旅游经济学-西班牙案例分析-英语

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国家开放大学电大专科《旅游经济学》2024期末试题及答案2

国家开放大学电大专科《旅游经济学》2024期末试题及答案（试卷号：2475）盗传必究一、单项选择题（下列各题的备选答案中，只有一个选项是正确的，请把正确答案的序号填写在括号内。

每小题2分，共20分）1.旅游活动的主体是（）。

A.旅游者B.旅游生产者C.旅游行业D.政府2.具有交通中转和出入境口岸功能，可以形成过往和过境旅客的地区是（）A.区域性客源地B.全国性客源地C.中转性客源地D.客源地国家3.拥有特定性质旅游资源以及相应的旅游设施和交通条件，具备一定旅游吸引力，能够吸引一定规模数量的旅游者进行旅游活动的特定区域是（）。

A.旅游客源地B.旅游目的地C.旅游集散地D.旅游开发区4.每个旅游供给企业在它所处的经济结构中达到（）的产出量，是判断经营决策是否“最优”的依据。

A.最小成本B.最大收益C.最大利润D.最小边际成本5.对于一些规模不大的中小型旅游企业来说，往往会在竞争策略上选择（）策略。

A.价格B.高质量C.专业化分工D.新产品6.旅游企业跨文化管理的第二步是（）oA.加强文化交流并进行跨文化融合B.比较分析并进行跨文化理解C.创建共同的企业文化D.进行跨文化培训7.通常我们所说的旅游业构成的“六要素”不包括（）oA.交通B.餐饮C.旅游组织者部门D.娱乐场所8.旅游经济活动的行为主体人具有（r）特征。

A.自然人B.法人C.自由人D.经济人9.推进型旅游经济发展模式追求的是旅游经济的（）。

A.经济效益B.波及效益C.社会效益D.市场效益10.旅游资源丰富，并以邻国大众市场为旅游业发展目标；旅游管理机制逐步完善；出入境、外汇管理与税收方面限制少。

以上所述是（）的特点。

A.美国模式B.西班牙模式C.印度模式D.岛国模式二、判断题I判断下列说法正确与否，正确的在题后括号里划“，错误的在题后括号里划“X”。

每小题2分，共20分）11.旅游经济学的研究任务就是由旅游者的空间移动而引起的旅游客源地、旅游目的地和旅游联结体三者运动而表现出的经济现象、经济关系以及经济规律。

英语作文西班牙旅游

Exploring the Charms of Spain: A Travelogue Spain, a country steeped in rich history and vibrant culture, is a dream destination for travelers seeking an authentic European experience. From its bustling cities to its serene countryside, Spain offers a captivating tapestry of sights, sounds, and flavors that are unique to this Mediterranean gem.Madrid, the capital, is a vibrant city that pulses with life. The Prado Museum, one of the world's finest art galleries, is a must-visit for art lovers. Here, one can admire masterpieces by Goya, Veláz quez, and other renowned Spanish artists. The city's bustling streets are also home to a range of restaurants serving up delicious Spanish cuisine, from tapas to paella.From Madrid, it's an easy journey to the enchantingcity of Barcelona. Here, the iconic La Sagrada Familia cathedral, designed by Antoni Gaudi, is a sight to behold. This unfinished masterpiece of modern architecture soars skyward, its unique forms and intricate details captivating visitors. Barcelona's bustling El Raval district is a mazeof narrow streets filled with lively tapas bars and charming shops.The Spanish coast is another draw for travelers. The Balearic Islands, with their crystal-clear waters andidyllic beaches, are a paradise for sunseekers. The island of Mallorca, in particular, offers a perfect blend of relaxation and adventure, with its stunning coastline, ancient villages, and charming markets.For those seeking a more cultural immersion, Andalusia, in the south of Spain, is a must-visit. Here, the cities of Seville and Granada are home to a rich Moorish heritage, evident in their captivating mosques and fortresses. The Alhambra Palace in Granada is a particularly stunning example of Moorish architecture, its intricate details and lush gardens a testament to the skill and vision of its builders.Traveling in Spain is not just about sightseeing; it's an experience that involves all the senses. The aroma of fresh tapas wafting through the air, the sound of guitars strumming in the background, and the feel of the warmMediterranean sun on your skin all contribute to the unique Spanish experience.In conclusion, Spain is a country that offers something for everyone, whether you're a history buff, an art lover, a foodie, or simply seeking a relaxing beach holiday. Its rich tapestry of culture, history, and beauty ensures that every visitor will find something to cherish and remember. So, pack your bags, put on your sunhat, and embark on a journey to explore the charms of Spain.**探索西班牙的魅力：一次旅行记录**西班牙，这个沉浸在丰富历史和生动文化中的国家，是寻求地道欧洲体验的旅行者梦寐以求的目的地。

国家开放大学电大专科《旅游经济学》期末试题标准题库及答案(试卷号2475)

国家开放大学电大专科《旅游经济学》期末试题标准题库及答案（试卷号2475）国家开放大学电大专科《旅游经济学》期末试题标准题库及答案（试卷号：2475）盗传必究一、单项选择题1．旅游是由旅游主体、旅游客体和()三个要素构成的，旅游活动以及旅游经济活动也都是围绕着这三个要素构成的。

A．旅游联结体B．旅游者C．旅游资源D．旅游目地的2．旅游是人类在基本生存需要得到满足后产生的一种精神文化追求，包括休闲、追求体验、新知等，这体现了旅游活动的哪种属性()。

A．经济属性B．社会属性C．文化属性D．人文属性3．与一般消费需求的满足不同，旅游需求的实现是一种异地消费活动，除了受价格、可自由支配收入的影响以外，还受到哪个条件的约束()。

A．距离B．人数C．天气D．闲暇时间4．旅游价格若发生变化，只会引起旅游供给量较小幅度的变化。

此时，旅游供给曲线表现得比较陡峭，下面哪个选项是正解的()。

A.Es-0B.Es<lC.Es-lD.Es>l5．旅游交通网络越发达的旅游目的地，旅游客流越密集，这说明旅游客流分布在地域上具有()。

A．和时间成正比B．不平衡性C．盲目性D．选择性6．哪种旅游产业发展模式的产生要求有这两个重要前提：一是国家干预和控制经济的历史传统，二是短时间内有快速推进旅游产业成长的战略目标()。

A.市场型旅游产业发展模式B．政府主导型旅游产业发展模式C．推进型旅游产业发展模式D．延伸型旅游产业发展模式7．旅游客源地输送客源的规模首先取决于这个地区的()。

A．人口结构B．工业化和城市化程度C．总人口规模D．消费习惯8．与一般公共交通相比，旅游交通更注重()。

A．舒适性B．游览性C．季节性D．区域性9．哪一个特征是属于在1978年到2022年期间，我国国内旅游市场由起步到成熟阶段所呈现出的四个主要特征之一()。

A.旅游市场的波动性B．旅游市场需求呈现多元性C旅游市场的全球性D．旅游市场的竞争性10.在旅游经济中，某些旅游区域的景色具有垄断性。

旅游经济学的研究方法

旅游经济学的研究方法First and foremost, the study of tourism economics involves the application of economic principles and methodologies to analyze the impacts of tourism on the economy. 首先，旅游经济学的研究涉及将经济原理和方法应用于分析旅游业对经济的影响。

It seeks to understand how tourism activities such as travel, accommodation, and attractions contribute to the overall economy of a destination. 它旨在了解旅游活动，如旅行、住宿和景点，如何为目的地的整体经济做出贡献。

