英美文化基础教程 笔记总结(美国部分)
英美文化Unit3（学习资料）
英美文化教程Unit 3Chapter 3. Which English?I . Focal Pointsthe roots of the English languageOld EnglishMiddle Englishdifferences between Old English and Middle Englishdifferences between Middle English and Modern EnglishModern EnglishShakespeare' s EnglishBBC EnglishStandard Englishchanges in the English languageThe King' s English and the advice given in the bookII. Questions and Answers on the T ext1. Why did the Celtic people leave little that could later be incorporated into English?They left little that could later be incorporated into English because these people had no written language.2.Where can we find relics of Celtic?We can find relics of Celtic in place names.3.What are the Celtic languages that survive in Britain today?The Celtic languages that survive today are Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.4 What is meant by lingua franca? Give one example of lingua franca ever used in British history.Lingua franca is any language widely used as a means of communication among speakers of other languages. One example is Latin, which became the lingua franca of Britain after the Romans, invaded Britain in 55 BC.5.When did the English alphabet appear? What scripts was it adapted from?The English alphabet appeared sometime between AD 500 and 700. It was adapted from Roman scripts.6. When did the history of the English language really begin? What happened then? The history of English really began around AD 450 when the Angles, Saxons and Jutes - tribes from north-west Germany and Denmark-invaded England in succession.7. How did the four dialects of Old English emerge?After the Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes had taken control of Britain and settled, the four main dialects of Old English emerged from the Germanic dialects.8. What is the ancestor of the modern English language?The ancestor of the modern English language is Old English of Anglo-Saxon.9. What scripts did writers of the Old English period use?Writers of the Old English period used both Latin and Germanic scripts.10. How did the Scandinavian influence enter Old English?The Scandinavian influence entered Old English by way of the Vikings from Scandinavia.11. How large was the vocabulary of Old English by the end of its period?By the end of its period, Old English contained a vocabulary of 30,000 words.12. Name one best-known Old English writer and his works.One of the best-known Old English writers was the V enerable Bede (673--735). His Ecclesiastical History of the English People is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon English.13. What became the official language of England after the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror? What language did the common people speak?After the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror, Norman French became the official language of England. The common people, however, continued to speak their Anglo-Saxon language.14. In English, why do many words connected with administration come from Norman French?Many English words connected with administration come from French because after the Norman invasion Norman French became the official language of England, and the most important positions were given to Normans, who organized government and public affairs.15. What is known as Middle English?The blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French which developed in the three centuries after the Norman Conquest is known as Middle English.16. When did Middle English begin?Middle English began in 1066.17. Why did the literature of England become trilingual in the three centuries following 1066?The literature of England became trilingual because the literature was written in Middle English, which is a blend of French, English and Latin.18. In Middle English, what is meant by the Romance words, and what is meant by the Germanic words?Romance words were the Latin and French words; Germanic words were the English and Scandinavian words.19. Who was the most important writer who used Middle English?The most important writer who used Middle English was Geoffrey Chaucer.20. What is the basic difference between Old English and Middle English?The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.21. In what aspects did the changes from Middle English to Modern English take place?The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.22. When did the spellings and written forms of English begin to become standardized?The spellings and written forms of English began to become standardized at the end of the fifteenth century, with the invention of the printing press (1476).23. When did Modern English start?Modern English started from about AD 1500.24. What does BBC stand for? When was it founded? What was its motto?BBC stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. It was founded in 1927. Its motto was Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. It meant that the English in which the voice of peace was broadcast over the radio should be universally understood.25. Whose particular style of speech is usually recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation English?The Particular style of speech of the BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English or RP English.26. Whom do the speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent?The speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent the educated southern upper class.27. Why has the English language had a very strong association with class and social status?This began from the Norman times when the upper classes spoke a completely different language from the common people.28. What difference have modern ideas of social equality made to language use in Britain?With the ideas of social equality, hallmarks of class distinction such as styles of speech have been gradually discarded, especially by the younger generation.29. What was the attitude towards language use in Britain by the second half of the 1960s? What was the characteristic of the fashionable speech of the day?By the second half of the 1960s, it became apparent that it was not necessary to speak Standard English or even correct grammar to become popular, successful and rich. The fashionable speech of the day was no longer the prerogative of a privileged class rather a defiant expression of classlessness.30. What is the greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times?The greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times is the American accents, idioms and vocabulary exported all over the globe by US films.31. What was the characteristic of the fashion of speech in the 1970’s in Britain?In the 1970s, fashion favoured careless enunciation and a language full of jargon, slang and "in" words, much of it quite incomprehensible to the outside world.32. Who were the authors of The King' s English?The authors of The King' s English were the Fowler brothers.33. What is the approximate proportion of Germanic vocabulary and Romance vocabulary in current English vocabulary?Current English V ocabulary is approximately half Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and half Romance (Latin and French).IV. Explanations:1. Old English(1) Also called Anglo-Saxon, it is the first period of the English language from the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in AD450 to the Norman Conquest in 1066.(2) Old English used both Latin and Germanic scripts. (3) Old English is the ancestor of Modern English. It is quite different from today's English.2. the V enerable Bede(1) The V enerable Bede (673--735) was one of the best. known Old English scholar-monks. (2) He wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon England.3. Middle English(1) Middle English is the name given to the English language in use from the Norman Conquest of 1066 to the introduction of the printing press in England in 1476. (2) Middle English is the blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French. (3) The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.4. Geoffrey Chaucer(1) Geoffrey Chaucer (1345--1400) was the most important Middle English poet. (2) His masterpiece was The Canterbury Tales.5. Modern English(1) Modern English is the English language since 1476. (2) With the introduction of the printing press in 1476, spellings and written forms of the English language began to become standardized. (3) The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.6. the BBC(1) It stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. (2) Its motto is Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. (3) The motto means that the voice of peace spoken over the radio should be universally understood. (4) The speech patterns of BBC annoumers represent the educated southern upper class, and their particular style of speech is recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation (RP) English.7. Standard English(1) The form of English as written and spoken by educated speakers of the language. (2) The style of speech of BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English. (3) Standard English is also the most appropriate variety of English for a foreigner learning English to copy.8. The King' s English(1) The famous book written by the Fowler brothers in 1906. (2) The best advice to all those who wish to become proficient in English was given in this book. (3) The best advice is to try to be direct, simple, brief, vigorous and lucid. (4)This general principle may be translated into practical rules in the domain of vocabulary as follows: Prefer the familiar words to the far-fetched.Prefer the concrete word to the abstract.Prefer the single word to the circumlocation.Prefer the short word to the long.Prefer the Saxon word to the Romance.。
英美文化基础(部分)
Men first came to Britain Cave man
Great Britain was joined to the European continent.
Ice Age
6,000-5,000 BC, landbridge severed
Early settlement
�� 450
�� 690
Three Germanic tribes(Angles, Saxons, Jutes) were invited to defend England from attacks of Picts and Scots. They are farmers and fishermen, soldiers and sailors, combining all the qualities to develop and defend a land. They speak Old English (Anglo-Saxon). They defeated the Celts (King Arthur), who escaped to mountainous Wales and Scotland and even across to Ireland. Egbert, king of Wessex, united England, titled him ��King of the English��. Peace were established by marriage alliances. In 886, Alfred, King of Wessex became lord of all the English.
