金融学博迪第二版课后答案(英文)第五章
兹维博迪金融学第二版课件Chapter05
• The savings are then $30,000 - $23,982 = $6,018
Human Capital and Permanent Income
5.1 A Life-Cycle Model of Saving
• Assume that you are currently 35 years old, expect to retire in 30 years at 65, and then live for 15 more years until 80 • Your real labor income is $30,000/year until age 65 • Interest rates exceed inflation by 3%/ year
IRA Benefits
– The major benefits are more subtle. Assume:
• You can reserve $2,000 of pre-taxed income for investment, starting next year, for the next 40-years. This will grow at the rate of inflation of 3% • That the investment will return 10%/year • That you plan to remain retired for 20-years, and will require income that is indexed to inflation • The tax rate on all taxable income streams is 30%, both now and after retirement
博迪投资学答案chap005-7thed
博迪投资学答案chap005-7thedCHAPTER 5: LEARNING ABOUT RETURN AND RISKFROM THE HISTORICAL RECORD1. a. The “Inflation-Plus” CD is the safer investment because it guarantees thepurchasing power of the investment. Using the approximation that the realrate equals the nominal rate minus the inflation rate, the CD provides a realrate of 3.5% regardless of the inflation rate.b. The expected return depends on the expected rate of inflation over the nextyear. If the expected rate of inflation is less than 3.5% then the conventionalCD offers a higher real return than the Inflation-Plus CD; if the expected rateof inflation is greater than 3.5%, then the opposite is true.c. If you expect the rate of inflation to be 3% over the next year, then theconventional CD offers you an expected real rate of return of 4%, which is0.5% higher than the real rate on the inflation-protected CD. But unless youknow that inflation will be 3% with certainty, the conventional CD is alsoriskier. The question of which is the better investment then depends on yourattitude towards risk versus return. You might choose to diversify and investpart of your funds in each.d. No. We cannot assume that the entire difference between the risk-freenominal rate (on conventional CDs) of 7% and the real risk-free rate (oninflation-protected CDs) of 3.5% is the expected rate of inflation. Part of thedifference is probably a risk premium associated with the uncertaintysurrounding the real rate of return on the conventional CDs. This implies thatthe expected rate of inflation is less than 3.5% per year.2.From Table 5.3, the average risk premium for large-capitalization U.S. stocks forthe period 1926-2005 was: (12.15% - 3.75%) = 8.40% per yearAdding 8.40% to the 6% risk-free interest rate, the expected annual HPR for theS&P 500 stock portfolio is: 6.00% + 8.40% = 14.40%3. Probability distribution of price and one-year holding period return for a 30-yearGerman Government bond (which will have 29 years to maturity at year’s end):Economy Probability YTM Price CapitalGainCouponInterestHPRBoom 0.20 11.0% $ 74.05 -$25.95 $8.00 -17.95% Normal Growth 0.50 8.0% $100.00 $ 0.00 $8.00 8.00% Recession 0.30 7.0%$112.28 $12.28 $8.00 20.28%5-14. E(r) = [0.35 ? 44.5%] + [0.30 ? 14.0%] + [0.35 ? (–16.5%)] = 14%σ2 = [0.35 ? (44.5 – 14)2] + [0.30 ? (14 – 14)2] + [0.35 ? (–16.5 –14)2] = 651.175 σ = 25.52%The mean is unchanged, but the standard deviation has increased, as theprobabilities of the high and low returns have increased.5. For the money market fund, your holding period return for the next year depends onthe level of 30-day interest rates each month when the fund rolls over maturingsecurities. The one-year savings deposit offers a 7.5% holding period return for the year. If you forecast that the rate on money market instruments will increasesignificantly above the current 6% yield, then the money market fund might result ina higher HPR than the savings deposit. The 20-year U.K Government bond offers ayield to maturity of 9% per year, which is 150 basis points higher than the rate on the one-year savings deposit; however, you could earn a one-year HPR much less than 7.5% on the bond if long-term interest rates increase during the year. If U.K Government bond yields rise above 9%, then the price of the bond will fall, and the resulting capital loss will wipe out some or all of the 9% return you would haveearned if bond yields had remained unchanged over the course of the year.6. a. If businesses reduce their capital spending, then they arelikely to decreasetheir demand for funds. This will shift the demand curve in Figure 5.1 tothe left and reduce the equilibrium real rate of interest.b. Increased household saving will shift the supply of funds curve to the rightand cause real interest rates to fall.c. Open market purchases of U.S. Treasury securities by the Federal ReserveBoard is equivalent to an increase in the supply of funds (a shift of thesupply curve to the right). The equilibrium real rate of interest will fall.5-25-37.The average rates of return and standard deviations are quite different in the sub periods: STOCKS Mean Deviation Skewness Kurtosis1926 –2005 12.15% 20.26% -0.3605 -0.0673 1976 –2005 13.85% 15.68% -0.4575 -0.6489 1926 –1941 6.39% 30.33% -0.0022 -1.0716BONDSMean DeviationSkewness Kurtosis1926 – 2005 5.68% 8.09% 0.9903 1.6314 1976 – 2005 9.57% 10.32% 0.3772 -0.0329 1926 – 19414.42%4.32% -0.5036 0.5034The most relevant statistics to use for projecting into thefuture would seem to be the statistics estimated over the period 1976-2005, because this later period seems to have been a different economic regime. After 1955, the U.S. economy entered the Keynesian era, when the Federal government actively attempted to stabilize the economy and to prevent extremes in boom and bust cycles. Note that the standard deviation of stock returns has decreased substantially in the later period while the standard deviation of bond returns has increased.8. Real interest rates are expected to rise. The investment activity will shift the demand for funds curve (in Figure 5.1) to the right. Therefore the equilibrium real interest rate will increase.9. a %88.50588.070.170.080.0i 1i R 1i 1R 1r ==-=+-=-++=b.r ≈ R - i = 80% - 70% = 10%Clearly, the approximation gives a real HPR that is too high.10. From Table 5.2, the average real rate on T-bills has been:0.72% a. T-bills: 0.72% real rate + 3% inflation = 3.72%b.Expected return on large stocks:3.72% T-bill rate + 8.40% historical risk premium = 12.12%c.The risk premium on stocks remains unchanged. A premium, the difference between two rates, is a real value, unaffected by inflation.11. E(r) = (0.1 × 15%) + (0.6 × 13%) + (0.3 × 7%) = 11.4%12. The expected dollar return on the investment in equities is $18,000 compared to the$5,000 expected return for T-bills. Therefore, the expectedrisk premium is $13,000.13. E(r X) = [0.2 × (?20%)] + [0.5 × 18%] + [0.3 × 50%] =20%E(r Y)= [0.2 × (?15%)] + [0.5 × 20%] + [0.3 × 10%] =10%14. σX 2 = [0.2 ? (– 20 – 20)2] + [0.5 ? (18 – 20)2] + [0.3 ? (50 – 20)2] = 592σX = 24.33%σY 2 = [0.2 ? (– 15 – 10)2] + [0.5 ? (20 – 10)2] + [0.3 ? (10 –10)2] = 175σX = 13.23%15. E(r) = (0.9 × 20%) + (0.1 × 10%) =19%16. E(r) = [0.2 × (?25%)] + [0.3 × 10%] + [0.5 × 24%] =10%17. The probability that the economy will be neutral is 0.50, or 50%. Given a neutraleconomy, the stock will experience poor performance 30% of the time. Theprobability of both poor stock performance and a neutral economy is therefore:0.30 ? 0.50 = 0.15 = 15%18. a. Probability Distribution of the HPR on the Stock Market and Put:STOCK PUTState of the Economy ProbabilityEnding Price +DividendHPR Ending Value HPRBoom 0.30 $134 34% $ 0.00 -100% Normal Growth 0.50 $114 14% $ 0.00 -100% Recession 0.20 $ 84 -16% $ 29.50 146% Remember that the cost of the index fund is $100 per share, and the cost of the put option is $12.5-4b. The cost of one share of the index fund plus a put option is $112. Theprobability distribution of the HPR on the portfolio is:State of the Economy ProbabilityEnding Price +Put +DividendHPR= (134 - 112)/112Normal Growth 0.50 $114.00 1.8% = (114 - 112)/112 Recession 0.20 $113.50 1.3% = (113.50 - 112)/112c. Buying the put option guarantees the investor a minimum HPR of 1.3%regardless of what happens to the stock's price. Thus, it offers insuranceagainst a price decline.19. The probability distribution of the dollar return on CD plus call option is:State of the Economy ProbabilityEnding Valueof CDEnding Valueof CallCombinedValueBoom 0.30 $114.00 $19.50 $133.50 Normal Growth 0.50 $114.00 $ 0.00 $114.00 Recession 0.20 $114.00 $ 0.00 $114.00 5-5。