In addition, tourism economics examines the behavior of tourists, the resulting demand for goods and services, and the allocation of resources within the tourism industry. 此外，旅游经济学还研究游客的行为，由此带来的对商品和服务的需求，以及旅游业内资源的配置。

This multidisciplinary field draws from various areas such as economics, sociology, psychology, and geography to provide a comprehensive understanding of the economic aspects of tourism. 这个多学科领域吸收了经济学、社会学、心理学和地理学等多个领域的知识，以提供对旅游经济学的全面理解。

西班牙英语作文

西班牙英语作文Spain is a beautiful country located in southwestern Europe. It is known for its rich history, stunning architecture, delicious cuisine, and vibrant culture. As a popular tourist destination, Spain has a lot to offer to visitors from all over the world.One of the most famous cities in Spain is Barcelona. This city is known for its unique architecture, beautiful beaches, and lively nightlife. One of the most iconic landmarks in Barcelona is the Sagrada Familia, a breathtaking basilica designed by the renowned architect Antoni Gaudí. The city is also home to the famous street, La Rambla, which is lined with shops, restaurants, and street performers. Barcelona is a city that truly comes alive at night, with its many bars, clubs, and live music venues.Another must-visit city in Spain is Madrid, the country's capital. Madrid is known for its impressive artmuseums, including the Prado Museum, which houses an extensive collection of European art. The city is also home to the Royal Palace of Madrid, a stunning example of Spanish architecture. Madrid is a city that is steeped in history, with its many historic buildings, churches, and monuments.In addition to its cities, Spain is also famous for its beautiful beaches. The country is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Bay of Biscay, so there are plenty of options for beach lovers. The Balearic Islands, located in the Mediterranean, are particularly popular for their crystal-clear waters and white sandy beaches. The Canary Islands, located off the northwest coast of Africa, are also a popular destination for beachgoers.Of course, no visit to Spain would be complete without trying the delicious Spanish cuisine. Spanish food is known for its use of fresh, high-quality ingredients, and its bold flavors. Some of the most famous Spanish dishes include paella, a flavorful rice dish mixed with a varietyof meats and seafood, and tapas, small plates of food that are perfect for sharing. Spanish cuisine also includes a wide variety of cured meats, cheeses, and, of course, sangria, a refreshing and fruity wine-based drink.In addition to its cities, beaches, and food, Spain is also known for its vibrant culture. The country is home toa number of colorful festivals and events throughout the year, including the famous Running of the Bulls in Pamplona and the La Tomatina tomato-throwing festival in Buñol. Spanish culture is also heavily influenced by music and dance, with flamenco being one of the most famous andiconic Spanish art forms.In conclusion, Spain is a country that has something to offer to everyone. Whether you are interested in history, architecture, food, or simply relaxing on a beautiful beach, Spain has it all. With its rich culture, stunning landscapes, and warm and welcoming people, it is no wonder that Spain is such a popular destination for travelers from all over the world. If you have the opportunity to visitSpain, I highly recommend taking the time to explore this beautiful and diverse country.。

西班牙英语小作文模板

西班牙英语小作文模板Title: My Trip to Spain。

Last summer, I had the amazing opportunity to visit Spain with my family. It was a trip that I had been looking forward to for a long time, and it did not disappoint. From the beautiful beaches to the rich history and culture, Spain has so much to offer for travelers.We started our trip in the capital city of Madrid. As soon as we arrived, we were struck by the grandeur of the city. The architecture was stunning, with beautiful buildings and monuments at every turn. We visited the famous Prado Museum, which houses an incredible collection of art, including works by Goya, Velázquez, and El Greco. We also spent time exploring the historic neighborhoods of the city, such as the charming streets of La Latina and the bustling markets of El Rastro. Of course, no trip to Madrid would be complete without trying some delicious tapas and experiencing the vibrant nightlife.From Madrid, we traveled south to the city of Seville. This city is known for its rich history and stunning architecture. We visited the Alcázar of Seville, a beautiful royal palace that is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The intricate tile work and lush gardens were truly breathtaking. We also made sure to visit the iconic Seville Cathedral, the largest Gothic cathedral in the world. Climbing to the top of the Giralda Tower provided us with stunning views of the city.Next, we made our way to the coastal city of Barcelona. This city has a unique blend of modernity and tradition, and we loved exploring its diverse neighborhoods. We spent hours wandering through the colorful streets of the Gothic Quarter, admiring the stunning architecture and stopping for delicious meals at local restaurants. Of course, we couldn't miss a visit to the famous Sagrada Familia, the iconic basilica designed by Antoni Gaudí. The intricate details of the building were truly awe-inspiring.One of the highlights of our trip was our time spent on the beautiful beaches of the Costa del Sol. The crystal-clear waters and golden sands were the perfect place to relax and soak up the sun. We also took the opportunity to try some water sports, such assnorkeling and paddle boarding. The Mediterranean Sea was the perfect backdrop for our family's vacation photos.Throughout our trip, we were constantly amazed by the warmth and friendliness of the Spanish people. Whether we were asking for directions or ordering food at a restaurant, everyone we encountered was welcoming and helpful. It made our experience in Spain even more enjoyable.As our trip came to an end, we reflected on all of the incredible experiences we had in Spain. From the bustling cities to the serene beaches, we had truly fallen in love with this beautiful country. We knew that it wouldn't be long before we returned to explore even more of what Spain has to offer.In conclusion, my trip to Spain was an unforgettable experience. From the vibrant cities to the stunning beaches, I was constantly amazed by the beauty and diversity of the country. I can't wait to return and continue exploring all that Spain has to offer.。

旅游经济学案例

旅游经济学教学案例集（第二辑）一、欧洲旅游——到巴黎去做乞丐目前，欧洲旅游的新时尚就象我们当年吃忆苦饭——体验社会，以往欧美旅行社的主打招牌“阳光沙滩、异国风情”已被各种形式的社会旅游所替代。

体验乞丐生活，到贫困地区走一走，成了欧美旅客最时髦的事情。

1、追随流浪汉的生活荷兰卡姆斯特拉旅行社推出了“巴黎流浪4日游”，全程花费459欧元。

这类旅游一般都是在每年的4月~9月组团，因为那时的气候比较好。

这类旅游的顾客群是些又好奇又有社会责任感的人。

这种旅行团一般10人起组团，参加旅行团的成员不得随身携带现金、信用卡和手机，他们在行程中要学会像流浪汉一样靠在街上捡一些有用的东西或者靠卖艺来维持生活。

旅行社会向他们提供乐器、画笔等，并监督他们确实一切都按照要求做。

到了晚上，旅行社会发给他们硬纸板和报纸供他们御寒。

不过，行程的最后一晚旅行社会让他们住进高级酒店，同时提供给他们一份丰盛的晚餐，让他们感受到鲜明的对比。

这项旅行的策划人冈森斯说，有过这样一次经历之后，旅游者会对流落街头的人的生活有更深的体会，也许他们以后会帮助乞丐们改变生活状况。

不过伦敦客提出特殊要求，旅行社还可以组织他们去布拉格或者其他城市。

不过伦敦市政府不同意这家旅行社在伦敦组织这样的旅游，市政府表示不能保证游客的安全。

2、没有土地的农民们去遥远的巴西看看那里的农民是怎样生活的，也是社会旅游的一个新趋向。

现在欧洲旅行社共有6条访问巴西庄园的旅游线路，“无土地农民运动”是其中一条。

旅行社保证来这里的旅客都能吃到完全生态的食品，他们还可以亲自参加收割活动，学习种植和饲养技能，或者亲手制作一些手工艺品。

这条线路的价格也太贵，除去往返的机票线，每天只需要1 958欧元（编者注：数目可能有出入）——其中包括他们住店和从饭店到庄园的路费。

当地农民对来访者非常欢迎，免费为他们提供参观和参与的机会，希望他们能够了解自己的生活。

巴西的旅行社还委托德国的一家旅行社专门组织欧洲旅客来这里参观，这里的旅游资源还在开发中，里约热内卢市政府已经同意开放南美最大的贫民窟罗新哈，让更多的外国游客了解这里。

