《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比双语ppt
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《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比_英文ppt_Ch1
Foundations of Social Science
The foundations of social science are logic and observation. A scientific understanding of the world must make sense and correspond to what we observe. Both are essential to science and relate to the three major aspects of social scientific enterprise: theory, data collection, and data analysis.
Looking for Reality The Foundations of Social Science Some Dialectics of Social Research The Ethics of Social Research
How We Know What We Know
Direct Experience and Observation Personal Inquiry Tradition Authority
Answer: A
You've gotten A's on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and you’re sure you’re going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. You’ve fallen prey to illogical reasoning.
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch7
10/29 10/29
Democracy Crops CBS
49 51
51 49
Election Eve Polls - U.S. Presidential Candidates, 2004
Date Begun Agency Bush Kerry
10/30
10/30
Fox/OpinDynamics
Types of Nonprobability Sampling
Reliance on available subjects: • Only justified if less risky sampling methods are not possible. • Researchers must exercise caution in generalizing from their data when this method is used.
Election Eve Polls - U.S. Presidential Candidates, 2004
Date Begun 10/28 10/28 10/28 10/28 10/28 10/29 Agency Fox/OpinDynamics TIPP CBS/NYT ARG ABC Fox/OpinDynamics Bush 50 53 52 50 51 49 Kerry 50 47 48 50 49 51
The theoretically specified aggregation of study elements. Study population - Aggregation of elements from which the sample is actually selected. Element - Unit about which information is collected and that provides the basis of analysis.
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch14
Constructing Bivariate Tables
Divide cases into groups according to the attributes of the independent variable. Describe each subgroup in terms of attributes of the dependent variable. Read the table by comparing independent variable subgroups in terms of an attribute of the dependent variable.
Percentaging a Table
G.
Conclusions While a majority of both men and women favored sexual equality, women were more likely than men to do so. Thus, gender appears to be one of the causes of attitudes toward sexual equality.
Measurement
Average Measure of central tendency. Mean Result of diving the sum of the values by the total number of cases.
Measurement
Mode The most frequently occurring attribute. Median Middle attribute in the ranked distribution of observed attributes.
社会研究方法艾尔巴比双语Ch
1. Tradition 传统 2. Authority 权威
Science and Inquiry科学与研究
▪ Epistemology is the science of knowing. ▪ 认识论是认识的科学 ▪ Methodology (a subfield of epistemology)
4. Illogical Reasoning 非逻辑推理 • Use systems of logic explicitly.有意识 地运用逻辑体系来避免这样的情形
Views of Reality 对真实的看法
might be called the science of finding out. ▪ 方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻
找解答的科学
Question
▪ How do individuals learn all they need to know? A. personal experience 个人体验 B. Discovery 探究发现 C. from what others tell us 别人说的 D. all of these choices 以上都是
部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。
▪ This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这
些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。
