汉译英(谓语的确定和否定翻译)

3 用系表结构作谓语； 连系动词之后须带主语补语（Subject complement)) Eg: the capital of the United States was once New York City. The puddle got bigger the more it rained. 这些椅子舒适大方，携带方便。 These chairs are comfortable and convenient to carry. 她变得如此温柔和体贴。 She becomes so gentle and considerable. 在陌生的环境里她感到很不自在。 She didn’t feel completely at ease in the strange surroundings.
Every boy and every girl in this room is/are entitled to a copy. Many a man and woman in this community finds/find himself and herself in need. My sisters or brother is/are likely to be at home. Either my father or my brothers are/is coming. Neither the Kansas coach nor the players were/was confident of victory.
大学在推动经济增长方面的作用已是有目共睹。 Already, the university’s role as an engine of economic growth is well recognized. 我们的国防变得越来越巩固和强大。 Our national defence becomes more and more consolidatory and powerful. 他在会上说的话非常正确，非常有说服力。 What he said at the meeting is very right and persuasive. 他们的言语和行动充满了信心和自豪。 They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.
这些时装模特逐渐镇定下来，有了自信。 These fashion models gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence; Gradually, these fashion models calmed down and regained self-confidence. 这座旅馆能接待300多个旅客。 This hotel can contain/accommodate over three hundred passengers/guests.
5 如果在一个句子中有几个动词，就确定一 个动词作谓语，其他动词可译作非谓语动 词或介词短语。 中国观察问题不是看社会制度。 China does not regard social system as criterion in its approach to problems. 他告诉我在各种情况下都要保持冷静。 He told me to keep calm under all circumstances.
英汉语言宏观对比
静态与动态（ Static vs. Dynamic ）
英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态 汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈动态
英汉语言宏观对比
英语的静态倾向表现在：
1、名词化 Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes.

4、名词优势造成介词优势
He is at his books. 他在读书。 The machine is in operation. 机器正在运转。
英汉语言宏观对比
5、用形容词或副词表达动词的意义 You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.
Two thirds of the swampland has/have been reclaimed for farming. Forth minus fifteen leaves/leave twenty-five. Seven plus/and five makes/make twelve. All of the cargo was/were lost. All of the crew were/was saved.
表达，英译时谓语时态要与原文一致； 新的景点不断出现，观光人数不断增加，地区经济 也有了很大发展。 窗户玻璃打破了。 在教室里，有人问了老师许多问题。 今年要多考几个资格证。
据说，他已经去了日本。 It is said that he has gone to Japan. 已经达成了多项协议。 A lot of agreements have been reached. 今年要出台多项新政策。 Many new policies will be formulated this year. 同学们选他做代表，他很高兴。 His classmates elected him representative, he was very glad. 这位驾驶员开车时心不在焉，几乎引起一场车祸。 The driver’s absent-mindedness during his driving nearly caused a traffic accident. 他从未料到问题会这么复杂。 He has never expected that the problem is so complicated.
你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。
He is out. 他出去了。
英汉语言宏观对比
汉语的动态倾向表现在：
1、动词连用(连动式和兼语式句子) 他想办法摆脱了困境。(连动式) He thought his way out of the dilemma. 我们请她唱歌。(兼语式) We asked her to sing. 2、动词(词组)可以充当汉语句子的各种成分 他们喜欢乘火车旅行。(连动式词组做宾语) They enjoy traveling by train.
学校教育不仅要抓智育，更要重视德育。 Schools must provide students not only sound intellectual training, but, more importantly, moral development.
2 汉语动词无时态变化，时态概念通过词汇手段来
汉语的谓语也是句子中的重要成分，但汉语 的谓语除了用动词充当，还可以用形容词、 名词或其他词语充当。 他买了一本书。 他是江苏人。 小王今年29岁。 南京的秋天很美。 我的老师今天不在学校。
在英语句子中，作谓语的动词对句子其他成 分的形式和句子结构有很大影响。谓语受 主语支配，在人称和数上必须和主语一致。 He has put the salt( them) on the table. 汉语句子中主语和谓语只要求在语义上一致， 而无须在形式上对应。汉语句子中谓语不 受主语支配，没有人称、数和时态变化。
英汉语言宏观对比
3、汉语动词常常重复或重叠 要吃有吃，要穿有穿。 You will have enough to eat and sufficient to put on. 说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉快。 Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.
句子翻译之谓语确定
汉语句子中否定表达的翻译
句子翻译之谓语确定
英汉谓语之比较
英语句子谓语只有动词和动词词组才能充当； She was smiling. He likes translation. They have become health-conscious. John is at home. We gave him advice. We consider that plan wonderful. He has put the salt on the table. The children might have been playing in the garden. I agree with you on that point. In the valley we came across a group of Mexicans.
4 谓语和主语在人称和数上必须保持一致；
当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country. 五十英里对我来说是很长一段路程。 Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.
女主人端着几杯葡萄酒走了进来。 The hostess came in with several glasses of wine.
南宁市政府招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来南宁 洽谈项目。 The delHale Waihona Puke Baidugation of inviting investment of Nanning City has attracted many businessmen from Southeast Asia to Nanning to hold talks on different projects. 上海采取了一系列优惠政策吸引外资。 A series of preferential policies have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital.
Either my brothers or my father is/are coming. No one except his own supporters agree/agrees with him. Neither Julia nor I am/is going. Joe’s new trousers are/is black and white. Domestic cattle provide/provides us with milk, beef and hides. Bread and milk is/are a good breakfast.
我常去北京。 I often go to Beijing. 他常去上海。 He often goes to Shanghai. 他昨天去了常州。 He went to Changzhou yesterday. 从这三个例子看出，汉语的谓语无形态变化， 而英语的谓语有变化。
英译时谓语的确定
1 谓语确定应充分、贴切传达愿意； 中国经济将融入世界经济大潮。 The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy. The economy of China will converge with that of the world. 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The central government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.
胰岛素用于治疗糖尿病。 2、用名词表示施事者，以代替动词(大量由动词派生 的名词) He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃能睡。
英汉语言宏观对比
3、用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语(名词连用) space shuttle flight test program 航天飞机试飞计划