西班牙乡村旅游外文翻译(可编辑)

外文翻译rural tourism in SpainMaterial Source:Annals of Tourism Research, 2002Author:ElsevierRural tourism is to some rural villages to understand the people, customs and etiquette, etc There are some villages at the time of planting products rice, maize, sorghum, wheat, etc., fruit trees, streams, small bridges viewing and their understanding of the storyTourists in the countryside usually in remote areas of the traditional village and nearby to stay, learn and experience the rural lifestyle activities. The village can also be as a tourist base to explore the surrounding areasFirst, an overview of rural tourism1. The origin of rural tourismSpain scholars Rosa Mary'a Yagu ¨ e Perales 2001 will be divd d into the traditional rural tourism rural tourism Homecoming or Traditional Rural Tourism and modern rural tourism Modern Rural Tourism two Traditional rural tourism in the industrial revolution, mainly due to a number of urban residents from rural areas in order to "go home" inthe form of vacation. Although the traditional rural tourism will have on the local economic impact of some valuable,and to increase opportunities for exchanges among the urban and rural areas, but it and the modern rural tourism there was a great difference mainly reflected in: the traditional rural tourism activities are mainly carried out during the holidays; not effective in promoting local economic development; not to increase local employment opportunities and improve the financial environment. In fact, the traditional rural tourism in many parts of the world developed and developing countries are widespread in China, this tradition often classified as rural tourism travel to visit relatives Tourism is a modern village in the 20th century, the 80's in the rural areas a new type of tourism, especially in the 90's after the 20th century, the rapid development of tourism tourists obvious motive from the traditional tourists go home. The characteristics of modern rural tourism mainly as follows: time travel is not limited to holidays; modern rural tourists take full advantage of the beautiful landscape of rural areas, the natural environment and architecture, and cultural resources; modern rural tourism's contribution to the rural economy is not only the performance of increase in local revenue, but also in creating local employment opportunities,but also the tradition of local economic weakness has injected new vitality Modern village of tourism on economic development in rural areas have a positive role in promoting, with thecharacteristics of modern people with the rapid increase of tourists, the modern development of rural tourism has become an effective means of the rural economy. Therefore it is necessary to distinguish this kind of "go home" of the tourism or rural tourism traditional and modern distinction between rural tourism. At present, we are talking about refers to the modern rural tourism rural tourism 2. The definition of rural tourism Academic circles both at home and abroad on the rural tourism has not completely uniform definition of the following views:Spain scholar Gilbert and Tung 1990 that: Rural Tourism Rural tourism is the farmers to provide accommodation for tourists and other conditions, to the farm, ranch, such as a typical rural environment, a variety of leisure activities to engage in a form of tourism World Commission for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD, 1994, P.15 is defined as: carried out in rural tourism, rural-style rurality is the center of rural tourism and the unique selling point Arie Reichel and Israel Oded Lowengart and the United States Ady Milman 1999 that clear and concise: rural tourism region is located in rural tourism. Rural areas with special offerings, such as small-scale tourism enterprises, regional to open and the characteristics of sustainable development British Bramwell and Lane 1994 that: rural tourism is not only the agriculture-based tourism activities, but more than one level of tourism activities, which in addition to agriculture-based holiday tourism, butalso include special interest in nature-based tourism, ecotourism, walk during the holidays,mountain climbing and horse riding and other activities, adventure, sports and health tourism, hunting and angling, educational travel, cultural and traditional tourism, as well as some regional folk tourism The relevant definition of rural tourism more,Li-Hua Li Jing-ming and the narrow sense that refers to rural tourism in rural areas, in a rural natural and cultural objects for the tourist attraction of tourism. The concept of rural tourism includes two aspects: first, took place in ruralareas, the village is as a tourist attraction of the two are indispensable Second,analysis of rural tourism development1. Status of the development of rural tourismSince the 70's since the 19th century, rural tourism in rural areas in developed countries has grown rapidly. This is the promotion of the economic downturn, the development of rural areas has played a very important role Blaine and Golan 1993; Dernoi 1991. Rural tourism to the local economy and the significance has been fully proved Fleischer & Pizam, 1997; Page & Getz,1997; OECD, 1994. In many countries, rural tourism is considered to be a recession and to prevent the increase of agricultural income in rural areas an effective means Arie Reichel, Oded Lowengart, Ady Milman, 1998 The development of rural tourism development in the world very quickly, in 2001, more than 10,000 villages in the Italiantourism enterprises received a total of 2,100 million visitors, turnoverof 900 billion liras about430 million U.S. dollars, compared to2000 an increase of 12.5% Xinhuanet, 2001.12.30. In the United States has 30 states for a clear policy on the tourism industry in rural areas, 14 of which states the overall development of tourism in their planning includes rural tourism Luloff et al, 1994. In Israel, the development of rural tourism as a revenue decline in the rural areas as an effective complement the increase in the number of rural tourism enterprises Fleischer & Pizam, 1997. At the same time, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the former Eastern Europe and the Pacific region, including in many countries are of the viewthat the tourism industry inrural areas, rural economic development and the driving force for economic diversification Hall, & Jenkins, 1998 United Kingdom Richard Sharpley 2001 that the rural tourism enterprises are facing major challenges: lack of support; the lackof training; tourism facilities and the lack of attraction; short season obviously,the utilization rate is not high;marketing aspects inefficient In the late 20th century, Spain, through its nearly 20-year study of rural tourism concluding that the modern rural tourism is very conducive to promoting the development of rural areas of Spain, in Spain and more modern village at the age of tourists between the ages of 25-45 for the community high level of education, strong purchasing power of urban residents,rural activities on the enjoyment of them adopt apositive attitude, the main rural tourism activities, including sports, and agriculture-related areas such as labor and tourism, rural tourists, these modern multi-use of existing facilities, including The village is full of vigor and the farmhouse and other small hotels Bardo'n1987, 1990; Bote 1987,1988; Candela 1992; Fuentes 1995 China's rural tourism development around the major tourist and leisure agriculture mainly agricultural, are currently being marketed to tourism, study, learning, participation, eating rice farming, dry farming of living, enjoy the music farm" for customs the content of tourism; to harvest a variety of farm products as the main contents of the picking of tourism and agriculture to traditional folk festivals for the content of the rural areas, tourism and other festivals 译文西班牙乡村旅游资料来源:旅游研究纪事,2002 作者:爱思唯尔乡村旅游被人们理解为理解人们的习俗和礼仪等等。