博迪《金融学》第2版课章节练习及详解(期权市场与或有索取权市场)【圣才出品】
博迪《金融学》第2版课章节练习及详解第15章期权市场与或有索取权市场一、概念题1．欧式期权（华南理工大学2011金融硕士）答：按照买方执行期权时对行权时间规定的不同，可以将期权分为美式期权和欧式期权。
其中，欧式期权是指买入期权的一方必须在期权到期日当天才能行使的期权。
期权买方在期权合约到期日之前不能行使权利，在到期日之后期权作废，买方权利随之消失。
欧式期权合约给持有者较小的行使期权选择的机会，缺乏灵活性，因而期权费也相对较低。
2．金融期权（东南大学2012金融硕士；东北师范大学2005研；人大2001研；武汉理工大学2006研）答：金融期权是期权交易中，买卖双方参与交易时签订的合同，规定了买卖双方并不对称的权利和义务。
一般根据合约规定，合约卖方在买方执行期权时，有义务必须履行合约规定，具有强制性，而合约买方有权利选择是否执行、转售、放弃期权，不具有强制性，但为了取得这一权利，买方需要支付一定的期权费。
期权合约的内容主要包括：（1）期权的类型，即选择美式期权还是欧式期权，确定在到期日前能不能交割；（2）交易的金融资产或商品的种类、数量，种类包括股票、国债、商品和指数等等；（3）保证金比率的规定，一般只需卖方缴纳；（4）期权的期限和到期日，期权合约的有效期限一般为3个月，到期日为该月的第三个星期六；（5）协定价格与期权费。
此外，期权合约还涉及交易时间、交易方法、货币选择、结算、价格波动幅度等方面的内容。
3．看涨期权与看跌期权（东北财大2006研；人行1995研）答：根据买卖行为的不同，期权可分为看涨期权和看跌期权。
看涨期权，又称“买方期权”、“买权”、“敲进”，它赋予买方一种权利，在期权合约到期日或有效期间内可以按照执行价格买进一定数量标的物。
当人们预测标的物市场价格有上涨趋势时，购买这种期权，若该金融资产或商品市场价格超过协定价格，买方会行使期权，以协定价格买入合约标的物，再以市场价格卖出，当差价超过期权费，买方获利。
博迪《金融学》第2版课章节练习及详解(投资组合机会和选择)【圣才出品】
博迪《金融学》第2版课章节练习及详解第12章投资组合机会和选择一、概念题1．有效组合（efficient portfolio）（中央财大2012金融硕士；上海财大2000研）答：有效组合指在期望收益率一定时其风险（即标准差）最低的证券组合，或者指在风险一定时其期望收益率最高的证券组合。
有效边界上的点对应的证券组合也称为有效组合。
图12-1有效边界具体来讲，在所有可行的投资组合中，如果证券组合的特征由期望收益率和收益率方差来表示，则投资者需要在E-δ坐标系中的可行域中寻找最好的点，但不可能在可行域中找到一点被所有投资者都认为是最好的。
按照投资者的共同偏好规则，可以排除那些被所有投资者都认为差的组合，排除后余下的这些组合就是有效证券组合。
根据有效组合的定义，有效组合不止一个，描绘在可行域的图形中，如图粗实线部分它是可行域的上边界部分，也即有效边界ABC曲线段（图12-1）。
对于可行域内部及下边界上的任意可行组合，均可以在有效边界上找到一个有效组合比它好。
但有效边界上的不同组合，比如B和C，按共同偏好规则不能区分好差。
因而有效组合相当于有可能被某位投资者选作最佳组合的候选组合，不同投资者可以在有效边界上获得任一位置。
作为一个理性投资者，且厌恶风险，则他不会选择有效边界以外的点。
此外，A点是一个特殊的位置，它是上边界和下边界的交汇点，这一点所代表的组合在所有可行组合中方差最小，因而被称作最小方差组合。
2．市场证券组合（market portfolio）（上海财大2002研）答：市场证券组合指个人或机构投资者所持有的各种与整个资本市场的构成完全相同的有价证券组合的总称，通常包括各种类型的债券、股票及存款单等。
证券组合的分类通常以组合的投资目标为标准。
证券组合按不同标准可以分为避税型、收入型、增长型、收入和增长混合型、货币市场型、国际型及指数化型等。
投资者构建证券组合的原因主要有：①降低风险。
资产组合理论证明，证券组合的风险随着组合所包含证券数量的增加而降低，资产间关联性极低的多元化证券组合可以有效地降低非系统风险。
金融英语第五章答案
Chapter 5Ⅰ. Answer the following questions in English.1.How do central banks earn money?It is a bank that can lend to other banks in times of need. And then make a profit.2. What is primary responsibility of central bank?Its primary responsibility is to maintain the stability of the national currency and money supply, but more active duties include controlling subsidized-loan interest rates, and acting as a lender of last resort1to the banking sector during times of financial crisis (private banks often being integral to the national financial system ).3. What is central bank's primary liability?A central bank's primary liabilities are the currency outstanding, and these liabilities are backed by the assets the bank owns.4. What is open market operations?Open market operations are the means of implementing monetary policy by which a central bank controls its national money supply by buying and selling government securities, or other financial instruments. Monetary targets, such as interest rates or exchange rates, are used to guide this implementation.5. What are the functions of legal reserve requirements?legal reserve requirements were introduced to reduce the risk of banks overextending themselves and suffering from bank runs, as this could lead to knock-on effects on other banks.6. What is mean about M1 and M2 ?Currency and bank reserves together make up the monetary base,calledM1 and M2.7. Why do central banks establish reserve requirements for other banks? Because it plays a important role in market.8. Does the lower interest rate stimulate economy development?Low interest rates tend to stimulate borrowing from the banking system. This expansion of credit causes an expansion of the supply of money, through the money creation process in a fractional reserve banking system. This in turn leads to an unsustainable "monetary boom" during which the "artificially stimulated" borrowing seeks out diminishing investment opportunities. This boom results in widespread malinvestments8, causing capital resources to be" misallocated into areas that would not attract investment if the money supply remained stable.Ⅱ. Fill in the each blank with an appropriate word or expression.1. Through open market operations, a central bank influences themoney supply_ in an economy directly. Each time it buys securities, exchangingmoney for the security, it _raises_____ the money supply. Conversely, selling of securities lowers the money supply.2. Central banks generally earn___ money by __issuing___ currencynotes and "selling" them to the public for interest-bearing assets, such as governmentbonds.3. Typically a central bank __controls____ certain types of short-term interest rates.These _influence_____ the stock and bond markets as well as mortgage and otherinterest rates.4. All banks are required to _hold_____ a certain percentage of their assets ascapital, a rate which may be _established_______ by the central bank or the bankingsupervisor.5. The mechanism to move the market towards a "target rate" is generally to __lend____ money or borrow money in theoretically unlimited quantities,until the targeted market rate is sufficiently _close_______ to the target.6. Most countries control bank mergers and are wary of concentration in this industry _due to_____ the danger of groupthink and runaway lending bubbles based on___ a single point of failure, the credit culture of the few large banks.Ⅲ. Translate the following sentences into English.1．中国人民银行运用的货币政策工具包括准备金率、中央银行基准利率、再贴现率、中央银行贷款、公开市场操作和其他由国务院规定的政策工具。
博迪《金融学》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解修订版答案
博迪《金融学》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解（修订版）完整版>精研学习䋞>无偿试用20％资料全国547所院校视频及题库全收集考研全套>视频资料>课后答案>往年真题>职称考试第1部分金融和金融体系第1章金融学1.1复习笔记1.2课后习题详解第2章金融市场和金融机构2.1复习笔记2.2课后习题详解第3章管理财务健康状况和业绩3.1复习笔记3.2课后习题详解第2部分时间与资源配置第4章跨期配置资源4.1复习笔记4.2课后习题详解第5章居民户的储蓄和投资决策5.1复习笔记5.2课后习题详解第6章投资项目分析6.1复习笔记6.2课后习题详解第3部分价值评估模型第7章市场估值原理7.1复习笔记7.2课后习题详解第8章已知现金流的价值评估：债券8.1复习笔记8.2课后习题详解第9章普通股的价值评估9.1复习笔记9.2课后习题详解第4部分风险管理与资产组合理论第10章风险管理的原理10.1复习笔记10.2课后习题详解第11章对冲、投保和分散化11.1复习笔记11.2课后习题详解第12章资产组合机会和选择12.1复习笔记12.2课后习题详解第5部分资产定价第13章资本市场均衡13.1复习笔记13.2课后习题详解第14章远期市场与期货市场14.1复习笔记14.2课后习题详解第15章期权市场与或有索取权市场15.1复习笔记15.2课后习题详解第6部分公司金融第16章企业的财务结构16.1复习笔记16.2课后习题详解第17章实物期权17.1复习笔记17.2课后习题详解。
兹维博迪金融学第二版试题库10TB(1)
兹维博迪金融学第二版试题库10T B(1)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1Chapter TenPrinciples of Risk ManagementThis chapter contains 30 multiple choice questions, 10 short problems, and 5 longer problems. Multiple Choice1.________ that “matters” because if affects people's welfare. ________ exists whenever one doesnot know for sure what will occur in the future.(a)Uncertainty is risk; Uncertainty(b)Risk is uncertainty; Uncertainty(c)Risk is uncertainty; Risk(d)Uncertainty is risk; RiskAnswer: (b)2.________ is a measure of willingness to pay to reduce one's exposure to risk.(a)Risk aversion(b)Risk avariciousness(c)Risk predilection(d)Risk inflationAnswer: (a)3.When choosing among investment alternatives with the same expected rate of return, a risk averseindividual chooses the one with the ________ risk.(a)surest(b)most uncertain(c)lowest(d)highestAnswer: (c)14.________ is a particular type of risk people face because of the nature of their business or pattern ofconsumption.(a)Operational efficiency exposure(b)Opportunity exposure(c)Risk exposure(d)Risk reductionAnswer: (c)5.________ are investors who take positions that increase their exposure to certain risks in the hope ofincreasing their wealth.(a)Operations insurers(b)Foreign exporters(c)Hedgers(d)SpeculatorsAnswer: (d)6.The riskiness of an asset or a transaction ________ be assessed in isolation or in the abstract.(a)can(b)cannot(c)must(d)it varies according to the situationAnswer: (b)7.By definition, ________ are investors who take positions to reduce their exposures.