Sources of Secondhand Knowledge
How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
▪ Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 ▪ Personal Inquiry 个人研究 ▪ Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） ▪ Authority 权威
Science and Inquiry科学与研究
▪ Epistemology is the science of knowing. ▪ 认识论是认识的科学 ▪ Methodology (a subfield of epistemology)
4. Illogical Reasoning 非逻辑推理 • Use systems of logic explicitly.有意识 地运用逻辑体系来避免这样的情形
Views of Reality 对真实的看法
might be called the science of finding out. ▪ 方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻
找解答的科学
Question
▪ How do individuals learn all they need to know? A. personal experience 个人体验 B. Discovery 探究发现 C. from what others tell us 别人说的 D. all of these choices 以上都是
部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。
▪ This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这
些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。
Sources of Secondhand Knowledge
How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
▪ Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 ▪ Personal Inquiry 个人研究 ▪ Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） ▪ Authority 权威
《社会研究方法》课件
《社会研究方法》PPT课 件
本课件将介绍《社会研究方法》的核心概念与实践技巧，为你提供全面的研 究指导。掌握这些方法，你将能够更好地设计并执行社会科学研究。
课程介绍
课程目标
通过本课程的学习，你将掌握各种社会研究方法的基本原理和应用技巧。
课程内容
• 研究方法的定义与分类 • 调查研究方法的步骤与数据分析方法 • 实验研究方法的步骤与数据分析方法 • 问卷调查研究方法的步骤与数据分析方法
3
数据收集
通过在线或面对面的方式收集受访者的
数据分析
4
填写问卷。
使用适当的统计方法对问卷数据进行分 析和解读。
调查研究方法
调查研究的定义
调查研究是一种通过收集和分析数据来获取对特定问题的了解和洞察的方法。
调查研究的步骤
1
问题定义
明确研究问题，确定研究目标和假设。
样本选择
2
确定研究样本的代表性和适当大小。
3
数据收集
采用合适的调查方法收集数据，如问卷调
数据分析
4
查或面对面访谈。
利用统计方法对收集到的数据进行分析和 解释。
实验研究的数据分析方法
常用的数据分析方法包括方差分析、T检验和回归分析等。
问卷调查研究方法
问卷调查研究的定义
问卷调查研究是一种通过向受访者提供调查问卷来收集信息和意见的方法。
问卷调查研究的步骤
1
问卷设计
制定调查问题和问卷结构，确保问题清
受访者招募
2
晰易懂。
确定受访者群体，并采取合适的方式招
募受访者。
授课方式
本课程将采用理论讲解、案例分析以及实践演练相结合的授课方式，以帮助你更好地理解和应用这些研究方 法。
本课件将介绍《社会研究方法》的核心概念与实践技巧，为你提供全面的研 究指导。掌握这些方法，你将能够更好地设计并执行社会科学研究。
课程介绍
课程目标
通过本课程的学习，你将掌握各种社会研究方法的基本原理和应用技巧。
课程内容
• 研究方法的定义与分类 • 调查研究方法的步骤与数据分析方法 • 实验研究方法的步骤与数据分析方法 • 问卷调查研究方法的步骤与数据分析方法
3
数据收集
通过在线或面对面的方式收集受访者的
数据分析
4
填写问卷。
使用适当的统计方法对问卷数据进行分 析和解读。
调查研究方法
调查研究的定义
调查研究是一种通过收集和分析数据来获取对特定问题的了解和洞察的方法。
调查研究的步骤
1
问题定义
明确研究问题，确定研究目标和假设。
样本选择
2
确定研究样本的代表性和适当大小。
3
数据收集
采用合适的调查方法收集数据，如问卷调
数据分析
4
查或面对面访谈。
利用统计方法对收集到的数据进行分析和 解释。
实验研究的数据分析方法
常用的数据分析方法包括方差分析、T检验和回归分析等。
问卷调查研究方法
问卷调查研究的定义
问卷调查研究是一种通过向受访者提供调查问卷来收集信息和意见的方法。
问卷调查研究的步骤
1
问卷设计
制定调查问题和问卷结构，确保问题清
受访者招募
2
晰易懂。
确定受访者群体，并采取合适的方式招
募受访者。
授课方式
本课程将采用理论讲解、案例分析以及实践演练相结合的授课方式，以帮助你更好地理解和应用这些研究方 法。
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比
How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 Personal Inquiry 个人研究 Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） Authority 权威
Looking for Reality 寻求真实
Chapter Outline
Looking for Reality 寻求真实 The Foundations of Social Science 社会研究的基础 Some Dialectics of Social Research 社会研究中的一些辩证关系 The Ethics of Social Research 社会研究的伦理
Ordinary Human Inquiry一般的人
类研究
Humans recognize that future circumstances are caused by present ones.首先，人们认识到， 未来的环境多少是由现在的状况造成的。
Humans learn that patterns of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. 其次，人类知道因果 关系牵涉到概率问题
Both provide a starting point for inquiry, but can lead us to start at the wrong point and push us in the wrong direction.
二手知识既给我们提供了研究的起点（站在巨人的肩 上），但也可能误导我们（错误的起点、错误的方向）
might be called the science of finding out. 方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch4
Criteria for Nomothetic Causality
1.