Lowland Britons(settled agriculture life) accepted and appreciated the Roman way of life. Picts in Pennines (����ɽ��) and Scots in highlands(nomadic life) revolted against Romans. Resistance in Wales were stamped out. Hadrian��s Wall(����������) The downfall of Roman empire in Britain, a leaderless and defenseless land, northern tribes began to come in
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分1. Population, Race and Ethnic Groups 人口与民族世界第三人口大国，20世纪90年代人口增长更加迅速，将来60年还将迅猛增加。
预计将从1992年的25，550万，增加到2000年的27，500万。
移民是人口增长的主要来源，基本开放的移民政策。
现在多数移民来自亚洲和拉丁美洲。
城市化高，最大的城市：纽约，洛杉矶，芝加哥，旧金山，费城。
1946-1964是生育高峰，20世纪80年代人口老龄化趋势。
美国是移民国家。
第一批移民来自英国和荷兰，为了逃避宗教迫害，寻求更好的生活，契约劳工。
三次移民浪潮：第一次移民浪潮始于1805年，1845年到达高峰，许多爱尔兰人迁入。
第二次移民浪潮从1860-1890。
第三次移民浪潮从1890-1914，是最大的一次。
来自奥匈帝国，意大利，俄国，希腊，罗马尼亚和土耳其。
Characteristics of the American population 美国人口的特征流动性。
四次大规模的人口流动：第一次从内战结束到1880年，西进运动。
从东海岸向西部迁移。
第二次从1890-1920年，随着工业化和城市化的实现，人口从农村涌向城市。
第三次从1920-1960年，大批黑人离开南方涌入外地。
第四次从60年代至今，从东北部向西南部的阳光地带迁移。
Black people and the Civil Rights Movement 黑人与民权运动黑人是美国人口最多的少数民族。
自1619年作为奴隶贩运到北美洲，集中在南部农业区，生活悲惨。
代表小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》。
1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865《宪法》第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制，但仍存在歧视。
1954年布朗诉教育委员会一案，开始了漫长的废除种族隔离的进程。
60年代爆发民权运动。
1964年通过《民权法案》，1965年通过《选举权法案》。
英美文学史复习笔记5篇
英美文学史复习笔记5篇第一篇：英美文学史复习笔记英美文学复习时期划分——Early & Medieval literature 包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period ——Renaissance 文艺复兴——Revolution & Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动——Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life, death, belief, time, youth, beauty, love, feelings of different kinds, reason(wisdom), moral lesson, morality.修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵, sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵, form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步, iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格, anapest抑抑扬格, dactyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧novel起源：Christianity 基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、1、The Anglo-Saxon period(496-1066)这个时期的文学作品分类：（pagan异教徒）（Christian基督徒）2、代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》(national epic)（民族史诗）采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)Canto 诗章受到法国影响English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.1、romance传奇文学 Arthurian romances亚瑟王传奇2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗 knighthood 骑士精神三、Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。
英美国家文化与社会入门学习体会（推荐）
英美国家文化与社会入门学习体会（推荐）第一篇：英美国家文化与社会入门学习体会（推荐）英美国家社会和文化入门总结经过近两个学期的学习以来，我对学习英美国家社会和文化这门课程产生了浓厚的学习兴趣，因为有一个负责的老师和有趣的课堂。
虽然说兴趣是最好的老师，可是我感觉自己学起来很吃力，总的来说是因为我的逻辑性不强，偏理科的科目我都不擅长，因此对于英美国家社会和文化入门中每一单元都是那么长的课文，我总是找不到头绪，不能把文章进行板块划分，经过预习、复习和课后梳理这三个步骤后，才能大概知道作者的写作顺序和和文章的结构区分。
老师很严格、授课方式很新颖，经常上课问些很费脑力的问题。
老师的课堂上，我有很多收获，也意识到自己的不足。
大一的时候也选修过英美国家文化这门课程，课堂上老师说了很多经典语录，在唠嗑网上还被有些同学整理了发到网上。
网络上也有很多人的经典语录，为什么说是经典语录呢？因为它们与众不同，不是每一个人都能、都敢说出这样的话，当然，能并且敢说这些话的人必然是有着批判性思维的人，一个墨守陈规的人不会去想着要去质疑和挑战别人或者甚至是权威。
许多我们一直认为是理所当然的事在老师的课堂上有了激烈的争议，比如怀孕要静养和坐月子这件事吧，现在中国妇女一发现怀孕了，就要呆在家里安胎，那我们的奶奶那一代的女人怎么生小孩的呢？她们当时很多人分娩前还在地里干活。
女人十月怀胎，一朝分娩实在不容易，就算是顺产也肯定是很辛苦，加上现在很多人选择剖腹产，肯定要好好休养，中国人的传统是要吃好喝好一个月，相对外国人只要休息一个星期，我还是比较赞同外国人的方式，因为之前也见过有些生产完休养一个月之后，再见到她跟分娩之前的样子没什么区别，所以说怀孕时候适当运动有助于母婴健康，分娩过后适当休养有助于母亲的身材恢复。
我们寝室内部曾讨论说，李端奇老师适合当老师，而不能从政，因为老师跟我的高三班主任一样的性格，都是说话不留情，一针见血，有批判性思维，在常人眼里是比较反叛的人。
英美文化-美国部分
美国部分一：地理人口第三（占全球4.5%）面积第四50个州：48 continental states；2 island states (Alaska, Hawaii)东海岸：Appalachian Mountains 阿巴拉契亚山脉西海岸：Rocky Mountains 洛基山脉Mississippi River：3rd longest “Father of Waters””Ol d Man River”five Great Lakes：（21％of surface fresh water):Lake Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario(Niagara Waterfall)1.东北部：New England·Vermont(绿山造船业发达), Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts(革命之地), Connecticut(康涅狄格州), Rhod e Island(罗德岛州，the small est in size) ·Protestant influence：新教徒（离开英国的国教）work ethic 勤奋→value hard and d evoted work·Religious freed om：Anti-col onialist l egacy 反殖民→Ind epend encye.g. Boston Tea Party, Revolutionary War·Town meetings：Mod el for d emocratic government 民主No king or queen, everyone votes.·Political activism: Community involvement 国家政治不限于地域More focused on national politics·Fishing & shipbuil ding→工业革命(Most British navy fl eats get raw material from Vermont)·Intellectual & cultural center：MIT；Ivy League (8) 常春藤Ivy League中，Columbia, Harvard, Princeton, Yale是最初的四所，与后来的Brown, Cornell, Dartmouth, Penn.合称常春藤2．The Mid Atlantic Region:·两次迁都New York City →Pennsylvania(Philad elphia，宪法1787撰写地) →Washington, D.C.（确定三权分立）·History：Ellis Island: Port for immigrants 隔离以防止传染病。
American_History英美文学复习 美国历史精华篇
Relations of American Indians with European settlers
• friendship
• American Indians helped the early Europeans to survive
• hostility
• American Indians were killed and driven to mountainous and barren areas known as Indian Reservations, as a result of interests in land and cultural conflicts
Stamp Act
• 印花税，是税的一种，是对合同、凭证、 书据、账簿及权利许可证等文件征收的税 种。纳税人通过在文件上加贴印花税票， 或者盖章来履行纳税义务。
Tea Act
• The British government allowed the company to sell tea at lower price in the colonies through its own people. This took away the tea business from American tea merchants.
