《新编英语教程》课件-第五册-5.9 Where Is the News Leading us
Unit9 Where Is the News Leading Us
Unit 9Text I: Where Is the News Leading Us?I.Teaching objectives1.Understand the role of the news media in social life.2.Develop an ability to criticize the social function of the newsmedia.3.Learn to use argument in combination with other expository means. II. Warm-up questions1.What’s the meaning of “media” or “mass media”?2.Do you agree that most people are strongly influenced by the media?How? To what extend are you influenced by the media?3.How do you define “news”? How does the author define “news”?4.Do you find more “good news” or “bad news” in Chinese media?What about the case in western media? Is it true that “bad news”attracts more attention? Why?5.What difference does it make if media are “disaster-prone” or“progress-prone”? How does the author explain this? Do you agreewith the author’s opinion?6.What do you think is the author’s view on the obligations of themedia?7.What do you understand are the obligations of the media?III. Relevant information1.OPEC — A cronym for the Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries, a group of countries that produce oil and plan together how to sell it.2.YMCA — A bbreviation of Young Men’s Christian Association, aninternational organization that promotes the spiritual, intellectual, social, and physical welfare of young Christians3.Walter Lippmann (1889 – 1974) --- U. S. journalist and politicalphilosopher, well known for his writings on current social andpolitical events and phenomena. His widely syndicated column “Today and Tomorrow” for the New York Herald Tribute was read by millions from September 1931 until his retirement in 1967.4.nitrogen fixation(固氮作用): The formation of nitrogenous compoundsby the metabolic assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain soil bacteria, e.g. those living symbiotically on the root nodules of various leguminous plants. When these bacteria die, the fixed nitrogen is made available in the soil as plant food. (将大气中的氮转化为可被植物利用的无机化合物---固定的氮。
新编英语教程第5册-Unit 2-PPT-教案
or some other places into a river or the sea 废水， 污水
plankton: n. very small forms of plant and animal life that live in a body of water 浮游生物
16
Paragraph 3
The Yellow sea is the cradle of Chinese Civilization .
China is the cradle of Eastern civilization.
The Mediterranean is the cradle of western civilization.
lakes, etc.
E.g.: the upper waters of the Thames 泰晤 士河上游 South-China Sea waters 中国南海海域 international waters 国际海域
14
Paragraph 2
… sluices its sewage, untreated, into the sea: let out into the sea the waste materials which have not been treated and not made safe as if through a sluice（水闸）, which is a passage for water
fall victim to: suffer from
E.g.: fall victim to a disease / an explosion / one’s own avarice
新编英语教程5 Unit 9 Where Is the News Leading Us
Unit NINE: TEXT IWords and Expressions1)symposium (l. 1)n. a conference in which experts or scholars discuss a certain subject座谈会；学术报告会；专题讨论会2)to the core (l. 3)through and through; completely 货真价实；反复；彻头彻尾e.g. rotten to the core 透心腐烂；糟糕透顶unrelieved (l. 35): utter; complete 完全的；彻头彻尾的；完完全全的：unrelieved boredom 完全的厌倦3)ways and means (l. 2) n. (a set phrase) 方式；方法；手段e.g. There are several ways and means of approaching this problem.对于这个问题有好几种处理办法。
4)scrutinize (l. 5)vt. examine very closely and carefullyn. scrutiny (l. 44)e.g. His proposal to improve public transportation is under close scrutiny.5)disaster-prone (l. 9)tending to report disasters; interested in reporting disastersprone: adj.likely to suffer from an illness; tending to show a particular negative characteristic.e.g. be prone to err 易犯过失be prone to think that 总认为She is prone to anger / exaggeration / flu.Syn: be likely to do; be inclined to do; be apt to do; be liable to doProne may also be used after a noun with a hyphen combining the two, e. g., accident-prone (often having accidents), injury-prone (often getting injuries)6)distortion (l. 15)n. a false or dishonest account; a statement that twists fact; a misrepresentation歪曲；曲解7)apt (l. 22)be apt to do: be likely to do辨析：apt, liable; pronea) apt 是常用词, 尤其是用在口语中, 表示“有...倾向的”、“易于...的”, 如:He is apt to get excited over trifles. 他容易为小事而激动。
人教版(新课程标准)必修五Unit4Makingthenews单元复习课件
5. Foreign Office officials _____ with transport and finance problems. 外交部官员帮助解决运输和经费问题。
词汇练习
6. They _____ him of theft. 他们控告他盗窃
核心词汇
15. approve /əˈpru:v/ v. 赞成；同意 ~ (of sb/sth) to think that sb/sth is good, acceptable or suitable antonym: disapprove Do you approve of my idea?
v. 批准，通过（计划、要求等）to officially agree to a plan, request, etc. The committee unanimously approved the plan.
