考博英语-600_真题-无答案

考博英语-600(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.William, Duke of Normandy, conquered England in 1066. One of the first tasks he undertook as king was the building of a fortress in the city of London. Begun in 1066 **pleted several years later by William's son, William Rufus, this structure was called the White Tower.The Tower of London is not just one building, but an 18-**plex of buildings. In addition to White Tower there are 19 other towers. The Thames River flows by one side of **plex and a large moat, or shallow ditch, surrounds it. Once filled with water, the moat was drained in 1843 and is now covered with grass.The Tower of London is the city's most popular tourist attraction. A great deal of fascinating history has taken place within its walls. The tower has served as a fortress, royal residence, prison, royal mint, public records office, observatory, military barracks, place of execution, and city zoo.As recently as 1941, the tower was used as a prison for Adolf Hitler's associate Rudolf Hess. Although it is no longer used as a prison, the tower still houses the crown jewels and a great deal of English history.1. The primary purpose of this passage is to ______.A. discuss the future of the Tower of LondonB. discuss the ramifications of using the Tower of London as a prisonC. argue that the Tower is an improper place for crown jewelsD. describe and discuss the history of the Tower of London2. Which of the following questions is answered by the passage?A. What controversy has surrounded the Tower of London?B. How much revenue does the Tower generate for England?C. In what year did construction on the Tower of London begin?D. What is the type of stone used in the Tower of London?3. When discussing the Tower of London the author's tone could best be described as ______.A. bewilderedB. objectiveC. overly emotionalD. envious4. The author would most probably agree that ______.A. the Tower of London is useful only as a tourist attractionB. the Tower of London could never be built todayC. the Tower of London cannot generate enough revenue to justify its expensesD. the Tower of London has a complex historyMost art enthusiasts agree that Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci is the most famous painting in the world. It is a portrait of a woman, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, a wealthy Florentine businessman. The name roughly translates from Italian to mean "Madam Lisa" and is a respectful term. Anyone who has ever viewed the painting, seasoned art critic or inexperienced museum visitor, remembers well its greatest feature Mona Lisa's smile. It is this smile that has captured the imagination of the millions of visitors who have seen the painting over the years.There is something powerful and alluring contained in Mona Lisa's smile that intrigues all who see it. The reason for her smile has long been the subject of discussion in the art world. But perhaps it is the fact that no one knows why she smiles that makes Mona Lisa the most famous of all paintings. There is something so appealing and recognizably human about an unexplained smile to which everyone can relate. Furthermore, if we ever tire of analyzing why Mona Lisa smiles, we can consider how da Vinci managed to capture the smile. What could he have been thinking while painting? A genuine smile is hard to capture even in a photograph with a modern camera, yet Leonardo da Vinci managed to capture this subtle expression m a painting. It is amazing that da Vinci was able to create for eternity a frozen picture of a smile that in reality lasts less than an instant.The painting now hangs in the Musee du Louvre in Paris, France. Several different owners have possessed it at various times throughout history, including Louis ⅩⅣ and Napoleon. It was even temporarily in the possession of a former museum employee who stole it in 1911. He was caught in 1913. It is likely that all who held the painting at one time or another wondered about the Mona Lisa smile, just as today's museum visitors do. Now the painting officially belongs to the French government. In some ways, though, it is really a painting (and a mystery) that belongs to the world.5. Which of the following best expresses the author's attitude toward the painting?A. It should be well protected so that it is not stolen again.B. It is difficult to preserve such old masterpieces.C. Its greatest appeal is the mystery surrounding it.D. There will never be a painter as great as Leonardo da Vinci again.6. Which of the following is a fact from the passage?A. A good smile lasts only a few seconds.B. There is tremendous mystery surrounding which painter created Mona Lisa.C. Napoleon donated Mona Lisa to the Musee du LouvreD. There has been some focus on Mona Lisa's smile in **munities.7. The author implies which of the following?A. A painting can be owned, but the powerful effect of a work of art is available to everyone who sees it.B. Leonardo da Vinci was hiding a secret that he wished to reveal through his painting.C. Mona Lisa has caused much turmoil in the art world due to its peculiar details.D. The Musee du Louvre does not have proper equipment in place for capturing modern criminals.8. The author's tone can best be described as ______.A. appreciativeB. investigativeC. artisticD. confusedThe first old "horseless carriage" of the 1880s may have been worthy of a snicker or two, but not the cars of today. The progress that has been made over the last one hundred years has been phenomenal. In