(a)operations insurers(b)foreign exporters(c)hedgers(d)speculatorsAnswer: (c)28.The risk of loss arising from obsolescence due to technological change or changes in consumer tasteis an example of ________.(a)unemployment risk(b)liability risk(c)financial-asset risk(d)d consumer-durable asset riskAnswer: (d)9.The risk arising from holding different kinds of financial assets such as equities or fixed incomesecurities denominated in one or more currencies is an example of ________.(a)unemployment risk(b)liability risk(c)financial-asset risk(d)consumer-durable asset riskAnswer: (c)10.Business risks of the firm are borne by its ________.(a)shareholders(b)creditors(c)employees(d)all of the aboveAnswer: (d)11.________ consists of figuring out what the most important risk exposures are for the unit of analysis.(a)Risk assessment(b)Selection of risk management techniques(c)Implementation(d)Risk identificationAnswer: (d)312.Which of the following is most likely to need a lot of life insurance?(a)a single person with no dependents(b)a divorced person with no dependents(c) a double-income couple with no kids(d)married person with childrenAnswer: (d)13.________ is the quantification of the costs associated with the risks that have been identified in thefirst step of risk management.(a)Risk assessment(b)Selection of risk management techniques(c)Implementation(d)ReviewAnswer: (a)14.Selling a risky asset to someone else and buying insurance are examples of ________.(a)risk avoidance(b)loss prevention and control(c)risk transfer(d)risk retentionAnswer: (c)15.One is said to ________ a risk when the action taken to reduce one’s exposure to a loss also causesone to give up the possibility of a gain.(a)insure(b)diversify(c)hedge(d)pay a premium withAnswer: (c)416.When you ________ you pay a premium to eliminate the risk of loss and retain the potential for gain.(a)insure(b)diversify(c)hedge(d)speculateAnswer: (a)17.In order for diversification to reduce your risk exposure, the risks must be ________(a)less than perfectly correlated with each other(b)more than perfectly correlated with each other(c)uncorrelated(d)none of the aboveAnswer: (a)18.The demand for ways to manage risk has been increased by ________.(a)increased volatility of exchange rates(b)increased volatility of interest rates(c)increased volatility of commodity prices(d)all of the aboveAnswer: (d)19.Moral hazard and adverse selection are examples of ________.(a)transactions costs(b)incentive problems(c)transference costs(d)both a and bAnswer: (b)520.________ is defined as quantitative analysis for optimal risk management.(a)Portfolio theory(b)Corporate theory(c)Diversification theory(d)Probability theoryAnswer: (a)21.An asset portfolio's expected return is identified with the ________ of the distribution, and its riskwith the ________.(a)variance; average(b)mean; standard deviation(c)standard deviation; average(d)median; normal distributionAnswer: (b)22.Suppose you buy shares of RayFran stock at a price of $110 per share and intend to hold them for ayear. Suppose RayFran pays a dividend of $3.50 per share over that year. Compute the total rate of return on a share of RayFran stock if at the end of the year you sell it for $122.50 per share.(a)10.20%(b)11.36%(c)13.06%(d)14.55%Answer: (d)23.The ________ a stock's volatility, the ________ the range of possible outcomes and the ________ theprobabilities of those returns at the extremes of the range.(a)larger; narrower; larger(b)larger; narrower; smaller(c)larger; wider; larger(d)larger; wider; smallerAnswer: (c)624.Consider the probability distribution of rate of return on RayFran stock:Rate of Return Probability40% 0.2515% 0.55–8% 0.20Compute the expected rate of return on RayFran stock.(a)9.75%(b)15.60%(c)16.65%(d)19.85%Answer: (c)25.Refer to question 24. Now compute the standard deviation of RayFran stock.(a)12.95%(b)13.10%(c)16.10%(d)25.90%Answer: (c)26.Consider a stock with an expected return of 15% and a standard deviation of 8% that is normallydistributed. What is the 0.95 confidence interval for this stock's rate of return?(a)(7%, 23%)(b)(–9%, 39%)(c)(–1%, 39%)(d)(–1%, 31%)Answer: (d)7For questions 27 through 30, use the following table:27.What are the mean returns for Toys’R’Me and S.A.O. Rouge, respectively?(a)Toys R Me: 12.4%; S.A.O. Rouge: 10.2%(b)Toys R Me: 10.4%; S.A.O. Rouge: 7.4%(c)Toys R Me: 10.4%; S.A.O. Rouge: 10.2%(d)Toys R Me: 7.4%; S.A.O. Rouge: 10.4%Answer: (b)28.What is the standard deviation of returns for Toys R Me For S.A.O. Rouge29.(a)Toys R Me: 8.4%; S.A.O. Rouge: 7.4%(b)Toys R Me: 8.40%; S.A.O. Rouge: 8.16%(c)Toys R Me: 10.4%; S.A.O. Rouge: 7.4%(d)Toys R Me: 10.4%; S.A.O. Rouge: 8.16%Answer: (b)30.Suppose the returns for Toys R Me and S.A.O. Rouge are normally distributed. Determine the 0.68confidence interval for Toys R. Me.(a)(8.4%, 10.4%)(b)(–14.8%, 35.6%)(c)(–6.4%, 27.2%)(d)(2.00%; 18.80%)Answer: (d)831.Determine the 0.95 confidence interval for S.A.O. Rouge.(a)(7.14%, 8.16%)(b)(–0.76, 15.56%)(c)(-8.92, 23.72%)(d)(–17.08, 31.88%)Answer: (c)Short Problems1.Briefly distinguish between the three methods available to transfer risk: hedging, insuring anddiversifying.Answer:Hedging: One is said to hedge a risk when the action taken to reduce one’s exposure toa loss also causes one to give up the possibility of a gain.Insuring: Insuring means paying a premium to eliminate the risk of loss and retain thepotential for gain.Diversifying: Diversifying means holding similar amounts of many risky assets instead ofconcentrating all of your investment in only one. Diversification thereby limits yourexposure to the risk of any single asset.2.Outline the steps in the risk-management process.Answer:The risk management process can be broken down into five steps:1. Risk identification2. Risk assessment3. Selection of risk management techniques4. Implementation5. Review93.Think of a bookstore. What risks is such a business exposed to, and who bears them?4.Answer:Major risks:Risk that inventory will not arrive on timeRisk that employees will be late or absentRisk that computers/registers will break downRisk of new competition in the area (especially - the “superstores”)Risk that distributors' prices will increase dramaticallyThese risks are borne by shareholders, owners, employees, creditors, customers,suppliers.5.Explain why the sale/purchase of a house is similar to a forward contract in nature.Answer:Both parties eliminate the uncertainty associated with price volatility in the housingmarket during the months of settling the contract between them. Even though the transferof ownership for the house won't happen for many months, the buyer and seller of ahouse can contractually settle on a transaction price for the house.6.Explain the difference between insuring and hedging.Answer:When you hedge, you eliminate the risk of loss by giving up the potential for gain.However, when you insure, you pay a premium to eliminate the risk of loss and retain thepotential for gain.7.Discuss the two factors limiting the efficient allocation of risks.Answer:Transactions costs and incentive problems are the two key factors limiting the efficientallocation of risks. Transactions costs include the costs of establishing and runninginstitutions such as insurance companies or securities exchanges and the costs of writingand enforcing contracts.Moral hazard and adverse selection are examples of incentive problems, which stand inthe way of the development of institutions for efficient risk sharing. Moral hazard existswhen having insurance against some risk causes the insured party to take greater risk orto take less care in preventing the event that gives rise to the loss.The problem with adverse selection relates to the fact that those who purchase insuranceagainst risk are more likely than the general population to be at risk.108.In the case of insuring a ship, explain how the moral hazard problem can lead to unwillingness on thepart of the insurance company to insure against certain types of risk.Answer:If a