国际商务概论期末考试

合集下载

国际商务管理期末考试题及答案

国际商务管理期末考试题及答案

国际商务管理期末考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 国际商务管理中,跨国公司通常采用哪种组织结构?A. 功能型组织结构B. 地理型组织结构C. 产品型组织结构D. 矩阵型组织结构答案:B2. 以下哪个不是国际商务中的风险类型?A. 政治风险B. 汇率风险C. 技术风险D. 信用风险答案:C3. 国际商务谈判中,以下哪项不是有效的沟通技巧?A. 明确目标B. 避免文化差异C. 避免使用肢体语言D. 保持耐心答案:C4. 国际市场营销中,产品适应策略通常指的是:A. 标准化产品B. 定制化产品C. 产品本地化D. 产品国际化答案:C5. 以下哪个不是国际商务中常见的市场进入模式?A. 出口B. 合资企业C. 特许经营D. 直接投资答案:D...(此处省略其他选择题)二、简答题(每题10分,共30分)1. 简述国际商务中的文化适应策略。

答案:国际商务中的文化适应策略包括本土化策略、文化融合策略和文化同化策略。

本土化策略是指企业在进入新市场时,尽可能地适应当地的文化、法律和商业习惯。

文化融合策略是指企业在保持自身文化特色的同时,积极吸收和融合当地文化元素。

文化同化策略是指企业将自己的文化强加于当地市场,试图改变当地的文化习惯。

2. 描述国际商务中的汇率风险管理方法。

答案:汇率风险管理方法包括远期合约、期权合约、货币互换和自然对冲等。

远期合约是指企业与银行签订合约,锁定未来某一日期的汇率,以减少汇率波动带来的风险。

期权合约允许企业在一定期限内以约定汇率购买或出售货币。

货币互换是指企业与银行或其他金融机构交换不同货币的债务。

自然对冲是通过企业自身的业务活动来抵消汇率风险,如调整定价策略、改变支付时间等。

3. 阐述国际商务中的供应链管理的重要性。

答案:国际商务中的供应链管理对于企业的成功至关重要。

它涉及到原材料的采购、生产、库存管理、物流配送以及售后服务等各个环节。

有效的供应链管理可以降低成本、提高效率、增强客户满意度,并帮助企业在激烈的国际竞争中保持竞争力。

国际商务考试及答案

国际商务考试及答案

国际商务考试及答案一、单项选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 国际商务是指企业跨越国界,从事的生产、销售、服务等经营活动。

以下哪项不属于国际商务的范畴?A. 跨国公司在海外设立分支机构B. 国内企业出口商品到其他国家C. 国内企业在本国市场销售外国品牌商品D. 国内企业在本国市场销售本国品牌商品答案:D2. 以下哪项是国际商务与国内商务的主要区别?A. 经营规模B. 经营环境C. 经营方式D. 经营目标答案:B3. 国际商务中,企业面临的主要风险不包括以下哪项?A. 政治风险B. 汇率风险C. 市场风险D. 技术风险答案:D4. 以下哪项不是国际市场进入模式?A. 出口B. 特许经营C. 合资D. 国内生产答案:D5. 以下哪项是国际商务谈判中的重要原则?A. 坚持己方立场B. 灵活变通C. 避免冲突D. 只关注价格答案:B6. 国际商务中,以下哪项不是文化差异对企业经营的影响?A. 沟通方式B. 决策过程C. 产品偏好D. 技术标准答案:D7. 以下哪项是国际商务中常用的支付方式?A. 信用证B. 现金支付C. 支票D. 电子转账答案:A8. 以下哪项不是国际商务中的风险管理策略?A. 风险规避B. 风险转移C. 风险接受D. 风险增加答案:D9. 以下哪项是国际商务中常用的市场调研方法?A. 问卷调查B. 深度访谈C. 焦点小组D. 以上都是答案:D10. 以下哪项是国际商务中常用的贸易术语?A. FOBB. CIFC. DDPD. 以上都是答案:D二、多项选择题(每题3分,共15分)1. 国际商务中,以下哪些因素可能影响企业的经营决策?A. 政治环境B. 经济环境C. 社会文化环境D. 技术环境答案:ABCD2. 国际商务中,以下哪些是企业进行市场分析时需要考虑的因素?A. 市场需求B. 竞争对手C. 法律法规D. 消费者偏好答案:ABCD3. 国际商务中,以下哪些是企业进行风险评估时需要考虑的因素?A. 政治风险B. 经济风险C. 法律风险D. 环境风险答案:ABCD4. 国际商务中,以下哪些是企业常用的市场进入策略?A. 出口B. 特许经营C. 合资D. 独资答案:ABCD5. 国际商务中,以下哪些是企业常用的谈判策略?A. 强硬策略B. 合作策略C. 妥协策略D. 回避策略答案:ABCD三、判断题(每题2分,共10分)1. 国际商务仅指跨国公司的经营活动。

国际商务考试题目及答案

国际商务考试题目及答案

国际商务考试题目及答案一、单项选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 国际商务中,以下哪项不是跨国公司的主要特征?A. 在多个国家拥有生产设施B. 在多个国家进行研发活动C. 仅在本国进行生产和销售D. 拥有国际品牌和全球市场答案:C2. 世界贸易组织(WTO)的主要职能不包括以下哪项?A. 制定国际贸易规则B. 解决成员国之间的贸易争端C. 提供国际贷款和援助D. 监督成员国的贸易政策答案:C3. 以下哪项不是国际货币基金组织(IMF)的主要目的?A. 促进国际货币合作B. 促进国际贸易的平衡发展C. 促进汇率稳定D. 提供短期金融援助答案:B4. 在国际贸易中,最惠国待遇是指:A. 给予所有国家相同的贸易优惠B. 给予特定国家特殊的贸易优惠C. 仅给予本国企业贸易优惠D. 仅给予邻国贸易优惠答案:A5. 以下哪项不是国际商务中的风险管理策略?A. 风险规避B. 风险转移C. 风险接受D. 风险增加答案:D6. 国际商务谈判中,以下哪项不是有效的沟通技巧?A. 明确表达自己的需求和立场B. 倾听对方的观点和需求C. 使用模糊不清的语言D. 保持开放和灵活的态度答案:C7. 以下哪项不是国际市场营销的策略?A. 产品标准化B. 市场细分C. 价格歧视D. 渠道整合答案:C8. 在国际商务中,以下哪项不是有效的供应链管理策略?A. 供应商多样化B. 库存最小化C. 长期合同D. 单一供应商依赖答案:D9. 以下哪项不是国际商务中的文化差异?A. 语言和沟通方式B. 商业习惯和礼仪C. 宗教信仰和价值观D. 技术标准和法规答案:D10. 以下哪项不是国际商务中的法律问题?A. 合同法B. 知识产权法C. 劳动法D. 国际关系答案:D二、多项选择题(每题3分,共15分)11. 以下哪些因素会影响国际商务的决策?A. 政治稳定性B. 经济发展前景C. 社会文化差异D. 自然资源分布答案:A、B、C、D12. 以下哪些是国际商务中常见的支付方式?A. 信用证B. 托收C. 汇款D. 现金交易答案:A、B、C13. 以下哪些是国际商务中的风险类型?A. 政治风险B. 经济风险C. 法律风险D. 技术风险答案:A、B、C、D14. 以下哪些是国际商务谈判中的关键要素?A. 明确目标B. 了解对方C. 灵活策略D. 坚持己见答案:A、B、C15. 以下哪些是国际市场营销中的产品策略?A. 品牌策略B. 包装策略C. 价格策略D. 促销策略答案:A、B、C、D三、简答题(每题5分,共20分)16. 简述国际商务中文化差异对商务谈判的影响。

wto概论期末考试题及答案

wto概论期末考试题及答案

wto概论期末考试题及答案一、单项选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. WTO的全称是什么?A. 世界贸易组织B. 世界旅游组织C. 世界贸易联盟D. 世界贸易论坛答案:A2. WTO的总部设在哪个国家?A. 美国B. 瑞士C. 法国D. 英国答案:B3. WTO的前身是哪个组织?A. 关贸总协定B. 国际货币基金组织C. 世界银行D. 联合国贸易和发展会议答案:A4. WTO的主要职能是什么?A. 促进全球贸易自由化B. 协调国际货币关系C. 提供国际援助D. 维护世界和平答案:A5. WTO的成员国数量是多少?A. 164个B. 192个C. 159个D. 189个答案:A6. WTO的决策机制是什么?A. 一国一票制B. 多数票制C. 双多数制D. 一票否决制答案:C7. WTO的争端解决机制是什么?A. 仲裁B. 调解C. 诉讼D. 专家组答案:D8. WTO的贸易政策审议机制是什么?A. 定期审议B. 随机审议C. 选择性审议D. 非正式审议答案:A9. WTO的“特殊和差别待遇”原则主要针对哪些国家?A. 发达国家B. 发展中国家C. 最不发达国家D. 所有成员国答案:B10. WTO的“最惠国待遇”原则要求成员国对所有其他成员国提供什么?A. 最低关税B. 最高关税C. 同等待遇D. 不同待遇答案:C二、多项选择题(每题3分,共15分)1. 下列哪些是WTO的主要协议?A. 关税及贸易总协定B. 服务贸易总协定C. 与贸易有关的知识产权协定D. 环境协议答案:A, B, C2. WTO成员国在贸易中不得采取哪些措施?A. 出口补贴B. 进口配额C. 出口限制D. 反倾销措施答案:B, C3. WTO的基本原则包括哪些?A. 非歧视原则B. 透明度原则C. 自由贸易原则D. 公平竞争原则答案:A, B, C4. WTO的争端解决程序包括哪些阶段?A. 磋商B. 专家组审理C. 申诉机构复审D. 执行和监督答案:A, B, C, D5. 下列哪些是WTO的主要功能?A. 制定和执行国际贸易规则B. 提供争端解决机制C. 监督成员国的贸易政策D. 提供技术援助和培训答案:A, B, C, D三、判断题(每题2分,共10分)1. WTO是一个国际组织,其成员国必须遵守其制定的规则。

