死牛和牛粪共同堆肥过程中的温室气体释放

分类号：单位代码：10019

密级：学号：S040287

学位论文

死牛和牛粪共同堆肥过程中的温室气体释放 Greenhouse gas emissions during co-composting of cattle

mortalities with manure

研究生：徐善威

指导教师：王敬国 教授

合作指导老师：郝熙英 研究员

申请学位门类级别：农学硕士

专业名称： 植物营养学

研究方向：堆肥的环境评价

所在学院：资源与环境学院

2006年6月

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本人声明所呈交的论文是我个人在导师和合作导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得中国农业大学或其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。

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摘 要

在加拿大由于疯牛病的发生，农民很少有将死牛直接丢弃。将死牛进行堆肥可能是另一种处理死牛尸体的田间方法。本文主要是评价死牛和牛粪共同堆肥过程中的温室气体释放。粪堆使用推土机建造，根据成分分为牛粪+草料（对照处理）和牛粪+草料+死牛（死牛处理）两个主处理。在整个试验阶段，粪堆被装卸机和粉碎机两种搅拌机器搅拌两次。在第一次搅拌之前，与对照处理相比，死牛处理增加了牛粪的含水量（P > 0.05），全碳量和全氮量，降低了NO2-的含量。而NO3-、NH4+和碳氮比却没有表现明显的差异。在堆肥的结束阶段，牛粪含水量和NO2-含量并没有表现出明显的差异，但是死牛处理中的全氮量和NH4+含量高于对照处理。对于温室气体的排放，尽管在第一次搅拌之后，CO2和CH4的释放并没有差异，但是在第一次搅拌之前CO2、CH4和N2O三种气体在死牛处理中的表面释放量却高于对照处理。比较整个堆肥期间的释放量（搅拌前和搅拌后的表面释放量的权重），死牛的填加增加了CH4 (202%) 和N2O (279%) 的释放但是对CO2的释放却没有影响。同时不同的堆肥搅拌机器（装卸机和粉碎机）没有改变肥料的养分组成和气体的释放。总的来说，死牛处理在堆肥的进程中没有改变养分的组成，只是增加了气体的排放。

关键词：温室气体排放、死牛、堆肥技术、牛粪

Abstract

As a result of the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Canada, fewer cattle mortality is being rendered. Composting may be a viable on-farm method for disposal of cattle carcasses. A study was conducted to assess greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during co-composting of cattle mortalities and manure. Windrows were constructed containing manure + straw (control; C) or manure + straw + cattle mortalities (cattle mortality, 10.2% on a wet weight basis; CM) using a tractor-mounted front-end loader. The windrows were turned twice using either a tractor-mounted front-end loader or a specialized shredder bucket. CM had higher (P < 0.05) manure water content (WC), total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN), lower NO2--N content compared to the control. No differences in NO3--N, NH4+-N concentration or the C/N ratio were noted between two compost types prior to the 1st turning. At the end of the composting period, there were no differences (P < 0.05) between treatments in WC or NO2--N content, but TN and NH4+-N content were higher in CM compost as compared to C compost. For GHG emissions, CO2, CH4 and N2O surface fluxes were higher (P < 0.05) in from CM compost before the 1st turning event, whereas after the 1st turning, there was no longer any difference in surface emission of CO2 and CH4 between composts. Comparing the overall total fluxes (average of weighted surface fluxes before and after the 1st turning), the presence of cattle mortalities increased CH4 (by 202%) and N2O (by 279%) emissions but had no effect on CO2 emissions. Methods of turning (front-end loader vs shredder bucket) did not influence compost composition or gaseous emissions. In general, inclusion of cattle mortalities in the composting process did not alter nutrient composition and only resulted in increases in gaseous emissions.

Keywords: Greenhouse gas emissions, Cattle mortalities, Compost windrow technology, Beef feedlot manure