– The British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies. – ―No taxation without representation‖ – ( 无代表， 不纳税）
Washington. The Declaration of Independence
英美文化教程
英美文化教程复习资料一、知识点：英国部分1、英国组成，国旗，国歌：The United Kingdom of Great Britian and Northern Ireland is a union made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.The Union Jack is the national flag and God Save the King/Queen is used as the national anthem.2、英国语言经历点阶段：he history of the English language has generally been divided into Old English, spoken by theancient Germans lasting from 450 to 1150; Middle English from 1151 to 1500; and Modern English beginning from 1501.3、抵抗丹麦的皇帝：Alfred the Great, King of Wessex大宪章：The Great CharterThe Great Charter is a most important document in England history. It has been called “the corner stone” of English history. The Great Charter provides that the king should permit merchants to move about freely and should observe the privileges of the various towns, which were growing in number and size.4、宪章运动In 1837 the London Workingman’s Association worked out the famous document, The People’s CharterThe People’s Charter constituted six points:（人民宪章）(1)Votes for all males.(2)Annual election of Parliament (instead of general election every seven years).(3)Payment of Members of Parliament (so that poor men could afford to take part in political activities).(4)Secret voting (so that to avoid bribery and intimidation).(5)Abolition of property qualifications for Parliament Members (so that workers could seek to be elected).(6)Equal electoral districts (so that the large population of the workers could enjoy a corresponding share of thevotes).The People’s Charter was formally adopted at a meeting of workers held on August 8, 1838, on Newhall Hill.In 1840, the Chartist Movement witnessed the second upsruge.In 1848, the Chartist Movement expericenced the third and last upsruge.5、英国两院制上议院、下议院(议会)The parliament(议会) is bicameral (两院制), with an upper house, the non-elected House of Lords, and a lower house, the elected House of Commons.The House of Lords includes two different types of members: the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temproal.The House of Lords today is more a place of discussion and debate than one of substantial power. It main functions include debating the issues of the day and improving certain non-tax bills inadequately considered by the Commons before they are passed into low. In some rare cases, it may delay the passage of bills approved by the Commons, but only for up to a year.The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamber with elections to it, held at least every 5 years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster, in the City of Westminster in London. House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the UK. The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 646 members. The leader of the party with the majority of seats becomes the Prime Minister, head of the government. He or she then chooses an inner cabinet of key ministers and appoints junior ministers in various ministers.Power:1.Legislative(立法权)：The House of Commons has the supreme authority of the legislation, their motion can directly get Royal Assent.2.finace power(财政权)：only the house of commons has the right to propose the motion on tax or supply(只有下议院才有权力提出税收及供应的权力)3.Suprvise the government (监督政府)：as the head of the government, if the prime minister wants to continue in office, he/she must be admitted by the House of Commons. It has the right to impeach(弹劾) the prime minister or the government. Functions: Members of Parliament are involved in considering can drafting new laws.MPs can use their position to ask government ministers questions about current issues.To supervise, or oversee finance.6、两大政党The Conservative Party: 1 relatively rich and privileged;2 maintenance of the existing institutions as itspolicy;3last word in deciding policy by its leader;4 conference for the leader’guidance but a device for making the party’s policyThe Labor Party: 1 relatively poor and underprivileged; 2 strong in the heavily-populated industrial areas and particularly associated with the working class; 3 nationwide organization, few resources and heavily depends on the trade unions; 4 conference for making the party policy(1)The Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprises. It is against too muchgovernment intervention, especially nationalization, which not only takes control away from the owners and builders of industry, but also leads to inefficiency. The Conservative Party favors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare. It policies are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individualism. (2)The Labor Party believes in an egalitarian(平等主义的) economy, transferring wealth from the rich to the poor by meansof taxing the most affluent members of society and providing support for the poor in society. They deem the government responsible for the provision of range of public services, such as social welfare, education and public transport. The Labor government that came to power in 1945 had a major effect on British society. It set up the National Health Service to provide high quality, free health care for all, “from cradle to grave”, providing a range of welfare payments, and most controversially, it “nationalized”a wide range of industries, making a mixed economy of both private-and state-owned enterprises. The Labor Party became known as a party of high taxation.7.The Open University （开放大学）a degree-granting institution that provides courses of study for adults of all ages through television, radio, produced books, audio/video cassettes, correspondence courses and local study programmes.8. 19世纪末英国经济绝对—相对衰退Absolute Decline and Relative Decline9英国教育：四大私立中学，大学四大私立中学：Eton Harrow Rugby Winchester大学：Ancient Universities founded before the 19th centuryLondon Universities founded in the 19th and early 20th centuriesRed Brick Universities founded in the 19th and early 20th centuriesPlate Glass Universities founded in the 1960sThe Open Universities founded in 1968 (重点)P137New Universities created in or after 1992古老的大学：The university of Oxford(历史更久)；The university of Cambridge10 “British history has been a history of invasions”.British history has been a history of invasions. Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kingdoms of Celtic people. They brought the central European culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it f or slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism.However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the kni ghts' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English.In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the northern and eastern England. An Anglo-Saxon hero, king Alf red the Great fought against the Vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between nort herners and southerners in England. Later, the Normans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, kille d the king and William became the First of England. They imported a ruling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rule d Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That dir ectly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, w e can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.In fact, such invasion is a peaceful history of joining together the various parts of the British Isles and the power graduall y transferred from the monarch to the parliament. So the constitutional monarchy has been established in Britain.11.English Language (s三个阶段)：old English period—middle English period---modern English period二、英国选择、填空、简答题1、The British Isles are situated in the northwest of the Europe.2、The highland zone is an area of high hills and mountains in the north and east of Britain.3、The Pennine Chain is sometimes called the backbone of England.4、The Severn River is the longest river in Britain.5、Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in the UK.6、The British Isles are cut off from the continent by the English Channel.7、On the north and the east, the Isles face the North Sea and on the west they face the Atlantic Ocean.8、The highland zone is cooler than the lowland zone, and receives more rainfall and less sunlight.9、The Highlands act as a divide and determine whether rivers flow west to the Irish Sea or east to the North Sea.10、The seven Conurbations in Britain contain one third of the population of the country.11、The English people are descendants of Anglo-Saxons.12、Middle English took shape about a century after the Norman Conquest.13、London dialect was once disseminated throughout the country NOT because London was a D center.A. commercialB. politicalC. printingD. linguistic14、Scotland has had a separate legal system.15、The English people are the descendants of Anglo-Saxons , while the Scots, Welsh and Irish are the descendants of the Celts.16、Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a two-party system.17、In Britain, the parliament general election is held every five years.18、The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individual.19、The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it set up the National Health Service.20、Other countries have “citizens”. But in Britain people are legally described as subject.21、Elizabeth II succeeded to the throne in 1952.22、Which of the followings in not RIGHT to describe the Prime Minister? DA The head of CabinetB The head of civil serviceC The leader of the Party in powerD The head of the country23、The third largest political party in Britain is the Liberal Party.24、The British economy achieved global dominance by 1880s.25、Which of the following statements is NOT true about the UK economy? CA. Britain remains one of the Group of Seven largest industrial economies.B. Britain has experienced a relative economic decline in 1945.C. There has been a period of steady decreasing of living standards.D. Some smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per capital.26、Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK? DA. Beef cattleB. Dairy cattleC. ChichenD. Sheep27、Which of the following used to be the last independent car company in the UK? CA. FordB. PeugeotC. RoverD.BMW28、In the aerospace industry, which two countries are ahead of Britain? The US and Russia29、Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector? BA. ShellB. ICIC. PTZD. British Gas30、”The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire India, which provided raw material and a big market for British goods, gained independence in 1947.31、Since 1945, the UK economy has experienced relative decline rather than absolute decline.32、In recent years, Britain is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment.33、The UK economy can be divided into three main sectors: primary industries, secondary industries