西安欧亚学院《国际商务》2021-2022学年第一学期期末试卷

西安欧亚学院《国际商务》2021-2022学年第一学期期末试卷
5. 国际商务中,_______是指企业在海外设立的子公司。 A) 合资企业 B)独资企业 C) 分支机构 D) 代表处
6. 下列哪项不是国际商务的主要形式? A) 出口贸易 B) 进口贸易 C) 合作贸易 D) 投资贸易
7. 国际商务中,_______是指企业在海外的市场研究活动。 A) 市场调研 B) 市场研究 C) 市场分析 D) 市场预测
部分二:判断题(5 题,每题 2 分,共 10 分)
11. 国际商务可以提高企业的竞争力。( ) 12. 文化差异是国际商务的主要挑战之一。( ) 13. 国际商务中,出口贸易是最重要的贸易形式。( ) 14. 国际商务中,市场研究是非常重要的活动。( )
15. 国际商务可以增加企业的利润率。( ) 部分三:简答题(40 分)
西安欧亚学院《国际商务》2021-2022 学年第一学期期末试卷
考试时间:120 分钟 总分:100 分 专业:国际商务
部分一:选择题(共 10 题,每题 2 分,共 20 分)
1. 国际商务的主要目的是_______。 A) 获得更多的市场份额 B) 增加企业的竞争力 C) 实现全球化战略 D) 提高企业的利润率ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
注意: • 考生必须在指定的时间内完成考试。 • 考生不得携带任何与考试无关的物品进入考场。 • 考生必须遵守考试规则和纪律。
祝考生顺利通过考试!
16. 什么是国际商务?简述其主要内容和目标。(10 分) 17. 简述国际商务中贸易术语的应用。(10 分) 18. 什么是国际商务中的市场-entry 策略?简述其主要形式。(10
分) 19. 简述国际商务中的支付方式。(10 分) 部分四:论述题(30 分) 20. 论述国际商务在全球化时代的重要性。(15 分) 21. 论述国际商务中文化差异的影响。(15 分)

国际商务入门期末考试题及答案

国际商务入门期末考试题及答案

国际商务入门期末考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 国际商务是指:A. 国内贸易B. 国际贸易C. 跨国公司业务D. 以上都不是答案:B2. 以下哪项不是国际商务的驱动因素?A. 市场寻求B. 资源寻求C. 效率寻求D. 风险规避答案:D3. 国际商务的三大理论支柱是:A. 贸易理论、投资理论、管理理论B. 经济学、管理学、法学C. 政治经济学、国际贸易学、国际关系学D. 国际市场营销、国际金融、国际物流答案:A4. 出口是指:A. 将商品从一国运往另一国B. 将服务从一国提供给另一国C. 将资本从一国转移到另一国D. 将信息从一国传递到另一国答案:A5. 以下哪个不是国际商务中的贸易壁垒?A. 关税壁垒B. 配额壁垒C. 技术壁垒D. 价格壁垒答案:D6. 国际商务中的“文化”指的是:A. 艺术和文学B. 语言和习俗C. 政治和经济D. 宗教和哲学答案:B7. 跨国公司的总部通常设在:A. 资源丰富的国家B. 市场潜力大的国家C. 劳动力成本低廉的国家D. 政治稳定的国家答案:B8. 国际商务中的“全球化”是指:A. 世界经济一体化B. 世界政治一体化C. 世界文化一体化D. 世界社会一体化答案:A9. 国际商务中的风险包括:A. 政治风险B. 经济风险C. 法律风险D. 所有以上答案:D10. 国际商务谈判中,以下哪项不是常见的谈判策略?A. 让步策略B. 拖延策略C. 合作策略D. 强制策略答案:D二、简答题(每题10分,共30分)11. 简述国际商务的三个主要特点。

答案:国际商务的三个主要特点是跨国性、多样性和复杂性。

跨国性指的是商务活动跨越国界,涉及不同国家和文化;多样性指的是国际商务涉及多种不同的市场、产品和业务模式;复杂性则是指国际商务活动受到多种因素的影响,如政治、经济、法律和文化等。

12. 解释什么是“比较优势”理论,并给出一个例子。

答案:比较优势理论是由大卫·李嘉图提出的,它认为即使一个国家在所有生产领域都不比其他国家更有效率,它仍然可以专注于生产自己相对效率最高的商品,并通过贸易来获取其他商品,从而实现资源的最优配置。

