托福听力信号词汇总

Mishal Wang
Sequence
1. stage, cycle, phase, process, way, method, system 2. Sequence signal Start: after topic “start with, first, initially, what happens is that…” Middle: after the start point “and, then, next, once, as…as…, if…, when…” Finish: “finally, eventually, to complete, reached, achieved” 3. Bonus:
conj.
1. but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, nevertheless, whereas 2. despite, in spite of, even though, except (for), instead, 3. of course, after all, as a matter of fact, actually
• derive from, result from, on the basis of, base on, rely on, depend on, spring from, blame on, evidence (fossil)
• 历史相关
果： • so, lead to, cause, reflect, hence, result in, give rise to, affect, infect, consequently, effect, influence, impact, turn out …, suggest that…, therefore, finally…
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Listing
a number of, several, various, plenty of … etc. 1. first, before, first of all, firstly, begin with, for a start, initially, previously, in the first place, early, most of the time 2. second, secondly, next, then, afterward, between, meanwhile, in the middle, after, further, another, moreover, now 3. third, last but not least, finally, until, subsequently, consequently, as a result, eventually 4. for one thing, for another
REVIEW
With foxes, we must play the fox.
—Dr. Thomas Fuller
M/I/S/H/A/L
PRINCIPLES
• 预测全文结构 • 段落逻辑一致 Conversation problem vs. solution event vs. comment Lecture category -- comparison causality -- sequence
Mishal Wang
Definition & Examples
definition
1. A is…, A means…, A is defined as …, A is the word used for… 2. … is known as A, … is called A, … refers to A 3. that is to say, in other words, namely
Mishal Wang
起步：6 weeks – 2 months
TPO1 – TPO13
时间 周一 周二 周三 周四 周五 周六 周日 内容 TPO 1 TPO 1 TPO 1 TPO 2 TPO 2 TPO 2 目标 做题（60‘）+读文章（10’） 原文分析（60‘）+读文章 笔记练习（60‘）+读文章 做题+读文章 原文分析+读文章 笔记练习+读文章 复习单词/重听所有文章
: 1,2,3 ☆ prob e.g. tp 1,2,3 ∵/ ∴ →
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Details
1. 定义：definition & element 2. 例子：principle serving to
3. 原因：reason & factor 4. 结果：influence & result
强化：3 weeks – 1 month
• TPO 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 15, 23, 25 • 1 TPO / 2 days: 做题 + 原文分析 • 分话题: 纪录片 + 背单词 • 每天一篇跟读
பைடு நூலகம்
冲刺: 1 week
TPO 20, 21, 22, 24, 26 Key time: • 8:00 -8:30:早读 • 9:00 -13:00：模拟考试 • 14:00 - ? : 分析试卷（听力一小时） • 1 hour before sleep：背单词，看纪录片
example
1. 2. 3. 4. for example, for instance, (let’s) say, like, as, such as, take (sth. as an example) have you heard…, do you know…, story, history
Mishal Wang
Mishal Wang
CONVERSATION
• 五要素：问题-原因-建议-评价-态度
• 连接词： you know（问题、建议、原因）
now（问题） what I want（评价）
you see, I mean(原因) • 服务政策 • 申请要求
• 学术内容
Mishal Wang
FOR ALL LECTURE
as well as; furthermore; besides; also; too; moreover; plus likewise; similarly; together; meanwhile
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Transition words: Differences
n.
difference, diversity, distinct, dissimilar, distinguish, unlikeness, contrast, contradictory
4. 比较：difference 5. 流程：step/ condition 6. 历史：change/ reason
7. 描述：character/ specialty
Mishal Wang
1. theory, behavior, definition, style 2. kind, version
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Expression: 重读
信号词: （important的同义变化） surprise, interesting, important, exactly, really, especially, key, amazing think about this, remember this, notice …, keep this in mind, here is what …, what it does is, it does have…, we need to be careful with …, I do want …, well, OK, now (单独做语气词) 表达: （虚词重读） the/ a/ do/ is 否定: unlike…, not…but…, good question…but…, actually, in fact
Causality
因： • because, because of, for, since, in that, due to, owe to, given, considering, the thing is…, if…, reason, origin, what happened was that…, how could…
3. way, method 4. element, characteristic, feature 5. event
6. reason, cause, factor 7. effect, influence, impact Mishal Wang
Main Idea Briefing
1）First three sentences (today) Today, we are going to talk about… Today, our topic would be… Let me introduce you… Let me close today’s class with… Let’s continue our discussion of … 2）First question 3）First definition 4) Background first time, history, description, story/ example as we all know/as we’ve seen according to/ based on… 5） Review first （last time） We’ll first talk about… Before …, let’s take a look at… We’ve talked about …
• KEY: 提问 vs. 回答
慢读、重读 • 图文：信号 + 记录重点
• 结构信号词 • 表态信号词
• 笔记:
– 信号词符号标记 – 分栏记录：左要点右阐述
– 意义大过形式
• 答题：POE
Mishal Wang
KEY POINTS
• 定义 • 要点 (注意第一个要点的内容) – 问题：problem – 举例：example – 类型：type – 要点：element – 因果：factor/ impact – 步骤：step – 评价：attitude
human
arrow directing ←→ ↖↗ ↙ ↘
Mishal Wang
Click on two answers
on one hand… on the other; not only… but also…; both…and…
in addition to; one more thing; what’s more;
, ,