and tertiary industries.34、Englishman Frank Whittle developed the world’s first jet engine in 1937.35、What kind of secondary schools now receives the largest number of students? Comprehensive schools36、Which is incorrect to describe the independent schools? CA. They are public schools. C. They are fee-free schools.B. They emphasize the importance of character training. D. Many of them are boarding schools.37、Open University communicates with its students mainly by radio, television programs, local study programmes.38、The University of Buckingham is a privately funded university in Britain.39、If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the exam called General Certificate of Education-Advanced.40、Easter commemorates the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ41、On which day is Halloween celebrated? October 3142、Where are the international tennis championships held? Wimbledon43、Which one in the following is famous for its literary and dramatic criticism? DA. The EconomistB. The SpectatorC.TribuneD. Punch44、Which one of the following is NOT particularly British Christmas tradition? CA.Enjoying the Pantomime C.Eating chocolate eggs.B.The Queen broadcasting her Christmas message D.Shopping on the Boxing Day.45、Margaret Thatcher was the United Kingdom’s first woman Prime Minister.46、Margaret Thatcher’s nickname is the Iron Lady三、知识点：美国部分1、美国简介The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and a water border with Russia.It national day is on 4th of July (Independence Day).Washington, D.C. is the capital of the United States of America.George Washington is the first president.Flag: Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and the Star-Spangled Banner.The bald eagle was chosen on June 20, 1782 as the emblem.National anthem is the Star - Spangled Banner.The Great Lakes: Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.2、二战与美国America in WWII: 1 From Isolation to Intervention(隔离-干预)2 Battle Against Germany (Normandy Landing诺曼底登陆1944)3 Battle Against Japan(The Pearl Harbor incident 珍珠港事件导火线---- T he Battle of Midway 中途岛战役1942<the turning point of the war>)America After WWII:1Truman and Cold War（The Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义）2The Eisenhower Doctrine （艾森豪威尔主义）3The Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis（猪湾事件和古巴导弹危机）3、美国政治：Three Branches of the American Government(三权分立)The federal government has three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial. Through a system of separation of powers and the system of "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches. The policies of the federal government have a broad impact on both the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution.The legislative branch consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, collectively known as the Congress. There are 100 senators; each state has two. Each state has a different number of representatives, with the number determined by the state's population. At present, there are 435 members of the House. The legislative branch, as a whole, is charged with passing the nation's laws and allocating funds for the running of the federal government and providing assistance to the 50 U.S. states.The executive branch The chief executive of the United States is the President, who, together with the vice president, is elected to a four-year term. A crucial function of the executive branch is to ensure that laws are carried out and enforced to facilitate such day-to-day responsibilities of the federal government as collecting taxes, safeguarding the homeland and representing the United States' political and economic interests around the world.The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution. Thejudicial branch consists of the United States Supreme Court and lower federal courts. Its primary function is to hear cases that challenge legislation or require interpretation of that legislation. The U.S. Supreme Court has nine Justices, who are chosen by the President, confirmed by the Senate, and have a lifetime appointment.4、美国宗教特征: Distinctive Characteristics1.freedom and toleration2.pluralism and diversity3.prospects5、美国教育：The Ivy League（常春藤联）:Harvard UniversityYale University University of Pennsylvania Princeton University Columbia University Brown University Cornell University Dartmouth College四．美国题目1.The United States has altogether fifty states.2.Alaska is the largest state in land area and Rhode Island the smallest.3.Before their conversion to farmland, the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands.4.The longest river in America is Missouri River.ke Superior has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in the world.6.The climate of the United States, as a whole, can be classified as temperate.7.The Great Plains and Midwest, due to the contrasting air masses, sees frequent severe thunderstorms andtornado outbreaks during spring and summer.8.One natural disaster that frequents the country are hurricanes, which can hit anywhere along the Gulf Coastor the Atlantic Coast as well as Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.9.The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States, inWashington, Oregon and northern California along the Cascade Mountains.10.America has plenty of fertile soil. Farmlands in the United States make up about 12% of the arable lands inthe world, and they are among the richest and most productive ones.11.The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico, and a water border with Russia.12.The United States secured its independence from Great Britain in 1783.13.The United States ranks as the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada, and China.14.The five Great Lakes are located in the north-central portion of the country, four of them forming part ofthe border with Canada.15.Of the 13 British colonies only Connecticut and Rlode Island.16.The First Continental Congress was attended by the representatives from all the colonies EXCEPT DA. DelawareB.PennsylvaniaC.MassachusettsD.Georgia17.The victory of Saratoga was the turning point of the War of Inpendence.18.When the Second War of Inpendence broke out in 1812, the US President was James Madison.19.The Mexican territories annexed by US and as a result of the Mexican War include the following statesEXCEPT AA.OregonB.TexasC. CaliforniaD.Arizona20.Which of the following is NOT the measure taken by Lincoln’s Administration in 1862 to change the situationand win the Civil War? DA.The passage of the Homestead Act.B.The issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation.C.The allowance of Negroes to join the Union Army.D.The ordering of the Union Army to take over Richmond.21.The US imperialism was marked by all the following EXCEPT CA.highly developed industryB.high concentration of capitalC.free business competitionD.overseas territorial expansion22.When the First World War began, President Wilson immediately called upon the American people to observestrict neutrality.23.The Post-WWII program of economic assistance to Western Europe was known as Marshall Plan.24.Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated the philosophy of nonviolence.。
英美文化笔记
英国篇英国历史上著名的三次入侵：1. in 43AD, Roman conquest.2. in late 8th century, Scandinavian Vikings Conquest3.in 1066, Norman Conquest(Battle of hastings转折点)Easter Rising（复活节起义，名词解释）：The Easter Rising of 1916 was the most spectacular event, in which the rebels took over Dublin’s Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by military means. The leaders of the rebellion were executed(执行死刑).Provisional IRA（临时爱尔兰共和军）：（IRA：Irish Republican Army）It is a strong faction felt that armed force was the only way to get the British out, and separated from the officials. It is this group which has continued the conflict for the last 30 years, and it is them that are usually referred to by talking about the IRA.两个协议：1．The Anglo-Irish Agreement: It was emerged in 1985. Under the agreement, the Dublin government on matters affecting the northern,2．The Good Friday Agreement: It is also known as Belfast Agreement, emerged on 10 April 1998. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom and shall not cease to be so without the consent of the majority of the people of Northern Ireland .英国自由的起源：Magna Carta（英国大宪章）：It was a gang of feudal barons and the church which opposed some of king’s ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as British’s key expression of the rights of citizens against the crown.英国政治的核心机构：议会parliament（了解各自特征）包括House of lords（上议院）：It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. They sit in the lords either because they have inherited the seat form forefathers or because they have been opined by the sovereign(统治者), at the suggestion of the Prime Minister. In parliament, they speak and vote as individuals. They do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament at all.House of Commons（下议院）:It currently consists of about 646 membersof Parliament (MPs) elected by the people to represent them. MPs are only allowed to sit for the lifetime of the parliament, MPs receive a salary of about £64766 a year.They also receive allowance for secretaries and researchers, travel and so on. The House of Commons is the real center of British political life. It is the place where elected representatives make and debate policy.1869英国权利法案（The Bill of Rights）:It limited the right of the king and established the British constitutional monarchy（君主立宪制）.详记美国权利法案：英国有几个政党？简述各自的主张：The Conservative Party: the major right-wing party in British, supported by middle class or up classes such as landowners, businessmen and nobles(贵族)，representingthe interests of the monopoly bourgeois. Supporting free enterprise and opposed to nationalization and to extending social services.The Labor party: the principal left party in England, Scotland and Wales since the 1920s, representing the interests of the working class as against the interests of the employers(雇主，老板),in favor of nationalization as key industries. Its policies are connected with those of the trade union movement.The Liberal Democrats: they emphasize the need for change in British’s constitutional arrangements to make government more democratic and accountable(有责任的).不信任案no-confidence motion: A special form the Parliament to supervise the government. It is usually put forward when the Parliament disagree the policies and guidelines of the government.The leader of the Liberal party described the 1980s as a time of “private affluence and public squalor”The Canterbury T ales by Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟)莎士比亚的作品：《Hamlet》《Othello》《King Lear》伊丽莎白时期最主要的艺术形式：Drama浪漫主义时代的诗人：William Wordsworth《The Prelude》Samuel Taylor Coleridge《The Rime of Ancient Mariner》。
英美文化总结英文版作文
