跨文化交际4课件
跨文化交际 ppt课件 (4)
The Brazilian students believed that a person who is consistently late is probably more successful than one who is consistently on time. They seemed to accept the idea that someone of status is expected to arrive late. Lack of punctuality is a badge of success.
Warm Up
➢ What is your sense of time? Go to answer the questions on Group Work (p235-236).
People who choose very different answers to these questions may find it difficult to communicate and get along with one another, for they are very likely to differ in sense of time and how time should be used. Sometimes we may make unfair judgments on other people and their characters simply because their understanding and use of time are different from ours.
跨文化交际Unit 4课件
Reading I How Is Language Related to Culture
打落水狗, 斗鸡走狗, 狗恶 酒酸, 狗吠不惊, 狗急跳墙, 狗头军师, 狗血喷头, 狗眼 看人, 狗仗人势, 狗嘴里吐 不出象牙, 挂羊头、卖狗肉, 关门打狗, 狐朋狗友, 鸡鸣 狗吠, 嫁鸡随鸡、嫁狗随狗, 狼心狗肺, 鼠窃狗盗, 偷鸡 摸狗, 指鸡骂狗, 猪卑狗险, 狗皮膏药, 狗走狐淫, 丧家 之狗, 狗行狼心, 狗胆包女：你说你很寂寞，为什么不去找你以前的女朋友而来追我 呢？ 男：好马不吃回头草！(A good horse will never turn round to graze on an old pasture.) 女：你们班上也有女孩呀！我们俩相隔这么远，为何来追我 呢？ 男：兔子不吃窝边草！(A rabbit doesn„t nibble the grass near its own hole.) 女：那你现在为什么又要抛弃我呢？你这个混蛋！ 男：天涯何处无芳草！(There are plenty of fish in the sea.)
“Language-and-culture” in the five dimensions of culture
Language and cultural products Language and cultural practices Language and cultural perspectives Language and cultural communities Language and persons
More examples
More examples
I am sorry. I am sorry, too. I am sorry three. What are you sorry for (four)? I am sorry five.
跨文化交际实用教程unit4课件
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CONTENTS
I. Warm-up cases II. Detailed Study:
culturally loaded words cultural reflections on proverbs
taboos
differences in cultural thought
patterns
III. Summary IV. Assignments
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I. Warm-up cases
Case 1. Shoes for Street Walking Question : Why did the Italian shop owner
make such a blunder?
Shoes for street walking. Come in and have a fit.
• Group Work 1.红糖 2.红茶 3.眼红 4.开门红 5.红白喜事
1. brown sugar 2. black-tea 3. green-eyed 4. to begin well, to make a good start 5. weddings and funerals
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1. 清白
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• 9) I got some black looks from the shopkeeper when I cancelled my order. • 10) When I’m feeling blue, all I have to do is take a look at you, and then I’m not so blue • 11) Don’t tell me any white lie to make me feel good • 12) It may cost over a week to go through all the red tape to get permission
跨文化交际实用教程unit4课件 PPT
English:
as timid as a rabbit/chickenhearted
an ass in a lion’s skin
like a rat in a hole
Chinese:
English:
落汤鸡
母老虎（比丈夫强的 妻子）
like a drenched chicken; like a drowned rat
知识分子
In CC, it refers to people including college teachers, college students, middle school teachers, and such people as medical doctors, engineers, interpreters.
In the English culture, dragon refers to a giant horrible animal like the lizard, meaning being terrible or disgusting. Therefore, in the west a person like a dragon usually implies that he is horrible, vicious and disgusting.
跨文化交际第四课.ppt
5. Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or PLA Uncle means.
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6. We can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas.
With Miss Mary the use of the given name indicates friendliness. With Brown the lack of a title indicates friendliness.
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4. Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles.