ship owner buys insurance for his vessel, the existence of insurance may reduce theowner's incentive to spend money on the upkeep of the vessel. Failure to take suchprecautions makes a safety hazard a more likely occurrence. In an extreme case, theowner may be tempted to sabotage the ship in order to collect the insurance money, if thecoverage exceeds the market value of the ship.Due to this potential moral hazard, companies may limit the amount they will insure orsimply refuse to insure under certain circumstances or require rigid inspections of avessel to make sure its meets minimum safety standards.Consider the following table to answer questions 8 through 10:9.What is the mean share for OutDell For MiniMoo10.Answer:OutDell:E(r) = [–10% + (–2%) + 5% + 10% + 18%]/5= 4.2%MiniMoo:E(r) = [5% + 15% +(– 7%) + 12% + 22%]/5= 9.4%MiniMoo has the higher expected return.1111.What is the standard deviation of returns for OutDell For MiniMoo12.Answer:OutDell:SD=15[(-10%-4.2%2)+(-2%-4.2%2)+(5%-4.2%2)+(10%-4.2%2)+(18%-4.2%2)]SD=15(464.80%)SD=9.64%MiniMoo:SD=15[(5%-9.4%2)+(15%-9.42%)+(-7%-9.4%2)+(12%-9.4%2)+(22%-9.4%2)]SD=15(485.20%)SD=9.85%13.Suppose the returns for OutDell and MiniMoo have normally distributed returns with means andstandard deviations calculated in questions 8 and 9. For each stock, determine the range of returns within two standard deviations of the mean.Answer:OutDell:0.95 confidence interval = 4.2 ± (2 x 9.64)= 4.2 ± 19.28= (–15.08%, 23.48%)MiniMoo:0.95 confidence interval = 9.4 ± (2 x 9.85)= 9.4 ± 19.70= (–10.30%, 29.10%)12Challenging Questions1.Consider the following investment opportunity. You have the opportunity to open a restaurant in yourtown for $180,000. If business is healthy and strong, you could net $100,000 in after-tax cash flows each year over the next six years.a) Would you consider hedging or insuring Whyb) What risk is such a business exposed to:Answer:a) You would be more likely to consider insuring. You would insure the restaurantagainst fire or other disasters, take all necessary safety precautions. You wouldalso want to retain the potential for gain in operating your business.b) Risk that employees will be late or absent.Risk that inventory will not arrive on time.Risk that equipment will break down.Risk that fire may occur.Risk that restaurant may be robbed.Risk that the restaurant may be vandalized.Risk that raw material prices will increase unpredictability.Risk of new competition in the area.2.Consider a person's life cycle - that is, at various ages say, mid-twenties, late thirties to early forties,mid-fifties and late sixties and beyond. What risks is a person likely to face in each of these age groups and how would cash, bonds and stocks be perceived at these various stages of life?Answer:Mid-twenties: A person may tend to be more aggressive in terms of risk tolerance. Stocksare more likely to be the choice of investment, followed by bonds and cash.Late thirties to early forties: For “DINK,” the capacity for risk is still quite high.However, those who are parents may be faced with college tuition, life insurance, etc. sosome risk options diminish. A person in this group would perhaps be a little lessaggressive with stocks.Mid-fifties: People in this group need to start thinking more about retirement and incomeprotection. Major health costs may also be a consideration as it is for people in the sixtiesand beyond group. There tends to be little or no capacity for risk and the securities orinvestments sought at this stage tend to be very conservative.13e the following table:a) Compute the mean return on DinkiDi stock.b) Compute the standard deviation on DinkiDi stock.c) Comment on value you obtained in (b).Answer:a. E(r) = (0.20)(60%) + (0.60)(12%) + (0.20)(–20%)E(r) = 12% + 7.2% + (–4%)E(r) = 15.2%b.SD=0.20(60%-15.2%2)+0.60(12%-15.2%2)+0.20(-20%-15.2%2)SD=401.408%+6.144%+247.808%SD=25.6%c. On its own, the value obtained in (b) does not mean as much as it would were itcompared relative to another number or some industry standard.4.Suppose you are a U.K. citizen who has won a writer’s 30,000 pound scholarship to study in France.How can you hedge your foreign exchange risk How can you insure against it5.Answer:To hedge the risk you would enter into a contract now to sell your 30,000 pounds at afixed per euro.To insure against a decline in the euro price of the pound, you could pay a premium nofor a put option that would give you the right to sell your 30,000 pound scholarship at afixed euro price per pound.14e the table below:a) What is the mean return for DinkiDi For SirPassb) What is the standard deviation for DinkiDi For SirPassc) Suppose the returns for DinkiDi and SirPass have normally distributed returns withmeans and standard deviations calculated in both a and b. Calculate the range of returnswithin two expected deviations of the mean.Answer:a. DinkiDi:E(r) = 1/6 (11 + 16 – 5 – 3 + 15 + 8)= 7%SirPass:E(r) = 1/6 (8 + 17 – 7 – 4 + 17 + 11)= 7%Both stocks have the same mean return.b. DinkiDi:σ= 16 (406%)= 8.23% SirPass:σ= 16 (534%)= 9.43%SirPass has a wider dispersion or higher volatility.c. 0.95 confidence intervals:DinkiDi: 0.95 Confidence Intervals = 7 ± (2 x 8.23)= (–9.46%, 23.46%)SirPass: 0.95 Confidence Intervals =7 ± (2 x 9.43)= (–11.86%, 25.86%)15。
博迪《金融学》第2版课后习题及详解(金融学)【圣才出品】
博迪《金融学》第2版课后习题及详解第1章金融学一、概念题1．金融学（finance）答：金融学是一项针对人们怎样跨期配置稀缺资源的研究。
其主要研究货币领域的理论及货币资本资源的配置与选择、货币与经济的关系及货币对经济的影响、现代银行体系的理论和经营活动的经济学科，是当代经济学的一个相对独立而又极为重要的分支。
金融学所涵盖的内容极为丰富，诸如货币原理、货币信用与利息原理、金融市场与银行体系、储蓄与投资、保险、信托、证券交易、货币理论、货币政策、汇率及国际金融等。
2．金融体系（financial system）答：金融体系是金融市场以及其他金融机构的集合，这些集合被用于金融合同的订立以及资产和风险的交换。
金融体系是由连接资金盈余者和资金短缺者的一系列金融中介机构和金融市场共同构成的一个有机体，包括股票、债券和其他金融工具的市场、金融中介（如银行和保险公司）、金融服务公司（如金融咨询公司）以及监控管理所有这些单位的管理机构等。
研究金融体系如何发展演变是金融学科的重要方面。
3．资产（assets）答：资产是指个人、公司或者组织拥有的具有商业或交换价值的任何物品，它能在未来产生经济利益，资产有三个非常重要的特征：①能在未来产生经济利益；②由实体控制；③由过去发生的事项或交易产生。
在国民账户体系中，资产是指经济资产，即所有者能对其行使所有权，并在持有或使用期间可以从中获得经济利益的资源或实体。
资产可分为金融资产和非金融资产两大类。
金融资产是指以价值形态或以金融工具形式存在的资产，它包括金融债权以及货币黄金和特别提款权。
非金融资产是指非金融性的资产，它包括生产资产和非生产资产。
在企业财务会计中，资产是指由过去的交易和事项所形成的，并由企业拥有或控制，预期会给企业带来经济利益的资源。
按流动性可分为流动资产和非流动资产两大类。
流动资产是指企业可以在一年或超过一年的一个营业周期内变现或者耗用的资产。
非流动资产是指不能在一年或者超过一年的一个营业周期内变现或耗用的资产。
博迪《金融学》第2版课后习题及详解(管理财务健康状况和业绩)【圣才出品】
博迪《金融学》第2版课后习题及详解第3章管理财务健康状况和业绩一、概念题1．账面价值（book values）答：账面价值是指会计账面所表现的资产价值，分为资产的账面价值和公司的账面价值。
资产的账面价值是指公司的资产在会计账簿上表现的价值，即原来购进资产的价值（资产的成本）减去折旧。
在固定资产购置当期，资产的账面价值等于当期市场价值加上运输、安装、调试等费用。
在固定资产正式投产营运后，每一会计期间都会对该资产计提折旧。
资产的账面价值会随着累计折旧的增加而减少，直到该资产报废时其账面价值仅剩残值，进而转销该资产。
公司的账面价值，是指公司资产负债表上所列示的资产总额减去负债、优先股之后的差额。
账面价值以历史成本为基础，它与一项资产或一个公司的市场价值关系不大。
2．无形资产（intangible assets）答：无形资产是指企业为生产商品、提供劳务、出租给他人，或为管理目的而持有的、没有实物形态的非货币性长期资产，如专利权、商标权、著作权、土地使用权、非专利技术、专营权、商誉等。
无形资产的特征有：①不具有实物形态；②可以在一个以上会计期间为企业提供经济利益；③有偿取得；④提供的未来经济利益具有很大的不确定性；⑤用于生产商品或提供劳务、出租给他人或为了行政管理目的而持有。
无形资产按形成来源不同可分为购入的、自创的、投资者投入的、接受捐赠的无形资产等；按能否辨认可分为可辨认无形资产和不可辨认无形资产。
无形资产只有在该资产产生的经济利益很可能流入企业、该资产的成本能够可靠地计量时，企业才能加以确认。
3．商誉（goodwill）答：商誉是指企业在经营活动中所具有的优越获利能力的潜在经济价值，是一种不可辨认的无形资产。
商誉由企业的良好信誉、产品的较高质量和市场占有率、可靠的销售网络、有效的内部管理、先进的技术、优越的地理位置等因素形成。
其特征是：①商誉与企业整体相关，不能单独存在；②形成商誉的因素无法单独计值；③商誉与形成商誉过程中所发生的成本无关，它是一种获得超额收益的能力。
《金融学(第二版)》讲义大纲及课后习题答案详解 第五章