国际商务期末试题及答案

国际商务期末试题及答案

I B Midterm Examination Answering card (A)CLASS:1001NAME:NUMBER:(1-10,1 score per question ;11-50,2score per question ;50-60, 1 scoreI. True / False Questions (1 score per question)1.The notion that national economies are relatively self-contained entities is on the rise.2.Mercantilism advocated that countries should encourage exports and imports.3. A firm becomes a multinational enterprise when it undertakes foreign direct investment.4.The two most common methods of restricting inward FDI are ownership restraints and performance requirements.5. The most global markets currently are markets for industrial goods and materials that serve a universal need the world over.6. Outsourcing is a process that is limited to manufacturing enterprises.7. According to Porter, four broad attributes of a nation shape the environment in which local firms compete including supply conditions, factor endowments, regulation, and advanced factors.8. One of the UN central mandates is the promotion of higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development9. The total amount of capital invested in factories, stores, office buildings and the like is referred to as the stock of FDI.10. Licensing involves the establishment of a new operation in a foreign country.II. Multiple Choice Questions(11-50,2score per question ; 51-60, 1 score per question)11.Which of the following is not characteristic of globalization?A. National economies are turning into independent economic systems.B. Material culture is starting to look similar the world over.C. Perceived distance is shrinking due to advances in transportation and telecommunications.D. Barriers to cross-border trade and investment are declining.12.Which of the following is not an impediment(限制) that makes it difficult for firms to achieve the optimal dispersion(最优分散)of their productive activities to locations around the globe?A. Reduced transportation costs.B. Government regulations.C. Issues associated with economic and political risk.D.Barriers to foreign direct investment.13.Technological innovations have facilitated all of the following except:A. globalization of production.B. globalization of markets.C. creation of electronic global marketplaces.D. creation of absolutely homogeneous(均匀的) consumer markets.14.What is the total cumulative value of foreign investments best referred to as?A. Accumulation of foreign sharesB. Portfolio investmentsC. Stock of foreign direct investmentsD.Stock market investments15.If the critics of globalization are correct, all of the following things must be shown except:A. the share of national income received by labor, as opposed to the share received by the owners of capital should have declined in advanced nations.B. even though labor's share of the economic pie may have declined, living standards need not deteriorate if the size of the total pie has increased sufficiently to offset(抵消) the decline in labor's share.C. the decline in labor's share of national income must be due to moving production to low-wage countries, as opposed to improving production technology and productivity.D.economic growth in developed nations has offset the fall in unskilled workers' share of national income, raising their living standards.16.This theory, advanced by the 19th-century English economist David Ricardo, forms the intellectual basis of the modern argument for unrestricted free trade.A. Heckscher-OhlinB. MercantilismC. Comparative advantageD. Absolute advantage17.This theory explains the observed patterns of international trade by emphasizing the interplay between the proportions in which the factors of production are available in different countries and the proportions in which they are needed for producing particular goods.A. MercantilismB. Heckscher-OhlinC. Absolute advantageparative advantage18.Identify the incorrect statement pertaining to Raymond Vernon's product life-cycle theory.A. Early in their life cycle, most new products are produced in and exported from the country in which they were developed.B. As a new product becomes widely accepted internationally, production startsin other countries.C. A product in the early stage of the product life-cycle is imported by the country where it was innovated.D. A product may ultimately be exported back to the country of its original innovation.19.The theory of _____, developed by Michael Porter, focuses on the importance of country factors, in addition to factor endowments, such as domestic demand and domestic rivalry in explaining a nation's dominance in the production and export of particular products.A. new tradeB. absolute advantageC. comparative advantageD. national competitive advantage20.Identify the theory that can be interpreted as justifying some limited government intervention to support the development of certain export-oriented industries.A. Theory of national competitive advantageB. Heckscher-Ohlin theoryC. Theory of comparative advantageD.Theory of absolute advantage21.Mercantilism viewed trade as a(n):A. economic evil.B. zero-sum game.C. nonessential economic activity.D. threat to a government's independence.22.What is the basic message of the theory of comparative advantage?A. Countries are similar in their ability to produce goods efficientlyB. International trade is rarely beneficial to a countryC. Potential world production is greater with unrestricted free trade than it is with restricted tradeD. Trade is a zero-sum game23.According to the product life-cycle theory, the locus of global production initially switches from the U.S. to other advanced nations and then from those nations to developing countries. The consequence of this trend for the pattern of world trade is that over time the U.S.:A. becomes the sole producer of the product.B. switches from being an exporter of the product to being an importer of the product.C. switches from being an importer of the product to being an exporter of theproduct.D. becomes the sole consumer of the product.24._____ suggests that when nations trade, each nation may be able to specialize in producing a narrower range of products than it would in the absence of trade, and through trade, each nation can simultaneously increase the variety of goods available to its consumers and lower the costs of those goods.A. The product life-cycle theoryB. Porter's diamond of competitive advantageC. New trade theoryD. The theory of comparative advantage25.According to the new trade theorists, because early entrants are able to gain _____, the early entrants into an industry may get a lock on the world market that discourages subsequent entry.A. zero-sum advantagesB. highly skilled employeesC. process expertiseD. economies of scale26. A greenfield investment:A. is a form of FDI that involves the establishment of a new operation in a foreign country.B. involves a 7 percent stock in an acquired foreign business entity.C. involves a merger with a foreign business.D. occurs when a firm acquires another company in a foreign country.27.Historically, most FDI has been directed at the _____ nations of the world as firms based in advanced countries invested in:A. underdeveloped; underdeveloped countries.B. developed; underdeveloped countries.C. developed; each other's markets.D. underdeveloped; each other's markets.28.Identify the incorrect statement regarding the direction of FDI.A. Historically, most FDI has been directed at the developing nations of the world.B. During the 1980s and 1990s, the United States was often the favorite target for FDI inflows.C. The developed nations of the EU have received significant FDI inflows.D. Recent inflows into developing nations have been targeted at the emerging economies of South, East, and Southeast Asia.29.According to Knickerbocker:A. the firms that pioneer a product in their home markets undertake FDI to produce a product for consumption in a foreign market.B. when a firm that is part of an oligopolistic industry expands into a foreign market, other firms in the industry will be compelled to make similar investments.C. combining location-specific assets or resource endowments and the firm's own unique assets often requires FDI.D. impediments to the sale of know-how increase the profitability of FDI relative to licensing.30.When two or more enterprises encounter each other in different regional markets, national markets, or industries, there is:A. vertical integration.B. horizontal integration.C. multipoint competition.D. monopolistic competition.31.The product life cycle suggests that:A. often the same firms that pioneer a product in their home markets undertake FDI to produce a product for consumption in foreign markets.B. when a firm that is part of an oligopolistic industry expands into a foreign market, other firms in the industry will be compelled to make similar investments.C. combining location-specific assets or resource endowments and the firm's own unique assets often requires FDI.D. impediments to the sale of know-how increase the profitability of FDI relative to licensing.32.The _____ suggests that a firm will establish production facilities where foreign assets or resource endowments that are important to the firm are located.A. product life cycleB. strategic behavior theoryC. multipoint competition theoryD. eclectic paradigm33.Advantages that arise from using resource endowments or assets that are tied to a particular location and that a firm finds valuable to combine with its own unique assets are known as:A. location-specific advantages.B. resource-specific advantages.C. competitive advantages.D. directional advantages.34.John Dunning, a champion of the eclectic paradigm, argues that:A. the firms that pioneer a product in their home markets undertake FDI to produce a product for consumption in a foreign market.B. when a firm that is part of an oligopolistic industry expands into a foreign market, other firms in the industry will be compelled to make similar investments.C. combining location-specific assets or resource endowments and the firm's own unique assets often requires FDI.D. impediments to the sale of know-how increase the profitability of FDIrelative to licensing.35.According to the _____ view of FDI, MNEs extract profits from the host country and take them to their home country, giving nothing of value to the host country in exchange.A. imperialistB. conservativeC. free marketD. radical36.Which of the following is not an impediment that makes it difficult for firms to achieve the optimal dispersion of their productive activities to locations around the globe?A. Reduced transportation costs.B. Government regulations.C. Issues associated with economic and political risk.D.Barriers to foreign direct investment.37.Michael Porter has argued that _____ and _____ are two basic strategies for creating value and attaining a competitive advantage in an industry.A. differentiation; price competitionB. economies of scale; diversification.C. low cost; differentiationD. efficiency; promotion38. The _____ was created in 1944 by 44 nations that met in Breton Woods, New Hampshire to promote economic development.A. World BankB. International Trade CenterC. World Trade OrganizationD. United Nations39. Identify the incorrect statement pertaining to the World Wide Web.A. It makes it much easier for buyers and sellers to find each other.B. Viewed globally, it is emerging as an equalizer.C. It rolls back all of the constraints of location, scale, and time zones.D.It allows businesses to expand their global presence at a lower cost than ever before.40. Technological innovations have facilitated all of the following except:A. globalization of production.B. globalization of markets.C. creation of electronic global marketplaces.D. creation of absolutely homogeneous consumer markets.41. What is the total cumulative value of foreign investments best referred to as?A. Accumulation of foreign sharesB. Portfolio investmentsC. Stock of foreign direct investmentsD. Stock market investments42. Identify the incorrect statement regarding the former Communist nations of Europe and Asia.A. The economies of most of the former Communist states are very strong and developed.B. Many of the former Communist nations of Europe and Asia share a commitment to free market economies.C. As a result of disturbing signs of growing unrest and totalitarian tendencies, the risks involved in doing business in these countries is very high.D. For about half a century these countries were essentially closed to Western international business.43.When a company "exports jobs" overseas, the company is:A. helping domestic workers by pushing up wage rates.B. increasing the demand of qualified domestic workers.C. taking advantage of lower wages in foreign markets.D. deceiving the supporters of globalization.44. Propagated in the 16th and 17th centuries, _____ advocated that countries should simultaneously encourage exports and discourage imports.A. ethnocentrismB. capitalismC. collectivismD. mercantilism45. Identify the incorrect statement pertaining to Raymond Vernon's product life-cycle theory.A. Early in their life cycle, most new products are produced in and exported from the country in which they were developed.B. As a new product becomes widely accepted internationally, production starts in other countries.C. A product in the early stage of the product life-cycle is imported by the country where it was innovated.D. A product may ultimately be exported back to the country of its original innovation.46. Identify the theory that can be interpreted as justifying some limited government intervention to support the development of certain export-oriented industries.A. Theory of national competitive advantageB. Heckscher-Ohlin theoryC. Theory of comparative advantageD. Theory of absolute advantage47. China, deliberately keeping its currency value low against the U.S. dollar in order to sell more goods to the United States, and thus amass a trade surplus and foreign exchange reserves, is viewed by critics as following a:A. zero-sum game.B. neo-mercantilist policy.C. positive-sum game.D. free trade policy.48. A basic tenet of Ricardo's theory is that:A. consumers in those countries with an absolute advantage in the production of all goods might derive no benefits from international trade.B. consumers in all nations can consume more if there are no restrictions on trade.C. restrictions on trade help consumers in countries that lack an absolute advantage in the production of a particular good.D. trade is a zero-sum game.49. According to the _____ model, when a rich country enters into a free trade agreement with a poor country that rapidly experiences dynamic gains, the rich country is likely to not have net gains.A. absolute advantageB. mercantilistC. Heckscher-OhlinD. Samuelson50. According to the new trade theorists, because early entrants are able to gain _____, the early entrants into an industry may get a lock on the world market that discourages subsequent entry.A. zero-sum advantagesB. highly skilled employeesC. process expertiseD. economies of scale51. A greenfield investment:A. is a form of FDI that involves the establishment of a new operation in a foreign country.B. involves a 7 percent stock in an acquired foreign business entity.C. involves a merger with a foreign business.D. occurs when a firm acquires another company in a foreign country.52. If General Electric, a U.S. based corporation, purchased a 50 percent interest in a company in Italy, that purchase would be an example of a(n):A. minority acquisition.B. outright stake.C. majority acquisition.D. greenfield investment.53. FDI has been rising for all of the following reasons except:A. the globalization of the world economy.B. the general increase in trade barriers over the past 30 years.C. firms are trying to circumvent trade barriers.D. there is a shift toward democratic political institutions and free market economies.54. Historically, most FDI has been directed at the _____ nations of the world as firms based in advanced countries invested in:A. underdeveloped; underdeveloped countries.B. developed; underdeveloped countries.C. developed; each other's markets.D. underdeveloped; each other's markets.55. Identify the incorrect statement regarding the direction of FDI.A. Historically, most FDI has been directed at the developing nations of the world.B. During the 1980s and 1990s, the United States was often the favorite target for FDI inflows.C. The developed nations of the EU have received significant FDI inflows.D.Recent inflows into developing nations have been targeted at the emerging economies of South, East, and Southeast Asia.56. The total amount of capital invested in factories, stores, office buildings, and the like is summarized by:A. gross fixed capital formation.B. total investment capital.C. total tangible investment.D.gross depreciable investments.57. Most cross-border investment is:A. in the form of greenfield investments.B. made via mergers and acquisitions.C. between American and Japanese companies.D.involved in building new facilities.58. The rise in FDI in the services sector is a result of all of the following except:A. the general move in many developed countries away from manufacturing and toward services.B. accelerating regulations of services.C. many services cannot be traded internationally.D.many countries have liberalized their regimes governing FDI in services.59. When two or more enterprises encounter each other in different regional markets, national markets, or industries, there is:A. vertical integration.B. horizontal integration.C. multipoint competition.D.monopolistic competition.60.The _____ suggests that a firm will establish production facilities where foreign assets or resource endowments that are important to the firm are located.A. product life cycleB. strategic behavior theoryC. multipoint competition theoryD. eclectic paradigm。

(完整word版)国际商务期末考试题

(完整word版)国际商务期末考试题

国际商务练习题一、单选题1.(A )是指缔约一方现在和将来所给予任何第三方的一切特权、优待、利益及豁免,也同样给予缔约对方。

(1).最惠国待遇(2).国民待遇(3).市场经济地位(4).战略伙伴2(B)是指缔约一方保证缔约另一方的公民、企业和船舶在本国境内享受与本国公民、企业和船舶同等的待遇。