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美国人乐善好施，爱打抱不平，个 性耿直，很容易交朋友。他们总是 先相信人，然而一旦他们觉得那人 有误，不管谁是谁非，说翻脸马上 翻脸，容不得他有解释的余地。但 如果事后他意识到是自己误会了， 他会很诚恳地向你道歉，没有面子 不面子的顾虑。
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谨防被认为同性恋 Man don't hold hands & woman don't hold hands in America
在社交距离范围内，已经没有直接的 身体接触，说话时，也要适当提高声音， 需要更充分的目光接触。如果谈话者得不 到对方目光的支持，他(或她)会有强烈的 被忽视、被拒绝的感受。这时，相互间的 目光接触已是交谈中不可缺免的感情交流 形式了。
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４、公众距离。12～25英尺(约 3.7～7.6米)这是公开演说时演 说者与听众所保持的距离。这 是一个几乎能容纳一切人的 “门户开放”的空间，人们完 全可以对处于空间的其他人， “视而不见”，不予交往，因 为相互之间未必发生一定联系。 因此，这个空间的交往，大多 是当众演讲之类。
跨文化交际课件 Unit Four
Case One: People here call me Lao Wai (old
foreigner). At first I was quite upset, I looked at myself in the mirror, I wasn’t old: I’m only in my twenties. Later, I found they also called foreign children Lao Wai or Xiao Lao Wai (little old foreigner), I realized it’s a general term for any foreigner.
6. Greetings and terms of address
• Physical greetings: • 7. Compliments, thanks and apologies • About "Thank you!": English learners take it for granted that in answering another compliments, the best way to do is to give a response of "Thank you!". However studies show that only 38.4% of Americans directly adopt this way while all the rest choose other ways to give an response. • More…
案例分析
• Case Two: When I traveled in China, I talked with many people. I knew they were friendly to me, but sometimes their questions made feel a bit uncomfortable, such as questions about my age and salary.
Cross-Cultural Communication Unit 1-4 跨文化交际(课堂PPT)
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CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
Dominant Culture
Co-Cultures
• It's the one in power -
• They are numerous.
control.
• Distinct and unique
• Meanwhile, aging population in more developed countries – Could bring more communication issues between older generations and younger generations (this can be treated as co-culture).
ethnic background, age, sex,
media, monetary systems,
or other factors.
etc.
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• We learn our culture through proverbs
– Offer an important set of instructions
Our goal in this class is to answer some of the following questions: • Why do we often uncomfortable when encountering people who are different from yourself? • Why do people from different cultures behave in ways that seem strange to you? • How do cultural differences influence communication? • Which cultural differences are important and which are inconsequential? • Why is it difficult to understand and appreciate cultural difference?
跨文化交际实用教程unit4专题培训课件
Learn the culturally loaded words Learn the cultural reflections on
proverbs Learn taboos Learn the differences in cultural
thought patterns
III. Summary IV. Assignments
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I. Warm-up cases
Case 1. Shoes for Street Walking Question : Why did the Italian shop owner
make such a blunder? Shoes for street walking. Come in and have a fit.
Comment:
Hustle---- to force sb to make a decision before they are ready or sure
-----to work as a prostitute / romance or sex is hinted
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Case 3 Look out
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Interpretations 龙--- in CC, it is a totem with many
royal associations, 龙颜，龙床， 龙袍， 龙心大喜。
In EC, dragon refers to horrible, disgusting monsters.
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知识分子
In CC, it refers to people including college teachers, college students, middle school teachers, and such people as medical doctors, engineers, interpreters.
跨文化交际Unit 4(大二英语)PPT课件
Title +Surname
Neutral Relationship Surname +Title
/Situation
Title +Surname Given Name
Close Relationship /Informal Situation
Given Name
Given Name
III. Apologizing
• When to apologize • Who to apologize • How to apologize and how to respond
第20页/共39页
[Case 1] A calls B, but B doesn’t answer the Conversation 1 cal l A: Why didn’t you take upitmhe mphoenedjiuast tneowl?y. Compare the f o l l o w i n g t wo B: I just came in. I was in the office downstairs. c o n ve r s a ti ons . A: Sorr y, I should have phoned your office first.
第2页/共39页
I. Addressing
• A: Teacher Liu, could you come over to our par ty this Saturday? • A: Manager Smith, could I schedule your presentation on our new design for Friday
• Jennifer: I am really sorry for all this. • 此种情景若发生在一个中国家庭？……
跨文化交际课件Unit 4 I
5 Mary was always regarded as the black sheep of the family 6 You'd better do something to prove you're not 7 Can you see the green in her eyes? 8 The mere thought of her husband with the secretary made her see yellow
Red
YelБайду номын сангаасow
Green
Blue
wisdom, reasonable
tranquility, happiness, understanding, patience, health, water, Goddess oriented, feminine blot, blotch, blight, smut, smudge, sully, begrime, soot, becloud, obscure, dingy, murky, threatening, frowning, foreboding, forbidden, sinister, baneful, dismal, evil, wicked, malignant, deadly, secretive, unclean, unwashed, foul, blacklist, black book, black-hearted purity, cleanness, bright, shining, fair, blonde, stainless, chaste, unblemished, unsullied, innocent, honorable, upright, just, straightforward, genuine, trustworthy, honesty
跨文化交际(4组)PPT课件
.