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文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!The English and American cultures are rich and diverse, each with its own unique characteristics. In England, the traditional afternoon tea is a popular custom. People gather together to enjoy a cup of tea, accompanied byfinger sandwiches, scones, and cakes. It is a time for relaxation and socializing, often accompanied by polite conversations and polite manners.In America, the Fourth of July is a significant holiday that celebrates independence. It is marked with fireworks, parades, and barbecues. Families and friends come together to enjoy the festivities and show their patriotism. It is a time for fun, food, and freedom.English and American cuisines also have their own distinct flavors. In England, fish and chips are a classic dish that is loved by many. The crispy battered fish and the thick-cut chips are a perfect combination. In America, hamburgers and hot dogs are iconic foods that are oftenenjoyed at barbecues and picnics. They are quick, easy, and delicious.When it comes to sports, football is a passion for both the English and the Americans. In England, football matches are a major event, with fans cheering for their favorite teams and singing chants. In America, American football is a popular sport, with the Super Bowl being one of the most-watched events of the year. The atmosphere is electric, with fans coming together to support their teams.The English and American education systems also have their own unique approaches. In England, students wear uniforms and follow a more formal structure of education. In America, students have more freedom in their choice of clothing and the curriculum is more flexible. Both systems aim to provide quality education and prepare students for their future.In terms of language, English is spoken in both England and America, but there are some differences in vocabulary and pronunciation. For example, in England, the word"biscuit" refers to what Americans would call a "cookie." Additionally, accents can vary greatly between regions in both countries, adding to the linguistic diversity.Overall, the English and American cultures are diverse and fascinating. From traditional customs and cuisine to sports and education, each culture has its own unique characteristics that contribute to the rich tapestry of global culture.。
英美文学选读(美国文学部分)
《英美文学选读》（美国文学部分）American LiteratureChapter one : The romantic periodI. Emerson’s transcendentalism and his attitude toward nature:1.Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.2. Emerson’s transcendentalism:The over-soul—it is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.3.His toward nature:Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God’s presence. It ex ercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult.II. Hawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man:1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puristans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England.2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured and sinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another.3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and na?ve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he becomes distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone ,who is born pure and has no contact with the real world ,and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the witch’s Sabbath, they become what they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no exception. So Brown is aged in that night.III. The symbolism of Melville’s Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.IV. Whitman and his Leaves of Grass :1. Theme: sing of the “en-mass” and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and ***ual love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps)2. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse (i.e. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme),by means of which he becomes conversational and casual.3.He uses the first person pronoun “I” to stress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the common reader.Chapter two : The realistic periodI. The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn in Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark TwainHuck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in essence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. At first, he stands by slavery, for he clings to the idea that if he lets go the slave, he will be damned to go to hell. And when the “King” sells Jim for money, Huck decides to inform Jim’s master. After he thinks of the past good time when Jim and he are on the raft where Jim shows great care and deep affection for him, he decide to rescue Jim. AndHuck still thinks he is wrong while he is doing the right thing.Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization.II. Daisy Miller by Henry James1. Theme: The novel is a story about American innocence defeated by the stiff, traditional values of Europe. James condemns the American failure to adopt expressive manners intelligently and point out the false believing that a good heart is readily visible to all. The death of Daisy results from the misunderstanding between people with different cultural backgrounds.2. The character analysis of Daisy: She represents typical American girl, who is uninformed and without the mature guidance. Ignorance and parental indulgence combine to foster he assertive self-confidence and fierce willfulness. She behaves in the same daring naive way in Europe as she does at home. When someone is against her, she becomes more contrary. She knows that she means no harm and is amazed that anyone should think she does. She does not compromise to the European manners.3. The character analysis of Winterbourne: He is a Europeanized American, who has live too long in foreign parts. He is very experience and has a problem understanding Daisy. He endeavors to put her in sort of formula, i.e. to classify her.III. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser:1. Theme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.2. The character analysis of Carrie: She follows the right direction to a pursuit of the American dream, and the circumstances and her desire for a better life direct to the successful goal. But she is not contented, because with wealth and fame, she still finds herself lonely. She is a product of the society, a realization of the theory of the survival of the fittest.3. The character analysis of Hurstwood: He is a negative evidence of the theory of the survival of the fittest. Because he is still conventional and can not throw away the social morals, he is not fitted to live in New York.Chapter Three: The Modern PeriodI. Ezra Pound and his theory of Imagism1. The principles: a. direct treatment of the thing; b. to use absolutely noword that does not contribute to the presentation; c. to compose in the sequence of the musical; d. to use the language of common speech and the exact word; e. to create new rhythms; f. absolutely freedom in the choice of subject.2. Imagism is to present an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. An imagistic poem must present the object exactly the way the thing is seen. And the reader can form the image of the object through the process of reading the abstract and concrete words.II. Frost and his poetry on nature:Frost is deeply interested in nature and in men’s relationship to nature. Nature appears as an explicator and a mediator for man and serve as the center of reference of his behavior. Peace and order can be found in Frost’s poetical natural world. With surface simplicity of his poems, the thematic concerns are always presented in rich symbols. Therefore his work resists easy interpretation.III. F. Scott Fitzgerald and his The Great Gatsby1. Theme: Gatsby is American Everyman. His extraordinary energy and wealth make him pursue the dream. His death in the end points at the truth about the withering of the American Dream. The spiritual and moral sterility that has resulted from the withered American Dream is fullyrevealed in the article. However, although he is defeated, the dream has gave Gatsby a dignity and a set of qualities. His hope and belief in the promise of future makes him the embodiment of the values of the incorruptible American Dream .2. The character analysis of Gatsby: Gatsby is great, because he is dignified and ennobled by his dream and his mythic vision of life. He has the desire to repeat the past, the desire for money, and the desire for incarnation of unutterable vision on this material earth. For Gatsby, Daisy is the soul of his dreams. He believe he can regain Daisy and romantically rebels of time. Although he has the wealth that can match with the leisured class, he does not have their manners. His tragedy lies in his possession of a naive sense and chivalry.IV. Ernest Hemingway’s artistic features:1. The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure:They have seen the cold world ,and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever is the result is, the are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevail because of their indestructible spirit and courage.2. The iceberg technique:Hemingway believe that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth the is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.V. The character analysis of Emily in A Rose for Emily:Emily is a symbol of old values, standing for tradition, duty and past glory. But she is also a victim to all those she cares and embrace. The source of Emily’s strange ness is from her born pride and self-esteem, the domineering behavior of her father and the betrayal of her lover. Barricaded in her house, she has frozen the past to protect her dreams. Her life is tragic because the defiance of the community, her refusal to accept the change and her extreme pride have pushed her to abnormality and insanity.。
英美文化基础第二章The People
4
5
The Warrior of Vikings
6
7
The Vikings’ Castle
诺曼底征服
• 1066年诺曼底公爵渡海征服英格兰。 • 对英国历史的发展产生了深远的影响，封 建制度从欧洲大陆带到了英格兰。 法国人。French Normans another ethnic component. (last major group )
Language Approx total Language Approx total
English
Greek French
608,500
6,300 5,600
German
Japanese
Regionalism
英国人口中百分之八十是英格兰人，其他是 苏格兰人、威尔士人和爱尔兰人。英语是官方语 言，但许多人不讲英语，在威尔士讲凯尔特语， 在苏格兰高原有八万人左右讲盖尔语。
•The formation of Modern English
Because of the aggressions from Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Vikings, English was deeply affected by the Germanic dialects(日耳曼方言） and the language of the Danes（丹麦语）. Then from the 11th to 14th century ,under the French-speaking Norman kings, a hybrid speech combining Anglo-Saxons and Norman French elements developed and gradually became the official language known as Middle English. This hybrid language ,along with many additions from many other language in the world, subsequently evolved into modern English.
朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》笔记和课后习题详解(工业、农业、商业)【圣才出品】
第5章工业、农业、商业5.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Industry1. The Industrial Revolution2. Location3. Ownership4. Redistribution of IndustryⅡ. Agriculture1. Invisible Earnings2. The City of LondonⅠ. Industry(工业)The story of Britain’s development by the second half of the nineteenth century, into the first truly industrial nation is fascinating. It is linked, on the one hand, with the Industrial Revolution and, on the other hand, with the emergence of Britain as the world’s greatest political and economic influence.十九世纪下半叶英国发展成为第一个真正的工业国家的故事是迷人的。
一方面它与工业革命有关，另一方面，它又与英国在世界上具有最大的政治和经济影响有关。
1. The Industrial Revolution(工业革命)(1) DefinitionThe Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times.(2) Effect of Industrial RevolutionBritish products flooded the world market. In this revolution, manual labor was replaced by machines. The British bourgeoisie amassed large amounts of wealth through trade, plunder and colonization. No other country was strong enough to match Britain in the nineteenth century.(1) 定义工业革命的时间为1750年到1850年，在这期间，农业，制造业，采矿，运输，技术的变化对当时的社会、经济和文化条件产生了深远的影响。
英美国家文化概况知识点总结
Note 1:ENGLISH CULTUREINTRODUCTION:The World : a Sphere/Globe2 elements: Land + Water:7 CONTINENTS + 5 OCEANSAsia, Africa, Europe, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian,North America, South America, Arctic, SouthernAustralia, AntarcticaThere are more than200 COUNTRIES. …. 25% (1/4) speak ENGLISH.*ENGLISH is THE International Language *WHERE did ENGLISH Originate?Background: The earliest successful Civilisations are known to have existedthousands of years ago. eg Egyptian, Greek, RomanBy 1st Century BC, the Roman Empire had spread north through much of Europe. The Romans were noted for their organized,educated and developed Society.- 54 BC : ROMAN INVASION of GREAT BRITAINThe Romans conquered the CELTS (local people). Some were killed, some joined the Romans, some were forced West (Wales) or North (Scotland).440 AD : The Romans returned to Rome because of threatsfrom the North.- 5th and 6th CENTURIES: ANGLO-SAXON INVASION of GREAT BRITAINThe Angles and Saxons from Northern EUROPE conquered the Roman-Celts.Once again, the Celts withdrew to Wales and Scotland.Note 2:1066 AD: NORMAN INVASION of GREAT BRITAINThe Normans (from Normandy: France) conquered theAnglo-Saxons. They commenced the English Monarchy.William the Conqueror became the 1st King.-1100 AD – 1300 AD: England and France fought many Wars for land in France. Eventually French lands were returned to France. The “English” had only GB.-1349-1350 AD: “Black Death”(disease) killed many people in GB and Europe.13th & 14th Centuries AD: Sailors (from England, Spain, Portugal) made many voyages SOUTH of Europe. In time,they sailed around Africa and discovered the“East Indies”.Eventually, they sailed around the WORLD. Many lands were claimed for their home country because of the riches found there.(Spices, cloth, precious stones). This was whenCOLONISATION started.15th Century AD: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION began.Sailors continued exploring. French, Dutch and Germans also claimed colonies in other parts of the world.-1476 AD: The PRINTING PRESS was invented.17th & 18th Centuries AD: TRANSPORT andMANUFACTURING Industries were mechanised. Manypeople had no job because of mechanisation.The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION helped Britain become the most advanced and most Powerful nation in the World.-2000 AD: The BRITSH EMPIRE was the largest in the World with the best NAVY.Note 3:1914-1918: World War I-1939-1945: World War IIBritish soldiers fought alongside the “Allies”(friends) from Europe and British Colonies. The Debt caused by these wars cost Britain dearly.After WWII, Britain gave independence to itsColonies…they separate countries now.The British Empire was replaced : NOW: Commonwealth of Nations.Why do WE learn ENGLISH?From 14th Century:Spanish, Portuguese, British sailors explored and claimed foreign lands for their King.By the end 19th Century: The British Empire was the largest…25% of the World’s countries spoke ENGLISHBritain’s dominance was reduced after WW I and WWTODAY : There are 54 Commonwealth Countries where– English is the 1st: England, Scotland, Wales, N Ireland, Australia, Canada, New Zealandor 2nd language: India, Pakistan, South Africa, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Sri Lanka +++…Note 4:LANDMARKS of LONDON1.Westminster Abbey : 1066 : Coronation of William (1stKing)2.Tower of London :Commenced : 1066*used as: a Castle in 1078 by William the Conquerora prison from 1100and soldiers barracks16th,17th Centuries: The Royal Mint, Crown Jewels3.Tower Bridge crosses Thames River near Tower of London.4.Westminster Abbey: continued to be built from 1245;Monarchs crowned and buried there. 1953: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II5.Westminster Palace: home of Royalty until destroyed by fire15126.Houses of Parliament : rebuilt 1834 : copy of WestminsterPalace.7.Big Ben, now Elizabeth Tower, 1858- largest 4-face clocktower in the World, part of Houses of Parliament.8.Victoria Tower : tallest tower of Houses of Parliament; honourslongest reinging British Monarch: Queen Victoria(75years)9.Buckingham Palace: built 1838, working centre and home ofRoyalty10.Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace11.Trafalgar Square near National Museum and Art Galleries,honours Battle of Trafalgar lead by Lord Nelson; Nelson’sColumnSpecial Structures:MODERN:London Eye= Millenium Eye -1999, large ferris wheel:panoramic views of LondonOLD: Westminster Abbey - 1066 ADANCIENT: Stonehenge – 3000 BC : pre-historic monument, possibly a burial site, circular arrangement of HUGESTONES; l ocated south of London。
英美文化基础第一章The Country
※Great Britain (England, Scotland, and the principality of Wales. )
※Northern Ireland (also known as Ulster)
※Numerous smaller islands
Northern Ireland
William Wordsworth
a romantic oet
appointed poet laureate in 1843
Living in the Lake district after 1797
（1770—1850）
Dove Cottage was the home of William Wordsworth (1770 - 1850), one of the earliest and perhaps greatest, of the English Romantic poets.