2. 3.
A statistical correlation between the two variables. The cause takes place before the effect. There is no third variable that can explain away the observed correlation as spurious.
Purpose of Exploratory Studies
Satisfy researcher’s curiosity and desire for better understanding. Test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study. Develop methods to be employed in a subsequent study.
Question
Social researchers tend to choose___________ as their units of analysis. A. social interactions B. social artifacts C. groups D. individuals
How to Design a Research Project
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Decide whom or what to study. Collect empirical data. Process the data. Analyze the data. Report your findings.
社会研究方法双语教学课件
1. Purposes of Literature Review
– To avoid redundant research and try to make new
B. Sampling survey (抽样调查)
Careful probability sampling provides a group of respondents whose characteristics may be taken to reflect those of the larger population, and carefully constructed standardized questionnaires provide data in the same form from all respondents.
Prediction(预测)
For example, the goal of regression analysis is find out the relationship between two or more variables.
2. Types of research methods
Procedures of social research
Preparatory stage(准备阶段) Data collection stage (收集资料阶段) Analysis stage (分析阶段) Summary stage (总结阶段)
Chapter 2 research design
For example, a trend study that showed that Candidates A and B each had exactly half of the voters on September first and on October first as well could indicate that none of the electorate had changed voting plans, that all of the voters had changed their intentions, or something between. A panel study would eliminate this confusion by showing what kinds of voters switched from A to B and what kinds switched from B to A, as well as other facts.
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch5
Answer: E
Gender, religious affiliation, political party affiliation and birthplace are examples of nominal measures.
Kaplan’s Classes
Things Scientists Measure Direct observables - things that can be observed simply and directly. Indirect observables - things that require more subtle observations. Constructs - based observed.
Question
Which of the following are examples of nominal measures? A. gender B. religious affiliation C. political party affiliation D. birthplace E. all of these choices
If several different indicators all represent the same concept, all of them will behave the same way the concept would behave if it were real and could be observed. If women are more compassionate, we should be able to observe that using a reasonable measure of compassion. If women are more compassionate only on some indicators, we should see if the indicators represent different dimensions of compassion.
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比_英文ppt_Ch13
Concept Mapping NhomakorabeaPutting concepts in a graphical format.
An Example of Concept Mapping
Using a Spreadsheet for Qualitative Analysis
Quick Quiz
1. Methods for examining social research data without converting them to numerical format are referred to as______________________. A. feminist research B. quantitative analysis C. qualitative analysis D. none of these choices
Answer: C
Methods for examining social research data without converting them to numerical format are referred to as qualitative analysis.
2. Which of the following are different ways a researcher may look for patterns in a particular research topic? A. frequencies B. magnitudes C. structures D. all of these choices
Case Oriented Analysis
Analysis that aims to understand a particular case or several cases by looking at the details of each.
巴比社会研究方法第13版课件-chap1
•
Social Regularities The Charge of Triviality Documenting the obvious is a valuable function of any science.
The
obvious all to often turns out to be wrong.
Social
why.
The Foundations of Social Science
•
Social Regularities Social rrity in social life.
The Foundations of Social Science
Looking for Reality
Errors
in Inquiry, and Some Solutions Selective Observations o Avoid looking for “deviant” cases.
Looking for Reality
Errors
in Inquiry, and Some Solutions Illogical Reasoning o “Gambler’s fallacy” o Use systems of logic consciously and explicitly.
The Foundations of Social Science
•
Concepts and Variables Dependent Variable – A variable assumed to depend on or be caused by another (the independent variable).
Social Regularities The Charge of Triviality Documenting the obvious is a valuable function of any science.
The
obvious all to often turns out to be wrong.
Social
why.
The Foundations of Social Science
•
Social Regularities Social rrity in social life.
The Foundations of Social Science
Looking for Reality
Errors
in Inquiry, and Some Solutions Selective Observations o Avoid looking for “deviant” cases.
Looking for Reality
Errors
in Inquiry, and Some Solutions Illogical Reasoning o “Gambler’s fallacy” o Use systems of logic consciously and explicitly.