1. journalist /ˈdʒɜ:nəlɪst/ n. 记者，新闻工作者 a person whose job is to collect and write news stories for newspapers, magazines, radio or television I believe that a journalist should be completely objective.
核心词汇
6. so as to do sth = in order to do sth 为了/以便做某事 She got up early so as to/ in order to catch the first bus.
核心词汇
新编英语教程 第五册教案 PPT1-10单元
Unit OneTEXT I Hit the Nail on the Head(恰到好处；一语中的）•III. Library Work•1. 1) Gustave Flaubert (1821 –1880), French novelist, was associated with, though not representative of, the movement of naturalism and known as one of the greatest realists of 19th-century France. He devoted his life to long hours spent in heavy toil over his work. His writing is marked by exactness and accuracy of observation, extreme impersonality and objectivity of treatment, and precision and expressiveness in style, or the principle of the mot juste.•1. 2) Mrs. Malaprop is a famous character in Sheridan’s comedy The Rivals(1775). She is noted for her blunders in the use of words. ―As headstrong（不受管束的）as an allegory（比方；寓言）(alligator) on the banks of the Nile‖ is one of her grotesque（荒唐的）misapplications. She also requests that no delusions（欺骗;迷惑）(allusions) to the past be made. She has given us the word malapropism（用词错误，尤指误用发音相似而意义全非的词）as a name for such mistakes. •2. Hindi（印地语）is a literary and official language of northern India. Swahili（斯瓦希里语）is a Bantu（班图) language that is a trade and governmental language over much of East Africa and in the Congo region. Bantus are people belonging to a group of tribes found in equatorial and southern Africa.•IV. Organization of the Text•1. An analogy between the unskilled use of the hammer and the improper choice of words (Paragraph 1)•2. The significance of finding the right words (Paragraphs 2 --- 3)•3. Semantic differences between words having the same root (Paragraphs 4 --- 7) •(1). Example 1 (human vs. humane) (Paragraph 4)•(2). Example 2 (anxiety vs. eagerness) (Paragraph 5)•(3). Example 3 (singularity vs. singleness) (Paragraphs 6 – 7)•4. Wrong choice of words caused by failure to recognize their connotations (Paragraph 8) •Examples: imprison, contain, sum up, epitomize and distill•5. Stylistic differences between synonyms (Paragraph 9)•Examples: in my childhood vs. when I was a child; love to watch vs. love watching; die vs. expire; poor vs. in indigent circum-stances•6. The abundance of specific words in English for general notions (Paragraph 10)•7. Conclusion (Paragraph 11): the importance of a good control and command over known words (A good writer is not measured by the extent of his vocabulary, but by his skill in finding the word that will hit the nail cleanly on the head. )•V. Key Points of the Text•Paragraph 1•knock over: hit … to fall 捶翻•drive something home: force (the nail) into the right place; make something unmistakably clear 把（钉子等）打入；使明确无误•E.g. (1). He slammed the door and drove the bolt home. 他砰地关上门，把门闩插好。
新编英语教程5_unit5_教学课件
IV. Organization of the Text
• C. Negative effects (as perceived today) (Paragraphs 6 – 13): • 1. too much time devoted by children to TV-watching (Paragraphs 6 – 7) • 2. a general lack of communication within peer groups (Paragraph 8) • 3. a widening gap in the relations between children and their parents (Paragraphs 9 – 10)
Unit Five
TEXT I The Plug-in Drug: TV and the American Family, Part I（插电的麻醉药— 电视和美国家庭）
I. Pre-reading Questions 1. Drug in one sense is a habit-forming substance one takes for pleasure or excitement. Harmful drugs include tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, opium, etc. The plugin drug is a term used by the author to refer to TV which works when it is plugged in. TV is compared to a drug because, on the one hand, the American family has formed the habit of watching TV at leisure time and, on the other hand, TV has undesirable effects on the family.