《旅游管理专业英语》(第二版) 讲义 Lesson11 Euro

EuroThe euro (€; ISO 4217 code EUR) is the currency of twelve of the twenty-five European Union member states. These twelve states, which form the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), are: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. It is the result of the most significant monetary reform in Europe since the Roman Empire. Though the introduction of the euro can be seen simply as a mechanism for perfecting the Single European Market, facilitating free trade between the members of the Eurozone, the euro is also a key part of the European project of political integration.The euro is administered by the European System of Central Banks(ESCB), composed of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Eurozone central banks operating in member states. The ECB (headquartered in Frankfurt am Main, Germany) has sole authority to set monetary policy; the other members of the ESCB participate in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins, and the operation of the Eurozone payment system.CharacteristicsMain articles: Euro coins, Euro banknotesThe euro sign is a stylised letter "E" resembling the letter "C" with a doubled middle bar, following the convention of many other currency signs.(geometry) ()The euro is divided into 100 cents, but the actual name can vary with the country: in Greece, the name leptó, plural leptá is used instead, and in Italy the original word "centesimo", from which "cent" ultimately derived, is used currently. In France, people tend to keep using "centime", the subdivision of their former money (French franc). The form "cent" is officially used in the singular and in the plural (see the relevant section below).All euro coins have a common obverse showing the worth and a national reverse showing an image particular to the country it was issued in; the monarchies have a picture of their reigning monarch, other countries usually have their national symbols. All the different coins can be used in all the participating member states: for example, a euro coin bearing an image of the Spanish king is legal tender not only in Spain, but also in all the other nations where the euro is in use. There are two-euro, one-euro, fifty-cent, twenty-cent, ten-cent, five-cent, two-cent and one-cent coins, though the latter two are not generally used in Finland (but are still legal tender).Euro banknotes have a common design for each denomination on both sides. Notes are issued in the following amounts: €500, €200, €100, €50, €20, €10, and €5. Some higher denominations are not issued in some countries, though again, are legal tender.TransitionThe euro was established by the provisions in the 1992Maastricht Treaty on European Union relating to establishing an economic and monetary union. In order to participate in the new currency, member states had to meet strict criteria such as a budget deficit of less than three per cent of GDP, a debt ratio of less than sixty per cent of GDP, combined with low inflation and interest rates close to the EU average.Due to differences in national conventions for rounding and significant digits, all conversion between the national currencies had to be carried out using the process of triangulation via the euro. The definitive values in euros of these subdivisions (which represent the exchange rate at which the currency entered the euro) are as follows:•13.7603 Austrian schilling (ATS)•40.3399 Belgian franc (BEF)• 2.20371 Dutch guilder (NLG)• 5.94573 Finnish markka (FIM)• 6.55957 French franc (FRF)• 1.95583 German mark (DEM)•0.787564 Irish pound (IEP)•1936.27 Italian lira (ITL)•40.3399 Luxembourg franc (LUF)•200.482 Portuguese escudo (PTE)•166.386 Spanish peseta (ESP)The above rates were determined by the Council of the European Union, based on a recommendation from the European Commission, on the basis of the market rates on 31December, 1998, so that one ECU (European Currency Unit) would equal one euro. (The European Currency Unit was an accounting unit used by the EU, based on the currencies of the member states; it was not a currency in its own right.) These rates were set by Council Regulation 2866/98 (EC), of 31 December1998. They could not be set earlier, because the ECU depended on the closing exchange rate of the non-euro currencies (principally the pound sterling) that day.Greece failed to meet the criteria for joining initially, so it did not join the common currency on 1 January, 1999. It was admitted two years later, on 1 January2001, at the following exchange rate:•340.750 Greek drachma (GRD)The procedure used to fix the irrevocable conversion rate between the drachma and the euro was different, since the euro by then was already two years old. While the conversion rates for the initial eleven currencies were determined only hours before the euro was introduced, the conversion rate for the Greek drachma was fixed several months beforehand, in Council Regulation 1478/2000 (EC), of 19 June2000.The currency was introduced in non-physical form (travellers' cheques, electronic transfers, banking, etc.) at midnight on 1 January, 1999, when the national currencies of participating countries (the Eurozone) ceased to exist independently in that their exchange rates were locked at fixed rates against each other, effectively making them mere non-decimal subdivisions of the euro; the euro thus became the successor to the older European Currency Unit (ECU). The notes and coins for the old currencies, however, continued to be used as legal tender until new notes and coins were introduced on 1 January2002.The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro generally lasted two months, until 28 February, 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in Germany, where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December, 2001, though the exchange period lasted two months. The final date was 28 February2002, by which all national currencies ceased to be legal tender in their respective member states. (Note that some of these dates were earlier than was originally planned.) However, even after the official date, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for several years, and in some states for several decades hence. The earliest coins to become non-convertible were the Portuguese escudos, which ceased to have monetary value after 31 December2002, although banknotes do remain exchangeable until 2022.Alt hough some countries are not printing the €500 and €200 banknotes, all banknotes are legal tender throughout the Eurozone. Finland decided not to mint or circulate one-cent and two-cent coins, except in small numbers for collectors. All cash transactions in Finland ending in one or two cents are rounded down and three or four cents are rounded up. Despite this convention, the one-cent and two-cent coins are still legal tender in Finland.Participation in the Economic and Monetary UnionMain article: EurozoneCountries using the euroAt present the member states officially using the euro are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France (except Pacific territories using the CFP franc), Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Overseas territories of some Eurozone countries, such as French Guiana, Réunion, Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, and Martinique, also use the euro. These countries together are frequently referred to as the "Eurozone", "Euroland" or more rarely as "Eurogroup".Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City previously used currencies that were replaced by the euro, and now mint their own euro coins by virtue of agreements () concluded with EU member states (Italy in the case of San Marino and Vatican City, and France in the case of Monaco), on behalf of the European Community.Andorra, Montenegro, and Kosovo also used currencies that were replaced by the euro (the French franc and Spanish peseta in the case of Andorra, and the German mark in the case of Montenegro and Kosovo). They have now adopted the euro as their de facto currencies, without having entered into any legal arrangements with the EU that explicitly permit them to do so. In October 2004, Andorra began negotiating a monetary agreement with the European Union that would allow the country to issue euro coins as Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican City do.Many of the foreign currencies that were pegged to European currencies are now pegged to the euro. For example, the escudo of Cape Verde used to be pegged to the Portuguese escudo, but is now pegged to the euro. Bosnia-Herzogovina uses a convertible mark which was pegged to the Deutsche mark but is now pegged to the Euro. Similarly the CFP franc, CFA franc and Comoros franc, all once pegged to the French franc, are now pegged to the euro. In November 2004, during a meeting in Portugal, the prime minister of Cape Verde considered adopting the Euro as his country's currency, today the currency is commonly accepted in the archipelago.EU-members outside the EurozoneThe ten newest European Union members should eventually use the euro, as EMU membership was part of their accession agreements. Estonia, Lithuania, and Slovenia have already joined Denmark in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, ERM II. The dates these ten states hope to join the EMU vary: 1 January, 2007for Estonia, Slovenia and Lithuania 1 (http://www.lb.lt/news/pg.dll?lng=EN&did=1014)(since they are already part of ERM II); 2007 for Cyprus; 2008 for Latvia, Malta and Slovakia; 2009 for the Czech Republic and Poland; and finally 2010 for Hungary. Estonia finalized the design for the country's coins' reverse side in late 2004. 