定语从句_语法知识归纳

定语从句语法知识归纳
一、基本概念
（一）定语从句
在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

（二）先行词
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。

一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。

但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。

（三）关系代词和关系副词
定语从句的引导词。

与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。

关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。

关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。

关系副词有：when, where和why。

在定语从句中充当状语。

一．关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词的用法
（一）基本用法
根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。

如下表：
例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分）
①Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语）
②I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主语）
③The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作宾语）
④This is the new secretary (who/whom/that)I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语）
⑤The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语）
注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。

（见上例③④）
（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况
which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。

但在有些情况下，只用that。

⑴先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。

例如：①This is the best that has been used against pollution.
②English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.
⑵先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。

例如：①This is the last place (that) I want to visit.
②It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.
⑶先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。

例如：①You should hand in all that you have.
②We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
⑷先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。

例如：①The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
②The little money (that) he had was stolen.
（三）其它情况
⑴先行词既有人又有物时。

例如：①Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
②The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.
⑵主句已有疑问词who 或which时。

例如：①Which is the bike that you lost?
②Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?
（四）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况
⑴先行词是one, ones, anyone时。

例如：①One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
②Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it.
⑵先行词是those时。

例如：①Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.
（五）与whose有关的问题
⑴whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。

例如：
①I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
②Please show me the book whos e cover is red.
⑵当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。

例如：①The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.
→The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或
→The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.
三、介词前提的问题
关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。

例如：
Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with 的宾语）
→Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now?
但是，要注意的是：
⑴介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。

⑵介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。

⑶有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。

Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to?
These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.
四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。

例如：Who is the guy that is reading over there?
①The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over
25,000.
②All that needs to be done has been done.
③He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study.
④Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.
例③中的all意为“一切”，作单数。

例⑤中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。

定语从句（二）关系副词引导的定语从句
一、“介词+关系代词”结构
1. 可代替when, where, why, that等关系词
e.g. There is no reason for which (why) we shouldn’t be friends.
2. 介词后面的关系词不能省略。

e.g. Here is the money with which to buy a piano.
3. that前不能有介词。

4. 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以跟关系
副词when 和where 互换。

e.g. This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
二、关系副词的用法：
关系副词起连接主句和从句的作用，又在从句中作状语，when, where和why分别表示时间，地点和原因。

1. when
在从句中作时间状语。

常用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。

e.g. April the first is the day when people make fun of others.
=April the first is the day on which people make fun of others.
2. where
在从句中作地点状语。

常可由in which, on which, at which, on which等取代。

e.g. This is the house where he lived two years ago.
=This is the house in which he lived two years ago.
3. why
why在定语从句中作原因状语。

可用for which代替。

why不可引导非限定性定语从句，此时可用for which代替。

e.g. This is the reason why he went away.
=This is the reason for which he went away.
（二）关系副词常可用“介词+关系代词”的结构改写
这里的关系代词只限于which和whom，例如
①I will never forget the night when I met you for the first time.
=I will never forget the night on which I met you for the first time.
②This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
=This is the house where I lived two years ago.
③We don’t know the reason for which he suddenly fell ill.
=We don’t know the reason why he suddenly fell ill.
注意：并不是所有的介词+关系代词的结构都可用关系副词替代。

例如：I am very impressed by the way in which he works.
这里in which 代表的是in the way, 在句中作方式状语。

只有当介词+关系代词结构作表示时间、地点和原因的状语时，才能相应地用when, where和why代替。

（三）如何判断是用关系代词还是关系副词
这本质上取决于关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中充当的成分。

前者充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，后者充当状语。

试比较下面两组句子：
①This is the factory that/which produces radios.
This is the factory where radios are produced.
第一句中划线部分在从句中作主语，故而应选用关系代词：
The factory produces radios.
而第二句中划线部分在从句中作地点状语故而应选用关系副词：
Radios are produced in the factory.
②Do you remember the days (that) we spent together?
Do you remember the days when we worked together?
第一句中关系代词在从句中作宾语：We spent the days together. 而第二句中关系副词作时间状语：We worked together during the days.
（四）一些需要特殊记忆的关系词的用法
1. I don’t like the way in which he look at people.
当先行词是way时，除了in which，还可以用that来引导定语从句。

that还经常省略。

又如：Judging from the way he walked, I believe he was wounded in the leg.
2. Finally came the day when he had to leave his hometown.
当先行词为time, moment, day等，并在从句中作状语时，从句也可以用that引导，that 也常省略。

又如：①It was the first time (that) we had stayed up so late.
②The moment (that/when) he sent the mail, John realized what a mistake he had made.
③She was the only girl I went steady with during the four years (that /when)I was at university.
三、关系副词的省略：
1. the time, every time, each time, the moment等后的关系副词可以省略。

e.g. By the time (when) he was fourteen years old, Jim had learnt more than two thousand English words.
2. 在某些表示地点的名词后，关系副词有时也可以省略。

如the place等。

e.g. This is the place (where) I saw him last time.
3. 先行词the reason后面的关系副词可以省略。

e.g. The reason (why) he came here is quite clear.
4. 当先行词是way时，关系副词常常省略。

e.g. I know the way (that) he learns English.
四、判断关系代词与关系副词的方法：
1. 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。