新编英语教程5(词汇Unit1-10)
Unit One Hit the Nail on the Head1. drive sth home: force (the nail) into the right place; make sth unmistakably clear.2. scrupulous: painstaking, meticulous3. far afield: very far away4. rife:1) widespread, common 2)full of5. leader: British English for newspaper editorial6. coercion: pressure, compulsion7. epitomize: be typical of; serve as the typical example of8. disprove: prove to be contrary; refute9. expire: die, pass away; come to an end10. indigent: poverty-stricken, pennilessUnit Two Beware the dirty seas1. sluice: (v.) to pour as if from a sluice(水闸)，i.e., a man-made passage for water fitted with a gate for stopping and regulating the flow; (n.) a channel controlling water flow2. nurture: further the development of; care for3. evolve: develop gradually (by a long continuous process)4. endemic: (of a disease) found regularly in a particular place5. litany: repetition. The literal meaning of “litany” is “a prayer consisting of a series of invocations and supplications by the leader with responses by the congregation”.6. flush: pour; flood with water to clean out (See dictionary)7. lurk: exist unseen8. effluent: liquid wastes, such as chemicals or sewage that flows out from a factory or some other places into a river or the sea9. plankton: very small forms of plant and animal life that live in a body off water 浮游生物10. slime: unpleasant sticky substance, such as the thick sticky liquid on the skin of various fishUnit Three My Friend, Albert Einstein1. knack: a clever way of doing things2. be in awe of: have respect as well as fear and reverence for3. staggering: unexpectedly surprising; astounding4. vestiges: traces5. ultimately: finally; after a long series of time6. recalcitrant: hard to deal with; unmanageable7. worry: assail a problem again and again until it is solved, just like a dog biting some small animals repeatedly, shaking it or pulling it with the teeth8. surcease: (archaic) cessation, pause9. plausible: seeming to be reasonable10. a house of cards: an insecure scheme11. ineffable: unutterable; incapable of being expressed in words12. elusively whimsical: indescribably quaint or strange 捉摸不透的，古怪Unit Four The Invisible Poor1. perennial: lasting forever or for a long time2. rutted roads: roads with deep, narrow marks made by the wheels of vehicles3. be exempt from: be freed from a duty. service, payment, etc.4. tenement: a large building, especially one in the poor part of a city, which is divided into small flats which are rented cheaply5. affluent: wealthy, prosperous6. compound v.: /kom'paund/ make worse by adding (something) to . . . (often used in the passive)7. existential: relating to human experience (a formal-word)8. lurid: sensational, shocking9. dispossessed: people who have lost all their possessions10. cynical: doubtful as to whether something will happen or whether it is worthwhile11. involvement: connection12. old rhetoric of reform: writings about reform in the past that sounded fine and important, but were really insincere and meaninglessUnit Five The Plug—in Drug:TV and the American Family,PartⅠ1. afflict: trouble2. asset: valuable object; advantage3. preposterous: unthinkable, absurd4. splintering: splitting, breaking up5. the peer group: a group of people of the same age, class, position. etc. here, group of children of the same age6. television-oriented: interested in and influenced by TV7. equivocal: ambiguous8. sorcerer: person who performs magic by using the power of evil spirits9. stint: fixed amount of work: here, the fixed TV programme10. conjure up: bring into the mind11. sane: (in this context) in possession of good relations/of a close bond12. backlog: a reserveUnit Six Preparing for College1. driving motive: the incentive / encouragement that urges them on;2. the rudiments: the basics, the fundamentals (The word rudiments is always in the plural form when used in this sense.)3. metaphysics: the branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts, etc. 形而上学，玄学，纯粹哲学4. conscious culture: the culture (i.e. customs, arts, etc,) that is directly perceptible or known to us5. fanatic: one who is very enthusiastic about a particular activity6. personify: express or represent ( a quality in human form)7. sedentary: inactive; done while sitting down8. underline: indicate the importance of9. balked: baffled; frustrated10. a maddening lot: a wild, uncontrollable group11. righteous sects: morally justifiable groups of people whose religious beliefs are considered different form those of a larger group12. relish: 味,味道,兴趣;开胃小菜;great enjoymentUnit Seven Grouping the Gifted:Pro1. innate: belonging to an individual from birth2. pursuit: an activity that one engages in as a profession, vocation, or avocation3. athlete: person who practises