美国奴隶制度【英文】
奴隶制用英语怎么说
奴隶制用英语怎么说奴隶制，是指奴隶主拥有奴隶的制度。
劳力活动须以奴隶为主，无报酬，且无人身自由。
那么，你知道奴隶制的英语怎么说吗?奴隶制的英文释义：slaveryhelotism奴隶制的英文例句：我的最高目标是拯救美国，摧毁奴隶制度。
My paramount object is to save the union and destroy slavery.反对奴隶制的人则不想让(奴隶制)蔓延开去。
People who opposed slavery did not want it to spread.就是林肯把黑人从奴隶制下解放出来的。
It was abraham lincoln who freed the black from the slavery.古埃及金字塔是奴隶制帝王的陵墓。
Pyramids functioned as tombs for pharaohs.所有人道主义者都反对奴隶制。
All humanitarians are against slavery.奴隶制为古代社会提供了基Slavery provided the foundation for many ancient types of society.应该彻底废除奴隶制。
The slavery should be abolished completely.这项法令废除了奴隶制。
The law does away with slavery.奴隶制在世界一些地方仍然存在着。
Slavery still exists in some parts of the world.他领导我们废除了奴隶制。
He headed us abolishing the slavery.在南北战争结束之后，美国的奴隶制被废除了。
The slavery was overthrown after the Civil War in U.S.A.我是否感到这个国家的奴隶制和种族歧视史与我有关?Do I identify with the legacy of slavery and discrimination in this country?嗯，他是怎样为奴隶制辩护的?Well, what is his defense of slavery?他说，在我们这个国家的一部门地区认为奴隶制是正确的，而且应该扩张。
slavery system 奴隶制度
The slavery systemSlavery is an extreme form of inequality in which some individuals are owned by others as their property. The slave owner has full control, including using violence over the slaves. In cases, they are wholly without rights and have no independence. They are in lower condition as compared with freemen. Moreover, the slaves have no political rights they do not choose his government, they do not attend the public councils.Socially they are treated in a unfriendly way, They are compelled to work. The slavery system has existed spreadly at many times and places but there are two major examples of slavery - societies of the ancient world based upon slavery (Greek and Roman) and southern states of USA in the 18th and 19th centuries. Slavery predates written records, has existed in many cultures and in some historical situations. The number of slaves today remains as high as 12 million to 27 million, though this is probably the smallest proportion of the world's population in history. Most are debt slaves, largely in South Asia, who are under debt bondage controlled by lenders, sometimes even for generations. Human trading is primarily for prostituting women and children into sex industries. Comparing the Asian slavery system with the American slavery system, they have different cultures, however, they still have some common points. the origin of the slaves, most of them are prisoners of war, criminals or those who were lower position person. there are some common priciples that the slaves must toobey, the slaves are willing to serve the master, comply with master's order unconditionally, try to please the master. When the slaves made mistakes, they must confess immediately to the master, the master will decide that the slaves should receive what kind of penalty for this reason, the slaves must accept the master's decision.Regardless of slave's master whether near by side, the slaves must to obey the rules at any time, whenever or wherever the slaves will frequently prepare to satisfy master's request..Slave's children generally were still slaves the fact will never change.The law confirmed that the slave for slave-owner's private property, theslave-owner holds the authority which to it has absolute power over somebody, may enslave, buy and sell and kills at willIn conclusion, the slaves have no independence ,have no rights to do anything. As for them, life has no sense, surviving just for the families. just stuggling for the rare hope.The difference between the Asian slavery system and the American slavery system:The process of the development, the time in America is longer than in Asia. in addition, in Asia, imperial government abolished slavery, in the contrary, in America, the leader abolished the slavery by fighting with the different races.As late as 1908, A slave market for captured Russian, slaves were centred in the Central Asian there were an estimated 8 million or 9 million slaves in 1841. Slavery was abolished in British India by the Indian Slavery.In East Asia, the Imperial government formally abolished slavery in China in 1906, the law became effective in 1910. Slave rebellion in China at the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century was so extensive that owners eventually converted the institution into a female-dominated one. In late 16th century Japan, slavery was officially banned. the forms of contract , labor persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced labor.In America slavery had a continous history, played a major role in the history the evolution of some countries, triggering at least one revolution ,one civil war, as well as numerous rebellions.slavery was prominent in Africa, across the Atlantic Ocean from the America Europe, was the first slave market created in Portugal (one of the earliest colonizers of the Americas) for the sale of imported African slaves –especially Brazil. In the 15th century one third of the slaves were resold to the African market in exchange of gold. In 1860, the election of Abraham Lincoln as President on a program of limiting slavery led to the secession of Southern States, the outbreak of the US Civil War. Although Lincoln initially disclaimed any intention to interfere with slavery, the progress of the war produced the Emancipation Proclamation freeing slaves in Southern states still in revolt, ultimately the Thirteenth Amendment to the United StatesConstitution in December 1865, which ended legalized slavery in the United States.㈡the role of the slaves palyed in different waysAmerica carrys the capitalist system ,they develop plantation economy . Along with plantation development, labor force serious insufficient, therefore the European colonizers could not but seek for the new labor force origin, Africa's blacks then become them to seek the labor force the main object. Use the slave labor in the plantation or the mine to use the Caucasian indentured servant to be much cheaper than, is also advantageous for the management. Therefore the slave trade becomes business which a pile makes money later with the development of industry the slaves became the workers in the factories. However, in Asia many countries carry Socialist system, agriculture played an important role in economy. they main served the masters work in the filed The slaves maybe better than the slaves in America, because there has religious oppression in Asia.㈢The level of slavery systemAmerican slavery system developed better than Asian slavery system, because they had advanced economy.the slavery trade was prosperous.There still have many different characters in the slavery system, such as the punishment, the exchange ways, the origin of slaves.Contemporary slavery, according to the United States Department data, an "estimated 600,000 to 820,000 men, women, and children are trafficked acrossinternational borders each year, approximately 70 percent are women, the amount up to 50 percent are minors. However, they go on to say that "the alarming enslavement of people for purposes of labor exploitation, often in their own countries.the slavery system tells us the world still exists race discrimination , what we need to do is justiced to treat different races people.With the development of the society, it forms a trend. the range of the slavery has already got rid of the former primitive definition. Gradually they have been restrained from some kind of the thing and the behavior, they live in a “enslaved” life,nowadays, Fang Nu, card slave, child slave, net slave, handset slave, degree slave, sentiment slave play an important role in our life.。
美国奴隶制——精选推荐
美国奴隶制奴隶制即奴隶主拥有奴隶的制度。
奴隶须为奴隶主干活，无报酬，且无人身自由。
一个人类社会中，如果大部分物质生产领域劳动者是奴隶，这样的社会，叫奴隶社会。
奴隶一般来源于战俘、被占领地区原住民、负债者和罪犯，也有从非洲等地方拐卖到奴隶市场的人。
奴隶制一般出现在农业社会里。
以封建地主阶级占有土地，剥削农民剩余劳动为基础的社会制度。
其基本剥削形式是封建地租，农民耕种封建地主的土地，绝大部分产品作为地租被封建地主剥夺。
上层建筑主要是以等级制为特点的封建制国家。
占统治地位的意识形态是以维护封建剥削制度和封建等级制，宣扬封建道德为主要内容。
在封建制度下，社会基本的对立阶级是地主阶级和农民阶级。
农民生活贫困，无政治权利，他们与地主阶级之间的阶级矛盾和阶级斗争十分尖锐。
美国没有经历封建社会，但是其奴隶制依然根深蒂固。
在北美殖民地时期，对非洲黑人奴隶的贩卖和奴役构成了资本原始积累的重要内容。