1 () 2 ()The United Kingdom and Sweden have no plans at present to adopt the euro—however Sweden (unlike the UK and Denmark) does not have a formal opt-out from the monetary union and therefore must (in theory at least) convert to the euro at some point. Notwithstanding this, on the 14 September, 2003, a Swedish referendum was held on the euro, the result of which was arejection of the common currency. The Swedish government has argued that such a line of action is possible since one of the requirements for Eurozone membership is a prior two-year membership of the ERM II. By simply choosing to stay outside the exchange rate mechanism, the Swedish government is provided a formal loophole avoiding the theoretical requirement of adopting the euro. Sweden's major parties continued to believe that it would be in the national interest to join.UK Eurosceptics believe that the single currency is merely a stepping stone to the formation of a unified European superstate. The contrary view is that, since intra-European exports make up 60% of the UK's total, it eases the Single Market by removing currency risk. An interesting parallel can be seen in the 19th century discussions concerning the possibility of the UK joining the Latin Monetary Union[1] (). The UK government has set five economic tests that must be passed before it can recommend that the UK join the euro. It assessed these tests in October 1997 and June 2003, and decided on both occasions that they had not all been passed. Both main political parties in the UK have promised to hold a referendum before joining the Euro, and opinion polls consistently report a majority of the public to be opposed to doing so.Denmark negotiated a number of opt-out clauses from the Maastricht treaty after it had been rejected in a first referendum (namely, Denmark attained an opt-out from joint defence, common currency, judicial cooperation, and European citizenship). The modified treaty was then accepted in another referendum one year after the first one. In 2000, another referendum was held in Denmark regarding the euro; once more, the population decided to stay outside the eurozone for now. However, Danish politicians have suggested that debate on abolishing the four opt-out clauses may be re-opened in late 2005 or early 2006. In addition, Denmark has pegged its krone to the euro (€1 = DKr7.43), something which Sweden has not done.Bulgaria and RomaniaAlthough Bulgaria is not a member state yet (member as of January 12007), the Bulgarian National Bank (BNB) and the Bulgarian government have agreed on the introduction of the euro in mid 2009, when the Bulgarian National Bank is expected to become part of the EMU and will receive the right to issue Bulgarian Euro coins. The early accession to the EMU is due to the extremely tight monetary policy currently in use, which is the result of Bulgaria's agreement with the Monetary Board. In 1999 the Bulgarian currency was re-denominated (1 New Lev = 1000 Old Levs) and the value of the lev was fixed to one German Mark, therefore its value has since been fixed in relation to the euro. Even at this point of time Bulgaria has fulfilled the great majority of the EMU membership critiria.As for Romania (member as of January 12007), it is likely to join the Eurozone in the 2012-2013 period. However, there is no clear strategy of the Romanian government at this point, so the actual date depends on the future development in the Romanian fiscal and monetary policies.Effects of a single currencyHaving a single currency is expected to increase the economic interdependency of and the ease of trade between the EU members that have adopted the euro. This, in theory, should be beneficial for citizens of the euro area, as increases in trade are historically one of the main driving forces of economic growth. Moreover, this would fit with the long-term purpose of a unified market within the European Union.A major benefit is the removal of bank currency transaction charges that previously was a significant cost to both individuals and businesses when changing from one currency to another. Conversely, banks will suffer a significant reduction in profits with the loss of this income.A second effect of the common European currency is that differences in prices—in particular in price levels—will decrease. Differences in prices can trigger arbitrage, e.g. trade between countries, which will equalise prices across the euro area. Often this will also result in increased competition between companies, which should help to contain inflation and which therefore will be beneficial to consumers.Some economists are concerned about the possible dangers of adopting a single currency for a large and diverse area. Because the Eurozone has a single monetary policy (and so a single interest rate), set by the ECB, it cannot be fine-tuned for the economic situation in each individual country. Public investment and fiscal policy in each country is thus the only way in which economic changes can be introduced specific to each region or nation. Eurozone members are experiencing large variations in inflation and unemployment, though not yet great enough to cause significant economic damage.Others point out that the Eurozone is similar in size and population to the United States, which has a single currency and a single monetary policy set by the Federal Reserve. However, the individual states that make up the USA have less regional autonomy and a more homogeneous economy than the nations of the EU. Of particular concern is the notion that the economies of the EU may not all be 'in sync'—each may be at a different stage in the boom and bust cycle, or just be experiencing different inflationary pressures. Labour mobility is also higher in the United States than across the Eurozone.It can also be argued that the single currency works for the USA because the US dollar is a hegemonic currency. Before the euro, eighty per cent of the world's currency reserves were held in US dollars. This gives the US economy a huge subsidy in that reserve dollars are invested in US institutions or foreign institutions under US control. This subsidy helps cushion the effects of a possible strong dollar hurting certain regions of the USA.If the euro were to become either a hegemonic currency replacing the dollar or a co-hegemonic currency equal in reserve status to the dollar, some of the subsidy the USA gains would be transferred to the EU and help balance out some of the problems of the present heterogeneous economic structure still in place.It has been said that the euro would add great liquidity to the financial markets in Europe. Governments and companies can now borrow money in euros instead of their local currency, andthis would allow access to many more sources of funds. Other economists consider that the potential strength of the Eurozone would be in the coherent efforts of a virtual greater super-economy, in which it is now potentially easier to create stronger financial associations, rather than in the mere sum of single liquidities.The euro and oilA final and possibly decisive effect is on the pricing of oil. The Eurozone consumes more imported oil than the United States. This would mean that more euros than US dollars would flow into the OPEC nations, except that oil is priced by those nations in US dollars only. There have been frequent discussions at OPEC about pricing oil in euros, which would have various effects, among them, requiring nations to hold stores of euros to buy oil, rather than the US dollars that they hold now. Venezuela under Hugo Chávez has been a vocal proponent of this scheme, despite selling most of its own oil to the United States. If implemented, this would be a transfer of a 'float' that presently subsidises the United States to subsidise the European Union instead. Another effect would be that the price of oil in the Eurozone would more closely follow the world price. When oil prices skyrocketed to almost 50 US dollars in August2004, the oil price in euros didn't change nearly as much because of the concurrent rise in the exchange rate of the euro to the US dollar (to an exchange rate of EUR 1.00 = USD 1.33 in December 2004). Similarly, should oil prices lower significantly, together with the USD/EUR exchange rate, the oil price in the Eurozone would not fall as much. On the other hand, if the exchange rate and the oil price move in different directions, oil price changes are magnified. Pricing oil in euros would nullify this dependancy of European oil prices on the USD/EUR exchange rate.The deficit structure of the US economy relies heavily on the dollar's hegemonic reserve status as a means of securing US debts and deficits. Without this status, the dollar and the US economy might experience what many Latin American countries experienced during the 1980s. As long as the US dollar was not threatened, the US economy was in no danger of collapse. The individual European currencies offered no threat to the dollar's hegemonic position. In the opinion of some economists the euro may pose a threat to US dollar hegemony, and could under certain circumstances result in a US economic collapse.Euro exchange rateAgainst the US DollarAfter the introduction of the euro, its exchange rate against other currencies, especially the US dollar, declined heavily. At its introduction in 1999, the euro was worth USD $1.18; by late 2000 it had fallen to below $0.85. It