athletics; competitor or skilled performer in physical exercises4. heterogeneously: in such a way that members are very different from one another5. criterion /--ia: standard on which a decision may be based6. snob: one who has an offensive air of superiority (here, in matters of knowledge)7. elite: a socially superior group8. instill: put (ideas, etc. ) gradually but firmly into someone's mind by continuous effort9. spark: encourage; stimulate into greater activity10. latent: present and capable of becoming though not now visible or active11. skyrocket: rise or increase rapidly12. pay dividends: produce an advantage. especially as a result of an earlier action (dividend: that part of the money made by a business which is divided among those who own shares in the business 红利)Unit Eight Why Nothing Works1. savant: a man of learning, especially a person with detailed knowledge in some specialized field2. corollary: an immediate inference from a proved proposition3. forestall: defeat, prevent by prior measures4. commitment: a pledge to follow certain beliefs or a certain course of action; devotion (to duty etc. )5. artifact: a usually small object (as a tool or an ornament) showing human workmanship that has special historical interest6. evoke: bring to mind7. projectile point: the tip of a weapon that is thrust forward; spear or arrowhead8. band: a group of people formed for some common purpose and often with a leader9. barter: trade by exchanging one commodity for another10. alienation: a withdrawing or separation of a person from an object or position of former attachment; a feeling of not belonging to or being part of one's surroundingsUnit Nine Where Is the News Leading Us?1. symposium: a conference in which experts or scholars discuss a certain subject2. scrutinize: examine very closely and carefully3. distortion: misrepresentation; a false or dishonest account4. eruptive: (in this context) sensational, shocking, disturbing5. collide with: crash violently into; run into (one another)6. ingredient: a component part of something7. inhibitor: one who holds back, prevents8. deplete: exhaust, use up, reduce9. cynicism: disbelief in the sincerity of human motives10. antidote: remedy, corrective; something that prevents or counteracts11. envision: picture mentally, imagine, visualize12. caricature: a picture ludicrously滑稽的exaggerating the peculiarities or defects of persons or thingsUnit Ten Things:The Throw—Away Society1. Humanoid: having human form or characteristics2. texture: the degree of roughness or smoothness, coarseness or fineness, of a substance or material, especially as felt by touch; visual and tactile qualities of a surface3. staggering: stunning, wondrous, breathtaking4. deride: laugh at contemptuously; to scoff at or mock5. transience: temporariness, impermanence; the quality or state of being temporary or impermanent6. at a rapid clip: (informal) at a fast pace7. inextricably embedded: so deeply involved that it is impossible to get free8. boutique: a small fashionable clothes shop9. sumptuous: expensive and grand10. train: a part of a long dress that spreads over the ground behind the wearer11. A-line dresses: dresses with a flared bottom and close-fitting top, having an "A" or tent-like shape12. supplant: take the place of; replace。
新编英语教程5 Unit 9 Where Is the News Leading Us教学文案
新编英语教程5U n i t 9W h e r e I s t h eN e w s L e a d i n g U sUnit NINE: TEXT IWords and Expressions1)symposium (l. 1)n. a conference in which experts or scholars discuss a certain subject座谈会；学术报告会；专题讨论会2)to the core (l. 3)through and through; completely 货真价实；反复；彻头彻尾e.g. rotten to the core 透心腐烂；糟糕透顶unrelieved (l. 35): utter; complete 完全的；彻头彻尾的；完完全全的：unrelieved boredom 完全的厌倦3)ways and means (l. 2) n. (a set phrase) 方式；方法；手段e.g. There are several ways and means of approaching this problem.对于这个问题有好几种处理办法。
4)scrutinize (l. 5)vt. examine very closely and carefullyn. scrutiny (l. 44)e.g. His proposal to improve public transportation is under close scrutiny.5)disaster-prone (l. 9)tending to report disasters; interested in reporting disastersprone: adj. likely to suffer from an illness; tending to show a particular negative characteristic.e.g. be prone to err 易犯过失 be prone to think that 总认为She is prone to anger / exaggeration / flu.Syn: be likely to do; be inclined to do; be apt to do; be liable to doProne may also be used after a noun with a hyphen combining the two,e. g., accident-prone (often having accidents), injury-prone (oftengetting injuries)6)distortion (l. 15)n. a false or dishonest account; a statement that twists fact; amisrepresentation歪曲；曲解7)apt (l. 22)be apt to do: be likely to do辨析：apt, liable; pronea) apt 是常用词, 尤其是用在口语中, 表示“有...倾向的”、“易于...的”, 如:He is apt to get excited over trifles. 他容易为小事而激动。