The Lake District
Pastoral scene in Lake District
The north and west --- highlands.
The east and southeast --- lowlands
Geographical features
LOGO
rivers
The longest river in England: River Severn
（220 miles，354 km)
English Channel
Scotland Administrative divisions
The official title of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
英美文化学习笔记
British Culture联合王国由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四部分组成，全国面积为244，000平方公里。
最早在英国定居的人类是大约10，000年前从欧洲大陆来的石器时代的游猎者和游牧寻食者。
到了大约公元前700年左右，北欧的凯尔特人（Celts）来到英国。
公元前55年，罗马人入侵英国，征服了当时英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰的各个王国。
苏格兰人：苏格兰人已知的最早祖先是皮各特人（Picts）和凯尔特人，所操语言为盖尔语（Gaelic），也讲英语。
苏格兰人为苏格兰高地人（Highlanders）和低地人（Lowlanders）两个群体。
高地人，主要生活在北部山区，他们身着苏格兰民族服装——带有格子的短裙（kilt),生性骄傲，独立，吃苦耐劳。
主要以牧羊等为生。
低地人生活在苏格兰的南部城镇，以采煤，造船和纺织为生。
苏格兰民族主义者从1960年代开始要求建立独立的议会。
1979年英国政府为此在苏格兰举行了一次全民公决，结果表明不足40%的苏格兰人支持建立独立议会。
苏格兰人的历史和性格在许多著名的苏格兰作家的作品中得到了体现，如罗伯特▪彭斯（Robert Burns），沃尔特▪司各特（Sir Walt Scott）和罗伯特▪路易斯▪斯蒂文森（Robert Louis Stevenson）。
威尔士人威尔士于1282年最后被英格兰征服，《1535年联盟法案》（1535 Act of Union）使威尔士正式成为英国的一部分。
威尔士人也分为两个群体：生活在中部和北部山区以牧羊为主的农民和生活在南部工业发达的城市人口。
威尔士人所操语言除了英语外，还有威尔士语。
威尔士人喜爱诗歌和音乐，每年都举行诗歌音乐节（Eisteddfod）。
他们的生活在一些威尔士作家的笔下得到了生动的体现，如戴伦▪托马斯（Fylan Thomas）和理查▪卢韦林（Richard Llewellyn）等。
爱尔兰人爱尔兰人的祖先也是凯尔特人，所操语言包括英语和盖尔语。
朱永涛《英美文化基础教程》笔记和课后习题详解(英联邦)【圣才出品】
第12章英联邦12.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The CommonwealthⅡ. Mixed Territories: the Present SituationⅢ. Color Problems in BritainⅠ. The Commonwealth(英联邦)The Commonwealth of Nations’ contains three groups of territories as follows:(1) ‘White’ territories, whose inhabi tants are mainly of British descent, and who speak English as their mother tongue, viz. Canada (with Newfoundland), Australia and New Zealand.(2) ‘Non-white’ territories, where the British have never settled, except temporarily as traders and administrators, e.g. India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West African countries and Malaya.(3) Mixed territories, whose inhabitants are partly British and partly non-British,e. g. the Central African and East African countries.英联邦领土包含如下三组：(1) 白人地区，其居民主要是英国血统，英语是他们的母语，这三个地区是加拿大（与纽芬兰），澳大利亚和新西兰。
(2) 非白人地区，除了将其用作短暂的交易员和管理员外，英国从来没有真正征服过这些地区，包括印度，巴基斯坦，斯里兰卡，马来亚和西非国家。
AP美国历史笔记总结
P美国历史笔记总结战争：1、The War of Independence 1775-1782 (美国胜)美国独立战争（The American Revolution），也称“北美独立战争”。
指1775年波士顿人民在美国莱克星顿与英军交战拉开独立战序幕到1783年英军在法国签订《巴黎条约》投降的战争。
美国独立战争既是一次民族独立战争，又是一次资产阶级革命。
１７７５年４月18-１９日，波士顿人民在莱克星顿上空打响了独立战争的第一枪，莱克星顿的枪声拉开了美国独立战争的序幕。
英国政府于1773年颁布《茶税法》企图垄断北美的茶叶生意，他们给予英属东印度公司在北美倾销茶叶的专卖权。
此举激起了殖民地人民的强烈反对。
12月16日夜晚，“自由之子社”的部分成员化装成印第安人后，登上三艘停泊在港口的英国运茶船，将船上343箱茶叶统统倒入大海。
这就是有名的波士顿倾茶事件(Boston Tea Party)。
萨拉托加大捷是世界史上著名的战役，是北美英属殖民地十三州独立战争的转折点。
独立宣言：1776年7月4日大陆会议美利坚十三个联合邦一致通过的宣言独立战争又是一次资产阶级革命，它推翻了英国的殖民统治，创造了美利坚合众国，同时又铲除了殖民时期封建残余的长子继承法、续嗣限定法和代役税，奴隶制契约也基本上废除。
从而解放了生产力，为美国资本主义的发展开辟了宽广的道路。
正如列宁所说：“现代的文明的美国的历史，是由一次伟大的、真正解放的、真正革命的战争开始的。
” 美国独立战争的胜利，对欧洲及拉丁美洲的资产阶级革命起了推动作用。
它结束了英国的殖民统治，实现了国家的独立，确立了比较民主的资产阶级政治体制，有利于美国资本主义的发展，对以后欧洲和拉丁美洲的革命也起了推动作用。
美国独立战争没有解决土地问题，也没有解决奴隶制问题，使得独立后的美国南北方朝着两种不同的经济道路发展，最终导致美国内战（南北战争）的爆发。
2、The War of 1812 (VS英国，确立了星条旗和国歌歌词)（与英国平，但是美国的巨大进步）这场战争中美国以弱击强，虽然没有夺取领土，但使英国放弃了征服美国的打算。
英美文化基础教程 笔记总结(美国部分)
1.A tlantic to Pacific1.the diversity of the physical conditions in the United Statesin its vast area, the United stated comprehends most of the physical conditions know to men: heat and cold, forest and desert, tropical swamp and Arctic waste, mountains and endless plains, empty spaces and megalopolis, and the world`s largest river system.2.the diversity of the people in the United StatesDiversity of the people themselves is immense: people come from the different country, and their origins and ethnic backgrounds are different.Differences between the first generation of immigrants and the long established Americans, as well as the differences between different generation immigrants. And even they differ according to the degree of intermarriage.3.How has the Republic of the United States grown in terms of area since the time of itsfoundation in the 1780s?The original Union consisted of 13 states↓1792 Kentucky 1796 Tennessee were add↓1830 Ohio was added↓1912 Arizona was added -----the last one4.What are some if the characteristics of the uniformity in American culture? What contributedto the uniformity?a.The lack of cultural difference among the regions, because all these varied peoples arescattered everywhere, with only minor local ethnic concentrationsb.The lack of real regional or class variety in speech or usage is one of the characteristics ofuniformity .The English Language is virtually universal in its American form. Regional variations of accent are slight.c.Another instance of uniformity is in habits and ways of living. They share the same ideas,ideals and objectives.d.The fact that the United States has always been a single unit, with no tariffs to restricttrade, has contributed to uniformity.5.New Englanda.New England refers to the north-eastern six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, an area running from Canadian shore o New Yorkb.This area resembles old England in many ways, and the southern section is the mostEnglish.c.Some of the earliest settlement in American history was in this area. This part of thecounty is small-scale, long-established and urban.6.New York citya.It is the commercial capital of the United Statesb.It is at the southernmost tip of the New York Statec.It is composed of five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Richmond andQueen`s, with Manhattan Island as its center.d.It is well-known for such places as Wall Street, the Empire State Building, Harlem andCentral Park7.the Mid-Atlantic areagenerally located between New England and the South Atlantic States. The region often includes Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Washington D.C., New York, Virginia, and West Virginia. North Carolina is sometimes also included.8.the Southa.it refers to the area across the Potomac River and southwards down the Atlantic coastb.this was slave-owning area before the Civil War and mainly produced tobacco and cottonc.Economically these states are notoriously backward, but more recently there has been anindustrial development, helped by federal plans and hydro-electric power9.the middle Westa.it described the north-eastern part of the central plain, or the north-eastern quarter of theUnited States except for the states close to the Atlanticb.in terms of political geography, it refers to these states: Illinois, Michigan, Indiana,Wisconsin and Ohio and so onc.first developed for farming, these states include huge, sparsely-populated open spacesd.Chicago and Detroit are two of the big industrial cities in this area.10.the Great Plain statesa.characteristics: empty, featureless, monotonous and