then began what at the time was thought to be a recovery; by the beginning of 2001 it had risen to $0.95. It declined again, finally reaching a low of below $0.84 in July 2001. The currency then began to recover against the U.S. dollar. In the wake of U.S. corporate scandals, the two currencies reached parity on 15 July, 2002, and by the end of 2002 the euro had reached $1.04 as it climbed further.On 23 May, 2003, the euro surpassed its initial trading value for the first time as it again hit $1.18, and broke the $1.35 barrier (€0.74 = $1) on 24 December, 2004. On 30 December, 2004 it reached a peak of $1.3668. Some analysts expect the euro to continue to strengthen against the dollar, possibly even to as much as $1.60 by the end of 2005.For information on currencies pegged to euro, see: Currencies related to the euroDriversPart of the euro's strength is thought to be due to more attractive interest rates in Europe than in the United States. The US Federal Reserve has maintained lower rates than the ECB for some years, despite key European economies, notably Germany, growing relatively slowly or not at all. This is attributed in part to the ECB's duty to check inflation across the Eurozone, which in high-performing countries such as Republic of Ireland is above the ECB's target.However, although the interest rate differential forms part of the backdrop, the main reason for the euro's continuing ascent against the dollar is the concern over the huge unsustainable US current account deficits. The market has been awash with concerns about the US twin deficits, which have been a key driver of dollar weakness. The US budget deficit is about $427 billion, or 3.7% of gross domestic product(GDP), while the current account—the broadest trade measure since it adds investment flows—hit a record $166.18bn shortfall in the second quarter of 2004.A key factor is that a number of Asian currencies are rising less against the dollar than the euro is. In the case of China, the renminbi is pegged against the dollar, whilst the Japanese yen is supported by intervention (and the threat of it) by the Bank of Japan. This means much of the pressure from a falling dollar is translated into a rising euro.The euro's climb from its lows began shortly after it was introduced as a cash currency. In the time between 1999and 2002, eurosceptics tried to imply the weak euro was a sign that the euro experiment was doomed to fail. But it can also be said that its weakness in this period was due to low confidence in a currency that did not exist in "real" form. Once the euro became "real" in the sense of existing in the form of cash, the confidence in the euro rose and the increasing perception that it was here to stay helped increase its value. This effect was probably significant in the euro's decline and recovery between 1999 and 2002, but other factors are more significant since then.ConsequencesDespite the euro's rise in value, as well as the value of other major and minor currencies, the US trade deficits continue to rise. Economic theory would suggest that a fall in the dollar and a rise in the euro should lead to an improvement in US exports and a decline in US imports, as the former becomes cheaper and the latter more expensive. However, this depends to some extent on how currency costs are passed down the supply chain. Furthermore, the declining dollar makes foreign investment in the US cheaper (although also reducing the return), so that continuing foreign investment may underpin the dollar to some extent.The role of the dollar as the world's de facto reserve currency helps support both the dollar and the US budget deficit - but it depends on the continued willingness of foreigners to finance both. Central banks and others finance the budget by acquiring newly-issued, dollar-denominated US government bonds, which they need to acquire dollars for. If at some point foreigners become unwilling to accept new bonds at the prevailing interest rate (perhaps because the falling dollar is reducing the bonds' value too much), the dollar will fall even more - or the US will have to raise interest rates, which would reduce economic growth.There is speculation that the strength of the euro relative to the dollar might encourage the use of the euro as an alternative reserve currency; Saddam Hussein's Iraq switched its currency reserves from dollars to euros in 2000. Moves by central banks with major reserve currency holdings such as those of India or China to switch some of their reserves from dollars to euros, or even of OPEC countries to switch the currency they trade in from dollars to euros, will further reinforce the dollar's decline. In 2004, the Bank for International Settlements reported the proportion of bank deposits held in euros rising to 20%, from 12% in 2001, and it is continuously rising. The falling dollar also raises returns for US investors from investing in foreign stocks, encouraging a switch which further depresses the dollar.[2] (/news?tmpl=story&u=/latimests/20041220/ts_latimes/shifttofore ignstockssappingthedollar)The rise in the euro should dampen Eurozone exports, but there is little sign of this happening yet. The main reason is that the currencies of Euroland's major world-wide customers are also seeing their currencies rise relative to the dollar. As the current account deficits continue to rise and the US plans no austerity measures to curb foreign imports and increase exports, the situation may cause the US dollar to lose its position as a hegemonic currency replaced by either the euro or the euro and a basket of currencies.•Current dollar/euro exchange rates (BBC) ()•Current and historical exchange rates against 29 other currencies (European Central Bank) ()•Historical exchange rate from 1971 till now ()Plural formation and grammarMain article: Linguistic issues concerning the euroSeveral linguistic issues have arisen in relation to the spelling of the words euro and cent in the many languages of the member states of the European Union, as well as in relation to grammar and the formation of plurals. Immutable word formations have been encouraged by the European Commission in usage with official EU legislation (originally in order to ensure uniform presentation on the banknotes), but the "unofficial" practice concerning the mutability (or not) of the words differs between the member states.The (misnomer) "euro-cent" is sometimes used in countries (such as USA, Canada, Australia) that also have "cent" as a subcurrency, to distinguish them from the local coin. The term "Eurodollar",which commonly refers to US dollar deposits in European banks, has occasionally been used incorrectly to refer to the Euro by some US sources.The euro signThe international three-letter code (according to ISO standard ISO 4217) for the euro is EUR. A special euro currency sign (€) was also designed. After a public survey had narrowed the original ten proposals down to just two, it was then up to the European Commission to choose the final design. The eventual winner had been designed by Arthur Eisenmenger and was inspired by the Greek letter epsilon(ε), as well as being a stylised version of the letter "E".The euro is represented in the Unicode character set with the character name EURO SIGN and the code position U+20AC (decimal 8364) as well as in updated versions of the traditional Latin character sets. Western nations should switch from ISO 8859-1 (Latin 1) to ISO 8859-15 (Latin 9) or Unicode in order to represent this character. ISO 8859-16represents this character also. In HTML"€" can also be used. The HTML masking was only introduced with HTML 4.0; shortly after the introduction of the euro, many browsers were unable to render it.A selection of the euro signs in various fonts: standard, Arial, Times New Roman, Comic Sans, Courier New, Lucida Console, Microsoft Sans Serif, Verdana.The European Commission originally specified the euro sign to have exact proportions, not varying from font to font. By this specification, the euro sign would have effectively been a logo, unlike designable characters such as the letters or other currency signs like the dollar and pound signs. Keeping it to exact measurements would have made it rather broad in comparison to other symbols and digits in most fonts and would sometimes have resulted in layout problems. For these reasons, most type designers have ignored the commission and designed their own variants for each font instead, often based upon the capital letter C in the respective font. The illustration at the top of this article is of the official, invariant euro sign.On many computer keyboards, the euro sign often appears as secondary function to the letter E, which can be reached by the Alt or Alt Gr key (Ctrl+Alt on US PC keyboards). On modern Irish and British keyboards (where that position was already in use for é), the euro sign appears as a secondary function to the digit 4 (digit 2 on Macintosh keyboards). Some mobile phone companies did an interim software update on their special SMS character set, replacing the rarely used symbol for the Japanese yen with the euro sign: modern phones have both currency signs.No "official" recommendation is made with regard to the use of a cent sign, and sums are often expressed as fractions of the euro (for example €0.05 rather than 5¢ or 5c). The small letter c is often used (as it was for the guilder subdivision cent). In Ireland, the small letter c is often seen (for instance on postage stamps) but in shops the cent sign ¢ makes an appearance from time to。