黑人奴隶制在北美殖民地发展的直接原因是殖民地急需大批劳动力。
从1686—1786年的100年间，约有25万非洲黑人被贩卖到英属北美殖民地。
黑人奴隶在北美殖民地的地位极其悲惨，特别是那些在田间终日劳动的黑奴，每天被迫劳动18—19个小时。
美利坚合众国成立后，制定了联邦宪法。
但宪法保留了奴隶制，维护了奴隶贸易1861年，美国南北战争爆发。
1862年，美国总统林肯发表《解放黑奴宣言》，宣布黑人奴隶获得自由，从而从根本上瓦解了南方叛乱各州的战斗力，扭转了战局。
1865年1月，美国国会通过了《宪法第13条修正案》，规定奴隶制或强迫奴役制，不得在合众国境内和管辖范围内存在。
1865年12月18日，《宪法第13条修正案》正式生效，从此，奴隶制在美国被废除了。
从1776年北美13州殖民地宣告独立，成立了美利坚合众国到林肯废除奴隶制，这种状况一直延续了86年之久。
19世纪初拉美独立革命后新建的国家几乎都废除了奴隶制，而唯独美国保留了奴隶制。
美国奴隶制度的反抗(英语论文)
美国奴隶制度的反抗(英语论文)LTThe resistance of slavery1 introduction1.1 Background of the studySlavery of the United States set up in the 17th century, for the reason that British colonists settled in the North American. Not until the 1960s the slavery was abolished by the only war in the history of the United States- civil war. Fortunately, the war was end up with the peace negotiation and set up Emancipation Proclamation.The slavery of the United States sustained more than two hundreds years and this institution is filled with the savagery, cruelty and profit as a whole. It’s totally dark process for the people particular the Negro, the negative impacts embodiment the absence of the human rights linked to African American slavery.In order to plunder for more nature resource, lacking of the labor force was extremely tough problem, in this seriousness situation, hire the slave was a informed decision. However they did n’t treat me as a human, even if pass a lawforce on the tenure of African-American slave was lifelong work. This thesis will quote the famous novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin as the point of penetration to further analysis the slavery of the United States and the resistance of the harsh institution in late period.1.2 The purpose of significances and studyUncle Tom's cabin, comprehensive reflects the living condition of African-American slaves in the southern plantation of the United States. This novel is not only speak highly of the literary value but also due to the promotion of the resistance of the slavery it’s also has intense social realistic meaning and cultural connotation. Taking this novel as a opportunities, to understand the slavery and the process of the history in more profound way.1.3 The layout of the study.The thesis is based on the novel which named is Uncle Tom's cabin to objective reveal many significant aspects such as the characteristics of African American slavery fate, the culture of the black American slaves in theTom’s lifetime. However, a good life didn’t last long，many slaver holders strongly condemned liberate the slaves in the case of the girl’s father had a opposite opinion. Thereupon, many slaver holders exposed the girl’s father to mortal danger. There was no denying the truth that the girl’s father was murder in the end. From this moment on, Uncle Tom’s life became really tough. One day in order to saved a girl who didn’t surrender by landlord; Uncle Tom had a car accident and got serious hurt. When he was dying in his house, he realized the truth that only persists fighting there is a possibility of freedom. He appealed to slavers leaving the hell place as soon as possible, and with the help of the white people the slavers rose up to fight with the slaver holder, in this time, Uncle Tom was a great consolation to his compatriots and support by many whites. Even though Uncle Tom died in the end, he must be leave without any regret but endless appreciates.2.2 The Introduction of Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe, the author of UncleTom's cabin. She was born in the famous priest family in June 14th1811 and passed away in 1896. Civil war, in a other words, Emancipation war was launched in 1860s’ , nevertheless in the beginning of the 1820s’abolishment of the slavery had gradually became the main centre issue in the field of the development public opinion in the United States. At that time, there were a large number of social elites and writers stand by the side of the abolish slavery, appealed to liberate the slavers also should give foundational respect and guaranteed human right. Harriet Beecher Stowe was one of the most outstanding fighters in these writers.As someone said, with more people realizing the inhumanity of slavery in the 19th century, slavery became one of the most important issues and it became more violent year by year in American society. However, slavery was not abolished irrevocably until ratification of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865, following the Civil War. After the passage ofFugitive Slave Act of 1850, Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote this novel Uncle Tom's Cabin which publicized the evil of slavery to a wide audience.Now we are in the 21st century, we may never come across such kind of thing. However, this b ook can always remind of us that there ever has existed this evil and we can not let it happen again. And equality and human right can be not just suit for the slogan; we should make it come true really and always.3. The development and characteristics of African-American slavery 3.1 The origin of the slavery in the United StatesWhen Columbus discovered the new continent, there was only approximately more than one million people on this ground, so when the great landlords and capitalists which was come from North American were eager to obtain the local nature resource and exchange it to the profits in the limited period, the substance of human resource was one of the most prominently and obviously problems, in this seriousness situation, so many measures should be taken to solved it, so settle up the colonialsystem not only figured out the issue of the labor force but also can make profit from the labor by slavers more easily. On the other face, according to the Christian religion in that period dark history, slavery institution was rational without any doubt. In these particular cases, in the landlords and capitalists in North America took native North American Indian as the original slavers in the first place. At this point, the slavery was established.3.2 The development and characteristics of African-American slaveryAt first, in order to gave the most effective solution linked to the lack of human resource, capitalists set up slavery on a large scale of the United States and this institution had strong compulsive, apart from the African American slaver, even if the group of the white people themselves was not immune, on this occasion, created new system called white indentured servitude, this indentured servitude had service duration. In most situations, the terms of serve were about five to seven years, after that theywould achieve the freedom once again; the slave holders also had responsibility and obligation to give them some expenses and life necessities in return. It goes beyond any dispute that this kind of slavery was posed threat to most of the landlords, therefore, they changed their strategies, they were assent and consent the new law which was expressly agreed terms the change on social position of the black people into slave tenure. The advantage of this issue is that they could treat separately by complexion for ease of further deepening the discrimination to Negro. Besides, it was also cement the dominant position of the capitalist.Along with the developing of the slavery, most of the slavers were unable to escape the net of the painful punishment. In addition to this, literally buy and sell slavers was really normal phenomenon. For this reason, many African American families were broken up. However, in the world of the African American, interpersonal relationship was concentratedreflect by family even though this was illegal at that time. This kind of relationship was destroy by the rule of the slave trade at any moment but the marriage attitude of them were serious, even if the couple was broke up for many years, they would also maintain this stable relationship as well. This firm marital relationship played a positive and significant role for the later resistance.By reading and discuss the novel Uncle Tom's cabin. It can greatly