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• 习语的凝固性
• 又称为习语的固 • 不能把
定性，与中国汉 语的成语一样，
• rain cats and dogs (倾盆大雨)
它的词、形式、 结构都是固定的， 不能被更改、替 换。例如：
•
改成
rains dogs cats或
and
• rain a cat and a
dog 等形式。
.
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上想到他性格豪爽，脾气暴躁的形象，“林
黛玉”英语中也有就代表弱不禁风，多头善
感的形象。但在西方文化中就仅仅是个人名。
在英语中，也有一些出自文学作品和历史事
件的人名或地名，具有其独有的特殊内涵意
义，如Cinderella(指不受重视的人或部门，
或指有才干但一时未受赏识的人)，Shylock
（指心肠狠毒、唯利是图的小人），地名
数字13：在西方文化中，普遍被认为是不吉祥的数字。但 在我国传统文化中，不具有这些内涵意义。
数字9：在中国传统文化中，就是历代君王都推崇的数字， 皇帝穿九龙袍，京城建九个城门，宫殿的台阶也是九层或 九的倍数。但在英语中nine却. 没有这样的文化内涵。 10
中国古代的文学作品中许多专有名词具有丰
富的文化内涵，比如人们一说“张飞”就马
.
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习语
naked truth
kill the goose that laid the golden eggs
sour grapes bell the cat
cat’ paw
意义
原原本本的事实， 赤裸裸的事实 杀鸡取卵 涸泽而鱼
聊以自慰的话 替别人冒风险 被别人利用的人
the lion’s share .
跨文化交际(精品课件)
A Monumental Figure
• Edward Twitchell Hall, (1914 –2009) , American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher.
• Hall introduced a number of new concepts, including proxemics, polychronigh and low context cultures.
Cross-cultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar and Porter, 2004:47)
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Cross-cultural Communication Vs
his Linguistic Across Cultures(《跨文化语言学》）. He discussed the cultural comparison in three aspects: form, meaning and distribution(顾嘉祖，4）. • In 1959,the Silent Language by Edward T. Hall initiated the cross-cultural studies. • R.Oliver , 1962， Culture and communication • A.G.Smith, 1966,Culture and communication • In 1970s, ICA (International Communication Association) accepted Cross-cultural Communication as a branch discipline. as a discipline) • Journals: International and Intercultural Journal of Intercultural Relations.
跨文化交际Unit 4 Verbal Communication
Age
advanced in age seasoned man mature people second childhood senior citizen
???
She has canceled all her social engagements. (1856) She is in an interesting condition. (1880) She is in a delicate condition. (1895) She is knitting little booties. (1910) She is in a family way. (1920) She is expecting. (1935)
economic crisis—depression Slum--substandard housing poor countries: less-developed nations/ emerging nations Poor--less well off/ Economically deprived/needy/disadvantaged
Unit 4 Verbal Communication
Contents
Differences in Cultural Thought Patterns Culturally Loaded Words (Connotations) Cultural Reflections on Proverbs Taboo
Absence of referent
Different Connotations
Beside the lake, beneadancing in the breeze. And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.
跨文化交际课程unit4
1. 龙
In Chinese culture, it is a totem with many royal associations a n d a symbol of power and prosperity. In English culture, dragon refers to horrible, disgusting monsters.
Intercultural Communication
Lecture 4: verbal and nonverbal communication
Review
Addressing (How many ways to address Linell Davis: A Doctor and a Professor in Nanjing University) Greetings (how are you getting on? how are things going?) Visiting (principles in business visiting)
While in English, “social sciences” cover a smaller area of learning. It includes political science, economics, history (often classified under the humanities) and sociology.
Comment
The problem resulted from the misunderstanding of the word "hustle". In colloquial American English, there are at least two meanings for the word "hustle". As a Personnel Executive of a large American multinational firm, Roger must have attended many parties. At these parties, he will always encounter people eager to get a job from him in his company, so he often gets hustled. This is just what Roger was implying to Rosalita regarding her friend. However the word "hustle" has another meaning in which romance or sex is hinted. Rosalita must have thought Roger was referring to this and considered it as an insult to her friend.