fact, much progress was made in the first twenty years—in 1903, cars could travel at 70 miles per hour. The major change from the old cars to today is the expense. Whereas cars were once a luxury that only the very wealthy could afford, today, people of all income levels own cars.In fact, there are so many cars that if they were to line up end to end, they would touch the moon. Cars are used for everyday transportation for millions of people, for recreation, and for work. Many people's jobs depend on cars—police officers, health care workers, and taxi drivers all rely on automobiles.One thing that hasn't changed is how cars are powered. The first cars ran on gas and diesel fuel just as the most modern ones do. The new cars, however, are much more fuel efficient and much research is devoted to saving fuel and finding new sources of energy for cars.9. Which of the following is answered by the passage?A. What are some ways people use cars?B. Why did people laugh at the "horseless carriage"?C. Where will the fuels of the **e from?D. When will cars become even more efficient?10. The passage is primarily concerned with ______.A. the problem of fuel consumptionB. the difficulty of drivingC. the invention of the carD. the development of the car from the past to now11. According to the passage, scientists devote much of their research today to ______.A. making cars fasterB. making more carsC. making cars more affordableD. making cars more fuel efficient12. The author would most likely agree that ______.A. cars are incredibly useful to many different sorts of peopleB. the problems we face in the future are very importantC. cars are more trouble than they are worthD. early car owners were all snobsThe term "tides" **e to represent the cyclical rising and failing of ocean waters, most notably evident along the shoreline as the border between land and sea moves in and out with the passing of the day. The primary reason for this constant redefinition of the boundaries of the sea is the gravitational force of the moon.This force of lunar gravity is not as strong as Earth's own gravitational pull, which keeps our bodies and our homes from being pulled off the ground, through the sky, and into space toward the moon. It is a strong enough force, however, to exert a certain gravitational pull as the moon passesover Earth's surface. This pull causes the water level to rise(as the water is literally pulled, ever so slightly, toward the moon) in those parts of the ocean that are exposed to the moon and its gravitational forces. When the water level in one part of the ocean rises, it must naturally fall in another, and this is what causes water levels to change, dramatically at times, along any given piece of coastline.13. Which of the following is the most obvious effect of the tides?A. A part of the beach that was once dry is now under water.B. Floods cause great damage during heavy rainstorms.C. The moon is not visible.D. Water falls.14. The word "lunar" in the first sentence of paragraph2 most nearly means ______.A. weakB. strongC. destructiveD. related to the moon15. It can be inferred from the passage that if one were to travel to the moon, ______.A. water would be found on its surfaceB. an object, if dropped, would float away from the surface of the moonC. other planets besides the moon have influence on the tides of Earth's oceansD. an object, if dropped, would fall to the moon s surface16. The author's primary purpose in writing this passage is to ______.A. prove the existence of water on the moonB. refute claims that tides are caused by the moonC. explain the main cause of the ocean's tidesD. argue that humans should not interfere with the processes of natureNursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage, hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example.At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who vistits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient's illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized nursing administration: every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.Beth Israel's nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice president of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medial Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.17. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?A. The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.B. Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.C. The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.D. The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day.18. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. compared with other hospitals' nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patientB. in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of viewC. Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital is still not enoughD. As to Beth Israel Hospital, there is a long way to go19. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when ______.A. the present one is refused by the patientB. the **plains about the present oneC. the present one proves to be ineffectiveD. the patient is found unwilling to cooperate20. The main difference between a nurse manager and a head nurse is that the former ______.A. is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospitalB. has to arrange the work shifts of the unit's nursesC. can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patientD. has full responsibility in the administration of the unit's nursesPart Ⅱ ClozeDirections: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production—capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring (21) profits, as well as economic and political power. Some recent theorists, (22) , have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of (23) that they call "postindustrial" society. One important change in such a society is that the ownership of (24) amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important (25) of profits and influence; knowledge as well as (26) capital brings profits and influence.There are many (27) with the thesis above, not the least of (28) is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not (29) the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the (30) of some new industries indicates. (31) , genetic engineering and the **puter technology have (32) many new firms and made some scientists quite rich. In (33) with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it must also be (34) that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i. e. , major corporations) soon (35) to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge.Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledgeincreasingly (36) . Many new high-tech jobs are being created at the upper-middle-class level, but even more new jobs are being created in the low-skill, low-paying service (37) Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the (38) of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch later, no matter how hard they try. Illiteracy in the English language has been a severe (39) for many years in the United States, but we are, also moving to the point **puter illiteracy will hinder many more people and (40) them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.21. A. quantitative B. extensive C. c0mprehensve D. sophisticated22. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. nevertheless23. A. aggression B. proficiency C. productivity D. evolution24. A. dominant B. impressive C. magnificent D. significant25. A. source B. factor C. component D. element26. A. adequate B. profitable C. material D. spiritual27. A. adantages B. consequences C. problems D. potentials28. A. them B. those C. which D. that29. A. deny B. refuse C. admit D. acknowledge30. A. emergence B. innovation C. extinction D. discovery31. A. In addition B. For example C. Above all D. In short32. A. produced B. created C. improved D. facilitated33. A. line B. need C. doubt D. match34. A. idealized B. recognized C. supervised D. summarized35. A. stepped in B. settled down C. leaned over D. mined out36. A. accessible B. important C. popular D. abundant37. A. enterprises B. employment C. professions D. industries38. A. control B. mastery C. search D. pursuit39. A. handicap B. penalty C. inconvenience D. **ings40. A. enforce B. punish C. confine D. condemnPart Ⅲ English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese.Instead of trying to reduce the discontent felt, try to raise the level or quality of the discontent. Perhaps the most that can be hoped for is to have high-order discontent in today's society, discontent about things that really matter. Rather than evaluating programs in terms of how happy they make people, how satisfied those people become, programs must be evaluated in terms of the quality of the discontent they engender. For example, if a consultant wants to assess whether or not an organization is healthy, he doesn't ask, "Is there an absence of complaints?" but rather, "What kinds of complaints are there?"Instead of trying to make gradual changes in small increments, make big changes. After all,big changes are relatively easier to make than are small ones. Some people assume that the way to bring about improvement is to make the change small enough so that nobody will notice it. This approach has never worked, and one can't help but wonder why such thinking continues. Everyone knows how to resist small changes; they do it all the time. If, however, the change is big enough, resistance can't be mobilized against it. Management can make a sweeping organizational change, but just let a manager try to change someone's desk from here to there, and see the great difficulty he encounters. All change is resisted, so the question is how can the changes be made big enough so that they have a chance of succeeding?Buck Minster Fuller has said that instead of reforms society needs new forms; e. g. , in order to reduce traffic accidents, improve automobiles and highways instead of trying to improve drivers. The same concept should be applied to human relations. There's a need to think in terms of social architecture, and to provide arrangements among people that evoke what they really want to see in themselves. Mankind takes great pains with physical architecture, and is beginning to concern itself with the design of systems in which the human being is a component. But most of these designs are only for safety, efficiency, or productivity. System designs are not made to affect those aspects of life people care most about such as family life, romance, and aesthetic experiences. Social technology as well as physical technology needs to be applied in making human arrangements that will transcend anything mankind has yet experienced. People need not be victimized by their environments; they can be fulfilled by them.41.42.43.Part Ⅳ Chinese-English TranslationDirections: Translate the following passage into English and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 良好的教育和可观的收入通常被认为是获得幸福的必要条件。