reflect that a large scale number of African American’s fate could be separate by two forms. One of them were so fortunate that came across the kind owner, for instance, the girl who saved by Uncle Tom, her father is typical landlord with the character of kindness and heartwarming. The other form of the slavers are not so lucky, if the landlord is violence man, they will punished and killed at any way in any way. In the end of the story, we also can safety draw the conclusion that the brutal slavery contributes directly to the painfuldeath of Uncle Tom.4. The impact of resistance of slavery in the United States4.1 The civil warThe American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States and several other names, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the United States (the Union), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states. Union states were loosely referred to as "the North".In the presidential election of 1860, the Repub lican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campa igned against the expansion of slavery beyond th e states in which it already existed. The Republic an victory in that election resulted in seven Sout hern states declaring their secession from the Un ion even before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. Both the outgoing and incoming US admin istrations rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion.Without any doubt, the reason of the war was that the slavery of the United States was the source of the racial discrimination. Fortunately, the abolishment of the slavery offered the enough labor force and created the new marketing for the development of the capitalism in the United States. However, the racial discrimination was not end up with the abolishment of the slavery; in spite of the great progress has making, it’s also evolved as a very tough and complicated social problem in the modern society.The civil war is the turning point in the history of the African American; this war was last about four months. In this period, everyone in the war were withstanding strong pain regardless of you were African American slavers or not. In this war, the soldiers who were come from both sides looted everywhere, confiscation of property and food; furthermore theycommitted outrages on innocent citizens. The African Americans also took part in this war, in this meaningful process, between the white and black people, demonstrated different and unusual relationship, in some situation; they supported each other, Some slave has been loyal to his owner for long years, during the war the landlords took protection measures to the family and slavers as a whole; Corresponding, the behavior of the Africa American slaves were actually very contradictory, the same slaver, he ought to saved the owner who get injured back the battlefield, hidden in a safe place and fled toward the opposite way. At the same time, the longing for the freedom was also very strong, so that after the war even some slaver owners was willing to spend money to hired the them again, they also didn't want to stay .4.2 job opportunityThe black population is about 20 million. Their ancestors were brought to America as slaves in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Nearly all their descendants were keptin legal slavery in the South until 1865. The southern states were defeated in the Civil War and were forced to abolish slavery and set the slaves free.For long terms of slavery to African American were not only reflected in the damage of the body, but also on the spirit. Even thought they finally achieved the freedom, another difficult life position was also a tough work, many of them sent him into exile in order to found the relative who lost for a long time, in another part of the slavers, in search of the new place to begin with the brand new day. The southerners were determined to keep the Negroes from becoming equal in anything but constitutional law. Therefore, there were no different between the periods of the slavery for a huge number of the African Americans on the point of the job choice. One of them also relied on the government aids.In the slavery, many slavers fall into the terrible habits, such as carelessness, lack of theforesight and depend on the white people, these seriousness habits also result in the obstruction of the black civilization over a long time. But as the time goes on, in the market of human resource, the balance between the black and white prompted the development the country, the black people also could get the proper salary to improve the quality of the daily life. Even racial discrimination is still a problem to be solved. in fact, this were only reflect on the employment aspect that a variety of the high income position usually refuse to give offer to the black people, rather than unequal pay for equal. So, comprehensive all the factors, the gap of the income could be ignored.4.3cultureAlmost all the slaves were illiterate under the tormented by the slavery. Although there were so many formidable obstacles, blacks in the United States still have a long and outstanding history. In the late 18th century, all kinds of philanthropists and created from the south set up a large scale of charity school for blacks.Especially in the south of the postwar, just get free blacks have beyond imagination desiring to seeking knowledge, in the United States , in 50 years after the liberation, from 100% illiteracy to around 75% of the people could read, achievement is truly objective. Although the progress of formal education was slow and difficult, developed a new type of cultural style, they reflect in speech, dress, and daily life, etc. Promotion of cultural literacy gives more space and the possibility of a black to create all kinds of the fields. In the process of economic status slowly rising a new middle class, members most come from the black people; become a significant part of the social elite.5 conclusionsThrough the analysis of uncle Tom's cabin, we can totally draw the conclusion in the course of history without any human rights institution must be eliminated, such as slavery. So the American civil war as a landmark turning point in the profound influence to the futuredevelopment of the United States.5.1 institutionsBefore the civil war, slavery in the south was a kind of extreme backwardness savage system, the civil war ended in the victory of the north; this itself was a triumph of democracy. The democracy of the United States are getting more entrenched, and to obtain a broader space for development as well.5.2LaborBecause of the abolishment of the black slavery, a great process was that black could free to hire. So, this phenomenon makes American capitalism industry and commerce to obtain sufficient and low cost labor.5.3CapitalAfter the abolition of slavery and the plantation slavery was abolished either, some ex-slave owners who had the character of the open minded begin to change the other way to involved with the capitalist industry and commerce. In this degree, they were a significant part to strengthen the development of American capitalism economy.5.4 revelationsIn this monetary world dominated by materials, few people really care their spirit and soul. If the world was only composed of materials, without morality, would it exist, develop and prosperous? Of course not, material and spirit coexist just as a person is consisting of body and soul. The world would to into a mess without the restraint of morality, so was every country includes our own homeland which had its law to enforce on its people. The world is a peaceful one under the lead of morality, and in this rampant world, what it really needs is not strength and war, but people setting up their outlook of morality and faith, and leading the world to a more civilized one. So Uncle Tom’s spirit is exactly what spirit the world needs nowadays.。
美国南北战争与奴隶制的废除
奴隶制的矛盾与南北战争的背景
美国南北战争与奴隶制的废除