Cross-CulturalCommunicationUnit1-4跨文化交际.ppt
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
Dominant Culture
Co-Cultures
• It's the one in power -
• They are numerous.
control.
• Distinct and unique
• We learned our culture through mass media
• Culture is transmitted from generation to generation
• Culture is based on symbols
• Culture is subjected to change
• Subjective elements include: values, beliefs, attitudes, orientations, and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in the society.
• Basic functions of Culture: adapt to a particular ecology, and includes the knowledge that people need to have in order to function in their own social environment.
• Culture is integrated
• Culture is adaptive
CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future
跨文化交际(四)
Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
Individualism-Collectivism
According to Hofstede’s findings, the United states, Australia, Great Britain, Canada, the Netherlands and New Zealand tend toward individualism.
As Gamble and Gamble state, “perception is the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world.”
The first stage is recognition or identification, in which a configuration of light or sound waves is identified as, for example, a car or music.
At the second stage, the interpretation and evaluation of that which has been identified take place. The result of this process is not the same for all people, because this process is learned and therefore influenced by all of our past experiences. This fact alone would make communication difficult even between people with similar backgrounds. When we add the ingredient of culture to the equation, finding a matching reality becomes even more problematic.
跨文化交际unit 4课件
Unit 4 词汇与意义⏹教学内容：⏹（1）词汇的概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义和搭配意义。
⏹（2）中英词汇对比⏹基本要求：⏹了解词汇在语言的跨文化交际中的地位，掌握词汇的几种意义，中英语言在词汇方面存在的差别。
重点是词汇的内涵意义及中英词汇的差别。
Importance⏹If we want to study the difference between two languages, we have to begin with the study of the words in the two languages. Because the close relationship between language and culture is most readily seen in words.Section 1 T ypes of meanings⏹1. Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹the basic meaning presented by a word. It refers to logical, cognitive(认知的), referential (指示的), or denotative（外延的）content.⏹also known as surface meaning or denotative meaning外延意义, dictionary meaning or literal meaning字面意义of a word.Features of Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹1. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is the basic meaning represented by meaningful linguistic units. It‟s recorded in the dictionary.⏹E.g. woman-an adult female human being.⏹Dog-a four-legged animal which can make the sound of barking⏹2. It can be divided into some semantic components(语义成⏹分).⏹Woman: +animate(有生命) +human(人) - male (男性) -adult(成年)I⏹boy：⏹3. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.But it may also vary.⏹Manuscript =“手稿” now also including文稿printed from typewriter or computer Note: Many different words can have the same conceptual meaning⏹walk⏹to move forward by placing one foot in front of the other. The newlyweds新婚夫妇strolled down漫步the streets of Paris.