The Foundations of Social Science
•
Concepts and Variables Dependent Variable – A variable assumed to depend on or be caused by another (the independent variable).
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文ppt Ch10
Answer: A
Naturalism is an old tradition in qualitative research based on the assumption that an objective social reality exists and can be observed and reported accurately.
A report on social life that focuses on detailed and accurate description rather than explanation.
Ethnomethodology
An approach to the study of social life that focuses on the discovery of implicit, usually unspoken assumptions and agreements.
Question
When you use field research, you’re confronted with: A. decisions about the role you’ll play as an observer B. your relations with the people you’re observing C. both a and b D. none of these choices
Reactivity
The problem that the subjects of social research may react to the fact of being studied, thus altering their behavior from what it would have been normally.
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比 英文 ch9
Questions
▪ _________________ questions have a respondent select an answer from among a list provided. A. open-ended B. pretest C. experimental D. closed-ended
▪ He found the way programs were identified impacted their support.
Wording
More Support
Less Support
Assistance to the poor Welfare
Halting rising crime rate Law enforcement
▪ TDE - touchtone data entry. ▪ VR - voice recognition.
Research ▪ Secondary Analysis
Topics Appropriate to Survey Research
▪ Descriptive ▪ Exploratory ▪ Explanatory
Respondent
▪ Person who provides data for analysis by responding to a survey questionnaire.
Guidelines for Questionnaire Construction
▪ Be aware of issues with ordering items. ▪ Include instructions for the questionnaire. ▪ Pretest all or part of the questionnaire.
《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比_英文ppt_Ch17
▪ Usually a good source, although still subject to error.
▪ Verify (crosscheck) data wherever possible.
▪ Web citations, like other bibliographic references, should be complete—allowing the reader to locate and review the materials cited.
Evaluating a Web Source
▪ Who/what is the author of the web ▪ Is the site advocating a particular view? ▪ Does the site give accurate and complete
references? ▪ Are the data up-to-date?
Answer: A
▪ A search engine is a computer program designed to locate where specific terms appear on websites throughout the World Wide Web.
Official Data
Quick Quiz
1. Most original research is seen as an __________ of what has previously been learned about. A. cause B. replacement C. extension D. none of these choices
Answer: D
▪ Verify (crosscheck) data wherever possible.
▪ Web citations, like other bibliographic references, should be complete—allowing the reader to locate and review the materials cited.
Evaluating a Web Source
▪ Who/what is the author of the web ▪ Is the site advocating a particular view? ▪ Does the site give accurate and complete
references? ▪ Are the data up-to-date?
Answer: A
▪ A search engine is a computer program designed to locate where specific terms appear on websites throughout the World Wide Web.
Official Data
Quick Quiz
1. Most original research is seen as an __________ of what has previously been learned about. A. cause B. replacement C. extension D. none of these choices
Answer: D
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样结果
Inquiry: Errors and Solutions
研究中常见的错误及解决办法
3. Selective observation 选择性观察
• Make an effort to find cases that do not fit the general pattern.找出不符合 一般情形的异常案例
How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
▪ Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 ▪ Personal Inquiry 个人研究 ▪ Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） ▪ Authority 权威
Looking for Reality 寻求真实
Ordinary Human Inquiry一般的人