CHAPTER 5LIFE-CYCLE FINANCIAL PLANNINGObjectivesIn this chapter you will learn how to analyze:•How much to save for retirement.•Whether to defer taxes or pay them now.•Whether to get a professional degree.•Whether to buy or rent an apartment.•How to minimize estate taxes.Outline5.1 A Life-Cycle Model of Saving5.2 Taking Account of Social Security5.3 Deferring Taxes Through Voluntary Retirement Plans5.4 Should You Invest in a Professional Degree?5.5 Should You Buy or Rent?Summary•In making lifetime saving/consumption decisions:(1) Do the analysis in real terms (constant dollars) to simplify the calculations and to avoid having toforecast inflation.(2) Start by computing the present value of your lifetime resources. The present value of your lifetimespending cannot exceed this amount.•Social security or any other forced saving program will offset voluntary saving. It may have a positive or a negative effect on the present value of your total lifetime resources.•Tax-deferred retirement accounts are advantageous because they allow you to earn a before-tax rate of return until money is withdrawn from the account. They are advantageous if you are in the same tax bracket before and after you retire, and even more so if your tax bracket is lower after you retire. •Getting a professional degree can be evaluated as an investment in human capital. As such, it should be undertaken if the present value of the benefits (such as increase in your earnings) exceeds the present value of the costs (such as tuition and forgone salary.)•In deciding whether to buy or rent an apartment or a consumer durable, choose the alternative with the lower present value of costsSolutions to Problems at End of ChapterSaving for Retirement1. Assume that you are 40 years old and wish to retire at age 65. You expect to be able to average a 6% annual rate of interest on your savings over your lifetime (both prior to retirement and after retirement). You would like to save enough money to provide $8,000 per year beginning at age 66 in retirement income to supplement other sources (social security, pension plans, etc.). Suppose you decide that the extra income needs to be provided for only 15 years (up to age 80). Assume that your first contribution to the savings plan will take place one year from NOW.a.How much must you save each year between now and retirement to achieve your goal?b.If the rate of inflation turns out to be 6% per year between now and retirement, how much willyour first $8000 withdrawal be worth in terms of today’s purchasing power?SOLUTION:a. Age 40 41 65 66 80Time 0 1 25 26 40. . . .X X 8,000 8,000It is a 2 part computation. First compute the amount needed at age 65 to finance the $8,000 per year annuityin terms of today’s purchasing power.2. You are saving for retirement and you come across the following table. It shows the percentage of your current salary that you should save for your retirement in order to retire with an annuity equal to 70% of your salary if you have not yet saved anything. It assumes that your annual salary will remain constant in real terms until retirement, and that you will live for 25 years after retiring. For instance, if you have 35 years left before you retire and earn3.5% per year on your investments, then you should save 17.3% of your current salary.a. Fill in the missing number in Table A.SOLUTION:The method for computing how much saving is needed to reach the desired target (70%) consists of two steps:First compute the amount you need to have accumulated in your personal retirement account when you reach the retirement age. (We’ll do the calculations as percentages of real salary)Then compute the annual amount of saving needed to reach that future value59.79% if you have 15 years to retire29.62% if you have 25 years to retire17.30% if you have 35 years to retireb. Now fill in Table B. It assumes that instead of targeting a 70% replacement rate of preretirement income, your goal is to maintain the same level of consumption spending both before and after retirement.First compute the amount you need to have accumulated in your personal retirement account when you reach the retirement age. (We’ll do the calculations as percentages of real salary)Then compute the annual amount of saving needed to reach that future value85.41% if you have 15 years to retire42.31% if you have 25 years to retire24.72% if you have 35 years to retire3. You are saving for retirement and you come across the following the table. It shows the increase in the annual benefit you can receive in retirement per dollar that you increase your annual retirement saving in the years before retirement. It assumes that you will live for 20 years after retiring. For instance, if you have 30 years left before you retire and earn an interest rate of 3% per year, then you will obtain an increase of $3.20 in your annual retirement benefit for every $1 per year increase in annual saving. Fill in the missing table values.4. George Thriftless is 45 years old, earns $50,000 per year, and expects that his future earnings will keep pace with inflation, but will not exceed inflation. He has not yet saved anything towards his retirement. His company does not offer any pension plan. George pays Social Security taxes equal to 7.5% of his salary, and he assumes that when he retires at age 65, he will receive $12,000 per year in inflation-adjusted Social Security benefits for the rest of his life. His life expectancy is age 85.George buys a book on retirement planning that recommends saving enough so that when private savings and Social Security are combined, he can replace 80% of his preretirement salary. George buys a financial calculator and goes through the following calculations:First, he computes the amount he will need to receive in each year of retirement to replace 80% of his salary: .8 x $50,000 = $40,000.Since he expects to receive $12,000 per year in Social Security benefits, he calculates that he will have to provide the other $28,000 per year from his own retirement fund.Using the 8% interest rate on long-term default-free bonds, George computes the amount he will need to have at age 65 as $274,908 (the present value of $28,000 for 20 years at 8% per year). Then he computes the amount he will have to save in each of the next 20 years to reach that future accumulation as $6,007 (the annual payment that will produce a future value of $274,908 at an interest rate of 8% per year). George feels pretty confident that he can save 12% of his salary (i.e., $6,007/$50,000) in order to insure a comfortable retirement.a.If the expected long-term real interest rate is 3% per year, approximately what is the long-term expected rate of inflation?b.Has George correctly taken account of inflation in his calculations? If not, how would youcorrect him?c.How much should George save in each of the next 20 years (until age 65) if he wants tomaintain a constant level of consumption over the remaining 40 years of his life (from age 45 to age 85)?Ignore income taxes.SOLUTION:a. The long-term expected rate of inflation can be approximated by subtracting the expected real rate ofinterest (3% per year) from the long-term nominal interest rate (8% per year). The expected rate of inflation is therefore approximately 5% per year.The exact value can be calculated using:1+nom= (1+real)(1+inf)hence, the inflation rate is 4.854% per year.b. George has used the nominal interest rate to discount real cash flows. As a result, he has seriouslyunderestimated how much saving he must do to achieve an 80% replacement rate. The time line for this problem is:Age 45 46 65 66 85Time 0 1 20 21 40. . . .X X 28,000 28,000Using the real rate of 3% per year in the calculations results in a needed accumulation at age 65 of $416,569.30:The annual saving needed to achieve this accumulation at a 3% real rate is $15,502.92:So instead of $6,007 per year, George must save $15,502.92 per year. This is 31% of his salary rather than 12%.c. The time line for this problem is:Age 45 46 65 66 85Time 0 1 20 21 40. . . .Inflows 46,250 46,250 12,000 12,000Outflows C CIf George wants to maintain a constant level of consumption both before and after retirement, he must find C , where C is the solution to the following equation:∑∑∑===+=40140212010310001203125046031t t tt t t .,.,.C Equation 1 says that the present value of consumption spending over the next 40 years equals the present value of labor income over the next 20 years (after paying Social Security taxes) plus the present value of Social Security benefits received after retirement.First we find the value on the right side of the equation, the PV of George’s lifetime resources:Step 4: Find PV of lifetime resources as of age 45:688,083.21 + 98,847.56 = 786,930.78So each year between the ages of 46 and 65 George must save $12,205.50, the difference between his income after SS tax ($46,250) and his consumption spending ($34,044.50).Now let us check to make sure that by saving this amount George will