英语作文西班牙旅游

英语作文西班牙旅游I have always been fascinated by the rich history and vibrant culture of Spain.我一直对西班牙丰富的历史和充满活力的文化深感着迷。

The thought of exploring ancient castles, indulging in delectable cuisine, and experiencing the lively atmosphere of flamenco dancing fills me with excitement.想象探索古老的城堡、品尝美味的美食，以及体验弗拉明戈舞的热烈氛围让我充满了兴奋。

During my trip to Spain, I would first visit the capital city of Madrid. Known for its stunning architecture and lively street life, Madrid offers a perfect blend of traditional and modern attractions.在我前往西班牙的旅程中，我首先会去参观首都马德里。

马德里以其令人震惊的建筑和生气勃勃的街头生活而闻名，它提供了传统和现代景点的完美融合。

I would explore the iconic Plaza Mayor, stroll through the expansive Retiro Park, and immerse myself in the art at the renowned Prado Museum.我会探索标志性的马约尔广场，在广阔的雷蒂罗公园漫步，还会沉浸在著名的普拉多博物馆的艺术氛围中。

Of course, no trip to Madrid would be complete without savoring the delicious tapas and enjoying the vibrant nightlife, where locals and tourists come together to dance and socialize.当然，没有品尝美味的小吃和享受充满活力的夜生活的马德里之行是不完整的，当地人和游客聚在一起跳舞和社交。

西班牙旅游英文介绍

Thank you for your attention!
• Barcelona and Real Madrid are the most successful Spanish clubs, in both the national league and continental competitions.
Spain one of the world’s most popular tourist destination. owing to its climate, location, culture and facilities.
• In 2010, Spain dropped to the fourth most visited country in the world after France, the United States and China with 53 million visitors.
• Spain's tourism direct industry GDP was €62.1 billion ($81.8 billion) in 2010 according to the World Travel and Tourism Council, the fifth highest tourism direct industry GDP.
Its include the Pyrenees, the Sistema Central, the Sistema Ibérico and Sierra Nevada
Sport Tourism, Football
• Football is the most popular sport in Spain. • Modern football was introduced to Spain in the late 19th century by a combination of mostly British immigrant workers, visiting sailors and Spanish students coming from Britain.

旅游经济学考试题型英语

一、填空（10×2’）1、Classify of tourist products（旅游产品分类）:destination: inbound tourism, domestic tourism, outbound tourismfashion: group tour, small package tour, single service2、Basic indicator of tourism（入境旅游指标体系中文P184）：the person-time of inbound tourism（人次）overnight stay and length of stay(过夜天数和停留时间)the expenditure of inbound tourism(旅游者消费指标)3、Tourists travel for different purpose: such as religion, health, commerce, adventure, quest for fortune,politics4、classify of tourist resources(旅游资源分类)：free, scarce（特征：not renewability, not interchangeability）P565、Tourists face a 5 stage decision process(出游的五个阶段)：P102participation decision参与决策tourism budget constraint旅游预算约束frequency and length of stay频率和停留时间kind of destination目的地类型destination and transportation made choice目的地和交通的选择6、Tourism and supply chain management 5个基本内容：①planning, ②procurement, ③manufacturing, ④distribution, ⑤toretrnofgoods7、旅游供给指标体系：（中文版P92）8、旅游供应链中主体的地位：Travel agency is the core of supply chainTourist is the subject of supply chainTourism resource and environment is the basis of supply chain9、Problem of tourism transportation: Carbon emission P12910、concentration(集中度) 分类：industrial(行业), industry(产业), market（市场）11、国际货币基金组织，股份不低于25%12、financing(资金融通)方式：direct(直接融资)，indirect(间接融资)13、tourism demand forecast: change(旅游投资预测) trend forecast of ①population, ②economic andpolitical, ③tourism product price, ④tourism supplies14、tourism investment efficiency: economic. environmental, social15、decision-marketing type:Certainty decision (information complete)Uncertainty decision (all information is uncertain completely)Risk type decision (incomplete information)16、tourism multiplier model(旅游乘数模型)：①input-output model, ②economic base model, ③“certain”model(特定模型)：唯一针对旅游产业的模型17、the development of marketing idea（市场营销理念）：①product-oriented, ②sales-oriented, ③customer-oriented18、Marketing mix(市场营销整合)：4PS：product, place(process of delivery), price, promotion (P257也可能是简答)二、名词解释（45’）1、Free resources: they are in such abundance that there is no need for any mechanism to allocate them tousers.(P56)Scarce: their supply in general is limited in respect to their actual or potential demand.2、Tourism Demand: Tourism Demand is in a certain period of time, certain price ,tourists are willing and able topurchase quantity of tourism products, a certain amount of demand on tourism destination for tourists.(P102)3、Price discrimination normally implies a degree of monopoly and hence the chance tomake “supernormal” profits, but in travel and tourism it is more a function of non saleable services and the ability to segments market. (P150)4、一体化)：Integration refers to multiple originally independent sovereignty entity graduallycombine a single entity in some way. (P159)5、according to the needs of development on tourism enterprise in a certain period of time. (中文P232)6、are used to capture the secondary effects of visitor spending in a region. (P220)7、commit to a particular product or service instead of to the many other products and services available.(P241)8、Marketing strategy: a marketing strategy lays out the path to follow to reach the stated marketing objectives.(P254)三、简答（中文4×8’）1、The success of tourist destination 旅游目的地成功的条件:P10attractions吸引物amenities(facilities)便利设施accessibility for tourists可进入性分析重庆成为旅游目的地成功的条件：三都（会展、美食、温泉）、购物场所（解放碑、江北）、交通（高速公路、高铁2、旅游企业经营的目标：(理解，描述)P150Profit maximizationSales revenue maximization“Empire building” or prestigeOutput maximization“Satisfying”A quiet life(profit minimization)3、中间商的主要作用:P157Improve circulation efficiency提供流通率Adjust the contradiction between production and consumption调节生产和消费的矛盾Effective share enterprise marketing function4、一体化（图描述，理解）P1595、从80年代起，中国旅游产业的集中度分析描述6(非投资管理)p1657P257）先将在各种自然状态下的最大损益值减去其他方案的损益值，得出各个方案在各种自然状态下的后悔值然后找出每个方案的最大后悔值再从这些最大后悔值中选择一个最小值。

旅游经济学(英文)

Syllabus for undergraduate of OUCCourse name：Tourism economic Course time：32 hoursCourse teacher： Shi JianZhong1.Course OverviewTourism economic is one of the professional core course of tourism management courses, credits for 2, week 2. The main contents of the course include: the formation and development of tourism economy, the operation and the nature of tourism economic activities, the status and function of tourism economy, tourism products and development, tourism demand and supply, tourism market and development, tourism price and strategy, and effect of tourism consumption, tourism income and distribution, tourism investment and decision, structure and optimization of tourism economy, tourism economic benefit and evaluation, tourism economic development strategy.2.Student Learning OutcomesBy learning this course, students can comprehensively describe the basic theory and method of tourism economics based on the theory of modern market economy and the western economics theories and method.3.Course Expectations1．Require students to grasp the basic concept, the basic thought, the basic analysis method and the elementary theory of tourism economics.2．Require students to conduct self-study, and students are encouraged to widely read reference books to make it more understanding of basic tourism economic theory and its application in all respects.3．Require teachers to pay close attention to using graphic tools and using mathematical tools properly.4．The advance curriculum is the higher mathematics, microeconomics and macroeconomics .4.Assignments5.Books To Purchase[1]Adrian Bull: The Economics of Travel & Tourism, Longman Cheshire PtyLimited,1991[2]Aislabie, Colin: Economics of Tourism: Case Study & Analysis, Universityof Newcastle, Australia,1988- 2 -[3]罗明义，《旅游经济学》，南开大学出版社，2004年版[4]《中国旅游年鉴》，1999—2016，中国旅游出版社6.Grading PolicyThere will be three exams for this course. Midterm 1 and Midterm 2 are composed of questions from contents that you have learned.you will be divided in to teams. Every assignment is about economic question that needs your team to read relevant papers to explain. All assignments must be submitted online on the date due.Final exam would be based on short questions, chart explain and calculation7.Course Calendar- 2 -。