⏹The wealthy businessman swaggered大摇大摆地into the restaurant and demanded a table.The overweight man lumbered笨重地行动along, breathing heavily and occasionally tripping.⏹These synonyms, although with different connotative meanings内涵意义, have the same conceptual meaning.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g. New England, Canberra, Northern Ireland, Sydney, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, Quebec, Ottawa,⏹The Thames River, St. Lawrence, British Isles, The Rocky Mountains（落基山脉）, The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,⏹koala, kangaroo, tornado(龙卷风)⏹The Great Barrier Reef, Silicon V alley, Yellowstone Park,⏹Summary：All these have their own geographical features: places, plants and animals uniquely found in USA, Great Britain and Australia; They all represent meaning unique in their own cultures；Their Chinese equivalents are only used by the Chinese people as mere names, which have lost their distinctive geographical and cultural features.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g.⏹U.S.A: New England, The Rocky Mountains,The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,Y ellowstone Park, Silicon V alley⏹Britain: British Isles, Northern Ireland, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, The Thames River, Rose⏹Canada: Ottawa, Quebec, St. Lawrence,⏹Australia: Canberra, Sydney, The Great Barrier Reef, koala, kangaroo⏹B. words and history⏹the May Flower⏹(the ship in which a group of⏹British Puritans who were also⏹known as pilgrim fathers sailed to⏹America in 1620.⏹The revolutionary war⏹( the struggle of the 13 colonies in North America for independence from the British rule between 1775-1783)⏹Scalp(头皮)⏹(to tear the skin on the top and back of head and the hair attached from an enemy by an North American Indian as a trophy战利品)⏹⏹Knight⏹(a man given the rank of knighthood by the British Monarch in recognition of merits in public service)⏹Hippy/Hippie⏹(a young man and young woman who rejects authority, existing institutions and conventional attitudes towards morality, style of dress, etc.)⏹C. word and politics⏹USA: President, Secretary, Congress, Senate, the House of Representatives, The Democratic Party, The Republican Party, the Supreme Court⏹Great Britain: Parliament议会:the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom. It comprises the sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.议会两院尤指英国由上议院和下议院构成的国家立法机关; Prime Minister, The Conservative Party, The Labour Party, Supreme Court of Judicature司法⏹Governor行政长官⏹the official title of the representative of the British monarch in a British colony.⏹Governor general总督⏹the personal representative of the British crown in the independent nations of the commonwealth.⏹e.g. The Canadian Governor General⏹Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制⏹a monarchy in which the powers of the rulers are restricted to those granted under the constitution and laws of the nationD. words and religion⏹Bible⏹a collection of religious books comprising the Old Testament and New Testament⏹reformation:宗教改革⏹a 16th century religious movement against the abuses in the Roman Catholic Church, ending in the formation of Protestant Churches.