2018年高考上海卷

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2018年上海高考英语真题试卷

2018年上海高考英语真题试卷

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语试卷(满分140分,考试时间120分钟)考生注意:答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。

I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.()1. A. In a grocery B. In a cafe.C. At a tailor’s.D. At a toy shop()2. A. He is pleased with his job.B. He is not satisfied with his work.C. He finds the huge workload unbearable.D. He finds his office much too big for him.()3.A. He is most probably checking whether everything is OK.B. He is most probably jumping from the desk.C. He is most probably repairing the desk.D. He is most probably changing the bulb.()4. A. £200. B. £300. C. £600. D. £700.()5. A. It's difficult for the woman to get the job if she takes the interview.B. The woman can get the job if she takes the interview.C. The woman has less chance to get the job than others.D. The woman should work harder from now on if she wants to get the job.()6. A. The man drinks too much wine.B. The man drinks little wine.C. The bed is too soft.D. The bed is too hard.()7. A. He may change the shirt because it's too large.B. He may change the shirt because it's too small.C. He doesn't like the color of the shirt.D. He likes the shirt.()8. A. To put him to another flight.B. To arrange the next flight.C. To take him to somewhere.D. To arrange his accommodation.()9. A. The news on TV.B. Many people came to the new hotel.C. It is difficult for people to find a job.D. The man still has got a job.()10. A. The woman thinks it easy to learn physics.B. The woman is good at physics.C. The man thinks Professor Smith explained the physics problem very clearly.D. The man can't understand the physics problem.Section BDirections:In Section B you will hear two short passages, and one longer conversation ,after each passage. The passages or conversation you will be asked several questions, the passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.()11. A. Spain. B. France C. America D. England. ()12. A. Visitors shouldn't overlook it because it suffered a lot in history.B. Saint Augustine is the oldest city in the nation.C. Florida was ruled by Spanish until the United States took over it.D. Many visitors support the Florida’s coast recovery for its beauty.()13. A. Florida's Atlantic coast.B. St. Augustine's history.C. Spanish control over Florida.D. Spanish history.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following talk.()14. A. A lost property office in Europe.B. A lost property office in London.C. A lost property office in Tokyo.D. Paul Cowan's office.()15. A. Lost items become the property of transport for London.B. Lost items are taken good care of by Cowan's team.C. Almost all of the lost items were returned to their owners.D. Twenty percent of the lost items are claimed in three months’ time.()16. A. Because they think their lost shoes are useless.B. Because they have already bought new shoes.C. Because they would like to get a new pair.D. Because they can't find their lost shoes.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.()17. A. She is most probably bargaining for a house.B. She is most probably visiting one of her friends.C. She is most probably looking for a house.D. She is most probably contacting her bank for a house.()18. A. The kitchen attached bathroom.B. A wine storage area.C. The floor covering.D. The relaxing colors of the wall.()19. A. The price is reasonable. B. The price is too high.C. The price is low.D. The offer is unfair.()20. A. The woman will buy the house because the price is reasonable.B. The house is really good because the bathroom is attached to the bedroom.C. The inside of the house is better than the outside.D. The woman likes the house so much that she will buy it.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.A comprehensive study of 4, 500 children conducted by the National Institutes of Health in 2018 shows that children who spent more than seven hours a day staring at screens showed evidence of premature thinning of their brain's cortex-the outer layer that processes sensory information. “We don't know if it ___21___ (cause) by the screen time. We don't know yet if it's bad thing. It won't be until we follow them over time ___22___ we will see if there are outcomes that are associated with the differences that we're seeing in this single snapshot,” Dr. Gaya Dowling. “What we can say is that this is ___23___ the brains look like of kids who spend a lot of time on screens. And it's not just one pattern.”The problem isn't just screens ___24___, but also the way screens tempt kids (and adults) away from something far more important: physical activity. More than 23 percent of adults and 80 percent of adolescents don't get enough physical activity, and according to a 2019 report from the World Health Organization. (WHO), these patterns of activity and rest arise ___25___ habits we develop early in life, “What we really need to do is ___26___ (bring) back play for children,” says Dr. Juana Williamson, a WHO specialist in childhood obesity and physical activity, in a statement about new WHO guidelines issued in April 2019. This is about making the shift from sedentary time to playtime, while ___27___ (protect) sleep. Of course, children aren’t completely to blame for their screen addiction.Sometimes, the parents ___28___ complain about the role of screens in family life are just as guilty of spending too much time in front of one. A 2016 study ___29___ (conduct) by Common Sense Media found that parents spend up to nine hours a day in front of screens, mostly not for work-related reasons. While 78 percent of parents said they believed they were good screen time role models, the study found a disconnect between their behavior and their perception of their behavior. Parents need to limit screen time for themselves and especially for their kids- ___30___ it means playing the bad guy. Our mental and physical health depends on it.21. _________ 22. ________ 23. _______ 24. _________ 25. _________ 26. _________ 27. _________ 28. _________ 29. _________ 30. _________ Section BDirections:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be usedonly once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Some Very “American” Words Come from ChineseOn a recent program, we told you the stories of English