高中英语新人教版必修5Unit4《Makingthenews》UsingLanguage课件
3. He would have to be accurate.
accurate adj. 准确的，精确的 Her careful description enabled us to form an accurate picture of what had happened. His report of the event was accurate in every detail.
knew his secret • your opinion Write the story. Then swap with a partner to
improve your work. Rewrite neatly.
Sample article
A Film Star Caught Unexpectedly
accurate, exact, precise, right, true, correct 这些形容词均含“准确的，正确的”之意。 accurate: 指通过谨慎的努力到达符合事实
或实际，侧重不同程度的准确性， 与事实无出入。 exact: 着重在质与量方面的准确，语气比 accurate强。 precise: 侧重极端准确，更强调细节的精确 无误。
right: 使用广泛，可与这些词中的correct 换用，但常暗示道德、理解、行动 等方面的正确。
true: 暗指绝对准确，尤指复制品与原件 丝毫不差。
correct: 最常用词，主要指按一定标准或 规则来衡量，没有谬误和差错或 无缺点错误。
Fill in the blank with true, right, exact, correct or accurate. 1) _A_c_c_u_r_a_te_ statistics, measurements,
(完整word版)高级英语新编英语教程5课文+翻译unit9
Unit 91 Not long ago I was asked to join in a public symposium on the role of the American press。
Two other speakers were included on the program. The first was a distinguished TV anchorman. The other was the editor of one of the nation’s leading papers，a newsman to the core –though , aggressive, and savvy in the ways and means of solid reporting。
不久前，我应邀参加了一次有关美国报业的作用的公共研讨会。
还有另外两位嘉宾也出席了,一位是知名的节目主持人,另一位是美国一家主要报纸的编辑,他勇敢坚定,咄咄逼人，深谙撰写可靠新闻的之道，堪称一位彻头彻尾的新闻界人士.2 The purpose of the symposium，as I understood it，was to scrutinize the obligations of the media and to suggest the best ways to meet those obligations。
据我所知，本次研讨会旨在审查传媒的使命，提出完成使命的最佳方式。
3 During the open—discussion period, a gentleman in the audience addressed a question to my two colleagues。
Why，he asked, are the newspapers and the television news programs so disaster-prone? Why are newsmen and women so attracted to tragedy, violence，failure？在公开讨论时，观众席中的一位男士向两位嘉宾提问，‘为什么报纸和电视新闻都充斥灾难？为什么新闻界的男男女女对悲剧、暴力和失败有如此关注？’4 The anchorman and editor reached as though they had been blamed for the existence of bad news。
新编英语教程 第五册
? on one’s part: made or done by one 某人所做的，某人有责任的；就某人而言，在某人一方；代表某人
? E.g.: I consider this a gross oversight on your part. 我认为这是你的严重疏忽。
? wintry: of or like winter; cold, snowy (似) 冬天的；寒冷的；多雪的
? E.g.: a wintry smile 冷若冰雪的微笑
? frustrated: feeling annoyed disappointment because of the prevention of the fulfillment of or defeat of someone or someone’s effort, hopes, etc. 表示作出的某种努力受阻而失望或沮丧
I. Library Work
? theory that a principal cause of neurosis is the repression of painful memories into the unconscious hold a central place in psychology and psychiatry today.
? c.f.: foresight: the ability to imagine what will probably happen, allowing one to act to help or prevent developments; care or wise planning for the future 预见；先见之明
新编英语教程5UnitTenPPT课件
3
Evaluation
Midterm and final exams to assess student progress.