(1).最惠国待遇(2).国民待遇(3).市场经济地位(4).战略伙伴3在下列商业活动中,哪一笔属于国际商务活动(B)。

(1),美国花旗银行上海浦东分行向美国花旗银行总行贷款(2),美国花旗银行上海浦东分行向中国建设银行浦东分行贷款(3),美国花旗银行上海浦东分行向美国城市银行上海浦东分行贷款(4),美国花旗银行上海浦东分行向美国第一国民银行总行贷款4(B)是企业所特有的、能够经得起时间考验的、具有延展性,并且是竞争对手难以模仿的技术或能力。

(1).竞争力(2).核心竞争力(3).国际竞争力(4).表层竞争力5.企业通过自身要素的优化及与外部环境的交互作用,在有限的市场资源配置中占有相对优势,进而处于良性循环的可持续发展状态的能力( A )(1).竞争力(2).核心竞争力(3).国际竞争力(4).表层竞争力6.(C )是竞争力资产与竞争力国际化过程的统一。

(1).竞争力(2).核心竞争力(3).国际竞争力(4).表层竞争力7.企业通过一系列具体的策略和措施,使本企业成本与同行业其他企业成本相比很低的战略叫(C)(1).差异化战略(2).集中战略(3). 成本领先战略(4).低价倾销战略8企业采取一种集中的、为一组特定用户服务的战略是( B )A. A.差异化战略(2).集中战略(3). 成本领先战略(4).低价倾销战略9.一些企业拥有或可以得到的那些外国企业不能获得的优势,如产品、技术、规模经济、市场等称之为(A)(1).所有权优势(2).区位优势(3).内部化优势(4).成本优势10某中国小家电企业,总资产50亿元,年销售额20亿元,雇员总数4万人;其中,国外资产5亿元,国外销售额4亿元,国外雇员2千人,该企业跨国化指数为( D)(1).10% (2).20% (3).5% (4).11.7%11. 在其他国家境内的本国律师事务所、银行分支机构提供的服务属于服务贸易中的(D)(1). 境外消费(2). 跨境提供(3). 自然人流动(4). 商业存在12.企业通过各种不同的方式,进口原料、材料或零件,利用本国的生产能力和技术,加工成成品后再出口,从而获得以外汇体现的附加价值,这一国际化方式称(C )(1).一般贸易(2).技术贸易(3).加工贸易(4).国际特许经营13某公司为东道国建造工厂或其他工程项目,一旦设计与建造工程完成,即将该工厂或项目所有权和管理权依合同完整地给对方,这一国际化方式称(D )。

wto概论期末考试题及答案

wto概论期末考试题及答案

wto概论期末考试题及答案一、单项选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 世界贸易组织的英文缩写是:A. IMFB. WTOC. WBD. UN答案:B2. WTO的总部设在:A. 纽约B. 日内瓦C. 华盛顿D. 伦敦答案:B3. 以下哪项不是WTO的主要职能?A. 制定和执行国际贸易规则B. 解决成员国之间的贸易争端C. 监督成员国的货币政策D. 促进全球贸易自由化答案:C4. WTO的前身是:A. GATTB. NAFTAC. EUD. APEC5. WTO的成员国数量截至2023年是:A. 150B. 160C. 170D. 180答案:C6. WTO的决策机制是:A. 一票否决制B. 多数同意制C. 一致同意制D. 少数服从多数制答案:C7. 以下哪项不是WTO的基本原则?A. 非歧视原则B. 透明度原则C. 市场准入原则D. 保护主义原则答案:D8. WTO的争端解决机构是:A. DSBB. TBTC. SPSD. TBR答案:A9. WTO的贸易政策审议机制是:B. TBTC. SPSD. TRIPS答案:A10. WTO的农业协议是:A. URAAB. GATSC. TRIPSD. TBT答案:A二、多项选择题(每题3分,共15分)1. 以下哪些是WTO的主要协议?A. 关税与贸易总协定B. 服务贸易总协定C. 与贸易有关的知识产权协议D. 多边投资协定答案:ABC2. WTO的争端解决程序包括以下哪些阶段?A. 磋商B. 专家组C. 上诉机构D. 执行阶段答案:ABCD3. 以下哪些是WTO的贸易壁垒?A. 关税B. 配额D. 技术标准答案:ABCD4. 以下哪些是WTO的非歧视原则?A. 最惠国待遇原则B. 国民待遇原则C. 区域性贸易协定D. 特殊和差别待遇原则答案:ABD5. 以下哪些是WTO的贸易自由化措施?A. 降低关税B. 取消配额C. 禁止补贴D. 增加进口答案:ABC三、简答题(每题5分,共20分)1. 简述WTO的成立背景和目的。