words borrowed from other languages. Today, we will tell you about words that English has taken from Chinese.Many of the Chinese words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago. They are most often from Cantonese or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin.Let’s start with kowtow.kowtowThe English word kowtow is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do, or to obey someone with power in a way that seems ___31___. It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau, which means “knock your head.” It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering one's head as a sign of respect to ___32___— such as emperors, elders and leaders. In the case of emperors, the act required the person to touch their head to the ground. In 1793, Britain's King George III sent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to China to ___33___ a trade agreement. The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused for his ___34___ to do more than bend their knees. He said that was all they were required to do for their own king.It is not surprising, then, that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement. After that, critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China. Today, the usage has no connection to China, nor any specific political connection.gung-hoAnother borrowed word that came about through ___35___ between two nations is gung-ho. In English, the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something. The Chinese characters “gōng” and “hé” together mean “work together, cooperate.” The original term — gõngyèhézuòshè— means Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development.Lt. Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine3 Corps4 observed these cooperatives while he was in China. He was imp ressed, saying “.... all the soldiers ___36___ themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over.” He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had ___37___. In 1942, he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion during World War II. The men were often called the “Gung Ho Battalion.” From then, the word gung-ho spread as a slogan the Marine Corps. Today, its meaning has no relation to the military.typhoonIn English, a typhoon is a very powerful and ___38___ storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific. The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the same. But, according to the Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, the first typhoons reported in the Englishlanguage were in India and were called “touffons” or “tufans,” The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood. The English came across this word in India and borrowed it as touffon.Later, when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung, which means “great wind.” The word's ___39___ to touffon is only by chance. The modern form of the word —typhoon —was influenced by the Cantonese but ___40___ to make it appear more Greek.31. _________ 32. ________ 33. _______ 34. _________ 35. _________ 36. _________ 37. _________ 38. _________ 39. _________ 40. _________III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context .When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends, they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates. ___41___, they stick to G-rated activities such as rock-climbing or talking about books.They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into ___42___.The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous ___43___ in the past decade. The declines appeared across race, geographic, and socioeconomic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas.To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities, but the ___44___ have slimmed considerably, Between 1976 and 1979, 86 percent of high school seniors had gone on a date; between 2010 and 2015 only 63 percent People say, Oh, it's because teenagers are more resp onsible, or more lazy, or more boring, “but they're ___45___ the larger trend,” said Jean Twenge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less ___46___ in activities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in today' s society.According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person's “life strategy” slows down or speeds up depending on his or her ___47___, exposure to a “harsh and unpredictable” environment leads to faster development, while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the ___48___ effect, the study said. In the first ___49___, “You'd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode, start having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more ___50___ and fewer resources,” said Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of “iGen; Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy —and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood.A century ago, when life expectancy was lower and college education less prevalent, “the goal back then was survival, not violin lessons by 5,” Twenge said. In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more ___51___ about marriage, and driving a car and working for pay would be important for “establishing mate value based on procurement of resources,” the study said.But America is shifting more toward the ___52___ model, and the change is apparent across the socioeconomic spectru m, Twenge said. “Even in families whose parents didn't have a college education... families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully ___53___ has really sunk in.” The ___54___ of “adult activities” could not be attributed to more homewo rk or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurricular as they did in the 1990s ( with the exception of community service, which has risen slightly). Nor could the use of smartphones and the Internet be entirely the ___55___, the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available. If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections, it is a good thing, he said.()41. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Moreover D. Besides()42. A. childhood B. neighborhoodC. adolescentsD. adulthood()43. A. escapes B. ends C. decreases D. changes()44. A. minorities B. majorities C. masses D. amounts()45. A. taking B. avoiding C. sending D. missing()46. A. interested B. envied C. relieved D. realized()47. A. emotions B. surroundings C. customs D. habits()48. A. wrong B. same C. opposite D. similar()49. A. event B. issue C. case D. occasion()50. A. trouble B. questions C. benefits D. diseases()51. A. respectively B. delicatelyC. seriouslyD. considerably()52. A. slower B. better C. smaller D. faster()53. A. emphasized B. related C. organized D. educated()54. A. implement B. postponementC. achievementD. payment()55. A. cause B. impact C. fact D. resultSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Bitcoin and other so called crypt currencies have been all over the news lately. Apparently, the idea of money that's not tied to a specific bank — or a specific country — is appealing to many. But it's worth remembering that the banking system that we now all live with is just that: A modern invention. Not so long ago, money was almost always created and used locally, and bartering was common. (In fact, it still is common among many online local networks, like the Buy Nothing Project.).In the past, money's makeup varied from place to place, depending on what was considered valuable there. So while some of the world's first coins were made from a naturally occurring hybrid of gold and silver called electrum, objects other than coins have served as currency, including beads, ivory, livestock, and cowrie shells. In West Africa, bracelets of bronze or copperwere used as cash, especially if the transaction was associated with the slave trade there. Throughout the colonial period, tobacco was used in lieu of coins or paper bills in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina, even though it was used elsewhere in the colonies and extensively throughout Europe and the U.K.Today, on an island in the Pacific, a specific type of shell still serves as currency — and some people there are even hoarding it, just like Bitcoin moguls, convinced that one day, it will make them wealthy beyond imagination. On Malaita, the most- populated i sland that’s part of the Solomon Islands, shells are accepted at most places in “How much tuna you can get for your shells depends on their color and shape,” Mary Bruno, a shop owner from the small town of Auki, on Malaita, told Vice. “One strip of darker shells might get you about two cans of smaller tuna, but the red ones are worth more, For the red ones, one strip might get enough tuna to feed a big family for a long time.Just like a mint that creates coins, there' s only one place on the island where the shells, which are polished and strung together to form 3-foot-long ropes, are made. (You can see how that works in the video above.) The strips of red, white, and black shells all come from Langa Langa Lagoon, where artificial islands were long-ago built by locals to escape from the island-dwelling cannibals. Once marooned out on their islands, locals needed a currency to use among themselves, and so the shell currency was born.Using shells for money was common throughout the Pacific islands as late as the early 1900s, but Malaita is unique in that they are still used today. And just like crypto currencies, there are those who think the islanders are smart to invest in this type of money, which is reported to have risen in value over the last three decades. It might seem strange to hoard a bunch of processed, strung-together shells, but what is a pile of dollars? Just a specially printed piece of paper and hemp that we've assigned value to — and probably less durable over time than those shells.()56. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A. Money was created and was widely used in the world.B. Tobacco was used as coins or paper bills in American in the past.C. The ingredients of world's first coins may be the combination of gold and silver.D. Using shells for money has been out of date in the world.()57. The word “mint” in paragraph 4 is closest in the meaning to“_______________”.A. a kind of money that can exchangeB. the leaves of a mint plant used fresh or candiedC. a place to produce and polish shellsD. a factory that produces currency()58. What's opinion of the author towards shells for money?A. Reasonable.B. Imaginary.C. Convenient.D. Inventive.()59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The History of BitcoinB. Shells Still MoneyC. The Currency Is of Great UseD. Some Shells(B)How Do You Move a Giant Sequoia?The logistics of excavating(挖掘)and relocating town’s century-old, living sequoia(红杉) tree. Inhabitants of Boise, Idaho, watched with trepidation earlier this year as the city's oldest, tallest resident moved two blocks. The 105-year-old sequoia tree serves as a local landmark, not only for its longevity but also because renowned naturalist and Sierra Club cofounder John Muir provided the original seedling. So, when Saint Luke's Health System found that the 10-story-tall-conifer( 针叶树) stood in the way of its planned hospital called tree-moving firm Environmental Design.The Texas-based company has developed and patented scooping and lifting technology to move massive trees. Weighing in at more than 800, 000 pounds, the Boise sequoia is its largest undertaking yet. “I [had] lost enough sleep over this,” says David Cox, the company's Western region vice president — and that was before the hospital mentioned the tree's distinguished origin. Before the heavy lifting began, the team assessed the root system and dug a five-foot-deep cylinder , measuring 40 feet in diameter, around the trunk to protect all essential roots. After encapsulating the root ball in wire mesh, the movers allowed the tree to acclimate to its new situation for seven months before relocating it. The illustration details what followed. —Leslie Nemo1. Mark A. Merit and his team at Environmental Design installed underneath the root ball a platform of seven-inch-diameter,44-foot-long steelbars and, just below the rods, a first set of uninflated airbags ( shown in gray).The team also dug a shallow ramp.2. In roughly 15 minutes, the movers inflated the airbags to about three feet in diameter to raise the root ball to the surface of the hole.3. By underinflating the front bags, the team allowed the platform carrying the tree to roll up the ramp and out of the hole while staying level, A trailer hauled the tree along as team members removed the airbags from the back of the platform and replaced them in the front. They repeated the process until the tree arrived at the edge of its new home.4. There a second set of partially inflated bags (shown in white) waited inside the hole. Soil surrounding the sequoia in its original location was relocated as well, because trees are more likely to survive a transplant when they move with their original soil.5. Using the first set of airbags, the movers rolled the platform into the new hole.6. The bags waiting there were then inflated further to take the weight of the sequoia while the transportation bags were deflated and removed from under the tree.7. The white bags were then deflated in about half an hour to lower the sequoia's root ball to the bottom of its hole, The bags were removed, but the metal bars were left with the tree because they rust and degrade over a number of years.8. For the next five years the local park service will monitor and maintain the tree in its new home.