及物动词后面没有宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。

判断下列句子的对错
（×）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（×）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（√）This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（√）I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。

此两题错在关系词的误用上。

定语从句（三）非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句起补充附带说明的作用，缺少它也不会影响全句的理解，译为汉语时常常不译作定语，而根据句意翻译为相应的其他形式的从句。

它与主语的关系不像限定性定语从句的关系那样密切。

在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如果把非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都要用逗号与主句隔开。

1. 引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词如下表所示：
注意：①关系代词that不能引导非限定性定语从句。

②引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有when, where。

不可用why。

2. 运用非限定性定语从句的情况：
（1）关系代词指代整个主句内容
e.g. Our new house has a lovely garden, which makes us very happy.
（2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。

例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
（3）当出现some, many, few, a few, little, much, most, two of which, whom等结构时
e.g. You’ve made many mistakes, most of which were due to your carelessness,
3. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：
⑴非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，它不是对先行词进行修饰或确定，只是对先行词作些附加的说明。

专有名词通常被非限制性定语从句所修饰。

例如：地名，人名，国家名等。

⑵非限制性定语从句不是先行词必不可少的修饰语，因此如果去掉从句，主句的意思仍然清楚。

⑶从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，翻译时复合句通常译成两句话。

⑷与限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句也可用关系代词who, which, whom, whose, as
和关系副词when, where, why 引导。

that不引导非限制性定语从句。

例如：We will fly to Xi’an first, where we plan to stay for a couple of days.
①My wife, who is a doctor, is working abroad this year.
②As is known to all, ice is water in its solid state.
㈢非限制性定语从句中值得注意的几个问题
⑴在which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词可以是一个名词或代词，也可以是句子的一部分，甚至整个句子。

例如：My new car, which I paid several thousand dollars for, isn’t running well.
先行词是car
①He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.
先行词是he had never seen her before
⑵which和as引导的非限制性定语从句比较
which和as都可引导非限制性定语从句，并且先行词都可以是一句句子，但which通常指代上文提到的情况，而as则可以指代上文或下文。

as 在这类句子中经常有“正如”的意思。

另外，as还经常与such, the same 等连用。

（见第一讲中as 引导的定语从句）
例如：He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like.
①As we expected, he gave a wonderful performance.
②Mike is late, as is often the case.
③I never heard such stories as he told.
④She knew he felt just the same as she did.
⑶在从句中作宾语的关系代词which, who, whom一般不省略。

例如：Jeanne was her old friend, from whom she borrowed a necklace.
①He built a telescope, through which he could study the skies.
4. as与which的区别：
⑴和such连用，这时的as相当于who, which。

有时such和as连在一起
例如：①Wendy is not such a fool as she looks.
②Such cars as I saw were too expensive to me.
③We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.
注意：这种用法和such … that …的区别
在such … as …中，as是关系代词，它在从句中充当成分。

例①中作looks的表语，在例②和③中分别作saw和had的宾语。

而在such … that …中that引导的结果状语从句，解释为
“以至于”。

that不充当任何成分，只起语法上的连接作用。

例如：She gave me such a surprise that I couldn’t say anything at that moment.
①His idea was such a good one that we all agreed to use it.
⑵和same连用
例如：①You must show my friend the same respect as you show me.
②She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister usually does.
⑶引导非限制性定语从句
例如：①She was the one I met at the party, as you know.
②As was natural, she married Robin.
5. 定语从句和其它从句的区分
很多高三的同学在解题时发现，有时难以区分定语从句，表语从句，时间、地点状语从句和强调句。

解决这一问题的关键在于牢记：
①定语从句一定有先行词
②定语从句的关系代词和关系副词在从句中一定充当成分。

我们来看具体的从句的比较：
（一）定语从句和表语从句
例①1) This is where your father worked when he was young.
此句没有先行词，where 引导的是表语从句，where相当于“the place where”，解释为“……的地方”。

2) This is the shop where my brother once worked.
此句中where引导的是定语从句，先行词是：the shop
（二）定语从句和状语从句
例②1) Let’s do it when we are free.
此句中没有先行词，when引导的是状语从句。

2) Let’s do it next month, when we are free.
这里when引导的是定语从句，先行词是next month。

又如：
1)Put it where it was. where引导的是地点状语从句，无先行词。

2)Put it in the drawer where I keep documents. where 引导的是定语从句。

（三）定语从句和强调句
例③1) -- Where did you interview the composer?
-- It was in the hotel _____ he stayed.
A. where
B. that
此句看上去很像强调句型，很多同学因而错选B。

但选B后意思是：他住在宾馆里。

不能回答上文中提出的问题。

而应该选A. where，句子的意思是：是在他住的宾馆。

所以，正确地解这一题除了要求对定语从句和强调句型有很好的掌握以外，还考查
了对题目所给出的语境的理解。

（四）定语从句和并列句
例④1) There are 45 students in our class, of whom two fifths are girls.
of whom/which +分数/百分数/ both / all / none / some / many …这样的结构常出现在定语从句中，尤其是在较正式的文体中。

更常见的是：分数/百分数/ both / all …+of whom/which，此句是定语从句。

2) There are 45 students in our class, and two fifths of them are girls.
此句中的第二分句由并列连词and引起，因此，不是定语从句。