国际商务期末试题及答案

国际商务期末试题及答案

I B Midterm Examination Answering card (A)CLASS:1001NAME:NUMBER:I. True / False Questions (1 score per question)1. The notion that national economies are relatively self-contained entities is on the rise.2.Mercantilism advocated that countries should encourage exports and imports.3. A firm becomes a multinational enterprise when it undertakes foreign direct investment.4.The two most common methods of restricting inward FDI are ownership restraints and performance requirements.5. The most global markets currently are markets for industrial goods and materials that serve a universal need the world over.6. Outsourcing is a process that is limited to manufacturing enterprises.7. According to Porter, four broad attributes of a nation shape the environment in which local firms compete including supply conditions, factor endowments, regulation, and advanced factors.8. One of the UN central mandates is the promotion of higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development9. The total amount of capital invested in factories, stores, office buildings and the like is referred to as the stock of FDI.10. Licensing involves the establishment of a new operation in a foreign country.II. Multiple Choice Questions(11-50,2score per question ; 51-60, 1 score per question)11.Which of the following is not characteristic of globalization?A. National economies are turning into independent economic systems.B. Material culture is starting to look similar the world over.C. Perceived distance is shrinking due to advances in transportation and telecommunications.D. Barriers to cross-border trade and investment are declining.12.Which of the following is not an impediment(限制) that makes it difficult for firms to achieve the optimal dispersion(最优分散)of their productive activities to locations around the globe?A. Reduced transportation costs.B. Government regulations.C. Issues associated with economic and political risk.D. Barriers to foreign direct investment.13. Technological innovations have facilitated all of the following except:A. globalization of production.B. globalization of markets.C. creation of electronic global marketplaces.D. creation of absolutely homogeneous(均匀的)consumer markets.14.What is the total cumulative value of foreign investments best referred to as?A. Accumulation of foreign sharesB. Portfolio investmentsC. Stock of foreign direct investmentsD. Stock market investments15.If the critics of globalization are correct, all of the following things must be shown except:A. the share of national income received by labor, as opposed to the share received by the owners of capital should have declined in advanced nations.B. even though labor's share of the economic pie may have declined, living standards need not deteriorate if the size of the total pie has increased sufficiently to offset(抵消)the decline in labor's share.C. the decline in labor's share of national income must be due to moving production to low-wage countries, as opposed to improving production technology and productivity.D. economic growth in developed nations has offset the fall in unskilled workers' share of national income, raising their living standards.16. This theory, advanced by the 19th-century English economist David Ricardo, forms the intellectual basis of the modern argument for unrestricted free trade.A. Heckscher-OhlinB. MercantilismC. Comparative advantageD. Absolute advantage17. This theory explains the observed patterns of international trade by emphasizing the interplay between the proportions in which the factors of production are available in different countries and the proportions in which they are needed for producing particular goods.A. MercantilismB. Heckscher-OhlinC. Absolute advantageD. Comparative advantage18. Identify the incorrect statement pertaining to Raymond Vernon's product life-cycle theory.A. Early in their life cycle, most new products are produced in and exported from the country in which they were developed.B. As a new product becomes widely accepted internationally, production starts in other countries.C. A product in the early stage of the product life-cycle is imported by the country where it was innovated.D. A product may ultimately be exported back to the country of its original innovation.19.The theory of _____, developed by Michael Porter, focuses on the importance of country factors, in addition to factor endowments, such as domestic demand and domestic rivalry in explaining a nation's dominance in the production and export of particular products.A. new tradeB. absolute advantageC. comparative advantageD. national competitive advantage20.Identify the theory that can be interpreted as justifying some limited government intervention to support the development of certain export-oriented industries.A. Theory of national competitive advantageB. Heckscher-Ohlin theoryC. Theory of comparative advantageD. Theory of absolute advantage21. Mercantilism viewed trade as a(n):A. economic evil.B. zero-sum game.C. nonessential economic activity.D. threat to a government's independence.22.What is the basic message of the theory of comparative advantage?A. Countries are similar in their ability to produce goods efficientlyB. International trade is rarely beneficial to a countryC. Potential world production is greater with unrestricted free trade than it is with restricted tradeD. Trade is a zero-sum game23.According to the product life-cycle theory, the locus of global production initially switches from the U.S. to other advanced nations and then from those nations to developing countries. The consequence of this trend for the pattern of world trade is that over time the U.S.:A. becomes the sole producer of the product.B. switches from being an exporter of the product to being an importer of the product.C. switches from being an importer of the product to being an exporter of the product.D. becomes the sole consumer of the product.24._____ suggests that when nations trade, each nation may be able to specialize in producing a narrower range of products than it would in the absence of trade, and through trade, each nation can simultaneously increase the variety of goods available to its consumers and lower the costs of those goods.A. The product life-cycle theoryB. Porter's diamond of competitive advantageC. New trade theoryD. The theory of comparative advantage25. According to the new trade theorists, because early entrants are able to gain _____, the early entrants into an industry may get a lock on the world market that discourages subsequent entry.A. zero-sum advantagesB. highly skilled employeesC. process expertiseD. economies of scale26. A greenfield investment:A. is a form of FDI that involves the establishment of a new operation in a foreign country.B. involves a 7 percent stock in an acquired foreign business entity.C. involves a merger with a foreign business.D. occurs when a firm acquires another company in a foreign country.27. Historically, most FDI has been directed at the _____ nations of the world as firms based in advanced countries invested in:A. underdeveloped; underdeveloped countries.B. developed; underdeveloped countries.C. developed; each other's markets.D. underdeveloped; each other's markets.28.Identify the incorrect statement regarding the direction of FDI.A. Historically, most FDI has been directed at the developing nations of the world.B. During the 1980s and 1990s, the United States was often the favorite target for FDI inflows.C. The developed nations of the EU have received significant FDI inflows.D. Recent inflows into developing nations have been targeted at the emerging economies of South, East, and Southeast Asia.29. According to Knickerbocker:A. the firms that pioneer a product in their home markets undertake FDI to produce a product for consumption in a foreign market.B. when a firm that is part of an oligopolistic industry expands into a foreign market, other firms in the industry will be compelled to make similar investments.C. combining location-specific assets or resource endowments and the firm's own unique assets often requires FDI.D. impediments to the sale of know-how increase the profitability of FDI relative to licensing.30.When two or more enterprises encounter each other in different regional markets, national markets, or industries, there is:A. vertical integration.B. horizontal integration.C. multipoint competition.D. monopolistic competition.31.The product life cycle suggests that:A. often the same firms that pioneer a product in their home markets undertake FDI to produce a product for consumption in foreign markets.B. when a firm that is part of an oligopolistic industry expands into a foreign market, other firms in the industry will be compelled to make similar investments.C. combining location-specific assets or resource endowments and the firm's own unique assets often requires FDI.D. impediments to the sale of know-how increase the profitability of FDI relative to licensing.32.The _____ suggests that a firm will establish production facilities where foreign assets or resource endowments that are important to the firm are located.A. product life cycleB. strategic behavior theoryC. multipoint competition theoryD. eclectic paradigm33. Advantages that arise from using resource endowments or assets that are tied to a particular location and that a firm finds valuable to combine with its own unique assets are known as:A. location-specific advantages.B. resource-specific advantages.C. competitive advantages.D. directional advantages.34.John Dunning, a champion of the eclectic paradigm, argues that:A. the firms that pioneer a product in their home markets undertake FDI to produce a product for consumption in a foreign market.B. when a firm that is part of an oligopolistic industry expands into a foreign market, other firms in the industry will be compelled to make similar investments.C. combining location-specific assets or resource endowments and the firm's own unique assets often requires FDI.D. impediments to the sale of know-how increase the profitability of FDI relative to licensing.35.According to the _____ view of FDI, MNEs extract profits from the host country and take them to their home country, giving nothing of value to the host country in exchange.A. imperialistB. conservativeC. free marketD. radical36. Which of the following is not an impediment that makes it difficult for firms to achieve the optimal dispersion of their productive activities to locations around the globe?A. Reduced transportation costs.B. Government regulations.C. Issues associated with economic and political risk.D. Barriers to foreign direct investment.37.Michael Porter has argued that _____ and _____ are two basic strategies for creating value and attaining a competitive advantage in an industry.A. differentiation; price competitionB. economies of scale; diversification.C. low cost; differentiationD. efficiency; promotion38. The _____ was created in 1944 by 44 nations that met in Breton Woods, New Hampshire to promote economic development.A. World BankB. International Trade CenterC. World Trade OrganizationD. United Nations39. Identify the incorrect statement pertaining to the World Wide Web.A. It makes it much easier for buyers and sellers to find each other.B. Viewed globally, it is emerging as an equalizer.C. It rolls back all of the constraints of location, scale, and time zones.D. It allows businesses to expand their global presence at a lower cost than ever before.40. Technological innovations have facilitated all of the following except:A. globalization of production.B. globalization of markets.C. creation of electronic global marketplaces.D. creation of absolutely homogeneous consumer markets.41. What is the total cumulative value of foreign investments best referred to as?A. Accumulation of foreign sharesB. Portfolio investmentsC. Stock of foreign direct investmentsD. Stock market investments42. Identify the incorrect statement regarding the former Communist nations of Europe and Asia.A. The economies of most of the former Communist states are very strong and developed.B. Many of the former Communist nations of Europe and Asia share a commitment to free market economies.C. As a result of disturbing signs of growing unrest and totalitarian tendencies, the risks involved in doing business in these countries is very high.D. For about half a century these countries were essentially closed to Western international business.43.When a company "exports jobs" overseas, the company is:A. helping domestic workers by pushing up wage rates.B. increasing the demand of qualified domestic workers.C. taking advantage of lower wages in foreign markets.D. deceiving the supporters of globalization.44. Propagated in the 16th and 17th centuries, _____ advocated that countries should simultaneously encourage exports and discourage imports.A. ethnocentrismB. capitalismC. collectivismD. mercantilism45. Identify the incorrect statement pertaining to Raymond Vernon's product life-cycle theory.A. Early in their life cycle, most new products are produced in and exported from the country in which they were developed.B. As a new product becomes widely accepted internationally, production starts in other countries.C. A product in the early stage of the product life-cycle is imported by the country where it was innovated.D. A product may ultimately be exported back to the country of its original innovation.46. Identify the theory that can be interpreted as justifying some limited government intervention to support the development of certain export-oriented industries.A. Theory of national competitive advantageB. Heckscher-Ohlin theoryC. Theory of comparative advantageD. Theory of absolute advantage47. China, deliberately keeping its currency value low against the U.S. dollar in order to sell more goods to the United States, and thus amass a trade surplus and foreign exchange reserves, is viewed by critics as following a:A. zero-sum game.B. neo-mercantilist policy.C. positive-sum game.D. free trade policy.48. A basic tenet of Ricardo's theory is that:A. consumers in those countries with an absolute advantage in the production of all goods might derive no benefits from international trade.B. consumers in all nations can consume more if there are no restrictions on trade.C. restrictions on trade help consumers in countries that lack an absolute advantage in the production of a particular good.D. trade is a zero-sum game.49. According to the _____ model, when a rich country enters into a free trade agreement with a poor country that rapidly experiences dynamic gains, the rich country is likely to not have net gains.A. absolute advantageB. mercantilistC. Heckscher-OhlinD. Samuelson50. According to the new trade theorists, because early entrants are able to gain _____, the early entrants into an industry may get a lock on the world market that discourages subsequent entry.A. zero-sum advantagesB. highly skilled employeesC. process expertiseD. economies of scale51. A greenfield investment:A. is a form of FDI that involves the establishment of a new operation in a foreign country.B. involves a 7 percent stock in an acquired foreign business entity.C. involves a merger with a foreign business.D. occurs when a firm acquires another company in a foreign country.52. If General Electric, a U.S. based corporation, purchased a 50 percent interest in a company in Italy, that purchase would be an example of a(n):A. minority acquisition.B. outright stake.C. majority acquisition.D. greenfield investment.53. FDI has been rising for all of the following reasons except:A. the globalization of the world economy.B. the general increase in trade barriers over the past 30 years.C. firms are trying to circumvent trade barriers.D. there is a shift toward democratic political institutions and free market economies.54. Historically, most FDI has been directed at the _____ nations of the world as firms based in advanced countries invested in:A. underdeveloped; underdeveloped countries.B. developed; underdeveloped countries.C. developed; each other's markets.D. underdeveloped; each other's markets.55. Identify the incorrect statement regarding the direction of FDI.A. Historically, most FDI has been directed at the developing nations of the world.B. During the 1980s and 1990s, the United States was often the favorite target for FDI inflows.C. The developed nations of the EU have received significant FDI inflows.D. Recent inflows into developing nations have been targeted at the emerging economies of South, East, and Southeast Asia.56. The total amount of capital invested in factories, stores, office buildings, and the like is summarized by:A. gross fixed capital formation.B. total investment capital.C. total tangible investment.D. gross depreciable investments.57. Most cross-border investment is:A. in the form of greenfield investments.B. made via mergers and acquisitions.C. between American and Japanese companies.D. involved in building new facilities.58. The rise in FDI in the services sector is a result of all of the following except:A. the general move in many developed countries away from manufacturing and toward services.B. accelerating regulations of services.C. many services cannot be traded internationally.D. many countries have liberalized their regimes governing FDI in services.59.When two or more enterprises encounter each other in different regional markets, national markets, or industries, there is:A. vertical integration.B. horizontal integration.C. multipoint competition.D. monopolistic competition.60.The _____ suggests that a firm will establish production facilities where foreign assets or resource endowments that are important to the firm are located.A. product life cycleB. strategic behavior theoryC. multipoint competition theoryD. eclectic paradigm11。