indeed have enough to provide the same constant level of consumption spending after retirement as before.Thus, by saving $12,205.50 per year for 20 years earning a real rate of 3% per year, he will have at age 65 an accumulation of $327,966.36.Adding this annuity to the SS benefit we get:$22,044.50 + $12,000 = $34,044.505. George’s company has a defined-benefit pension plan. Suppose the plan pays a benefit equal to 1% of final salary per year of service. George is 40 years old and has worked for the company for 15 years. His last year’s salary was $50,000 and is expected to remain so in real terms until retirement. The expected rate of inflation is 4%.a.If normal retirement age is 65, the interest rate is 8%, and Geor ge’s life expectancy is 80, what isthe present value of his accrued pension benefit?b.What effect should his pension benefit have on George’s planned saving assuming he has a 75%target replacement rate?SOLUTION:a.George’s last year salary $50,000 has a r eal growth rate of 0%, hence it will keep up with inflation untilretirement but not beat it. At retirement, he would have worked for the company for a total of forty years. Hence his annual pension benefit will be equal to 1% x (50,000x 1.0425) x 40 = $53,316.73. We must first find the value of those annual payments in the year when he retires, then discount that back to today.PV65 = $456,363.4140b.For a 75% replacement rate, George expects to have an annual income of 0.75 x 50,000 =$37,500 inreal terms after retirement. Since his pension benefit is providing him with part of his financial needs after retirement, he would only need to worry about the difference between his target income and what the pension is providing him, hence decreasing his planned savings before retirement.6.Analyze the “expert’s” responses to the following questions:Question: How early do you recommend people begin saving for retirement? Would it be too early for my 14-year-old to start saving?Expert: It’s never too early.Question: For a college student , what would you suggest for a savings plan?Expert: I’d suggest deciding on a specific a mount to set aside each month, then making sure you do it, no matter the temptations not to.SOLUTION:a.Because of the time value of money, obviously, the earlier you start saving for retirement the morevalue you’ll have for each dollar saved.Suppose you save $1 at age 15 and you expect to retire at age 65, this dollar will be worth at 8% interest rate $46.9. Of course there’s a trade-off because you’ll also be postponing your spending (enjoying life) to your retirement.b.Again, because of the time value of money, each dollar you save as a college student will earn youmore than a dollar saved later on in your life. That’s why, you must decide on a certain amount you can afford to save and stick with it.Investing in Human Capital7. You are 30 years old and are considering full-time study for an MBA degree. Tuition and other direct costs will be $15,000 per year for two years. In addition you will have to give up a job with a salary of $30,000 per year. Assume tuition is paid and salary received at the end of the year. By how much does your salary have to increase (in real terms) as a result of getting your MBA degree to justify the investment? Assume a real interest rate of 3% per year and ignore taxes. Also assume that the salary increase is a constant real amount that starts after you complete your degree (at the end of the year following graduation) and lasts until retirement at age 65.SOLUTION:Buy or Rent?8. Suppose you currently rent an apartment and have an option to buy it for $200,000. Property taxes are $2,000 per year and are deductible for income tax purposes. Annual maintenance costs on the property are $1,500 per year and are not tax deductible. You expect property taxes and maintenance costs to increase at the rate of inflation. Your income tax rate is 40%, you can earn an after-tax real interest rate of 2% per year, and you plan to keep the apartment forever. What is the “break-even” annual rent such that you would buy it if the rent exceeds this amount? SOLUTION:The after-tax annual outlay if you buy is:$1,500 + .6 x $2,000 = $2,700The PV of this is $2700/.02 = $135,000.The PV of the costs of owning are $135,000 + $200,000 = $335,000.The break-even rent is .02 x $335,000 = $6,700 per year.Buy or lease a car9. You have decided to acquire a new car which costs $30,000. You are considering whether to lease it for 3 years or to purchase it and finance the purchase with a 3-year installment loan. The lease requires no down payment and lasts for 3 years. Lease payments are $400 monthly starting immediately, whereas the installment loan will require monthly payments starting a month from now at an annual percentage rate (APR) of 8%.a.If you expect the resale value of the car to be $20,000 3 years from now, should you buy or leaseit?b.What is the break-even resale price of the car 3 years from now, such that you would beindifferent between buying and leasing it?SOLUTION:a.We have to compare the NPVs of the two alternatives:Since in this case, the car is costing me more, I should choose the first alternative of leasing the car.b. In order to be indifferent among the two alternatives, their respective NPV must be equal, i.e. –12,850.Hence, the PV of the resale price is 30,000-12,850=17,15010. Analyze the following newspaper column:“Many of us who started families late share a nightmare image: having to pay huge college bills just as we’re giving up paychecks and shouldering the ste ep costs of retirement. In fact, the double whammy might not be so bad, assuming the parents have prepared properly. On the plus side, older parents are likely to have enjoyed their best earnings years before the college costs begin, allowing them to put a side more than younger parents can. They’ve also had more years for investments to compound. In the ideal situation, older parents can avoid borrowing to meet college costs, taking the preferred route of earning interest on investments rather than paying i t on student loans.” (Excerpted from Jeff Brown’s Personal Finance column in the Philadelphia Inquirer, May 11, 1998.) SOLUTION:As it is mentioned in the newspaper column, ideally older parents can avoid borrowing to meet college costs provided that they had prepared properly and started saving early in their lives.However, one can argue that with no children in the household, parents have less incentive to save (and enjoy their younger years) and might in fact be faced with this nightmare image of having to pay huge college bills just as they are giving up paychecks.11. Analyze the following newspaper column:“What’s the best age for a person to start collecting Social Security benefits? According to conventional wisdom, retirement starts at age 65. I t’s true that full benefits don’t start until age 65, but 62 year olds can retire and collect 80% of their benefits.Take the hypothetical cases of John and Mary, who have the same birthday and who are both slated to start drawing $1,000 a month in Social Security benefits at age 65. On his 62nd birthday, John decides to go ahead and start claiming his benefits of $800 a month (80% of $1000). Mary decides to wait until she’s 65, when she can claim the full $1000. Three years later, Mary turns 65 and begins receiving $1,000 a month from the Social Security Administration. John continues to receive $800 a month. But he has already been paid $28,800 while Mary received nothing.Five years go by, with Mary drawing $1,000 a month and John $800 a month. At 70, John has received $76,800, compared to Mary’s $60,000. When they reach 77, Mary will pull ahead. So, it seems if a person doesn’t live past 76, it would better to start collecting Social Security benefits at 62. For those who reach their upper 70’s, it pays to wait until they are 65 to collect Social Security. (adapted from 1998, Atlanta Business Chronicle, Gary Summer Contributing writer, June 29, 1998.) SOLUTION:The analysis in this newspaper column ignores