类研究
▪ Humans recognize that future circumstances are caused by present ones.首先，人们认识到， 未来的环境多少是由现在的状况造成的。
▪ Humans learn that patterns of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. 其次，人类知道因果 关系牵涉到概率问题
▪ Humans aim to answer “what” and “why” questions, and pursue these goals by observing and figuring out. 人类研究的目的在于回答“是什么”
和“为什么”，通过观察和推理来达到目标。
Inquiry: Errors and Solutions
▪ Both are essential to science and relate to the three major aspects of social scientific enterprise: theory, data collection, and data analysis.这两者对科学都不可或缺， 而且与科学研究的三大层面密切相关，理论、资料收集 和资料分析。
Foundations of Social Science 社会科学的基础
▪ Theory - Systematic explanation for the observations that relate to a particular aspect of life. 理论旨在系统地 解释对生活中某一方面的观察
Point of View
▪ Wife’s Point of View. There is no question in the wife’s mind as to who is right and rational and who is out of control. 在妻子 看来，谁是正确、理 智的，以及谁失去了 理智，是显而易见的。
部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。
▪ This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这
些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。
Sources of Secondhand Knowledge
▪ Modern - Acknowledgment of human subjectivity.现代观点：仁者见仁智者见智
▪ Postmodern -There is no objective reality to be observed. 后现代观点：没什么真实 的世界可供观察。所有的真实，都源于自 我观点中的想象。
Answer: D
▪ In your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. She has the postmodern view of reality. 后现代的观点
4. Illogical Reasoning 非逻辑推理 • Use systems of logic explicitly.有意识 地运用逻辑体系来避免这样的情形
Views of Reality 对真实的看法
▪ Premodern - Things are as they seem to be. 前现代观点：眼见为实
A Book 一本书
▪ All of these are the same book, but it looks different when viewed from different locations, perspectives, or “points of view.” 这些都是同一本书。但放置的位置、视 角不同或人们观点不同，他看起来就不一样。
▪ Data collection - observation 资料搜集旨在整理观察的 结果
▪ Data Analysis - the comparison of what is logically expected with what is actually observed. 资料分析，是 比较逻辑预期和实际观察，寻找可能的模式。
研究中常见的错误及解决办法
1. Inaccurate observations 不确切观察 • Measurement devices add precision.测量手段增加了准确性
2. Overgeneralization 过度概括化 • Enough cases 足够样本观察 • Repeat a study to make sure the same results are produced each time.重复进行同一项研究，看是否每次都得到同
Point of View
▪ Husband’s Point of View. The husband has a very different perception of the same set of events, of course.丈夫的视角。 In your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. She has which view of reality? A. correct B. premodern C. modern D. postmodern E. Scientific
Answer: A
▪ You've gotten A's on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and you’re sure you’re going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. You’ve fallen prey to illogical reasoning.
Foundations of Social Science 社会科学的基础
▪ The foundations of social science are logic and observation. 社会科学的基础是逻辑和观察
▪ A scientific understanding of the world must make sense and correspond to what we observe.科学对世界 的理解，必须言之成理，并且符合我们的观察。
▪ Both provide a starting point for inquiry, but can lead us to start at the wrong point and push us in the wrong direction.
▪ 二手知识既给我们提供了研究的起点（站在巨人的肩 上），但也可能误导我们（错误的起点、错误的方向）
1. Tradition 传统 2. Authority 权威
Science and Inquiry科学与研究
▪ Epistemology is the science of knowing. ▪ 认识论是认识的科学 ▪ Methodology (a subfield of epistemology)
Answer: D
▪ Individuals learn all they need to know from personal experience, discovery and from what others tell us.
▪ 个体通过个人体验、主动探究发现和别人 告知的，来获取所需的知识
The Practice of Social Research
社会研究方法
Earl Babbie （艾尔·巴比）
Chapman University
Part 1
An Introduction to Inquiry 研究概论
Chapter 1
Human Inquiry and Science 人类研究与科学
Question
▪ You've gotten A's on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and you’re sure you’re going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. You’ve fallen prey to: A. illogical reasoning. B. inaccurate observation. C. selective observation. D. over-emphasis on tradition. E. overgeneralization.