国际商务期末考试题及答案

国际商务期末考试题及答案

国际商务期末考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 国际商务是指:A. 国内贸易B. 跨国贸易C. 国际贸易D. 国际投资2. 跨国公司通常是指:A. 拥有海外子公司的公司B. 只在本国运营的公司C. 只做出口贸易的公司D. 只做进口贸易的公司3. 国际商务中,以下哪个不是文化差异的影响因素?A. 语言B. 宗教C. 教育水平D. 法律体系4. 国际商务中,以下哪个不是贸易壁垒?A. 关税B. 配额C. 反倾销税D. 国际货币基金组织(IMF)5. 以下哪个不是国际商务谈判的特点?A. 需要考虑文化差异B. 需要考虑法律法规C. 只关注价格因素D. 需要考虑政治风险6. 国际商务中,以下哪个不是风险管理的策略?A. 风险规避B. 风险转移C. 风险接受D. 风险增加7. 国际商务中,以下哪个不是市场进入策略?A. 出口B. 合资C. 独资D. 进口8. 国际商务中,以下哪个不是国际支付方式?A. 信用证B. 汇票C. 支票D. 现金交易9. 国际商务中,以下哪个不是国际物流的特点?A. 跨国性B. 复杂性C. 单一性D. 时效性10. 国际商务中,以下哪个不是国际市场营销的策略?A. 产品策略B. 价格策略C. 渠道策略D. 质量策略二、简答题(每题10分,共30分)1. 简述国际商务与国内商务的主要区别。

2. 描述国际商务谈判中文化差异对谈判的影响。

3. 解释什么是国际市场营销的4P策略。

三、案例分析题(每题25分,共50分)1. 假设你是一家跨国公司的市场部经理,公司计划进入一个新的国际市场。

请分析并提出你的市场进入策略,并解释你的选择。

2. 某国际公司在海外运营时遇到了当地政府的贸易壁垒,导致产品无法顺利进入市场。

请分析可能的解决方案,并提出你的建议。

国际商务期末考试答案一、选择题1. C2. A3. C4. D5. C6. D7. D8. D9. C10. D二、简答题1. 国际商务与国内商务的主要区别在于国际商务涉及跨国界,需要考虑不同国家的法律法规、文化差异、政治风险以及汇率变动等因素。

2020-2021(2)《国际商务导论》期末考试

2020-2021(2)《国际商务导论》期末考试

2020-2021(2)《国际商务导论》期末考试1. Which type of long-term sources of funds do debentures, mortgages and loan specialists usually belong to? [单选题] *Share capitalLoan capital(正确答案)2. Tangible assets are those assets which are physical in nature, such as: [单选题] *Equipment(正确答案)Trade mark3. Who makes strategic decisions in a business? [单选题] *Owners(正确答案)Managers4. Which type of need do “needs of receiving and giving love and being part of a team and being supported” belong to? [单选题] *Esteem needsBelonging needs(正确答案)5. Employees are paid by a percentage of the value of each good sold. This payment scheme is: [单选题] *Piece ratesCommission(正确答案)6. When we say “giving employees greater responsibility by vertically extending their role in the production process”, it may refer to: [单选题] *Job enlargement7. Centralization and decentralization refer to the degree to which authority is delegated in a business. If employees have all the authority to make decisions, this is usually called: [单选题] *complete centralizationcomplete decentralization(正确答案)8. Dividing the operating cash flow by the total current liabilities. This is called: [单选题] *the operating cash flow ratio(正确答案)the current ratio9. Marketing strategy, HR strategy and production strategy are examples of : [单选题] *Corporate strategyFunctional strategy(正确答案)10. Which model of market structure is the one in which only one single firm supplies the entire product? [单选题] *Monopoly(正确答案)Oligopoly11. ____ means sales team or sales representatives promoting the product through personal contact. [单选题] *Direct mailingPerson selling(正确答案)12. There are three major internal resources of funds, which are profit, sales of assets and _________. [单选题] *Mortgage13. __________ assumes that people are generally responsible and are committed for their work. [单选题] *Theory XTheory Y(正确答案)14. Which stage of product life cycle is a product in if it has a stable market share and sales have reached the top? [单选题] *Maturity(正确答案)Saturation15. According to Herzberg's Two-Factor theory, improving company policy can______________. [单选题] *give workers more job satisfactiononly reduce dissatisfaction(正确答案)16. SWOT analysis involves looking at the internal __________ and __________ of a business and external __________ and __________. [填空题] *空1答案:strengths空2答案:weaknesses空3答案:opportunities空4答案:threats17. In general, business objectives can be classified as six major types, which are__________, __________ maximization, __________ , __________ objectives,__________ maximization and __________ responsibilities. [填空题] *空1答案:Survival空2答案:Profit空3答案:Growth空4答案:Managerial空5答案:Sales revenue空6答案:Image and social18. Marketing mix refers to those four elements -- __________, __________,__________ and __________ of a firm’s marketing strategy which are designed to meet the needs of customers. [填空题] *空1答案:Product空2答案:Price空3答案:Promotion空4答案:Place19. Most products pass through 6 stages of product life cycle, which are __________, __________, __________, __________, __________ and _________. [填空题] *空1答案:Development空2答案:Introduction空3答案:Growth空4答案:Maturity空5答案:Saturation空6答案:Decline20. Fringe benefits are extra benefits given to employees in addition to salary or wages, for example, paying for private medical insurance, a company car, or training programs. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错21. Current assets are long-term assets which can be changed into cash within one year. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)22. Empowerment means giving official authority to employees to make decisions and control their own activities. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错23. Oligopoly competition is a market structure in which a large number of relatively small firms compete in the market and there is some restriction on competition. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)24. Under direct marketing, sales are made without intermediaries involved. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错25. What are the three important aspects of globalization? [填空题] *_________________________________26. What are the five forces of Porter’s five forces model? [填空题] *_________________________________27. What is PEST analysis and what do the four capital letters "PEST" refer to? [填空题] *_________________________________28. Please list at least four methods of promotion. [填空题] *_________________________________29. Wesley Carrington runs a card design business in Cardiff. He employs four staff –Laura, Mitchell, Kieran, and Ella. Laura manages the office in Cardiff dealing with telephone enquiries, visitors, administration and a small amount of marketing. Mitchell, Kieran and Ella are card designers and all work from home in various parts of Glen Cona in North West Scotland. The designers are all linked by computer to the main Cardiff office. This ensures good communications. For example, design briefs are sent direct by Wesley using E-mail and design copy is transmitted direct to Wesley’s terminal when designs are completed. Mitchell designs birthday cards, Kieran designs postcards and Ella works on specialist projects. Wesley is occupied with customers, ensuring that design briefs are satisfied by his designers and looking for new business. He spends three days a week out of the office.Wesley Carrington’s organization structure is as follows:Questions:1)What type of organizational structure does the business have at present?2)Describe the advantages to the business of being organized in this way.3)In Sept., Wesley secured a contract with an American card manufacturer. He decided to employ a full-time salesperson to sell designs in the U.S. He also bought a small printing business in Newport to print and supply cards as well as designing them. Explain why Wesley might decide to change the organizational structure of the business. [填空题]_________________________________。

国际商务管理——期末考试答案

国际商务管理——期末考试答案

国际商务管理国际商务导论(一)1金砖国家中,最后加入的国家是()。

A、中国B、巴西C、印度D、南非正确答案:D2跨国公司这一名称产生于()。

A、1964年B、1974年C、1984年D、1994年正确答案:B3全球排名第三的飞机制造公司是()。

A、加拿大庞巴迪公司B、中国商飞C、美国麦道D、巴西航东工业公司正确答案:D4跨国公司的战略导向是()。

A、国内市场B、国家形象C、国际市场D、利润最大化正确答案:C5到2012年,全球手机新增用户的80%以上来自LDC国家。

()正确答案:√6华为公司目前还不是世界500强公司。

()正确答案:×国际商务导论(二)1外国公众对中国商品的()评价最低?A、质量B、价格C、实用D、品牌和环保正确答案:D2外国公众紧盯中国公司的方面有()。

A、产品质量B、售后服务C、环保和人工权益D、以上都有正确答案:D3企业国际化经营的根本性原因是()。

A、寻找新的顾客B、寻找低成本资源C、开发海外市场D、打造核心竞争力正确答案:D4下列企业国家化经营战略中,产品对东道国当地市场的需求适应能力较差的是()。

A、本国中心战略B、一国中心战略C、全球中心战略D、多国中心战略正确答案:A5在美国,下列哪种贸易形式增长最快?()A、许可证贸易B、特许经营C、分包D、代理正确答案:C62010年,中国对外直接投资存量实现连续9年增长。

()正确答案:×7跨国公司越大发展越好。

()正确答案:×国际商务导论(三)1需要较少的新兴市场,但是需要较多的跨国界价值链协调的公司称为()。

A、新兴进出口商B、跨国界贸易C、区域集中型公司D、全球型公司正确答案:C2下列不属于国际企业的市场环境的是()。

A、国际金融市场B、区域经济一体化C、国际经济组织D、政治与法律正确答案:D3下列文化体系中,不属于没有中断过的文化体系的是()。

A、印度文化体系B、中国文化体系C、希伯来文化体系D、以罗马、希腊为始的西欧文化体系正确答案:C下列哪个要素中,不属于五力关系模型中竞争关系的构成要素?()A、供应商B、竞争者C、潜在竞争者D、替代品正确答案:A5世界上最大的多变贸易组织是国际货币基金组织。