the time value of money. The best way to look at this situation is to assume an interest rate, say 5%.The FV at age 65 of the $800 payments that John was taking is:At age 65, when Mary decides to start receiving the benefits from SSA, John has been paid $31,003. Not $28,800 as mentioned in the article.Now, in order to see when Mary will pull ahead, we have to see how many $200 payments (=1000-800) are the $31,003 worth.After 250 month, i.e. at age 85 and 10 months, Mary will eventually pull ahead.Personal Balance Sheets12. Using the finance concepts presented in this chapter, construct a personal balance sheet showing your assets, liabilities and net worth.a.Did you value your assets at cost or at current market value? Why?b.Did you include your human capital as an asset? Why?c.Did you include deferred taxes as a liability? Why?a.I valued my assets at current market value because their cost is irrelevant to me.b.Even though human capital is probably anyone’s biggest asset, I didn’t include it in the balance sheetbecause it’s uncert ain, hard to quantify and I will need to make too many assumptions concerning the PV of my future earnings.c.Once again, I haven’t.Home ownership Over the Life Cycle13. Suppose you buy a house for $200,000 when you are 35 years old. You make a 20% down payment and borrow the other 80% from a mortgage lender. The mortgage loan is at a fixed interest rate of 8% per year for 30 years and requires level annual payments. At age 65, you plan to take out a “reverse-mortgage” loan which will allow you to borrow a constant annual amount for the rest of your life to be paid off by the sale of your house when you die. Your life expectancy is age 85. The interest rate on both the original mortgage loan and the reverse mortgage will be 8% per year.a.Suppose that you expect the inflation rate to be 3% per year and you can rent an equivalenthouse for $10,000 per year. Is it worth buying the house?b.Show how buying the house will affect your assets, liabilities and cash flow over the next 50 years.c.In Making the Most of your money, JB Quinn has written: “ Over the long run, the value ofhomes should follow the inflation rate. But over the time that you won your particular house, its value might rise or fall or stall. You can’t predict. But there are reasons other than profit for owning a house.•Mortgage payments force to save, while rental payments don’t.•You get tax deductions, and can tax-shelter your capital gains.•You’re landlord free.•You know the deep contentment of holding a spot of ground that others can enter by invitation only.•You won’t lose your lease.•You can renovate to suit.• A house is collateral for a loan.Comment.SOLUTION:a.In order to compare the two alternatives, we have to compare their NPVs.Buy Alternative:Basically, this alternative consists of buying the house now at $200,000 and selling it 50 years from now at its market value, accounting for inflation:The FV of the house is:The house will be worth : $876,781 when you are 85.Now, to calculate the NPV of this alternative, we have to discount at 8% to account for the mortgage and the reverse mortgage.Hence the NPV of this option is: -200,000 + 18,694 = -181,306Rent Alternative:We assume that rent will be $10,000 in real terms and hence must be discounted at the real interest rate = 4.854%Hence, it is more economical to buy the house.c. Most of the points mentioned by JB Quinn were discussed in this exercise, namely the fact thatmortgage payments force you to save and that a house can serve as collateral for a loan. She also presents in his discussion some “intangible” benefits from owning a house such as not having a landlord and renovating to suit.。
博迪《金融学》第2版课章节练习及详解(管理财务健康状况和业绩)【圣才出品】
5．净营运资本的变动额（change in net working capital） 答：净营运资本等于流动资产减去流动负债，净营运资本变动额是指企业投资于净营运 资本的部分，即本期与上一期相比净营运资本变动的数额。假设美国联合公司 2011 年的净 营运资本是 27500 万美元，2010 年的净营运资本是 25200 万美元。则 2011 年的净营运 资本变动额是 2011 年和 2010 年净营运资本的差额，即 27500 万美元－25200 万美元＝ 2300 万美元。一个成长性企业的净营运资本变动额通常是正数。
8．企业总现金流量（total cash flow of the firm） 答：企业总现金流量是指经过资本性支出和净营运资本支出调整后的现金流量，即： 企业总现金流量＝经营性现金流量－资本性支出－净营运资本的增加 其中经营性现金流量指由经营活动引起的现金流；用于资本性支出的现金流量来自固定 资产的净增加额，等于取得固定资产的现金流出量减去出售固定资产的现金流入量；净营运 资本的增加来自营运资本变动的现金流量。企业总现金流量有时为负，当企业以较高的增长 率成长时，用于存货和固定资产的支出就可能大于来自销售的现金流量。
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
9．同比财务报表与同基财务报表 答：同比财务报表是把普通财务报表的资产负债表各项按照资产的百分比表示，将损益 表的各项按照销售收入的百分 比报表。 同基财务报表是首先选择一个基期，将基期报表上的各项数额的指数均定为 100，其他 各年度财务报表上的数字也均用指数表示，由此得出同基百分比报表，可以查明各项目的变 化趋势。通过同基财务报表，我们可以分析企业经营状况随时间的变化，这种分析也叫做趋 势分析。
博迪《金融学》第2版课后习题及详解（居民户的储蓄和投资决策）【圣才出品】
博迪《⾦融学》第2版课后习题及详解（居民户的储蓄和投资决策）【圣才出品】博迪《⾦融学》第2版课后习题及详解第5章居民户的储蓄和投资决策⼀、概念题1．⼈⼒资本（human capital）答：⼈⼒资本是指劳动者受到教育、培训、实践经验、迁移、保健等⽅⾯的投资⽽获得的知识和技能的积累，亦称“⾮物⼒资本”。
由于这种知识与技能可以为其所有者带来⼯资等收益，因⽽形成了⼀种特定的资本——⼈⼒资本。
任何使⼈⼒资本增值的活动都是⼈⼒资本投资，包括医疗和保健、在职⼈员培训、正规教育、成⼈教育与培训、迁移者⼯作搜寻等等。
⼈⼒资本投资的决策是⼀种收益与成本的权衡，其成本包括：实际的费⽤或直接的费⽤、放弃的⼯资报酬以及⼼理成本。
投资的预期收益可能是以各种形式表现出来的，⽐如较⾼的未来收⼊、终⾝⼯作满意程度的提⾼、对娱乐活动欣赏⽔平的提⾼以及欣赏兴趣的增长等。
2．永久性收⼊（permanent income）答：永久性收⼊是指消费者可以预期到的长期收⼊，即预期在较长时期中（3年以上）可以维持的稳定的收⼊流量。
永久性收⼊是弗⾥德曼持久收⼊假说中的重要概念，⼤致可以根据所观察到的若⼲年收⼊的数值的加权平均数来计算，估算持久收⼊的计算公式为：YP T=Y T-1＋θ（Y T－Y T-1）=θY T－（1－θ）Y T-1（0＜θ＜1）式中，YP T为现期永久性收⼊，Y T为现期收⼊，Y T-1为前期收⼊，θ为加权数。
该公式说明，现期的永久性收⼊等于前期收⼊和两个时期收⼊变动的⼀定⽐率，或者说等于现期收⼊和前期收⼊的加权平均数。
加权数的⼤⼩取决于⼈们对未来收⼊的预期，这种预期要根据过去的经验进⾏修改，称为适应性预期。
如果⼈们认为前期和后期收⼊变动的时间较长，θ就⼤；反之，前期和后期收⼊变动的时间较短，θ就⼩。
3．跨期预算约束（inter-temporal budget constraint）答：跨期预算约束是指决定⼀⽣消费计划时⾯临的约束条件，即⼀⽣的消费开⽀和遗产的现值等于包括初始财产和未来劳动收⼊在内的⼀⽣资源的现值。
博迪《金融学》第2版课后习题及详解
博迪《金融学》第2版课后习题及详解博迪的《金融学》第2版是一本广泛使用的金融学教材，其中的课后习题对于学生理解和掌握金融学概念和理论具有重要意义。
本文将选取一些具有代表性的课后习题，并提供详细的解答和分析。
答：金融学是一项针对人们怎样跨期配置稀缺资源的研究。
它涉及货币、投资、证券、银行、保险、基金等领域，主要研究如何在不确定的环境下对资源进行跨时期分配，以实现最大化的收益或满足特定的目标。
金融体系（financial system）答：金融体系是金融市场以及其他金融机构的集合，这些集合被用于金融合同的订立以及资产和风险的交换。
它是由连接资金盈余者和资金短缺者的一系列金融中介机构和金融市场共同构成的一个有机体，包括股票、债券和其他金融工具的市场、金融中介（如银行和保险公司）、金融服务公司（如金融咨询公司）以及监控管理所有这些单位的管理机构等。
研究金融体系如何发展演变是金融学科的重要方面。
假设某个投资者在2022年购买了一张面值为1000元，年利率为5%的债券，并在2023年以1100元的价格卖出。
请问该投资者的年化收益率是多少？(1100 - 1000) / 1000 × 100% = 10%其中，分子部分为投资者获得的收益，分母部分为投资者的初始投资金额。
答：现代金融学的三个主要理论包括资本资产定价模型（CAPM）、有效市场假说（EMH）和现代投资组合理论（MPT）。
资本资产定价模型（CAPM）是一种用来决定资产合理预期收益的模型，它认为资产的预期收益与该资产的系统性风险有关。
在投资决策中，投资者可以通过比较不同资产的预期收益与其系统性风险来确定最优投资组合。
有效市场假说（EMH）认为市场是有效的，即市场上的价格反映了所有可用信息。
根据这个理论，投资者无法通过分析信息来获取超额收益。
然而，在实践中，许多研究表明市场并非完全有效，投资者可以通过分析和利用信息来获得超额收益。
现代投资组合理论（MPT）是由Harry Markowitz于20世纪50年代提出的，它认为投资者应该通过多元化投资来降低风险。
金融专业英语第二版课后答案
金融专业英语第二版课后答案1、During the Spring Festival, people in Northern China usually eat _______ as a traditional Chinese food. [单选题] *A. pizzaB. dumplings(正确答案)C. hamburgersD. noodles2、The plane arrived at London airport _______ Wednesday morning. [单选题] *A. on(正确答案)B. atC. inD. for3、The little girl held _____ in her hand. [单选题] *A. five breadsB. five piece of breadsC. five piece of breadD. five pieces of bread(正确答案)4、Many people prefer the bowls made of steel to the _____ made of plastic. [单选题] *A. itB. ones(正确答案)C. oneD. them5、You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of（）. [单选题] *A. dateB. shape(正确答案)C. orderD. balance6、You cannot see the doctor _____ you have made an appointment with him. [单选题] *A. exceptB.evenC. howeverD.unless(正确答案)7、There are trees on both sides of the broad street. [单选题] *A. 干净的B. 狭窄的C. 宽阔的(正确答案)D. 宁静的8、One effective（）of learning a foreign language is to study the language in its cultural context. [单选题] *A. approach(正确答案)B. wayC. mannerD. road9、62．--There is? ? ? ? ? sale on in the shop today. Let’s go together.--Please wait? ? ? ? ? ?minute. I’ll finish my homework first. [单选题] *A．a; theB．a; a(正确答案)C．the; aD．the; the10、We sent our children to school to prepare them for the time _____ they will have to work for themselves. [单选题] *A. thatB. when(正确答案)C. whileD. as11、We have ______ homework today. （）[单选题] *A. too manyB. too much(正确答案)C. much tooD. very much12、My English teacher has given us some _______ on how to study English well. [单选题] *A. storiesB. suggestions(正确答案)C. messagesD. practice13、31．That's ______ interesting football game. We are all excited. [单选题] *A．aB．an(正确答案)C．theD．/14、( )Keep quiet, please. It’s ________ noisy here. [单选题] *A. many tooB. too manyC. too muchD. much too(正确答案)15、—Look at those purple gloves! Are they ______, Mary?