vastb.Location: run from the Gulf of Mexico in the south up to the Canadian border and thebeyond.c.Containing: North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas* Detroit, Michigan, home of the great American goal, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler11.the state of Texasa.the third most populated state in the United Statesb.well-known for its cowboys and cattlec.famous for the millionaires, the brashness and the violence12.the Mississippi Rivera.the biggest river system in the USb.it flows down to the New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexicoc.Ohio and Missouri Rivers are branches of the Mississippi.13.the Western statesRefers to the states of Arizona, New Mexico and Nevada* The most significant representation of the modern American is the Pacific coast especially the southern part.14.the characteristic of Californiait is at the southern part of the Pacific coast ;it has the biggest population in the US; it has the world-famous Hollywood15.the search for California dreama.California is blessed with attractive scenery and mild climateb.It has the fertile land for the growing of oranges and grapesc.And more important still are the electronics industry, aeroplane factories, defence plantsof many kind , and a whole new industrial complex in this aread.Therefore, California is regarded as the promised land by many people to fulfill theirgoals16. Washington, D.C.The capital of the United States, on the Potomac between Maryland and Virginia: coextensive with the District of Columbia.。
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1.A tlantic to Pacific1.the diversity of the physical conditions in the United Statesin its vast area, the United stated comprehends most of the physical conditions know to men: heat and cold, forest and desert, tropical swamp and Arctic waste, mountains and endless plains, empty spaces and megalopolis, and the world`s largest river system.2.the diversity of the people in the United StatesDiversity of the people themselves is immense: people come from the different country, and their origins and ethnic backgrounds are different.Differences between the first generation of immigrants and the long established Americans, as well as the differences between different generation immigrants. And even they differ according to the degree of intermarriage.3.How has the Republic of the United States grown in terms of area since the time of itsfoundation in the 1780s?The original Union consisted of 13 states↓1792 Kentucky 1796 Tennessee were add↓1830 Ohio was added↓1912 Arizona was added -----the last one4.What are some if the characteristics of the uniformity in American culture? What contributedto the uniformity?a.The lack of cultural difference among the regions, because all these varied peoples arescattered everywhere, with only minor local ethnic concentrationsb.The lack of real regional or class variety in speech or usage is one of the characteristics ofuniformity .The English Language is virtually universal in its American form. Regional variations of accent are slight.c.Another instance of uniformity is in habits and ways of living. They share the same ideas,ideals and objectives.d.The fact that the United States has always been a single unit, with no tariffs to restricttrade, has contributed to uniformity.5.New Englanda.New England refers to the north-eastern six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, an area running from Canadian shore o New Yorkb.This area resembles old England in many ways, and the southern section is the mostEnglish.c.Some of the earliest settlement in American history was in this area. This part of thecounty is small-scale, long-established and urban.6.New York citya.It is the commercial capital of the United Statesb.It is at the southernmost tip of the New York Statec.It is composed of five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Richmond andQueen`s, with Manhattan Island as its center.d.It is well-known for such places as Wall Street, the Empire State Building, Harlem andCentral Park7.the Mid-Atlantic areagenerally located between New England and the South Atlantic States. The region often includes Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Washington D.C., New York, Virginia, and West Virginia. North Carolina is sometimes also included.8.the Southa.it refers to the area across the Potomac River and southwards down the Atlantic coastb.this was slave-owning area before the Civil War and mainly produced tobacco and cottonc.Economically these states are notoriously backward, but more recently there has been anindustrial development, helped by federal plans and hydro-electric power9.the middle Westa.it described the north-eastern part of the central plain, or the north-eastern quarter of theUnited States except for the states close to the Atlanticb.in terms of political geography, it refers to these states: Illinois, Michigan, Indiana,Wisconsin and Ohio and so onc.first developed for farming, these states include huge, sparsely-populated open spacesd.Chicago and Detroit are two of the big industrial cities in this area.10.the Great Plain statesa.characteristics: empty, featureless, monotonous and vastb.Location: run from the Gulf of Mexico in the south up to the Canadian border and thebeyond.c.Containing: North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas* Detroit, Michigan, home of the great American goal, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler11.the state of Texasa.the third most populated state in the United Statesb.well-known for its cowboys and cattlec.famous for the millionaires, the brashness and the violence12.the Mississippi Rivera.the biggest river system in the USb.it flows down to the New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexicoc.Ohio and Missouri Rivers are branches of the Mississippi.13.the Western statesRefers to the states of Arizona, New Mexico and Nevada* The most significant representation of the modern American is the Pacific coast especially the southern part.14.the characteristic of Californiait is at the southern part of the Pacific coast ;it has the biggest population in the US; it has the world-famous Hollywood15.the search for California dreama.California is blessed with attractive scenery and mild climateb.It has the fertile land for the growing of oranges and grapesc.And more important still are the electronics industry, aeroplane factories, defence plantsof many kind , and a whole new industrial complex in this aread.Therefore, California is regarded as the promised land by many people to fulfill theirgoals16. Washington, D.C.The capital of the United States, on the Potomac between Maryland and Virginia: coextensive with the District of Columbia.。