国际商务管理期末考试试题及答案

国际商务管理期末考试试题及答案

国际商务管理期末考试试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 国际商务管理的核心目标是:A. 利润最大化B. 市场份额最大化C. 客户满意度最大化D. 企业社会责任答案:A2. 跨国公司在进行国际扩张时,通常采用的组织结构是:A. 功能型结构B. 地理型结构C. 产品型结构D. 矩阵型结构答案:B3. 国际贸易理论中,比较优势理论的提出者是:A. 亚当·斯密B. 大卫·李嘉图C. 约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯D. 弗里德里希·李斯特答案:B4. 在国际市场进入策略中,合资企业属于哪种类型?A. 出口B. 许可C. 特许经营D. 直接投资答案:D5. 国际商务谈判中,文化差异可能导致:A. 沟通障碍B. 价格谈判困难C. 法律风险D. 物流问题答案:A...(此处省略其他选择题)二、简答题(每题10分,共30分)1. 简述国际商务中的文化适应性对企业成功的重要性。

答案:国际商务中的文化适应性对企业成功至关重要。

企业需要了解并尊重目标市场的文化差异,包括商业习惯、沟通方式、价值观念等。

这有助于建立良好的客户关系,避免文化冲突,提高谈判成功率,并促进品牌在国际市场的接受度。

2. 描述国际市场营销中的4Ps策略。

答案:国际市场营销中的4Ps策略是指产品(Product)、价格(Price)、地点(Place)和促销(Promotion)。

企业需要根据国际市场的特定需求和偏好调整产品特性;制定合理的价格策略以吸引消费者;选择合适的分销渠道以确保产品的可得性;以及设计有效的促销活动以提高品牌知名度和市场占有率。

3. 解释什么是国际商务中的“全球战略”。

答案:国际商务中的“全球战略”是指企业在全球范围内统一其业务运作,以实现规模经济和效率最大化。

这种战略强调全球一体化,通过集中资源、标准化产品和流程,以及利用全球供应链来降低成本,提高竞争力。

三、案例分析题(每题25分,共50分)1. 假设你是一家国际服装品牌的市场经理,你的品牌计划进入一个新的亚洲市场。

国际商务概论期末复习重点.docx

国际商务概论期末复习重点.docx

国际商务概论一、名词解释(10X1分)二、单选(18X2=36)三、判断(8X2=15)四、简答题(38分,3X9+11)1、经济全球化的四个国际机构(如:世界贸易组织维持世界贸易体系的稳定运行)(1)国际贸易组织(WTO)-贸易:全球贸易协调和管理,管理和执行共同构成lit贸纽•织的多边及诸边贸易协定;作为多边贸易谈判的讲坛;寻求解决贸易争端,监督各成员贸易政策,并与其它同制订全球经济政策有关的国际机构进行合作-负责维持世界贸易体系的稳定运行…第四章(2)国际货币基金组织(IMF)-金融:与世界银行同时成立、并列为世界两大金融机构之一,主要责任是帮助成员国调节国际收支,稳定国际金融秩序,最终推动了世界经济的发展。

国际货币基金组织主要负责国际货币事务方面的问题,其主要任务是向成员国提供解决国际收支WI寸不平衡的短期外汇资金,以消除外汇管制,促进汇率稳定和国际贸易的扩大。

(3)世界银行一货币:1比界银行则主耍负责经济的复兴和发展,向各成员国提供发展经济的中长期贷款。

(4)联合国(UN):维护国际和平与安全,发展倒际间以尊重人民权利及自决原则的友好关系;促进国际合作,以解决国家间属于经济,社会,文化及人类福利性质的国际问题;作为协调各国活动的中心2、重商主义、绝对优势论(1776)、比较优势理论(1817)(判断选择各个理论的政策主张)(1)重商主义理论(16--18世纪)早期的靈商主义代表人物有英国的海尔斯和斯塔福徳,主张是强调限制进口,鼓励出口,禁止金银输出。

这一时期的重商主义者认为,财富的惟一表现形式是贵金属,人们在商品的交易中可以通过贱买贵卖来获得这种货币财富。

乂被称为货币差额论。

晚期重商主义最重要的代农人物是英国的托马斯•孟。

其鲜明的特征是主张国家应该允许货币输出国外,以便从国外获取大最货币,但仍然坚持少买多卖的原则。

只要该国能够保持贸易收支的顺差,一国的货币财富就会増加。

又被人们称为贸易差额论。

国际商务导论试题及答案

国际商务导论试题及答案

国际商务导论试题及答案一、单项选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 国际商务是指跨越国界的商业活动,其核心是:A. 国际贸易B. 国际投资C. 国际营销D. 国际合作答案:A2. 世界贸易组织(WTO)的主要职能不包括以下哪一项?A. 制定国际贸易规则B. 解决贸易争端C. 促进贸易自由化D. 制定国内经济政策答案:D3. 下列哪一项不是国际商务中常见的风险?A. 汇率风险B. 政治风险C. 法律风险D. 技术风险答案:D4. 跨国公司通常采用哪种组织结构以适应国际市场?A. 功能型结构B. 地理型结构C. 产品型结构D. 矩阵型结构5. 以下哪个不是国际商务谈判中的关键要素?A. 谈判目标B. 谈判策略C. 谈判时间D. 谈判地点答案:C6. 国际货币基金组织(IMF)的主要任务是什么?A. 促进国际贸易B. 促进国际投资C. 促进国际货币合作D. 促进国际技术合作答案:C7. 国际商务中,哪种货币通常被认为是“硬通货”?A. 美元B. 欧元C. 日元D. 所有货币答案:A8. 国际商务中,以下哪种支付方式风险最大?A. 信用证B. 托收C. 汇付D. 承兑汇票答案:B9. 国际商务中,哪种贸易术语通常意味着卖方承担最少的责任?B. FOBC. CIFD. DDP答案:A10. 国际商务中,以下哪种策略通常被认为是进入外国市场的最佳方式?A. 出口B. 许可经营C. 特许经营D. 直接投资答案:D二、多项选择题(每题3分,共15分)1. 国际商务中,以下哪些因素可能影响企业的国际市场进入策略?A. 目标市场的需求B. 企业的资源和能力C. 目标市场的文化差异D. 目标市场的经济状况答案:ABCD2. 以下哪些是国际商务谈判中常用的策略?A. 让步策略B. 竞争策略C. 合作策略D. 回避策略答案:ABC3. 跨国公司在国际扩张过程中可能会面临哪些挑战?A. 政治风险B. 法律和监管风险C. 货币风险D. 文化差异答案:ABCD4. 国际商务中,以下哪些是常见的国际贸易壁垒?A. 关税B. 配额C. 进口许可证D. 出口补贴答案:ABC5. 以下哪些是国际商务中常见的支付方式?A. 信用证B. 托收C. 汇付D. 现金交易答案:ABC三、简答题(每题5分,共20分)1. 简述国际商务与国内商务的主要区别。

国际商务期末复习

国际商务期末复习

国际商务期末复习题型:判断(10*2'=20')单选(10*2'=20')多选(5*3'=15')简述(3*5'=15')论述(2*15'=30')第一章导论1、国际商务的含义(名词解释)答:A.具体含义:国际商务学是一门研究为满足个人及组织需求而进行的跨国界交易的科学。

(两层:一是国际商务学研究的是跨国界的活动;二是国际商务学研究的是国家企业或个人以经济利益为目的而进行的商业性经济活动,而不是非商业性经济活动。

)B.属性:涵养多学科的交叉学科。

C.对象:跨国公司2、国际商务的类型与特征答:(1)类型:三大类:A、国际贸易B、国际直接投资C、其他国际经济活动(特许经营、合作经营、合作开发、工程承包与劳务合作、国际信贷与融资等贸易与直接投资以外的)(2)特征:A、国际商务是企业国际化战略的综合反映B、国际商务以进入和开拓国际市场为目标C、国际商务复杂多变、风险大3、经济全球化的含义:(名词)答:(1)5种解释:A一个过程B新殖民主义的一种表现,是帝国主义发展的新阶段C人为的D巨大的变革E社会大生产带来的后果(2)具体含义:经济全球化是指资本、劳动力、技术、知识、信息等生产要素在全世界范围内的自由流动,使得各国之间的经济联系日益紧密的过程。

4、经济全球化的本质:(简答)答:A.自由派观点:经济全球化的本质就是资本主义化甚至可以说是美国化。

B.“左”派观点(新马克思主义观点):经济全球化本质就是经济殖民主义。

C.怀疑派观点:经济全球化是无中生有,是一个“迷思”和天方夜谭。

D.变革论:经济全球化是21世纪推动社会经济、政治快速变革的中心力量。

E.经济全球化是人类社会发展的必然,是客观经济规律,是不随人的意志而转移的。

5、经济全球化的特征:(简答)答:(1)基本特征:一、国际贸易规模迅速扩大二、跨国直接投资迅猛发展三、全球要素资源加快流动(2)具体特征:A.生产全球化 B.贸易全球化 C.投资全球化D.金融全球化E.区域性经济合作日益加强6、经济全球化的原因:答:A.科技革命的推动(前提条件) B.生产力发展的内在要求C.全球性市场经济体制的实现(制度基础)D.微观经济主体的趋利动机(基本动因)E.国际局势相对缓和F.国际组织日益发展和完善G.各国政府发挥作用7、反全球化(简答)(1)产生的原因:反全球化源于对当今资本主义制度的不满与反抗,这是资本主义制度固有矛盾所引起。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

[年] 国际商务概论期末考试
专业:14级化学系
学号:2144010639
姓名:杨宁
目录
一、你认为推动全球化的动力最重要的是哪些因素?这些因素对于中国融入全球化起到了什么作用?
二、以克鲁格曼为代表的新贸易理论的主要含义是什么?
三、内部化理论如何解释在技术授权高度发展的今天为什么还存在国际直接投资的?
四、企业跨国扩张中面临的主要矛盾是什么?跨国公司应采取什么样的战略克服这些矛盾?
五、假如一公司从国际战略改为跨国战略,在贯彻这一变革时面临的最重要的挑战是什么?公司怎样才能战胜这些挑战?
推动全球化的动力最重要的是那些因素?这些因素对于中国融入全球化起到了什么作用?
全球化是当前社会不可逆转的趋势和潮流。