⏹Christmas box耶诞礼物或礼金⏹money given at Christmas time to the dustmen and others who provide a service throughout the year.⏹Boxing day节礼日⏹the first week day after Christmas, a legal holiday in England⏹Easter⏹the chief Christian feast, which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ, on the first Sunday after the full moon that coincides with or comes after the spring equinox.E. words and HolidaysChristmas cake/pudding/card/tree/carol/stockingFather Christmas), Santa Claus(A)⏹F. words and currency⏹Pound, penny; the American dollar, cent, quarter, nickel⏹G. Words and law⏹Court, judge, jury, lawyer, attorney (A)⏹H. Words and way of life⏹Snack Bar, roast beef, hamburger, sandwich, barbecue, cocktail, champagne; pajamas, suite, dress; subway, Greyhound bus; drive-ins, diner,⏹I. words and sports⏹Football, soccer, rugby, hockey, cricket⏹J. words and sex⏹Striptease, sex store, sexual interference, prostitute, whorehouse⏹K. words and personality⏹GB: reserve, practical, insularism偏执⏹USA：individualism, rapid pace of life, direct, promptness, informality, originality, materialism English works partly corresponding with Chinese words in conceptual meaning⏹1. Intellectual--知识分子⏹2. social sciences--社会科学⏹3. drugstore--药店⏹[美]杂货店(出售药物、糖果、饮料,化妆品，杂志及其他杂物的店铺)⏹4. Morning=午夜+凌晨+黎明+早晨+上午⏹5. Y oung(18-40), middle-aged(40-60), old (over 60)-------老中青⏹Discussion: discuss the conceptual differences between the words in each pair⏹yard--院子⏹peasant--农民⏹idealist-唯心主义者⏹materialist--唯物主义者"family" and jiating (家庭)⏹An American (A) attended her Chinese friend's (B) wedding. Two years later, the two met again.⏹A: Have you started a family'!⏹B: Oh, yes. Y ou attended my wedding, remember?⏹A: I mean if you've had children.⏹Here we see that ' family' means more than jiating (家庭) ，though they seem to be equivalents.2. Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹the implication（含义，暗示）of words, apart from its primary meaning.It is the communicative value that an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning. It varies from culture to culture and from individual to individual⏹E.g. Woman⏹Physical: biped(双足的), having a womb(子宫)⏹Personality: gentle, compassionate, sensitive, hard-working, frail脆弱的, emotional, prone to tears, irrational, inconstant变化无常的,subject to maternal instinct, behavior: capable of speech, experienced in cookery, skirt or dress wearing,⏹Dog⏹loyal to owner, fierce凶猛的, violentFeatures of Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹1. Despite cultural background difference, some corresponding words in two languages may convey the same connotative meaning. e.g tiger, 老虎--cruelty⏹E.g. Woman⏹2. words with the same conceptual meaning yet different connotative meaning⏹书, book⏹老，old⏹同志，comrade⏹宣传，propaganda⏹狗，dogConnotative meanings vary according to different people, times, ages, societies etc.⏹E.g. Home: warm, loving, comfortable, safe⏹like a prison, cold, boring⏹终身大事⏹工作？事业？婚姻? 生死？⏹Connotative meaning may change with the times going⏹E.g. traditional: positive in the past⏹―old, conservative‖ at present⏹3. Social meaning社会意义⏹Social meaning is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use, such as the language users( who are using the language), settings (where is language used), topics (what are language users are talking or writing).