02 Unit content
Background of the text
01
02
03
04
The text is a story about a group of friends who go on a road trip to a music
Speaking
Role-plays and group discussions on various topics.
Course outline
1 2
Unit 5
Project and Evaluation
Project
Preparation of a short presentation on a chosen topic.
The text includes a variety of phrasal verbs and colloquial expressions that enrich the language and add authenticity.
单击此处添加正文，文字是您思想的为了最终呈 现发布的。单击此处添加正文文字是您思。文字 是您思。单击此处添加正文文字是您思。文字是 您思。4行*21字
李观仪新编英语教程第五册unit 9 where is the news leading us
Dictionary work
3. distortion: the mistake of misrepresenting the facts; a false or dishonest account We know that the bitterness is a distortion, not a true reflection of what is in our hearts. cf: perversion, deformity, bend, twist, warp, malformation
About the Author
U.S.editor and author ,is one of the most influential magazine editors of the twentieth century . He was editor of the Saturday Review (星期六评论)from 1940 to 1971. He was a powerful advocate of world government .
Dictionary work
1. symposium: a meeting or conference for discussion of a topic, especially one in which the participants form an audience and make presentations Trans:他那时在参加一个有关人口的国际研讨会。 He had been taking part in an international symposium on population.
The Author’s Works
新编英语教程PPT课件
Preparing for international exams
This tutorial also prepares learners for various international English exams, such as TOEFL, IELTS, and SAT
Basic Grammar
Course Introduction
01
Improving English language skills
This tutorial aims to help learners improve their English language skills, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing
Sentence structure refers to the arrangement of words in a sense to create meaning Learning about presence structure can help you construct clear, coherent intentions that are easy to understand
This module covers the essentials of English grammar, including sentence structure, verb tensions, and promotion
This module delves into more complex graphical structures, such as subcategories and conditional sentences
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Rhetorical focus
• •
Persuasion
1) 2) appeal to emotion aim to convince the reader & move him to some action
Sliding Scale ↑
1) 2)
Argumentation
appeal to reason
Rhetorical focus来自• Persuasion and argumentation are used almost interchangeably and we can hardly have one without the other.
Rhetorical focus
• The present author not only handles her reasoning by using examples to prove that what she says (i.e. the behavior on the part of the journalists and TV people who are far from being human) is nothing but the truth, but
also relies on diction and tone in the examples (staggering pictures, amazingly cold-blooded, making sorrowing Indian family bury and rebury its dead, holding up a Nigerian execution ( followed by next page)
Text II: Should the Press be Human?
Organization of the text
• Part I: (Para 1): Introducing the topic • A hypothesis concerning the action of the photographer who shot the picture of the death of Oswald in the assassination case of J. F. Kenney.
Organization of the text
• Part Three (Para 5 –7) Further argument: Although journalists should try hard to fulfill their duty, there should be some point where they should behave as a human being.
Organization of the text
• Para 5: The case of a birdman accident in which a journalist who behaved inhuman. (“But it leaves out a lot” i.e. it is more than that.)
Rhetorical focus
• while he adjusted his sound equipment, ) to stir the feeling of the reader who might feel outraged at those journalists and an urge for immediate action.
Organization of the text
• Para 6: When our professional ethic is in conflict with other things, we should try to stick to it.
Organization of the text
Organization of the text
• Part 2 (Para2–4): What a journalist should do when facing the dilemma in work. • Para 2: Journalists’ professional ethic vs. their cold-bloodedness. • (Development pattern: the thesis statement + illustrations of a photographer in India and a soundman in Nigeria.)
Organization of the text
• Para 3: A dilemma of journalists: to join in and take sides or to be absolutely objective. • Para 4: The guidelines of the profession of journalism.
• Para 7: In any profession, there may be something more important than just sticking to professional ethic.
Organization of the text
• Part 4 ( Para 8): The conclusion • The author presents her thesis statement explicitly, i.e. what I think a news man should do.
3)
achieved by arousing in the reader emotional responses that are likely to urge his to take some action.
aim to show the truth of a statement & make the reader acknowledge its correctness 3) achieved by rigid and careful reasoning