推动全球化的动力是多种因素的合力,共同促进了全球化进程。

那么推动全球化的动力是什么呢?首先从一定意义上说,造就世界市场,使整个世界经济日益连为一体,是资产阶级的历史功绩之一,没有资产阶级对高额利润和剩余价值的疯狂追逐及对国际市场的不断开拓,就不会有全球化的兴起的今天全球化的实现。

因此,全球化的根本动力是资本积累的内在驱动。

其次,马克思讲“科学技术是生产力”,邓小平也讲过“科学技术是第一生产力”。

正是科学技术的迅猛发展促进了生产力发生质的飞跃,从而对当代世界经济的发展和全球化的进程产生了深远影响。

(一)当代新科技革命当时的构成生产力的诸要素发生质的变化,进而促进生产力的内在结构和产力结构也发生根本变化。

(二)新科技革命极大地推动了国际间产业革命的调整和转移,促使整个世界经济形成新的产业布局。

(三)新科技革命是整个世界经济、科技的联系更为紧密,并为全球化的形成提供了必要的技术手段。

再者,生产力的巨大发展推动世界范围内的生产方式发生质的变化。

在生产方式的矛盾运动中,生产力是主导方面,它决定生产关系的性质和变革,进而决定整个社会关系的基本面貌,决定世界发展的历史进程。

(一)全球范围内统一的市场经济体制的发展,为全球化的迅速发展提供了体制保障。

(二)国际组织的迅猛发展为推动全
球化提供了组织保证。

(三)跨国公司的迅猛发展是推动全球化的重要动力。

再者,各国政府的积极努力,推动了全球化的进程。

生产力与生产关系的矛盾,促使各国纷纷调整对内对外政策,扫清国际化的障碍。

在当今的世界上,除了少数几个国家还在采取闭关自守的经济政策之外,绝大多数的政府都在为加入国际经济体系,参与全球分工与国际竞争而进行着不懈的努力。

因此,综上所述分析,推动全球化发展的动力是多种因素的合力,归根到底是生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑这两对矛盾的运动发展推动着全球化的进程。

“计划多一点还是市场多一点,不是社会主义与资本主义的本质区别,计划经济不等于资本主义,资本主义也有计划…….为中国经济体制改革指明了方向,中国共产党人将建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制改革作为基本目标从而在20世纪80年代末90年代初,市场经济体制在全球范围内占据了绝对优势,为全球化的发展提供了体制保障。

跨国公司对中国的政治经济社会有着重大影响,常常通过影响本国的外交政策,来捍卫自己的经济利益。

各国深化国内政治、经济、体制改革、增加对外开放、发展交通、增加教育投资,东西方互相借鉴有益于生产力发展的措施和手段,根据本国国情制定出一系列的政治、经济改革措施,促使本国适应全球化趋势的发展,并在全球化的浪潮中占据主动地位。

以克鲁格曼为代表的新贸易理论的主要含义是什么?
首先将DNS模型应用于国际贸易理论的分析之中,运用规模报酬递增、垄断竞争和产品差别等范畴来构成新的国际贸易理论模型,其建立了一个由规模经济而不是由要素察赋或技术差异引起的贸易模型。

模型中,假定规模经济中在于厂商,并有张伯伦式垄断竞争的市场结构,通过垄断竞争分析方法去分析规模报酬递增条件下的国际贸易,最终得出的结论是,即使两国之间没有技术和要素禀赋差异,也会由于规模经济产生国际贸易,从而解释了发达国家之间贸易的形成。

相反,由于劳动力增长和区域聚集效应相类似的贸易效应,贸易可能仅仅是扩大市场和取得规模经济的一种途径。

并认为,在其他相同条件下,拥有更大国内市场的国家将拥有更高的工资率,国家倾向于出口那些它拥有较大国内市场的产品。

还有,在贸易商品数目多余要素数目时,两国商品生产和贸易存在较大的不确定性,生产模式可能是完全由偶然性的历史因素和政府计划所决定的。

不仅如此,其研究也表明,相似国家都有进行贸易的诱惑,他们的诱惑主要来自于用相似要素比例生产的产品,而且,这种贸易并不会带来收入的分配问题。

结论是,当国家间越来越相似,市场结构从完全竞争变为不完全竞争,达到规模报酬递增阶段的时候,规模经济就取代要素经济的差异成为推动国际贸易的主要原因。

最后,以克鲁格曼为代表的新贸易理论还提出了战略性贸易政策。

战略性贸易政策是新贸易理论在逻辑上的延伸。

他认为在规模经
济和不完全竞争的条件下,一国政府可以借助生产补贴、出口补贴、保护国内市场等措施,扶植本国战略性产业的发展,增强其国际竞争力,带动相关产业发展,从而转移国外垄断产商的超额利润,提高本国的福利水平。

内部经济化理论如何解释在技术授权高度发展的今天为什么还存在国际直接投资的?
内部化理论从国外市场的不完全与企业的内部配置资源的关系来说明对外直接投资的动因。

该理论的出发点是市场不完全,认为市场不完全不仅在最终产品市场上存在,在中间产品上也同样存在,这里的中间产品除了通常意义上的原材料和零部件外,更重要的是指专有技术、专利、管理及销售技术等“知识中间产品”。

这些与知识有关的中间产品由于市场不完全存在定价困难,从而使交易成本增加,当交易成本过高时,企业就倾向于通过对外直接投资开辟内部市场,将原本通过外部市场进行的交易转化为内部所属企业间的交易以降低交易成本。

根据内部化理论,企业通过对外直接投资来形成内部市场,在全球范围内组织国际生产,协调国际分工,以避免外部市场不完全对其经营带来影响。

同时,在“知识产权”的研发与获得越来越昂贵、知识产权保护越来越困难的情况下企业内部交易可以有效地防治技术的迅速扩散,保护企业的知识财富。

而且,其不确定性不断增加的市场环境下,内部交易使企业能够根据自己的需要进行内部的资金、产品和生产要素的划拨,从而保证效益的最大化。

企业跨国扩张中面临的主要矛盾是什么?跨国公司应采取什么样的战略克服这些矛盾?
首先,文化的整合比业务上的整合更关键,因为它牵涉到消除员工的顾虑并建立一种新的观念,而这是一个相当复杂和漫长的过程。

所谓整合就是指按照企业管理的趋势和要求。

通过对双方企业文化的提炼,提出新的企业文化并加以推动和实施的活动过程。

为了使文化整合达到预测效果,我们可以在并购前期了解拟收购目标潜在的文化差异和冲突,如在并购的前期准备过程中,应让并购后整合实施团队参与到准备过程中,以加强并购后整合工作的计划性,及早的发现问题,这样一方面就可以找到企业之间主要的文化差异,另一方面能够发现对协同效应的实现影响最大的关键因素,让企业更有准备的应对可能发生的文化差异和冲突。

同时要加快整合速度,竟可能在短时间内要将收购公司的文化有选择地移植到被收购公司。

创新的也是难题之一,如今,跨国企业正面临着创新困惑——创新利益与短期目标应该孰先孰后?事实上,所有的公司,从大型的跨国巨头到刚起步的小公司,渐渐都面临着一个共同挑战,那就是企业该如何发展,才能提高自身收入以及股票的价值。

然而,在绝大多数情况下,他们都觉得那以实现,这是应为他们更乐意选择安全系数更高的升级型产品和服务,而不是创新和突破。

也许,需要通过一个规范的流程,以便实际的衡量需要填补的增长差距,扩大寻找的范围。

明确风险,用最新的观念来筛选的项目,并对各种选择进行认真分析,选择合适的合作伙伴,同时还要能够包容,而不是避免风险。

假如一公司从国际战略改为跨国战略,在贯彻这一变革时面临的最重要的挑战是什么?公司怎样才能战胜这些挑战?
各国的法律和政策对跨国公司的态度不一样,当一个国家感觉到跨国公司威胁到本国产业的生存和发展时就有可能对定价、商标保护、性能标准,以及促销进行非关税贸易壁垒。

由于各国的收入水平、教育程度等的差异,导致了经济结构的不同。

一种产品在一国是大路货,在另一国可能成为奢侈品。

语言和文化差异。

由于语言和文化差异很大,对于商品的商标、文字说明以及公司的雇员等就有可能进行限制。

不同的市场渠道和批发渠道差别很大,还有缺乏具有全球思维的职业经纪人,这些都是公司从国际战略改为跨国战略时面临的挑战。

公司要想战胜这些挑战,需要从制度和投资环境入手进一步优化跨国公司在本地投资的环境,给予外商投资者国民待遇,同时结合在全球范围内开展的整顿和规范市场经济秩序工作,坚决制止外商反映最强烈的对外商投资企业乱收费,乱检查等,其次加强外资政策的引导作用,要促进我国产业结构的调整和技术升级,要缩小我国地区间的差距,促进地区间平衡发展,要提高我国主导产业的配套能力,从对外开放格局的特点出发,实行产业差别政策,此外,大力促进外资并购,特别是跨国公司对国内企业的并购,作为重要的引资增长点,加强宏观管理,防止外资企业形成行业和市场垄断。

相关文档
最新文档