Inquiry: Errors and Solutions
研究中常见的错误及解决办法
3. Selective observation 选择性观察
• Make an effort to find cases that do not fit the general pattern.找出不符合 一般情形的异常案例
How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
▪ Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 ▪ Personal Inquiry 个人研究 ▪ Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） ▪ Authority 权威
Looking for Reality 寻求真实
Ordinary Human Inquiry一般的人
类研究
▪ Humans recognize that future circumstances are caused by present ones.首先，人们认识到， 未来的环境多少是由现在的状况造成的。
▪ Humans learn that patterns of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. 其次，人类知道因果 关系牵涉到概率问题
▪ Humans aim to answer “what” and “why” questions, and pursue these goals by observing and figuring out. 人类研究的目的在于回答“是什么”
和“为什么”，通过观察和推理来达到目标。
Inquiry: Errors and Solutions
▪ Both are essential to science and relate to the three major aspects of social scientific enterprise: theory, data collection, and data analysis.这两者对科学都不可或缺， 而且与科学研究的三大层面密切相关，理论、资料收集 和资料分析。
Foundations of Social Science 社会科学的基础
▪ Theory - Systematic explanation for the observations that relate to a particular aspect of life. 理论旨在系统地 解释对生活中某一方面的观察
Point of View
▪ Wife’s Point of View. There is no question in the wife’s mind as to who is right and rational and who is out of control. 在妻子 看来，谁是正确、理 智的，以及谁失去了 理智，是显而易见的。
部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。
▪ This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这
些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。
Sources of Secondhand Knowledge
▪ Modern - Acknowledgment of human subjectivity.现代观点：仁者见仁智者见智
▪ Postmodern -There is no objective reality to be observed. 后现代观点：没什么真实 的世界可供观察。所有的真实，都源于自 我观点中的想象。
Answer: D
▪ In your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. She has the postmodern view of reality. 后现代的观点
4. Illogical Reasoning 非逻辑推理 • Use systems of logic explicitly.有意识 地运用逻辑体系来避免这样的情形
Views of Reality 对真实的看法
▪ Premodern - Things are as they seem to be. 前现代观点：眼见为实
A Book 一本书
▪ All of these are the same book, but it looks different when viewed from different locations, perspectives, or “points of view.” 这些都是同一本书。但放置的位置、视 角不同或人们观点不同，他看起来就不一样。
▪ Data collection - observation 资料搜集旨在整理观察的 结果
▪ Data Analysis - the comparison of what is logically expected with what is actually observed. 资料分析，是 比较逻辑预期和实际观察，寻找可能的模式。
研究中常见的错误及解决办法
1. Inaccurate observations 不确切观察 • Measurement devices add precision.测量手段增加了准确性
2. Overgeneralization 过度概括化 • Enough cases 足够样本观察 • Repeat a study to make sure the same results are produced each time.重复进行同一项研究，看是否每次都得到同
Point of View
▪ Husband’s Point of View. The husband has a very different perception of the same set of events, of course.丈夫的视角。 In your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. She has which view of reality? A. correct B. premodern C. modern D. postmodern E. Scientific
Answer: A
▪ You've gotten A's on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and you’re sure you’re going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. You’ve fallen prey to illogical reasoning.
Foundations of Social Science 社会科学的基础
▪ The foundations of social science are logic and observation. 社会科学的基础是逻辑和观察
▪ A scientific understanding of the world must make sense and correspond to what we observe.科学对世界 的理解，必须言之成理，并且符合我们的观察。
▪ Both provide a starting point for inquiry, but can lead us to start at the wrong point and push us in the wrong direction.
▪ 二手知识既给我们提供了研究的起点（站在巨人的肩 上），但也可能误导我们（错误的起点、错误的方向）
1. Tradition 传统 2. Authority 权威
Science and Inquiry科学与研究
▪ Epistemology is the science of knowing. ▪ 认识论是认识的科学 ▪ Methodology (a subfield of epistemology)
Answer: D
▪ Individuals learn all they need to know from personal experience, discovery and from what others tell us.
▪ 个体通过个人体验、主动探究发现和别人 告知的，来获取所需的知识
The Practice of Social Research
社会研究方法
Earl Babbie （艾尔·巴比）
Chapman University
Part 1
An Introduction to Inquiry 研究概论
Chapter 1
Human Inquiry and Science 人类研究与科学
Question
▪ You've gotten A's on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and you’re sure you’re going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. You’ve fallen prey to: A. illogical reasoning. B. inaccurate observation. C. selective observation. D. over-emphasis on tradition. E. overgeneralization.