奴隶制在美国社会中存在了近一个世纪，其矛盾在19世纪中叶日益尖锐。一方面，奴隶制被视为一种不公正的制度，它剥夺了黑人自由，且这种制度严重阻碍了国家的经济和人口发展。另一方面，南方地区的种植园经济对奴隶劳动力的需求量大，且认为奴隶制是一种自然的、符合上帝意愿的制度。此外，奴隶主们认为奴隶的价值远高于黑人自己认为自己的价值。这种矛盾不仅导致黑人奴隶的不满和反抗，也引发了白人之间的紧张关系。
从经济角度看，奴隶制的存在严重影响了美国的经济发展。在奴隶制下，奴隶劳动被视为生产成本的一部分，而不是生产力的来源。据统计，1860年，奴隶制经济占美国全国经济的40%，而同期英国工业革命的工业生产已经超过奴隶制经济。奴隶制经济对美国经济的发展造成了严重的阻碍。
其次，奴隶制对人类尊严的侵犯。奴隶制剥夺了人的自由、人的尊严和平等权利，造成了极大的伤害和痛苦。在南北战争之前，美国的黑人奴隶人口达到400万以上，这些人在生活中备受压迫和剥削，生命和健康得不到保障。
2. 北方经济的转型与南方不同，北方经济的发展以工业为主。
随着工业革命的发展，北方对自由劳动力的需求增加，而奴隶制度限制了北方对自由劳动力的获取。北方开始担心奴隶制度的存在会对美国的统一和稳定造成威胁。
3. 种族歧视的存在在南北战争前的美国，黑人奴隶制度被视为合法，而黑人则被视为劣等种族。这种种族歧视的存在导致黑人无法享有与白人平等的权利和机会，为后来的南北战争埋下了伏笔。
美国南北战争与奴隶制的废除过程
The American Civil War and the Abolition of Slavery
02
南北战争
奴隶制
中世纪
奴隶制英文介绍
奴隶制英文介绍奴隶制是封建社会特有的制度，你了解奴隶制吗？是不是急需一篇关于奴隶制的英文介绍啊?下面是分享的奴隶制英文介绍，一起来看看吧。
Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of chattel slavery that existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries.Slavery had been practiced in British North America from early colonial days,and was recognized in the Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.When the United States was founded,even though some free persons of color were present,the status of slave was largely coincident with being of African descent,creating a system and legacy in which race played an influential role.After the Revolutionary War,abolitionist laws and sentiment gradually spread in the Northern states,while the rapid expansion of the cotton industry from 1800 led to the Southern states strongly identifying with slavery,and attempting to extend it into the new Western territories.The United States was polarized by slavery into slave and free states along the Mason-DixonLine,which separated Maryland (slave) and Pennsylvania (free).Although the international slave trade was prohibited from 1808,internal slave-trading continued,and the slave population would eventually peak at four million before abolition.As the West opened up,the Southern states believed they needed to keep a balance between the numbers of slave and free states,in order to maintain a balance of power in Congress.The new territories acquired from Britain,France and Mexico were the subject of major political compromises.By 1850,the newly rich cotton-growing South was threatening to secede from the Union,and tensions continued to rise.With church ministers under pressure to preach slavery doctrine conforming to the local politics,the Baptist and Methodist churches split into regional organizations.When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election on a platform of no new slave states,the South finally broke away to form the Confederacy.This marked the start of the Civil War,which caused a huge disruption of Southern life,with many slaves either escaping or being liberated by the Union armies.The war effectively ended slavery,before the Thirteenth Amendment (December 1865) formally outlawed theinstitution throughout the United States.知识拓展：奴隶社会奴隶社会：从公元前21世纪夏朝建立开始，到公元前221年秦王嬴政统一中国结束。
The history of the liberation of black slaves
The American Civil War
Text of the Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The first one, issued September 22, 1862, declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. The second order, issued January 1, 1863, named ten specific states where it would apply. Lincoln issued the Executive Order by his authority as "Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy" under Article II, section 2 of the United States Constitution. 《解放黑人奴隶宣言》分成两个部分发布：第一部分发布于1862年9月22日，是 份概述第二部分目的的准备公告；第二部分正式生效于1863年1月1日，此时正处于南 北战争的第二年，其中包含亚伯拉罕· 林肯的声明：所有脱离联邦并回到联邦掌控下的 州之奴隶最迟于1863年1月1日后当被解放。有十个州的名字在第二部分公布时被逐一 提及，可有意忽略了马里兰州、德拉瓦州（当时皆未脱离联邦）、田纳西州（已确实 在联邦控制之下）、密苏里州以及肯塔基州（已存有几个被邦联接受的派系政府，但 仍未正式脱离联邦）。特别豁免权由48个连署成立西维吉尼亚州以及其他被举列的维 吉尼亚州郡表述；另外还包含新奥尔良和几个被列举为联邦掌控之下的路易斯安亥俄州辛辛那 堤的国家地下铁路自由中心）
【美国历史】美国奴隶制的兴衰 the growth of slavery
Slavery in a society that insisted on its own independe nce was rank hypocrisy.
亚伯拉罕· 林肯是美国第 16 任总统，是世界历史中最伟大的人物之一，领 导了拯救联邦和结束奴隶制度的伟大斗争。人们怀念他的正直、仁慈、和坚 强的个性，他一直是美国历史上最受人景仰 的总统之一。尽管他在边疆只受 过一点儿初级教育，担任公职的经验也很少，然而，他那敏锐的洞察力和深 厚的人道主义意识，使他成了美国历史上最伟大的总统。
美国政界人物、女权运动先 驱、书简作家，美国第2任 总统约翰· 亚当斯的夫人。
1764年10月25日与约翰· 亚 当斯结为夫妇，先后育有5 个孩子。
阿比盖尔是一位彻底的联邦 制拥护者。人们普遍认为她 对丈夫和儿子的政治生涯有 着极大的影响。1803年她的 大儿子约翰· 昆西· 亚当斯当 选上议员，并于她逝世后的 第6年，即1825年当选为美 国总统。
America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds.“ But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so, we've come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight? "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.
美国白人奴隶制度
美国白人奴隶制度白人奴隶的种类白奴分为两种，一是混有少量黑人血统的白皮肤的“黑奴”，二是白人契约奴(white indentured servant)又称契约奴、契约佣工、白奴，特指在16-19世纪到新大陆“美国”的欧洲白色人种的奴隶。
在美国现实主义作家理查·希尔德烈斯(1807-1865)的小说《白奴》中，混血的奴隶阿尔琪·摩尔，只有1／32的黑人血统，从外表看完全是个白人，但根据美国南部“黑奴的后代永远是黑奴”的法律，他也难以摆脱奴隶地位。
在欧美，直到20世纪末以前，很少有人知道白人契约奴的历史。
介绍白人契约奴最详细的专著是迈克尔·霍夫曼1999年出版的《他们是白人，他们是奴隶》，而最畅销读物则是唐·乔丹和迈克尔·沃尔什的《白色的货物——英属北美殖民地白人奴隶被遗忘的历史》。
不想死的英国罪犯可选择当白奴白奴人数有限，反抗也激烈，所以美国又大力贩卖“黑奴”以满足劳动力的要求。
到19世纪由于经济的原因，美国终于修改法律，债务人不必坐牢，“白奴”现象也因此消失。
美国“南北战争”后，黑奴也得到了解放，美国经济走上了资本主义道路。
北美白人契约奴的历史，和整个北美殖民地的历史同样长远。
1607年5月伦敦公司遣送首批移民到达北美洲，建起了詹姆斯城。
首批移民105人，其中就包括白人契约奴。
白人契约奴的大规模输入，则是几十年后的事。
最初，欧洲人把劳动力的来源寄希望于北美洲的土著印第安人。
他们曾想尽一切办法捕捉印第安人为奴。
但印第安人的故乡就是美洲，他们被抓后很容易逃亡。
另一方面，印第安人的总人口也极其有限，远远不能满足日益扩大的殖民地的需求。
这样，欧洲殖民者又把目光转到了白人身上。
据北美殖民地官方1680年估计，运往北美洲的白人契约奴每年约有1万人。
17世纪时，契约奴成为北美殖民地最常见的奴隶，他们约占全部移民人口的一半。
白人契约奴的来源有四个：一是无力偿还债务的人。
美国奴隶制起源-讲稿
美国奴隶制起源-讲稿第一篇：美国奴隶制起源-讲稿The Beginning of Slavery in America 美国奴隶制起源Hello, everyone!It is known that racial discrimination against the black people is an old problem in America which can be traced back to the colonial period.It was the dispute over Negro slavery that touched off the American Civil War in 1862.Slavery developed almost side by side with the English-American colonies.After the colonists reached the New World, they found that one of the problems to be solved was the shortage of labor.The first blacks were brought into the colonies in 1619.Within a few decades, the demand for cheap labor led to a large slave trade.After tobacco was successfully planted and more rich people arrived in the colonies, especially in the South, the problem of labor shortage became acute.European adventurers began to capture Negroes in Western Africa and transported them to America.The slave traders, many of whom were from New England, made a big profit from what was called the triangular trade between Europe, Africa and America.Plantation owners of the South got the cheap labor they needed.The number of Negro slaves increased very quickly before America won its independence.After the Independence War, Britain shifted much of its trade to other colonies.The price of tobacco fell sharply in America.Slave labor became less profitable and began to decline.Before long, America began its industrial revolution and the cotton gin was invented in 1793.The revolutionized cotton textile industry increased the demand for cotton.T o increase the production of cotton, cheap labor was needed.As a result, the number of Negro slaves stopped fallingand black slavery revived.Since the South had abundant and suitable land for farming and thus needed a lot labor, many slaves were bought by those plantationers.Moreover, the Blacks cannot endure the bitter cold in the North.That is why large numbers of blacks were in the South.By 1860, there were about 3 million Negro slaves in the South who made up about one-third of the total population of the South.Before the Civil War, more than 98% of the American Negroes were in the South.An average Southern plantation was about 1000 acres with 100 slaves.They fed on horrible food which was made in the central kitchen or in the black slaves’ cabins.They had to toil all day long in the cotton fields, eating their noon-day meals in the fields.Black slaves were supervised by the cold-blooded overseers.Slave owners could beat, sell, or kill a slave without violating the law.Negro families were often broken when the master sold some of his slaves.Marriage of the slaves were regarded by the slave owner as a means to produce more slaves.A slave owner could buy a man slave and marry him to a woman slave or vice versa.No slave was allowed to go out his master’ plantation unless he had obtained a written permission from his master.There were professional slave captors who would hunt down any slave in escape.The law did not allow anyone to teach the blacks how to read and write.It is no exaggeration to say that the Negro slaves were treated as farm animals.The only difference was that they could think and speak.If you want to know more about the miserable life of slaves, you can read Mrs.Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin or Solomon Northup’s 12 Years A Slave.The conflicts between the South and the North concerning slavery led to the American Civil War.We’re going to discuss that next session.Thank you.第二篇：美国独立日起源(英文)Good afternoon, everyone: What i want to introduce to you is American Independence Day,which is equivalent to Chinese National DayIndependence Day,commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.During the American Revolution（美国独立战争）, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain occurred on July 2, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence.After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five(五人小组), with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author.Congress debated and revised （修正）the Declaration, finally approving it on July 4.From then on, American celebrated the birthday of their homeland every year by a variety of ways.In the beginning, people will held demonstrations and speeches in this special day and most of these activities were covered with a layer of religious color.With the development of America, outdoor activities and sports events also became a part of celebration.Fireworks activities were once very popular before 20th century, but government canceled these projects to prevent the risk of fire after 20th century.Nowadays, Independence Day in the United States is a fairly important festival.People will have a day off to relax.All of american church bells rang in honor of American Independence after the ringing of Liberty Bell in Philadelphia.Various floats, model cars, acrobatics car and crowd line up a enormous andpowerful team to go forward which is a very spectacular sight.At the end of the procession, people tend to gather in a park or public place.All the families dance and cheer, or have a picnic in sound of music.Businessmen are busy selling souvenirs, the politicians take the opportunity to conduct campaign speeches, the kids play games on the grass, the entire United States show the joyful scene of festival.That's all.Thank you!第三篇：美国感恩节的起源The origin of American ThanksgivingAs is known to us, the Thanksgiving is one of the most crucial festivals in the United States and Canada’s.However, the historical origins of the festivals in the both countries are different from each other.Here I’d like to introduce something about the origin of American Thanksgiving.In 1620,the boat called “may flower” arrived in North America from Britain, carrying 102 pilgrims.Unfortunately, in the winter of this year, they encountered unimaginable difficulties, half of them dyingof hunger.Luckily, the native Indians provided pilgrims with the necessities in time.What’s more, they were so kind that they even taught pilgrims how to hunt, fish and plant corn,pumpkin.With the help of the Indians,the immigrants finally overcame the difficulties and received a harvest.During the days of harvest celebration, according to religious traditions , immigrants rules the day of thanksgiving to god, and decided to show their gratitude to Indians.Immigrants invited them to celebrate the festival.In this day of the first Thanksgiving, immigrants and the Indians got together,chatting and eating happily.Immigrants were so grateful to god that they set off fireworks, held a grand banquet and enjoyed delicious turkeys.The first thanksgiving day was very successful.As aresult,a lot of these celebration ways remained for many years.In 1789, the first American president Washington declared November,26was the national Thanksgiving celebration.However, for a long time, every state holiday date still stipulated based on their own situation.It was not until 1863 that president Lincoln declared Thanksgiving day was a national holiday again.In 1941, Congress passed bill, the president Roosevelt declared the fourth Thursday of November as Thanksgiving day throughout the country.Nowadays Thanksgiving holiday usually lasts form Thursday to Sunday.In western countries,it is time for people to express gratitude and share love.Besides,thanksgiving day is a wonderful feast for children in which children can enjoy excellent snacks.Generally, the thanksgiving day plays an very important role in today’s Americans’ life.第四篇：《美国讲稿》读书笔记《美国讲稿》读书笔记相较老师推荐的其他书，《美国讲稿》看上去更为精致短小，其中收录了伊塔洛·卡尔维诺的五篇讲稿及《子午线》杂志的编辑M·巴棱吉发现并整理出的一篇手稿。
美国的奴隶制度与种族平等的斗争
在建国初期，联邦政府对于奴隶 制度采取了一种默许的态度，未
采取积极措施废除该制度。
林肯政府的行动
亚伯拉罕·林肯总统在任期间，积 极推动废除奴隶制度，并领导国家 经历南北战争，最终实现了奴隶制 度的废除。
重建时期政策
南北战争后，南方各州在重建过程 中被要求承认黑人男性的公民权和 选举权，并采取一系列措施保障他 们的权利。
南北战争后的奴隶制度
1865年，南北战争结束，南部战败，奴隶制度被废除。
第十三条修正案正式宣布奴隶制度和强制劳役为非法。
虽然奴隶制度被废除，但种族歧视和隔离仍然存在，成为美国社会长期存在的问题 。
03
种族平等的斗争
废奴运动的兴起和发展
废奴主义思想的传播
废奴运动的斗争
18世纪末期，废奴主义思想开始在美 国传播，一些白人废奴主义者开始呼 吁废除奴隶制度。
拉美裔美国人的平等斗争
拉美裔美国人也面临着种族歧视和语言文化障碍等问题，他们通过维权、教育等方式争取 平等权利。
原住民（印第安人）的平等斗争
原住民在历史上遭受了严重的种族歧视和土地被夺等问题，他们通过法律诉讼、文化复兴 等方式争取平等权利和土地权益。
04
法律与政策的演变
宪法和法律的制定与修改
1787年宪法
奴隶制度的定义和历史
奴隶制度的定义
一种不合理的、落后的制度，是人类 历史上的不幸现象
美国奴隶制度的历史
起源于殖民时期，黑人被当作商品买 卖，遭受残酷剥削和压迫，成为美国 历史上的黑暗时期
02
美国的奴隶制度
奴隶制度的起源和发展
16-17世纪，欧洲殖民者开始将 非洲黑人贩卖到美洲，作为奴隶
劳动力使用。
美国奴隶制起源-讲稿
美国奴隶制起源-讲稿The Beginning of Slavery in America 美国奴隶制起源Hello, everyone!It is known that racial discrimination against the black people is an old problem in America which can be traced back to the colonial period. It was the dispute over Negro slavery that touched off the American Civil War in 1862.Slavery developed almost side by side with the English-American colonies. After the colonists reached the New World, they found that one of the problems to be solved was the shortage of labor. The first blacks were brought into the colonies in 1619. Within a few decades, the demand for cheap labor led to a large slave trade. After tobacco was successfully planted and more rich people arrived in the colonies, especially in the South, the problem of labor shortage became acute. European adventurers began to capture Negroes in Western Africa and transported them to America. The slave traders, many of whom were from New England, made a big profit from what was called the triangular trade between Europe, Africa and America. Plantation owners of the South got the cheap labor they needed. The number of Negro slaves increased very quickly before America won its independence.After the Independence War, Britain shifted much of its trade to other colonies. The price of tobacco fell sharply in America. Slave labor became less profitable and began to decline.Before long, America began its industrial revolution and the cotton gin was invented in 1793. The revolutionized cotton textile industry increased the demand for cotton. T o increase the production of cotton, cheap labor was needed. As a result, thenumber of Negro slaves stopped falling and black slavery revived. Since the South had abundant and suitable land for farming and thus needed a lot labor, many slaves were bought by those plantationers. Moreover, the Blacks cannot endure the bitter cold in the North. That is why large numbers of blacks were in the South. By 1860, there were about 3 million Negro slaves in the South who made up about one-third of the total population of the South.Before the Civil War, more than 98% of the American Negroes were in the South. An average Southern plantation was about 1000 acres with 100 slaves. They fed on horrible food which was made in the central kitchen or in the black slaves’cabins. They had to toil all day long in the cotton fields, eating their noon-day meals in the fields.Black slaves were supervised by the cold-blooded overseers. Slave owners could beat, sell, or kill a slave without violating the law. Negro families were often broken when the master sold some of his slaves. Marriage of the slaves were regarded by the slave owner as a means to produce more slaves. A slave owner could buy a man slave and marry him to a woman slave or vice versa. No slave was allowed to go out his master’plantation unless he had obtained a written permission from his master. There were professional slave captors who would hunt down any slave in escape. The law did not allow anyone to teach the blacks how to read and write. It is no exaggeration to say that the Negro slaves were treated as farm animals. The only difference was that they could think and speak. If you want to know more about the miserable life of slaves, you can re ad Mrs. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin or Solomon Northup’s 12 Years A Slave. The conflicts between the South and the North concerning slavery led to theAmerican Civil War. We’re going to discuss that next session. Thank you.。