()60. Which of the following words can be used to replace the words underlined "stood in the way of"?A. ResistedB. BalancedC. Blocked.D. Promoted. ()61. What is the reason for the relocation of Sequoia trees?A. Because the Scooping and lifting technology should be put into use.B. Because it blocks local hospital expansion plans.C. Because it corresponds to government's plan of Environmental Design.D. Because sequoia trees are over a hundred years old.()62. How will the migrated sequoia trees be dealt with?A. They will be given new soil in the new living environment.B. Metal rods used to move sequoia trees will not be left on the trees.C. They will be kept in transport bags all the time.D. They will be managed by specialists in the next five years.(C)Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget LineThe term “budget line” has several related meanings, including a couple that are self- evident and a third that is not.The budget line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingThe budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations — it's the household budget, for example.Taken informally, the budget line describes the boundary of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.Given a limited amount of money, a consumer can only spend that same amount buying goods. If the consumer has X amount of money and wants to buy two goods A and B, she can only purchase goods totaling X. If the consumer needs an amount of A costing 0.75, she can then spend only 0.25 X, the amount remaining, on her purchase of B.This seems almost too obvious to bother writing or reading about. As it turns out, however, this same concept-one that most consumers make many times each day with reflecting on it-is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics , which is explained below.Lines in a BudgetBefore turning to the economics definition of budget line, consider another concept: the line-item budget. This is effectively a map of future expenditures, with all the constituent expenditures individually noted and quantified. There' s nothing very complicated about this usage, a budget line is one of the lines in the budget, with the service or good to be purchased named and the cost quantified,The Budget Line as an Economics ConceptOne of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economic theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept outlined above —a consumer's informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy.In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation that can be applied generally.A Simple Budget Line GraphTo understand this, think of a graph where the vertical lines quantify how many movie tickets. you can buy and where the horizontal lines do the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $ 150 to spend, In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set.If movies cost $ 10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears at the e xtreme left above “0” on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books — the number of books available in this example is 0. You can also graph the other extreme —all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10.You'll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets.If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you'll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not.()63. Which sentence about the budget line is NOT TRUE?A. It is limitation of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.B. Most costumers will be confused with this concept because of its complex.C. It is the effectively a map of future expenditures.D. It can be expressed as a mathematical. equation.()64. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To tell us any concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation.B. To help us figure out the meaning Budget Line.C. To tell us we should budget before we buy goods.D. To give an instruction of drawing a budget Line.()65. Assume that each movie costs 10 and each crime novel costs, $15, you have $150.Which is RIGHT according to this passage?A. The maximum number of movies you can see is 10.B. The maximum number of crime novels you can buy is 15.C. You can buy 7 crime novels and, see 5 movies.D. You can buy 7 crime novels and see 4 movies.()66. What is the best title of this passage?A.Do we really know the economic concept of a budget line?B.The Budget Line as an Economics Concept.C.The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingD.The Complex Concept- Budget LineSection CDirections:Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Magazine Articles More Valuable Than You May ThinkParents are often surprised when teachers suggest their children read magazines. Read on to learn about the benefits that reading magazines offers to young readers and how to introduce your children to the medium.Magazine BenefitsMagazine articles can provide reluctant readers with a lively, breezy writing style that can inspire them to read more.The articles in magazines are generally short, which allows a child to finish reading a feature article without losing interest due to short attention span. The writing in magazines also tends to be easy to read, especially if it is a children's publication.By allowing your child to read magazines at an early age, you are encouraging development of a useful skill. ___67___ Getting into the habit of reading periodicals as a child will foster the habit。