⏹E.g⏹home (general) , residence (formal), domicile（law）, abode (literature),⏹horse, steed（战马）, nag（老马）,gee-gee（child）⏹throw(general) , cast (literature and religious), chuck(slang)⏹salt, sodium chloride⏹disobedient, recalcitrant反抗的⏹A good selection of words is important.Exercise！⏹Words which stand for what people do in order to make a living: job, vocation, profession, occupation, career, trade, work⏹Profession (an occupation requiring special education, especially in the liberal arts or sciences)所指的职业是需要在文科或理科方面有一定的教育程度，具备一定理论水平的人才的职业。
跨文化交际 Unit4(课堂PPT)
Activity 2 :Footing the bill
早在15世纪，人们便开始使用“foot the bill”这个短
语，但当时指的是把所有的帐目加起来算 出总金额，然后写在帐单的底部（foot of bill or account），foot的意思相当 于bottom。
很显然，这是店家的工作，没消费者什么事。但是 到了19世纪，则轮到消费者"foot the bill"了，因为
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Be sure to avoid:
◆ Giving clocks as gifts ◆ Colors such as white or black ◆ Number four ◆ Sharp objects such as knives, letter openers, or scissors ◆ Giving gifts in odd numbers ◆ Do not brag about your gift in front of the recipient. ◆ A fine writing pen would be a good gift, unless it has red ink.
22
Activity 4:
23
Chinese never accept offer of drinks or food; westerners do not press their guests to drink or eat.
In China, if a guest is invited to a home, the host will normally serve the guest with some hot tea, and often when the host is making tea, the guest will ask the host not to bother to do so. Even so the host will provide tea for the guest. The behaviour of the host in actively offering and the guest in asking the host not to bother have become conventional and habitual, and are understood as showing politeness and courtesy.
跨文化交际 课件4
Cultural differences in the use of personal space
• Southern Europeans (French, Italians, Greek, Spaniards etc.) vs. Northern Europeans (German, Scandinavian, British etc.)
• Chinese vs. native English-speakers
• Southern Americans vs. Northern Americans
• Low-contact cultures vs. high-contact cultures
• Generally, people from colder climates use large physical distances when they communicate, whereas those from warm climates prefer close distances.
avoid ignoring them. person could imply to meet the eye
a number of things of someone
(fear, guilt…)
accusing them of
eye movements in conversation means of ordering turn
4)Public distance: farther than 2 or 3 meters (generally for speakers in public and for teachers in classrooms)
Zones of spatial distance
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不确定性和焦虑有最大和最小限度（如有效交际要求交际者的焦虑和不 确定应介于最大和最小限度之间）。 • 当焦虑和不确定性高于最大限度时，就无法有效交际（例如因为我们
希腊人递交了辞职书。
分析
A：你的报告呢？
—— A：我肯定他完成了报告。 —— G：他在跟我要报告。
G：明天完成。
—— A：感到很惊讶 —— G：这个愚蠢、没有能力的老板！他不仅提前给我要报告， 而且还不尊重我在16天干了30天的工作。
A：你可是同意今天完成报告的。
—— A：我必须教教他要遵守合同。 —— G：我不能为这样的人工作。
交际适应理论的假设二
我们对他人的言语和行为的感知会决定我们队谈话的评价
在交际中，人们首先会对交际中发生的一切进行感知，然后决定在交际 中如何评价并付诸于行为。在其中，动机是感知和评价过程的关键。有 时候我们不会去评价，如简单的寒暄。但是有时候我们会对别人进行评 价并表达我们的态度，并通过自身的交际风格来实现，原因就是对方的 信息符合我们的某个动机。
第四讲 跨文化交际理论
主讲人：张鹏
目录
壹· 文化与交际 贰· 文化背景与跨文化交际 叁· 社会环境与跨文化交际 肆· 跨文化交际理论
目录
伍· 跨文化沟通的障碍 陆· 跨文化适应
柒· 跨文化用语对比分析
捌· 跨文化交际能力研究
壹·高低语境理论 贰·言语代码理论 叁·焦虑 不确定性管理理论 肆·文化适应理论
分析
A：完成这份报告你要花多长时间？