美国奴隶制
The cruelty of slavery
In 1619, the first batch of black slaves in the nationalities were shipped to Virginia, after that, an increasing number of the thirteen colonies in North America the slaves. Black slavery is the European colonial expansion and the evils of newborns of the slave trade. White settlers in the early days of colonial rule, Europe was established for black slavery, a slave to maintain its rule and law of the mask. North American colonies of the black slaves is extremely tragic life . Slave owners have more control of slaves, they are free to transfer, and out the other To sell, or even kill the slaves.
2011级市场营销2班
苏晶
Slaves to the war
After the American war of independence , Both north and south respectively on the capitalist system of wage labor and slavery plantation economy two different development road. The north capitalist economy advocated the abolition of slavery ， The southern plantation economy because need a lot of slaves , so the southern slave owners to maintain slavery. The two sides around the slavery intensified the contradiction between waste storage problem .
美国黑奴英文作文简单点
美国黑奴英文作文简单点英文，As a former slave in America, reflecting on my experience brings forth a mix of emotions. The journey from bondage to freedom was fraught with hardship, but it was also a testament to the resilience of the human spirit.In the antebellum South, life as a slave was unimaginably brutal. We were considered property, mere chattel to be bought and sold at the whims of our owners. Our days were filled with backbreaking labor under the scorching sun, with little respite or reward for our toil.I remember the relentless toil in the cotton fields, picking until my fingers bled and my back ached. We would often sing spirituals to lift our spirits and find solace in each other's company. But even in those moments of camaraderie, the specter of oppression loomed large.Escape was a constant desire, but the risks were immense. Those who dared to flee faced the threat of brutalpunishment or even death. Yet, despite the dangers, many chose to run, driven by an insatiable longing for freedom.中文，作为一名曾经的美国黑奴，回顾我的经历引发了各种情绪。
美国历史名词解释
美国历史名词解释1. 独立宣言（Declaration of Independence）独立宣言是美国历史上具有里程碑意义的文件之一。
它于1776年7月4日由大陆会议通过，并由托马斯·杰斐逊等人起草。
独立宣言宣布了美国13个殖民地脱离英国的独立，并明确了人民享有生命、自由和追求幸福的不可剥夺的权利。
2. 联邦制（Federalism）联邦制是美国政府的一项核心原则，也是美国宪法的基石。
根据联邦制，政权被分为中央政府和州政府两个层面，两个层面之间具有相对独立的权力和职责。
中央政府有权管理国家事务，而州政府有权管理地方事务。
3. 奴隶制度（Slavery）奴隶制度是美国历史上最为悲惨和具有争议的一段历史。
在美国奴隶制度中，黑人被当作私人财产，并被强迫从事体力劳动，完全失去了自由。
奴隶制度导致了南北战争，最终在1865年被废除。
4. 林肯解放宣言（Emancipation Proclamation）林肯解放宣言是美国总统·林肯于1863年签署的重要文件。
该宣言宣布解放美国南部邦联地区的奴隶，以支持废除奴隶制的努力。
尽管该宣言并未立即解放所有奴隶，但它标志着废奴运动的重要转折点。
5. （Civil Rights Movement）是二十世纪美国的一场重要社会运动。
该运动力求终结对非裔美国人的种族隔离和歧视，并争取他们的基本权利，如选举权和平等待遇。
在20世纪50年代和60年代取得了显著的进展，促进了法律和社会的变革。
6. 乌托邦（Utopianism）乌托邦是指理想社会或理想国家的概念。
在美国历史上，许多乌托邦社区的实践被创建，并试图实现不同的社会和经济模式。
例如，纽荷兰（New Harmony）、布鲁克法姆（Brook Farm）和安妮达尔（Oneida）等社区都是乌托邦实验的例子。
7. 冷战（Cold War）冷战是二战后期至1990年代中期的一段全球政治对抗时期。
冷战主要是指美国和苏联之间的意识形态对立和军备竞赛。
SLAVERY IN AMERICA美国奴隶制
SLAVERY IN AMERICASlavery in America began when the first African slaves were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown,Virginia,in1619,to aid in the production of such lucrative crops as tobacco.Slavery was practiced throughout the American colonies in the17th and18th centuries,and African-American slaves helped build the economic foundations of the new nation.The invention of the cotton gin in1793solidified the central importance of slavery to the South’s economy.By the mid-19th century, America’s westward expansion,along with a growing abolition movement in the North,would provoke a great debate over slavery that would tear the nation apart in the bloody American Civil War(1861-65).Though the Union victory freed the nation’s4million slaves,the legacy of slavery continued to influence American history,from the tumultuous years of Reconstruction (1865-77)to the civil rights movement that emerged in the1960s,a century after emancipation.FOUNDATIONS OF SLAVERY IN AMERICAIn the early17th century,European settlers in North America turned to African slaves as a cheaper,more plentiful labor source than indentured servants(who were mostly poorer Europeans).After1619,when a Dutch ship brought20Africans ashore at the British colony of Jamestown,Virginia, slavery spread throughout the American colonies.Though it is impossible to give accurate figures,some historians have estimated that6to7million slaves were imported to the New World during the18th century alone, depriving the African continent of some of its healthiest and ablest men and women.Did You Know?One of the first martyrs to the cause of American patriotism was Crispus Attucks,a former slave who was killed by British soldiers during the Boston Massacre of1770.Some5,000black soldiers and sailors fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War.In the17th and18th centuries,black slaves worked mainly on the tobacco, rice and indigo plantations of the southern coast.After the American Revolution(1775-83),many colonists(particularly in the North,where slavery was relatively unimportant to the economy)began to link the oppression of black slaves to their own oppression by the British,and to call for slavery’s abolition.After the war’s end,however,the new U.S. Constitution tacitly acknowledged the institution,counting each slave as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of taxation and representation in Congress and guaranteeing the right to repossess any“person held to service or labor”(an obvious euphemism for slavery).IMPORTANCE OF THE COTTON GINIn the late18th century,with the land used to grow tobacco nearly exhausted,the South faced an economic crisis,and the continued growth of slavery in America seemed in doubt.Around the same time,the mechanization of the textile industry in England led to a huge demand for American cotton,a southern crop whose production was unfortunately limited by the difficulty of removing the seeds from raw cotton fibers by hand.In1793,a young Yankee schoolteacher named Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin,a simple mechanized device that efficiently removed the seeds.His device was widely copied,and within a few years the South would transition from the large-scale production of tobacco to that of cotton, a switch that reinforced the region’s dependence on slave labor. Slavery itself was never widespread in the North,though many of the region’s businessmen grew rich on the slave trade and investments in southern plantations.Between1774and1804,all of the northern states abolished slavery,but the so-called“peculiar institution”remained absolutely vital to the South.Though the U.S.Congress outlawed the African slave trade in1808,the domestic trade flourished,and the slave population in the U.S.nearly tripled over the next50years.By1860it had reached nearly4million,with more than half living in the cotton-producing states of the South.SLAVES AND SLAVEHOLDERSSlaves in the antebellum South constituted about one-third of the southern population.Most slaves lived on large farms or small plantations;many masters owned less than50slaves.Slave owners sought to