2018年上海市高考语文试卷

2018年上海市高考语文试卷

2018年上海市高考语文试卷试题数:9,满分:1501.(填空题,5分)要求填空。

(1)子曰:“君子固穷,___ 。

”(《论语・卫灵公)(2)寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,___ (李清照《___ 》)(3)《梦游天姥吟留别》中,“___ ,___ ”两句描写梦中的声音,意动林泉,使人心胆战。

2.(单选题,2分)下列选项中,名句使用不恰当的一项是()A.老吴七十学绘画,今天开画展,朋友发来短信:“莫道桑榆晚,为霞尚满天。

”B.沈教授为人诚挚,默默奉献数十年,深受爱戴,可谓“桃李不言,下自成蹊”C.王老师备课总是深入而又全面,她知道“以其昏昏,使人昭昭”是不可能的D.小赵的论文缺乏独到见解,他的导师给他写评语说:“言之无文,行而不远。

”3.(单选题,3分)将下列编号的语句依次填入语段空白处,语意连贯的一项是()艺术家可以活在艺术史之中,_____,_____,_____,_____,艺术可以保持对于时代的必要的冷漠,从而彰显艺术的自主性品格。

① 艺术的独立性不是说艺术可以断绝与时代的关系② 他们也活在社会历史之中③ 但更为普遍而真实的是④ 而是说作为一种抵抗方式A. ③ ① ④ ②B. ③ ② ① ④C. ② ① ④ ③D. ② ③ ① ④4.(问答题,16分)阅读下文,完成下列各题。

喜怒哀乐的经济逻辑熊秉元① 十八世起的哲学家休谟说:“理智乃情感之奴。

”也是说,人是情感、情绪的动物。

② 哲学家大多认为,喜怒哀乐,爱恨情仇是驾驭人的原始力量,理智不是居于支配和奴役的地位,人的境况,还真是可悲可悯。

③ 然而,法国人类学家列堆•斯特劳斯提醒世人:原始都落里看来古怪甚至是荒诞不经的仪式举措,背后其实都是有逻辑的。

这位大师的见解,相当程度上改变了学界和世人对原始部落的认知。

④ 既然原始部落那些古怪的仪式举措可以用新的方法得到解释,那么,情感、情绪是不是也可以用新的眼光得到新的、不同的解读呢?⑤ 我们先从简单的例于说起,如果人真的是情感的动物,那么一旦受到外部环境的刺激,就应不加控制地将情感表达出来,可是,被师长责备时,有多少人会回嘴或怒目以对?对于上司或面试的主考官,有多少人会直接宣泄心中不满的情绪?大概不多,除非打定“此处不留人”的主意!可见,人并非情感的动物。