—— A：我请他参与决策。 —— G：这话是多余的，他是老板，为什么不告诉我用多少 时间？
G：我不知道。完成这份报告要花多长时间呢？
—— A：他拒绝承担责任。 —— G：我请他给我下个指令。
A：你是最有资格提出时间期限的人。
—— A：我逼他对自己行为负责任。 —— G：这是废话。那我最好给他个回答吧。
例子：
1、课本64页的例子：阿拉伯的Musayra VS 以色列的Dugri
2、酸秀才与矫揉造作的女孩
前提假设四：言语代码的规则和前提与言语本身交织为一 体，伴随言语始终
言语的代码是显性的，可以被人察觉。因此，我们可以通过观察人们的 交际活动来研究其言语代码，也可以通过某些仪式化的交际活动来发现 言语代码。
壹·高低语境理论 贰·言语代码理论 叁·焦虑 不确定性管理理论 肆·文化适应理论
第四讲 跨文化交际
理论
言语代码理论的概述
言语代码理论由菲利普森（Gerry Philipsen）在1997年提出， 他的研究围绕语言社区的传播实践及其行为规范和解释规范行 为。
言语代码（Speech Code）是指历史上制定的，社会中建构的与 交际行为相关的概念、意义、前提和规则。该理论认为社区谈 话意味着交际行为的不同代码。
例子：
1、课本64页的例子：阿拉伯的Musayra VS 以色列的Dugri
2、汉语体现出了哪些中国的文化习性？
前提假设三：言语的意义依靠交际双方的言语代码对交际 行为的创造和解释
言语的意义不是取决于文字，二是取决于使用语言的人。因此，要真正 理解交际行为，就要依靠人们的言语和人们使用的言语代码，即要依靠 对方的语言代码正确理解对方的交际行为。
交际适应理论的假设
所有的谈话中都存在言语和行为的相似及差异 我们对他人的言语和行为的感知会决定我们队谈话的评价 语言和行为会透露社会地位和群体归属的信息 适应会因为得体程度、适应过程的规则的变化而产生不同结果
交际适应理论的假设一
所有的谈话中都存在言语和行为的相似及差异
交际双方存在着文化的相似性和差异性。人们会把这种相似 性和差异性代入到交际之中，我们所处的文化与对方越为相 近，我们就越会适应对方。
交际适应理论的假设三
语言和行为会透露社会地位和群体归属的信息
在交际中，语言能够交际社会地位和群体信息。在交际中使 用的语言总是和具有较高社会地位的人所使用的语言保持一 致，或是地位低的向地位高的主动适应。这是因为群体归属 感的作用。如所谓的高雅、标准都是社会上层的规范。
第四讲 跨文化交际
理论
爱德华·霍尔 Edward Twitchell Hall
• 美国人 • 人类学家 • 被称为系统地研究跨文化传播活动的
第一人 • 被认为是“跨文化传播”作为学术研
究领域的奠基人 • 在20世纪五十年代 ，确立了“高语
境文化”与“低语境文化”的概念
高语境和低语境
• 语境—说话时的客观因素；受话者能够直接联想到的 各种成分或因素；语言与意义的关系。
G：10天吧。
—— A：他缺乏估计时间的能力。10天可能不够。 —— G：我说的10天可不是准确数啊！
A：用15天吧。你同意在15天内完成这份报告吗？
—— A：我提出一份合同，15天就是期限。 —— G：这是给我的指令，他让我大约一个月完成。
美国人和希腊人的对话（二）
A：你的报告呢？ G：明天完成。 A：你可是同意今天完成报告的。
• 人们在于陌生人交 际中会首先考虑降 低不确定性，以避 免猜测、冥想。
陌生个体对客居国知识的增加会增加其对客居
文化行为预测和解释的准确度，减少其在进入
客居国 客居文化时的焦虑
个体的二语能力的增加会增加个 体对客居文化行为预测和解释的
文化知 识
负面的群际态度（比如歧视、种族 中心主义）的增加会减弱陌生个体
例如：打招呼的方式
前提假设五：使用共享的言语代码是进行预测、解释和根 据交际行为的可理解性、审慎性及道德标准对语篇形式控 制的必要条件
巧妙的理解和使用言语代码可以提高交际效果。言语代码在使用中可能 被使用者改变，或者被交际的情景改变。因此，共享言语代码中的交际 双方可以预测、解释对方的言语和行为。
高语境文化
︱ 法国文化
︱ 意大利文化
︱ 美洲土著文化
︱ 拉丁文化
︱ 阿拉伯文化
︱ 希腊文化
︱ 中国文化
︱
朝鲜文化 ︱
日本文化 ︱
英国文化 ︱
美国文化 ︱
加拿大文化 ︱
德国文化 ︱
瑞典文化 ︱
低语境文化
美国人和希腊人的对话（一）
A：完成这份报告你要花多长时间？ G：我不知道。完成这份报告要花多长时间呢？ A：你是最有资格提出时间期限的人。 G：10天吧。 A：用15天吧。你同意在15天内完成这份报告吗？
文化相 似性
不确定 减少策
略
念的增加会增加陌生个体在进 入客居文化时的焦虑
陌生个体使用合适的不确定减少策略与客 居文化成员有利接触的增加会增加陌生个 体对客居文化行为预测和解释的准确度， 减少他们在进入客居文化时的焦虑
壹·高低语境理论 贰·言语代码理论 叁·焦虑 不确定性管理理论 肆·文化适应理论
文化身 份
管理理论的七 个适应方面
思维定 势理论
陌生个体对客居国定型观念的 准确性的增加会增加陌生个体 对客居文化行为预测和解释的 准确度；客居国的负面定型观
客体文化和母体文化的相似度会增加个体 对客居文化行为预测和解释的准确度，减 少个体的焦虑；客体文化中的多元倾向的 增加会减少个体的焦虑；个体和客居文化 成员的亲密度、客居文化对个体的吸引度 的增加会增加个体对客居文化行为预测和 解释的准确度，减少个体的焦虑
第四讲 跨文化交际
理论
交际适应理论
当我们与别人交谈时，有时我们会模仿对方的言语方式和行为。又或者 当我们与不同背景的人交际时，我们会刻意回避对方没有经历过的文化 和行为方式。
经过调查研究发现，在交际中，人们会调整他们的交际方式以适应对方 ，这就是交际适应理论，由贾尔斯提出，前期叫做言语适应理论。交际 适应理论的前提是：当交谈者互动时，他们会调整说话方式、发音方式 以及行为方式来适应对方。
言语代码理论的前提假设
言语代码理论的前提假设
每一种文化都有自己特定的语言代码 言语代码包含体现文化差异的心理学体系、社会学体系及语言风格
言语的意义依靠交际双方的言语代码对交际行为的创造和解释 言语代码的规则和前提与言语本身交织为一体，伴随言语始终 使用共享的言语代码是进行预测、解释和根据交际行为的可理解性、审慎性 及道德标准对语篇形式控制的必要条件
准确度，减少其个体在进入客居
二语能
群际态 对客居文化行为预测和解释的准确
文化时的焦虑
力
度
度，增加其在进入客居文化时的焦
虑；客居国对陌生个体的负面群际
态度的增加会增加陌生个体在进入
个体对客居文化认同强度的增 加会增加个体对客居文化行为
焦虑/不确定性
客居文化时的焦虑
预测和解释的准确度；个体对 母国文化认同强度的增加会增 加个体在进入客居文化时的焦 虑
例如：一些隐晦的说法，同一种言语代码下的人就能够明白，且当我们 看到、听到某些言语代码时，我们甚至可以进行交际的预测。
言语代码理论的应用
生活在统一文化中的人，通常具有某些共同的特点和行为方式，如服饰 、食物、对同一事物的态度。在交际上也具有相同倾向，可以共享语言 使用和解释的规则。因此，我们在跨文化交际中，应该尽量掌握或与对 方共享相同的言语代码。
理
论
• 在不同的交际场合 ，人们会有不同的 期望，因而会有焦 虑。
人在交际 中会产生 不确定性
• 保持不确定性会浪 费大量的感情，人 们会一直猜测。
不确定性 会产生认 知压力
人际交流 是渐进的
过程
• 交流的时间越长， 不确定性减少的越 多。
与陌生人交际 时，人们首先 会减少交际的 不确定性或提 高预测能力