28个国际音标辅音音素的分类及其练习

辅音音素

1. 按声带是否振动可分为清辅音和浊辅音两类，其中有22个是成对出现的：

(1) 清辅音：[p], [t ], [k], [f ], [θ], [s], [ʃ], [tʃ], [tr ], [ts], [h]

(2) 浊辅音：[b], [d], [g], [v], [ð], [z], [ʒ], [dʒ], [dr], [dz], [r]

[m], [n], [ŋ], [l], [w], [j]

2.按发音方法可以分为：

(1) 爆破音：[p], [b], [t ], [d], [k], [g] 气流从口腔冲出，送气有力

(2) 摩擦音：[f ], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [h], [r]

气流从发音器官的缝隙发生摩擦而发音

(3) 破擦音：[tʃ], [dʒ], [tr ], [dr], [ts], [dz] 是爆破音和摩擦音的结合

(4) 鼻辅音：[m], [n], [ŋ] 气流从鼻腔通过

(5) 舌边音：[l] 气流从舌额两旁空隙处流过

(6) 半元音：[w], [j] 像元音一样，气流直接从口腔通过，但又像辅音一样，气流通过时与发音器官稍有摩擦。

(1)爆破音：

①发音秘诀：双唇紧闭，然后突然分开，气流冲出口腔，发出爆破的声音。[p] pig pet plane apple happy

[b] bank beef baby rabbit rubber

注意: b在字母m 后通常不发音。如：climb bomb thumb

②发音秘诀：舌尖紧贴上齿龈形成阻碍，然后突然放开，气流冲出口腔，发出爆破的声音。

[t] time tea taxi better matter jumped booked

[d] dog doctor daddy buddy opened played

③发音秘诀：舌后部抬起，紧贴软腭，形成阻碍，然后舌后部突然离开，气流冲出口腔，发出爆破的声音。

[k] car cup can kind like clock neck quick quiet question [g] get give glad egg guess guest guide

(2)摩擦音

①发音秘诀：下唇轻触上齿，气流由唇齿间的缝隙间通过，引起摩擦成音。

[f] four fun family phone photo laugh tough giraffe

[v] very video violin five love leave

②发音秘诀：舌端靠近上齿龈，气流由舌端与齿龈间泻出，形成摩擦音。[s] sit sky city circle glass class face nice rice

[z] zoo zero bags sisters nose rose

③发音秘诀：舌尖放在上下齿之间，气流由舌齿间的缝隙泻出，形成摩擦音。[θ] thank think three mouth month thumb

[ð] this that these those they their father

④发音秘诀：双唇稍收圆并突出，舌尖上卷，接近上齿龈，形成狭长通道，气流由此通道通过，形成摩擦音。

[ʃ] sure sugar supper she shop cash ocean machine

[ʒ] usual decision television pleasure treasure

⑤发音秘诀：舌尖向上齿龈后部卷起靠近（但不要贴住），舌前部下陷，略成凹形，舌身两侧收拢，双唇略突出，气流由舌面与硬腭间摩擦而出，声带振动。[r] ready ride mirror carrot write wrong

⑥发音秘诀：嘴唇自然张开，呵气，声带不振动。

[h] he her here hurry home who whose

(3)破擦音

①发音秘诀：双唇微张并突出，舌尖顶住上齿龈，用力吐气。

[tʃ] chair cheap change lunch watch match

[dʒ] ginger giraffe orange strange jump job judge

②发音秘诀：舌尖贴住上齿龈，形成阻碍，气流冲破阻碍，破擦而成音。

[ts] cats boats sports tastes kites

[dz] cards birds words rides

③发音秘诀：双唇略突出，舌尖抵住上齿龈形成阻碍，气流冲破阻碍，破擦成音。[tr] try trip travel train true introduce

[dr] dry drink driver dream dress children

(4)鼻音

①发音秘诀：双唇紧闭，舌头平放，气流从鼻腔送出，声带振动。

[m] moon much morning same time come thumb lamb

注意：m后面的b通常不发音。

②发音秘诀：双唇微开，舌尖顶上齿龈，气流从鼻腔泻出，声带振动。

[n] nine night name dinner know sign

③发音秘诀：双唇张开，舌尖顶住下齿龈，舌后部自然向上顶住，气流从鼻腔送出，声带振动。

[ŋ] think uncle sing finger wrong long

(5)舌侧音

发音秘诀：

出现在元音前，则被称为清晰音。发音时舌头向硬腭抬起，舌前端贴上齿龈，气流从舌的两侧溢出，发音清晰。

出现在辅音前及词的末尾，则被称为模糊音。发音时舌尖抵上齿，舌面形成凹槽，舌后部上抬，气流从舌的两侧溢出，并在凹槽中产生共鸣。

[l] look like world people ball pull tell

(6)半元音

①发音秘诀：舌后部向软腭抬起，双唇收圆收小，并向前稍微突出，声带振动。音一经发出，立即向后面的元音滑动。单独发音时，后面须加元音[ə],读成[wə] [w] water will wait what when why which where

②发音秘诀：嘴成微笑状，舌尖顶下齿，舌面贴上颚，声带振动。音一经发出，立即向后面的元音滑动。单独发音时，后面须加元音[ə],读成[jə]

[ j] yes you your year yellow yesterday young