2018年上海高考语文试卷及答案

2018年上海高考语文试卷及答案

2018年上海秋季高考语文卷一积累应用(10分)1.填空(5分)(1)子曰:“君子固穷, 。

”(《论语·卫灵公》)(1分)(2)寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,。

(李清照《》)(2分)(3)《梦游天姥吟留别》中“, "两句描写梦中的声音,震动林泉,使人心惊胆战.(2分)2。

按要求选择(5分)(1)下列选项中,各句使用不恰当的一项是( ).(2分)A、老吴七十学画,今天开画展,朋友发来短信:“莫道桑榆晚,为霞尚满天。

”B、沈教授为人真挚,安然奉教数十年,深受学生爱戴,可谓“桃李不言,下自成蹊。

"C、王老师备课总是深入而又全面,她知道“以其昏昏,使人昭昭”是不可能的。

D、小赵的论文缺乏独到的见解,他的导师给他写评语说:“言之无文,行之不远。

”(2)将下列编号的语句依次填入语段空白处,语意连贯的一项是( )(3分)艺术家可以活在艺术史中,,,, ,艺术可以保持对于时代的冷漠,从而彰显艺术的自主性品格。

①艺术的独立性不是说艺术可以断绝与时代的关系②他们生活在社会历史之中③但更为普遍真实的是④而是说一种抵抗方式A、③①④②B、③②①④C、②①④③D、②③①④二、阅读 70分(一)阅读下文,完成第 3—7 题。

(16分)喜怒哀乐的经济逻辑熊秉元①十八世起的哲学家休谟说:“理智乃情感之奴。

”也是说,人是情感、情绪的动物。

②哲学家大多认为,喜怒哀乐,爱恨情仇是驾驭人的原始力量,理智不是居于支配和奴役的地位,人的境.况.,还真是可悲可悯.③然而,法国人类学家列堆·斯特劳斯提醒世人:原始都落里看来古怪甚至是荒诞不经的仪式举措,背后其实都是有逻辑的。

这位大师的见解,相当程度上改变了学界和世人对原始部落的认知。

④既然原始部落那些古怪的仪式举措可以用新的方法得到解释,那么,情感、情绪是不是也可以用新的眼光得到新的、不同的解读呢?⑤我们先从简单的例子说起,如果人真的是情感的动物,那么一旦受到处部环境的刺激,就应不加控制地将情感表达出来,可是,被师长责备时,有多少人会回嘴或怒目以对?对于上司或面试的主考官,有多少人会直接宣泄心中不满的情绪?大概不多,除非打定“此处不留人”的主意!可见,人并非情感的动物。

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语试卷以及答案(包括一篇范文)

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语试卷以及答案(包括一篇范文)