—No, they aren’t. ______ are pink. （）[单选题] *A. you; IB. your; MyC. yours; Mine(正确答案)D. you; Me16、The twins _______ us something about their country. [单选题] *A. told(正确答案)B. saidC. talkedD. spoke17、Neither she nor her friends ______ been to Haikou. [单选题] *A. have(正确答案)B. hasC. hadD. having18、I often _______ music from the Internet. [单选题] *A. download(正确答案)B. spendC. saveD. read19、It is reported（）three people were badly injured in the traffic accident. [单选题] *A. whichB. that(正确答案)C.whileD.what20、Everyone here is _______ to me. [单选题] *A. happyB. wellC. kind(正确答案)D. glad21、His mother’s _______ was a great blow to him. [单选题] *A. diedB. deadC. death(正确答案)D. die22、Grandpa pointed to the hospital and said, “That’s _______ I was born?”[单选题] *A. whenB. howC. whyD. where(正确答案)23、45．—Let's make a cake ________ our mother ________ Mother's Day.—Good idea. [单选题] *A．with; forB．for; on(正确答案)C．to; onD．for; in24、69．Online shopping is easy, but ________ in the supermarket usually ________ a lot of time. [单选题] *A．shop; takesB．shopping; takeC．shop; takeD．shopping; takes(正确答案)25、80．Thousands of ________ from other countries visit the village every year. [单选题] *A．robotsB．postcardsC．tourists(正确答案)D．bridges26、Chinese people spend _____ money on travelling today as they did ten years ago. [单选题] *A. more than twiceB. as twice muchC. twice as much(正确答案)D. twice more than27、How beautiful the flowers are! Let’s take some _______. [单选题] *A. photos(正确答案)B. potatoesC. paintingsD. tomatoes28、Don’t ______. He is OK. [单选题] *A. worriedB. worry(正确答案)C. worried aboutD. worry about29、His father always _______ by subway. [单选题] *A. go to workB. go to schoolC. goes to bedD. goes to work(正确答案)30、____ is standing at the corner of the street. [单选题] *A. A policeB. The policeC. PoliceD. A policeman(正确答案)。
博迪《金融学》第2版课章节练习及详解(已知现金流的价值评估 债券)【圣才出品】
博迪《金融学》第2版课章节练习及详解第8章已知现金流的价值评估：债券一、概念题1．流动性风险（中央财大2012金融硕士）答：流动性风险，是指商业银行没有足够的现金来弥补客户取款需要和未能满足客户合理的贷款需求或其他即时的现金需求而引起的风险，该风险将导致银行出现财务困难，甚至破产。
评判商业银行流动性风险及其程度的指标主要有：存贷比率、流动比率、大面额负债率和存贷变动率等。
2．利率风险答：利率风险是指由于利率变动而引起的资产与负债、债权与债务交易关系中任何一方有可能遭受收益损失的情况。
如在证券市场上，利率变动会引起证券市场价格的变动。
如果利率上升，市场要求的报酬率也随之上升，这时证券的市场价格则会下降；反之，如果利率下降，证券的市场价格会上升。
利率的变动与证券市场价格的变动在方向上是相反的。
在证券市场上，证券资产的拥有者不论持有何种具有固定利率的证券，都存在某种利率风险。
证券越接近到期日，利率风险就越小。
如果利率上升，证券资产的拥有者会因证券市场价格的下降而受到损失。
这样，证券资产的拥有者就要考虑资产组合的综合因素，尽可能减少或分散风险。
再如，在房地产抵押信贷业务中，如果贷款的市场利率下降，有可能使发放抵押贷款的金融机构陷入“存贷利率倒挂”、贷款收益下降、负债成本增加的困境。
在进行对外贸易或外汇交易时，国际市场利率的变化有可能使以外币计价或定值的债权或债务遭受经济损失。
3．到期收益率（人大2003研）答：到期收益率是指投资者在二级市场上买入已经发行的债券并持有到期满为止的这个期限内的年平均收益率。
附息债券的到期收益率按单利计息法计算其公式为：到期收益率＝[每年利息收入＋（面值－购买价）÷距离到期的年数]÷购买价×100%；按复利计息法计算其公式为：[]{}n n n r R r r r C P )1()1(1)1(+÷++÷-+⨯÷=，P 为购买价，r 为复利到期收益率，R 为面值，n 为距离到期的年数，C 为年利息。
金融学(博迪)英文版课后习题答案
金融学(博迪)英文版课后习题答案CONTENTSChapter 1: Financial Economics 1-1Chapter 2: Financial Markets and Institutions 2-1Chapter 3: Managing Financial Health and Performance 3-1Chapter 4: Allocating Resources Over Time 4-1Chapter 5: Household Saving and Investment Decisions 5-1Chapter 6: The Analysis of Investment Projects 6-1Chapter 7: Principles of Market Valuation 7-1Chapter 8: Valuation of Known Cash Flows: Bonds 8-1Chapter 9: Valuation of Common Stocks 9-1Chapter 10: Principles of Risk Management 10-1Chapter 11: Hedging, Insuring, and Diversifying 11-1Chapter 12 Portfolio Opportunities and Choice 12-1Chapter 13: Capital Market Equilibrium 13-1Chapter 14: Forward and Futures Markets 14-1Chapter 15: Markets for Options and Contingent Claims 15-1Chapter 16: Financial Structure of the Firm 16-1Chapter 17: Real Options 17-1CHAPTER 1 – Financial EconomicsEnd-of-Chapter ProblemsDefining Finance1. What are your main goals in life? How does finance play a part in achieving those goals? What are themajor tradeoffs you face?SAMPLE ANSWER:Finish schoolGet good paying job which I likeGetmarried and have childrenOwn my own homeProvide for familyPay for children’s educationRetireHow Finance Plays a Role:SAMPLE ANSWER:Finance helps me pay for undergraduate and graduate education and helps me decide whether spending themoney on graduate education will be a good investment decision or not.Higher education should enhance my earning power and ability to obtain a job I like.Once I am married and have children I will have additional financial responsibilities (dependents) and Iwill have to learn how to allocate resources among individuals in the householdand learn how to set aside enoughmoney to pay for emergencies, education, vacations etc. Finance also helps me understand how to manage risks suchas for disability, life and health.?Finance helps me determine whether the home I want to buy is a good value or not. The study of financealso helps me determine the cheapest source of financing for the purchase of that home.Finance helps me determine how much money I will have to save in order to pay for my children’seducation as well as my own retirement.Major Tradeoffs:SAMPLE ANSWERSpend money now by going to college (and possibly graduate school) but presumably make more moneyonce I graduate due to my higher education.Consume now and have less money saved for future expenditures such as for a house and/or car or savemore money now but consume less than some of my friends。
博迪莫顿版金融学(第二版)课后习题答案,DOC
金融学（第二版）答案博迪默顿第一章课后习题答案一.我的生活目标：●完成学业●退休3，当我结5，?2，现在消费更多为以后比如买房，买车或储蓄留置很少的钱还是现在消费很少，甚至少于我的许多朋友二.答案样例：净值＝资产－负债$__________(很可能会被低估)资产包括:经常帐户余额储蓄存款帐户余额家具设备，首饰类（如表）车（如果有的话）负债包括：学生贷款信用卡结余的差额各种租用金的协定（不包括转租）应付车款在计算净值时学生会特别地排除了他们一生潜在的赚钱能力的价值三．一个单身汉之需要养活他自己，所以他可以独立自主的作出金融决策。
如果他不想购买健康保险（而愿意承担由这个决定而带来的金融风险）那么除了这个单身汉自身，没谁会受这个决定的影响。
另外，他不需要在家庭成员之间分配收入这件事上做任何决定。
单身汉是很灵活自由的，可以选择住在几乎任何地方。
他主要是在今天的消费（开支）和为明天储蓄之间做出权衡决策。
既然他只需要养活他自己，那么他储蓄的重要性就比对一家之主的重要性小。
有许多孩子的一家之长必须在这些家庭成员中分配资源[或者说是收入].他们必须随时准备着处理各种风险,比如说潜在财政危机的突然发生[诸如家庭成员经历的严重健康问题,或者因为火灾和其他疏忽导致的保险问题].因为在一般一个家庭里人会比较多,有些人生病或受伤的风险就会更大.并且因为家庭中有许多依赖性的个体,所以薪水收入者得认真地考虑生活和残疾保险.还有,家庭并不像个体那样富有机动性,这是因为有了适龄儿童的缘b.1银行借贷2汽车经销商借贷或租赁3个人储蓄C（略）d你应该从可选择的融资方式中选择成本最小的一种。
当你分析的时候，你应该考虑以下方面：1你是否有足够的现金储蓄去购买？为了买车，你必须放弃的利息？你付现金和贷款所付是否不同？2对于不同的贷款方式，首付金额是多少？月付多少？付多久？相关利息是多少？整个贷款是按月还清，还是期末一次还清？税收和保险费是否包括在月付款中？3对于不同的租赁方式，首付金额是多少？月付多少？付多久？在租赁期末你是否拥有车？如果不拥有，买车要花多少？在租赁期末你是否必须得买车？你是否拥有优先购买权？如果你不买车你是否得付钱？相关利息是多少？税收和保险费是否包括在月付款中？是否有里程限制？七．a为学生们提供个人服务可能是个低成本的选择。
博迪《金融学》第2版课后习题及详解(投资项目分析)【圣才出品】
博迪《金融学》第2版课后习题及详解第6章投资项目分析一、概念题1．净现值（net present value）答：净现值是指投资项目投入使用后的净现金流量，按资本成本或企业要求达到的报酬率折算为现值，减去初始投资以后的余额，用公式可以表示为：。
其中，NPV为净现值，NCF t为第t年的净现金流量，k为适当贴现率，n为项目预计使用年限，C为初始投资额。
净现值通常用于项目投资决策，这一方法称为净现值法。
净现值法的决策原则是：选择净现值为正的项目，放弃净现值为负的项目；两个或多个项目的净现值均为正时，选择净现值最大的项目。
2．资本成本（cost of capital）答：资本成本是指企业为筹集和使用资本所付出的代价或费用，亦称“资金成本”。
资本成本包括资本筹集费用和资本使用费用两部分。
资本筹集费用是指企业在资本筹集过程中所发生的各种费用，如发行股票、债券的注册费、代理费、资信评估费、银行借款手续费、担保费等。
资本使用费用是指因使用资本而向资本所有者所支付的报酬，如支付给股东的股息或红利、支付给债权人的利息等。
资本成本既可用绝对数表示，也可用相对数表示。
资本成本从不同角度、按不同标准可分为不同种类：（1）资本总成本与单位资本成本。
资本总成本是指企业为筹集和使用资本所发生的全部成本费用。
单位资本成本是指企业使用单位资本所付出的代价。
（2）个别资本成本、综合资本成本与边际资本成本。
个别资本成本是指企业采取不同筹资方式筹集和使用不同资本的成本；综合资本成本是个别资本成本的加权平均数，反映企业筹集和使用资本的综合成本水平；边际资本成本是指资本每增加一个单位而增加的成本。
个别资本成本反映某种筹资方式的资本成本水平，综合资本成本反映企业各种筹资方式的综合资本成本水平，边际资本成本则反映追加资本的资本成本水平。
（3）负债资本成本与权益资本成本。
3．敏感性分析（sensitivity analysis）答：敏感性分析是指在确定性分析的基础上，通过进一步分析，预测项目主要不确定因素的变化对项目评价指标（如会计内部收益率、净现值等）的影响，从中找出敏感因素，确定评价指标对该因素的敏感程度和项目对其变化的承受能力的分析方法。
博迪莫顿版金融学课后习题答案
金融学（第二版）答案博迪默顿第一章课后习题答案一 . 我的生活目标：•完成学业•找到一份自己喜欢且收入不菲的工作•结婚和生养子女•拥有我自己的房子•供养我的家庭生活•供养孩子上学•退休在我实现目标的过程中，金融所扮演的角色：答案样例： 1，金融现在可以为我提供大学本科及研究生教育的学费并帮我完成学业，帮我决定投资于上学是否是一个好的投资决定 2 ，高等教育可以帮助提高我赚钱的能力以及获得一个我喜欢的工作的能力 3 ，当我结婚并且有了孩子以后，我就有了额外的金融责任（以具体情况而定），我必须学会如何在家庭中的个人之间分配资源，学会如何留置一定的资金以用之于紧急事件，教育，假期旅游等；金融也帮助我理解如何应对危机，比如残疾，生活，健康 4 ，金融也帮我决定我想买的房子是否值钱，也帮我如何用最少的金融资源购买那所房子 5 ，金融帮我决定我应该储蓄多少钱以备我子女的学业和我以后的退休我主要的权衡决策：答案样例： 1，现在花钱接受高等教育（并完成学业）可是假设以后由于我的高等教育文凭挣更多的钱 2 ，现在消费更多为以后比如买房，买车或储蓄留置很少的钱还是现在消费很少，甚至少于我的许多朋友答案样例：净值＝资产－负债 $ _____ （很可能会被低估）资产包括 : 经常帐户余额储蓄存款帐户余额家具设备，首饰类（如表）车（如果有的话）负债包括：学生贷款信用卡结余的差额各种租用金的协定（不包括转租）应付车款在计算净值时学生会特别地排除了他们一生潜在的赚钱能力的价值三．一个单身汉之需要养活他自己，所以他可以独立自主的作出金融决策。
如果他不想购买健康保险（而愿意承担由这个决定而带来的金融风险）那么除了这个单身汉自身，没谁会受这个决定的影响。
另外，他不需要在家庭成员之间分配收入这件事上做任何决定。
单身汉是很灵活自由的，可以选择住在几乎任何地方。
他主要是在今天的消费（开支）和为明天储蓄之间做出权衡决策。
既然他只需要养活他自己，那么他储蓄的重要性就比对一家之主的重要性小。