make their slaves completely dependent on them,and a system of restrictive codes governed life among slaves.They were prohibited from learning to read and write, and their behavior and movement was restricted.Many masters took sexual liberties with slave women,and rewarded obedient slave behavior with favors, while rebellious slaves were brutally punished.A strict hierarchy among slaves (from privileged house slaves and skilled artisans down to lowly field hands) helped keep them divided and less likely to organize against their masters. Slave marriages had no legal basis,but slaves did marry and raise large families; most slave owners encouraged this practice,but nonetheless did not hesitate to divide slave families by sale or removal.Slave revolts did occur within the system(notably ones led by Gabriel Prosser in Richmond in1800and by Denmark Vesey in Charleston in1822), but few were successful.The slave revolt that most terrified white slaveholders was that led byNat Turner in Southampton County,Virginia, in August1831.Turner’s group,which eventually numbered around75blacks, murdered some60whites in two days before armed resistance from local whites and the arrival of state militia forces overwhelmed them.Supporters of slavery pointed to Turner’s rebellion as evidence that blacks wereinherently inferior barbarians requiring an institution such as slavery to discipline them,and fears of similar insurrections led many southern states to further strengthen their slave codes in order to limit the education, movement and assembly of slaves.In the North,the increased repression of southern blacks would only fan the flames of the growing abolition movement.RISE OF THE ABOLITION MOVEMENTFrom the1830s to the1860s,a movement to abolish slavery in America gained strength in the northern United States,led by free blacks such as Frederick Douglass and white supporters such as William Lloyd Garrison, founder of the radical newspaper The Liberator,and Harriet Beecher Stowe, who published the bestselling antislavery novel“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”(1852). While many abolitionists based their activism on the belief that slaveholding was a sin,others were more inclined to the non-religious“free-labor”argument,which held that slaveholding was regressive,inefficient and made little economic sense.Free blacks and other antislavery northerners had begun helping fugitive slaves escape from southern plantations to the North via a loose network of safe houses as early as the1780s.This practice,known as the Underground Railroad,gained real momentum in the1830s and although estimates vary widely,it may have helped anywhere from40,000to 100,000slaves reach freedom.The success of the Underground Railroad helped spread abolitionist feelings in the North;it also undoubtedly increased sectional tensions,convincing pro-slavery southerners of their northern countrymen’s determination to defeat the institution that sustained them. WESTERN EXPANSION AND DEBATE OVER SLAVERY IN AMERICA America’s explosive growth–and its expansion westward in the first half of the19th century–would provide a larger stage for the growing conflict over slavery in America and its future limitation or expansion.In1820,a bitter debate over the federal government’s right to restrict slavery over Missouri’s application for statehood ended in a compromise:Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state,Maine as a free state and all western territories north of Missouri’s southern border were to be free soil.Although the Missouri Compromise was designed to maintain an even balance between slave and free states,it was able to help quell the forces of sectionalism only temporarily.In1850,another tenuous compromise was negotiated to resolve the question of territory won during the Mexican War.Four years later,however, the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened all new territories to slavery by asserting the rule of popular sovereignty over congressional edict,leading pro-and anti-slavery forces to battle it out(with much bloodshed)in the new state of Kansas.Outrage in the North over the Kansas-Nebraska Act spelled the downfall of the old Whig Party and the birth of a new,all-northernRepublican Party.In1857,the Supreme Court’s ruling in the Dred Scott case(involving a slave who sued for his freedom on the grounds that his master had taken him into free territory)effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise by ruling that all territories were open to slavery.The abolitionist John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry,Virginia,in1859aroused sectional tensions even further:Executed for his crimes,Brown was hailed as a martyred hero by northern abolitionists and a vile murderer in the South.CIVIL WAR AND EMANCIPATIONThe South would reach the breaking point the following year,when Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected as president.Within three months,seven southern states had seceded to form the Confederate States of America;four more would follow after the Civil War(1861-65) began.Though Lincoln’s antislavery views were well established,the central Union war aim at first was not to abolish slavery,but to preserve the United States as a nation.Abolition became a war aim only later,due to military necessity,growing anti-slavery sentiment in the North and the self-emancipation of many African Americans who fled enslavement as Union troops swept through the South.Five days after the bloody Union victory at Antietam in September1862,Lincoln issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation,and on January1,1863,he made it official that“slaves within any State,or designated part of a State…in rebellion,…shall be then, thenceforward,and forever free.”By freeing some3million black slaves in the rebel states,the Emancipation Proclamation deprived the Confederacy of the bulk of its labor forces and put international public opinion strongly on the Union side.Some186,000 black soldiers would join the Union Army by the time the war ended in1865, and38,000lost their lives.The total number of dead at war’s end was 620,000(out of a population of some35million),making it the costliest conflict in American history.THE LEGACY OF SLAVERYThe13th Amendment,adopted late in1865,officially abolished slavery,but freed blacks’status in the post-war South remained precarious,and significant challenges awaited during the Reconstruction period(1865-77). Former slaves received the rights of citizenship and the“equal protection”of the Constitution in the14th Amendment(1868)and the right to vote in the15th(1870),but the provisions of Constitution were often ignored or violated,and it was difficult for former slaves to gain a foothold in the post-war economy thanks to restrictive black codes and regressive contractual arrangements such as sharecropping.Despite seeing an unprecedented degree of black participation in American political life,Reconstruction was ultimately frustrating for African Americans,and the rebirth of white supremacy–including the rise of racistorganizations such as the Ku Klux Klan–had triumphed in the South by1877. Almost a century later,resistance to the lingering racism and discrimination in America that began during the slavery era would lead to the civil rights movement of the1960s,which would achieve the greatest political and social gains for blacks since Reconstruction.。
奴隶制英文介绍
奴隶制英文介绍奴隶制是封建社会特有的制度，你了解奴隶制吗？是不是急需一篇关于奴隶制的英文介绍啊?下面是分享的奴隶制英文介绍，一起来看看吧。
Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of chattel slavery that existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries.Slavery had been practiced in British North America from early colonial days,and was recognized in the Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.When the United States was founded,even though some free persons of color were present,the status of slave was largely coincident with being of African descent,creating a system and legacy in which race played an influential role.After the Revolutionary War,abolitionist laws and sentiment gradually spread in the Northern states,while the rapid expansion of the cotton industry from 1800 led to the Southern states strongly identifying with slavery,and attempting to extend it into the new Western territories.The United States was polarized by slavery into slave and free states along the Mason-DixonLine,which separated Maryland (slave) and Pennsylvania (free).Although the international slave trade was prohibited from 1808,internal slave-trading continued,and the slave population would eventually peak at four million before abolition.As the West opened up,the Southern states believed they needed to keep a balance between the numbers of slave and free states,in order to maintain a balance of power in Congress.The new territories acquired from Britain,France and Mexico were the subject of major political compromises.By 1850,the newly rich cotton-growing South was threatening to secede from the Union,and tensions continued to rise.With church ministers under pressure to preach slavery doctrine conforming to the local politics,the Baptist and Methodist churches split into regional organizations.When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election on a platform of no new slave states,the South finally broke away to form the Confederacy.This marked the start of the Civil War,which caused a huge disruption of Southern life,with many slaves either escaping or being liberated by the Union armies.The war effectively ended slavery,before the Thirteenth Amendment (December 1865) formally outlawed theinstitution throughout the United States.知识拓展：奴隶社会奴隶社会：从公元前21世纪夏朝建立开始，到公元前221年秦王嬴政统一中国结束。
2016考研英语阅读每日精选：美国奴隶制
2016考研英语阅读每日精选：美国奴隶制The Sorry Legacy of the FoundersIn 1784, five years before he became president ofthe United States, George Washington, 52, wasnearly toothless.1784，在52 岁的乔治·华盛顿在成为美国总统 5 年前，牙齿就几乎已经掉光了。
So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth intohis jaw - having extracted them from the mouths ofhis slaves.所以要请牙医给他移植九颗牙齿—而这些牙齿是从他的奴隶口中拔来的。
That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember fromtheir history books.这跟很多人在历史书上读到过的那个砍樱桃树的华盛顿有点大相径庭。
But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of thefounding generation.但是最近开始，历史学家开始越来越关注奴隶制在美国开国一代人的生活中所扮演的角色。
They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almostcertainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings.他们多半是受了1998 年DNA 事件的影响。
美国的奴隶制英语作文
美国的奴隶制英语作文Slavery in America。
Slavery in America is a dark chapter in the nation's history that cannot be ignored. The institution of slavery, which lasted for centuries, had a profound impact on the development of the United States. This essay aims to shed light on the origins, conditions, and consequences of the American slave system.The origins of slavery in America can be traced back to the early 17th century when the first African slaves were brought to the English colonies. Initially, slavery was not solely based on race, as both Africans and Europeans were subjected to bondage. However, over time, the demand for labor in the expanding plantation economy led to the establishment of a racially based slave system. Africans were forcibly captured, transported across the Atlantic in horrendous conditions, and sold as property to work on plantations.Life as a slave was characterized by unimaginable hardship and suffering. Slaves were treated as mere commodities, stripped of their basic human rights and dignity. They were subjected to physical and psychological abuse, forced labor, and constant surveillance. Families were torn apart as slave owners had the power to buy, sell, and separate slaves at will. The brutal conditions and constant oppression created a system of fear and despair.The economic impact of slavery cannot be overstated. The labor of enslaved Africans was the backbone of the Southern economy, particularly in the cultivation of cash crops such as tobacco, rice, and cotton. The profitability of these plantations relied heavily on the uncompensated labor of slaves. The wealth generated from the slave trade and plantation system fueled the growth of industries in the North, contributing to the overall economic development of the United States.Slavery also had far-reaching social and political consequences. The institution was deeply ingrained in the fabric of American society, shaping racial attitudes andperpetuating inequality. Slavery became a defining issue in the lead-up to the Civil War, with tensions between the North and the South escalating over the question of its expansion. The Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and the subsequent passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865 marked the formal end of slavery in America, but its legacy continued to haunt the nation for years to come.The abolition of slavery was a significant step towards equality, but it did not eradicate the deep-rooted racism and discrimination that persisted in American society. The effects of slavery can still be felt today, as racial disparities and systemic injustices continue to plague the country. Recognizing and addressing this painful history is crucial in the ongoing pursuit of justice and equality.In conclusion, the institution of slavery in America was a dark and dehumanizing chapter in the nation's history. The origins, conditions, and consequences of slavery have left an indelible mark on American society. Understanding this history is essential in order to confront the legacy of slavery and work towards a more inclusive and equitable future.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Slave Codes
Slaves wore slave gs.
This slave collar was equipped with bells.
• Slaves were bound to a life of servitude.
• Slaves resisted in a number of ways: escaping, slowing down on the job, intentionally doing a job wrong, or participating in violent rebellion.
• Slaves were packed tightly on ships, shackled, and fed very little for the three- to five-month journey.
• About eighteen million Africans were transported between 1600 and 1800, and about three million died on the journey.
• The first African slaves arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, on a Portuguese ship in 1609.
• Shortly before their arrivals, slaves usually were fed better to make them look healthy.
Slavery in America
1609–1865
Origins
• Slavery has existed since the beginning of human history.
• People were enslaved for a number of reasons: they were captured in battle, they owed a debt, or they were born to slave parents.
• The penalty a slave faced for learning to read was to have his or her thumb cut off.
• These laws also made children born to slaves for life (generational slavery).
3 11
Middle Passage
2
Doorway of no return
El Mino Slave Castle Ghana
Slave Auction
Arrival in America
• Europeans originally enslaved American Indians, but after many died from diseases, they began importing African slaves who were resistant to European diseases.
• The word slave comes from the Slavic people of Eastern Europe who were conquered so often that their name became synonymous with servitude.
• Most cultures have practiced slavery in one form or another.
• One of the most famous slave revolts was in Virginia. Nat Turner led seventy other slaves to kill fiftyfive white men, women, and children. Turner and his men were later captured and hanged.
• Slaves also resisted by singing spirituals, or religious folk songs that contained coded messages.
Captured African Slave
CICERO © 2010
The ends of a whip were tipped with iron barbs.
Slaves Resisted!
Nat Turner
Reward Poster
Southern Account of Turner’s Rebellion
Middle Passage
• This was the section of the Atlantic slave trade that transported African people from Africa to slave markets in the Americas.
• It was called the Middle Passage because it was the second of the three-part triangle trade route.
A slave yolk was used to bind two slaves together.
• Slave codes were laws to control slaves.
• These codes forbid slaves from learning to read, owning firearms, or marrying a white person.