旅游经济学教学案例(一二三辑合集)

旅游经济学教学案例（一二三辑合集）案例1：迪斯尼产品迪斯尼(Disney)乐园是美国好莱坞著名动画片大师和制作家沃尔特·迪斯尼设计创立的，并以它的名字命名。

迪斯尼乐园是一座主题乐园，主要由美国大街、冒险乐园、新奥尔良广场、熊的世界、幻想奇境、边境地界和明日世界等七大游区组成，其项目之丰富，科学技术之奇巧，规模之宏伟，设计之独特，无不令人眼花缭乱。

美国本土的迪斯尼、日本的迪斯尼和欧洲的迪斯尼(Euro Disney)现已成为全球最具魅力的主题乐园。

但是，迪斯尼的经营者在取得骄人业绩的背后也有失败的教训，其中之一就是欧洲迪斯尼(法国)乐园价格策略的失败。

欧洲迪斯尼的经营者在经营初期认为，其欧洲的竞争对手无法和迪斯尼的声望和规模相比拟，所以把门票价格定的比竞争对手高了两倍左右，并且很少进行价格优惠和季节性的调整。

他们还假设游客在欧洲迪斯尼的二次消费水平会和美国迪斯尼相当。

但是和大多数美国人开车到乐园游玩的情况不同，欧洲旅游市场上长途客车和旅游经营商担任着重要的角色，欧洲迪斯尼没有认识到这一点，因而很少在定价、订票系统上做出让步。

事实上，法郎对其他欧洲货币汇率的变化以及全欧洲范围内的经济衰退，使得欧洲迪斯尼的门票价格显得异常昂贵。

人们发现，去欧洲迪斯尼并不比到佛罗里达(Florida)游览迪斯尼的包价旅游便宜多少，而欧洲迪斯尼还无法和佛罗里达迷人的气候相比拟。

另外，昂贵的门票使得游客往往不太乐意再花太多的钱在食物、纪念品和其他商品上，人们宁愿步行很长一段距离到停车场野餐，也不愿意在公园里的餐厅就餐，人们害怕餐厅的食物会像门票一样的贵。

这样，游客二次消费比他们估计的低了25%，加之游客数量较少，导致了欧洲迪斯尼乐园经营初期严重的困难。

资料来源：根据冷梅的《漫游世界—美国》、屈云波的《旅游业营销》整理。

评析：旅游产品的特殊性决定了旅游产品价格的特殊性，但这一特殊性不能抛开价值决定价格、价格受供求关系影响的规律而存在的。

西班牙乡村旅游(翻译材料)

西班牙乡村旅游Rosa María Y agüe PeralesUniversity of València, Spain摘要：本文的研究目的在于确定一种新型游客类型——现代乡村游客——的特征，并了解他们在西班牙某特定区域内游客所占的比例。

研究所选取的地区为El Alto Palancia，在V alencian区，这是非常有名的乡村旅游胜地。

研究中，我们采用了实验研究法，并引入了一套经济学模型以完成本文的目的，而研究表明这套模型对于区别现代与传统型游客相当有效。

关键词：乡村旅游，西班牙，经济模型引言：自70年代以来，在乡村地区进行的旅游活动在发达国家明显增多。

这对于某些经济和社会都欠发达地区的发展起到了很关键的作用（Blaine and Golan1993;Dernoi 1999）。

然而，到乡村来旅游这一现象并非是近期才出现的，事实上，自工业革命以来它就存在了，而当时，它具有回老家的涵义（即原来自乡村的城市居民通常回“家乡”度假的旅游活动）。

这种回家乡含义的旅游活动并没有在假期产生大量的旅游流，且不具备促进当地经济发展的能力。

因此，区分回老家/传统乡村旅游与现代乡村旅游两类旅游则尤为重要，由于现代乡村旅游业从业者的行为及消费模型对当地经济与发展更有价值，因而相对于前者更有益于乡村经济的发展。

乡村地区应将大力增加现代意义上的游客作为发展旅游业的主要目标。

传统与现代乡村旅游为了阐述现代乡村旅游，并查出在西班牙某一特定区域乡村游客的存在现状，本文将统计模型运用于西班牙不同地区从而选出研究地点，这些地区都具有大量的地理，风景及社会经济资源，将来足有潜力成为西班牙地中海地区的重要旅游目的地。

现代乡村游客简介：在大部分的西方国家，乡村旅游在很早就已经存在了。

事实上据记载，自19世纪开始，中层或更高阶层的人们就逐渐对游览乡村地区感兴趣了。

而这一现象的产生因素首先为区域条件，这些乡村一般都接近城市核心，有治疗作用的温泉，和其他类似可增强健康的资源，并通列车。

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LOGO
CONCLUSION
❖ Why there are so many people went ❖ to Spain ? ❖ Did the technical conditions affect it a lot? ❖ what is about the social political stability? ❖ What about the attitudes and habits about
Spanish?
LOGO
The introduction
❖ Name: Spain ❖ Capital: Madrid ❖ Population: 46,030,109(2010) ❖ Nation: Spaniard ❖ Main city: Valencia and Barcelona, sevilla ❖ Language: Spanish ❖ GDP: 1413billion dolor ❖ Average GDP:30,622
In Spain
tourism and economic
LOGO
Contents
1 The introduction about Spain
2
The economic in Spain
3 The tourism industry in Spain
4 The relationship between 2 and3
3 The tourism industry in Spain
4 The relationship between 2 and3
LOGO
TOURISM
❖ tourism
▪ Visiting for at least one night for leisure and holiday, business and professional or other tourism purposes.
2) air 15.2 billion 3) road 286.5 billion
LOGOitors this year is expected to drop 10% ,cause of the economic crisis
Spain so by the United States into the third big tourism countries beyond
LOGO
Contents
1 The introduction about Spain
2
The economic in Spain
Contents
1 The introduction about Spain
2
The economic in Spain
3 The tourism industry in Spain
4 The relationship between 2 and3
LOGO
The general condition
❖ Spain is the European highly developed capitalist industrial nation. in 80 s, west began to implement a policy adjustment, adopted a series of economic liberalization measures. In 1986 to join European Union as the opportunity, economic development appear high tide. In May 1998, becoming The first to join one of the countries of the euro.
LOGO
The policy in Spain
❖ constitutional monarchy ❖ Spain T3.7 F2.4 M2.2 1.4 5.2 3.2（2000） ❖ china F 15.9 M 6.7 ❖ 96% inhabitant believe in the Catholic
▪ Visiting means a temporary movement to destinations outside the normal home and workplace.
LOGO
The economic proportion
GDP
❖ Industry : 28.5% 26627.5 billion ❖ Farming fishery: 3.5% 32.7 billion ❖ Tourism :68% 63532.4 billion ❖ Transport: 1)railway 65.4 billion people
LOGO
The geographical condition
❖Northern mountain part
❖The central plateau
❖Aragorn plain
❖The Mediterranean coast mountain
❖The Andalusia plain [ Image information in product ] ▪ Image : ▪ Note to customers : This image has been licensed to be used within this PowerPoint template only. You may not extract the image for any other use. LOGO

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