‟t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It‟s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.译文：什么是梦？许多世纪以来，人们都对他们梦到的奇异事情感到疑惑。
2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文(7)
2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文（7）2014年职称英语考试时间为3月29日。
小编为您整理职称英语教材中，补全短文部分的文章及译文，希望对您有所助益。
The World's Longest BridgeRumor has it that1 a legendary six-headed monster lurks in the deep waters of the Tyrrhenian Sea between Italy and the island of Sicily.(1) When completed in 2010, theworld's longest bridge will weigh nearly 300,000 tons 一 equivalent to the iceberg that sank the Titanic —and stretch 5 kilometers long. “ That's nearly 50 percent longer than any other bridge ever built. ’，says structural engineer Shane Rixon.(2) They're suspension bridges, massive structures built to span vast water channels or gorges. A suspension bridge needs just two towers to shoulder the structure's mammoth weight, thanks to hefty supporting cables slung between the towers and anchored firmly in deep pools of cement at each end of the bridge. The Messina Strait Bridge will have two 54，100-ton towers, which will support most of the bridge's load. The beefy cables of the bridge, each 1. 2 meter in diameter, will hold up the longest and widest bridge deck ever built.When construction begins on the Messina Strait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be to erect two 370 meter-tall steel towers. (3 ) Getting these cables up will be something2. It's not just their length — totally 5. 3 kilometers — but their weight. '—— (4) After lowering vertical “suspender’，cables from the main cables, builders will erect a 60 meter-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck— wide enough to accommodate 12 lanes of traffic. The deck's weight will pull down on the cables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, the cables yank up against their firmly rooted anchors with a force of 139，000 tons —equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars. Those anchors are essential. (5)词汇：legendary 传说中的 gorge 峡谷monster 怪物，妖怪 mammoth 巨大的lurk 潜伏 hefty 高强度的Sicily 西西里岛(意大利南部) sling 用悬带吊挂Tyrrhenian Sea 第勒尼安海 beefy 结实的Messina Strait 墨西拿海峡 yank 拽注释：1.Rumor has it that:有传言说……rumor has it that是一种固定结构。
2014年职称英语(理工类)教材新增文章(完全版)
2014年职称英语(理工类)教材新增文章第二部分阅读判断﹡第8篇What Is a Dream?（B级）For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact., many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions.Before modern times,many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It Was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to Study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900) , Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person's wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings , thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud's. Jung,however,had a diffent idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.For example,people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand,people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example,psychologist William Domhoff from the University of Califoria, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women's dreams. Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from ll cultures around the world,including both modern and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer th is question in different ways. However,one thing they agree on is this :If you dream that somethingterrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic. The dream may have meaning,but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.词汇：psychologist [saɪˈkɔlədʒɪst] n．心理学家psychiatrist [saɪˈkaɪətrɪst]，2．精神病学家（医生）Austrian[ˈɔstrɪən] adj奥地利的 gender[ˈdʒendə] n．性别注释：Sigmund Freud：西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（1856一1939），犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。
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Can dreams help us understand ourselves？Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However，one thing they agree on this：If you dream that something terrible is going to occur，you shouldn‘t panic. The dream may have meaning，but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.
Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff，dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.
He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example，the people in men‘s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world，including both modern and traditional ones.
Before modern times，many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.
The Austrian psychologist，Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person lly. In his famous book，The interpretation of Dreams（1900），Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person‘s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings，thoughts，and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2 was once a student of Freud‘s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example，people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand，people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.
职称英语综合类教材新增
第二部分 阅读判断
第九篇What Is a Dream？
For centuries，people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact，many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person‘s mind and emotions.