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语试卷以及答案(包括一篇范文)2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)英语试卷第I卷第一部分: 听力(共两节,满分30分)做题时,先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后,你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节 (共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten shortconversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a questionwill be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, readthe four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the bestanswer to the question you have heard.1. M: Goodmorning, can I help you?W: Yes, thisdress is too long. Would you please shorten it for me?Q: Where doesthe conversation most probably take place?2. W: Jack, youlook tired.M: Yes, I’ve gota pile of work to do, but it gives me a g reat sense of achievement.Q: What can welearn about the man?3. W: John,What's up? Why are you standing on the desk?M: The lightssuddenly went off. The bulb must have burnt outQ: What is theman most probably doing?4. W: I willtake this room. How much is the rent?M: Well, twohundred pounds each month. You need to pay three months’ rent in advance plus adeposit of one hundred poundsQ: According tothe man, how much should the woman pay in total?5. W: I willtake an interview for a part time librarian tomorrow.M: Don’t worry,I will stand no chance if you take the interviewQ:How does the man feel about the woman's chance of getting the job?6. M: I couldn'tsleep at all last night. The bed is not comfortable.W: Don't blamethe bed. You should stop drinking wine.Q: What does thewoman imply?7. W: Andy, Ibought a shirt for you.M: Thank you. Ihope you kept the receipt. I've put on some weight.Q: What does theman imply?8. W: I’mterribly sorry. But your flight has been cancelled.M: What? In thatcase, I hope you will put me up somewhere tonight.Q: What does theman expect the woman to do for him?9. W: A newhotel is looking for workers. They need three hundred new workers but over fourthousand people showed up.M: Yes, I sawthe news on TV. I still have my job, thank goodness.Q: What are thespeakers talking about?10. W: ProfessorSmith explained the Physics problem very clearly.M: Did he?Unfortunately, it is still all Greek to me.Q: What can welearn from the conversation?Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two passagesand one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will beasked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice,but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read thefour possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer tothe question you have heard.Questions11 through 13 are based on the following passage.With the fascinating past and more than4 centuries of history, St. Augustine is one the nation's oldest cities and anAmerican treasure. Located on Florida's Atlantic coast, it is home to many fineexamples of European architecture and wild scenic views.In 1513, while looking for the storiedfountain of youth, an explorer found this land and called it Le Florida andclaimed it for Spain. Then, in 1565, a Spanish conqueror established asettlement there, and named it St. Augustine. Except for a twenty-year period of English rule, Florida remained under Spanish rule until the United Statestook control in 1821.In the years after its founding, thecity of St. Augustine was attacked by the French and English, and by nativeAmericans, who are said to have shot flaming arrows at the city's defensivebuilding, setting it on fire.More recently, nature has stricken theregion with hurricanes, Matthew in 2016 and Irma in 2017. Still, St. Augustineinjures. As the region recovers, visitors shouldn't overlook it. St. Augustinehas suffered much in its long history. Hopefully, visitors will come andperhaps support the Florida coast recovery while discovering its centuries ofhistory and miles of coastal beauty.11. Whichcountry first governed Florida in history?12. Which of thefollowing statements is true of St. Augustine?13. What is thepassage mainly about?Questions14 through 16 are based on the following passage.Transport for London has a lost propertyoffice, which collects the items left behind as people flow through the city'stransport system each day.It is the biggest lost property officein Europe, beaten globally only by Tokyo's. 65 staffs sort through hundreds ofthousands of lost and forgotten items each at the office, which is run by PaulCohen. According to the latest data, Cohen's team dealt with over three hundredthousand items in the first quarter of the year.As the data reveals, very few areclaimed. For example, of the nearly thirteen thousand keys handed in to lostproperty last year, just under one thousand four hundred were returned to theirowners, says Cohen. Overall, twenty percent of stock is claimed within threemonths. After that time, stock becomes the property of Transport for London,and it's not necessarily the items you’d expect.Wander through the three basement floorsthat make up the lost property office gives us an idea of what we value enoughto recover and what we're happy to let go. Cohen has discovered somethinginteresting about the complexity of lost shoes. He said, “If you have one shoe,you are more likely to go looking for theother. If you lose two shoes, well,it’s slightly out of sig ht and out of mind.” He guesses many people regard lossas an opportunity to treat themselves to something new.14: What is thepassage mainly about?15: Which of thefollowing is true of the lost items?16: According toCohen, why don't some people get their lost shoes back?Questions17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.W: I have a goodfeeling about this house.M: If you likethe outside, you are going to really love the inside.W: What abeautiful home and I like the way the window screen gives you privacy from thestreet. M: Follow meinto the kitchen, you will love it.W: Wow, they puta wine storage area in the kitchen. I love it!M: The best partis the bedroom and the attached bathroom.W: I love therelaxing colors of the wall and floor covering. I’d like to make an offer onthis house.M: As your houseagent, I’m here to take care of this process. How much will you plan for theoffering?W: I really likethe house and I will pay the full asking price of three hundred and eightythousand dollars.M: We’d betterleave ourselves some bargaining room. Let’s offer three hundred and fiftythousand dollars.W: That soundsgood, but I don't want this house to get away from me.M: The marketeris fairly down right now, so the offer is a realistic one.W: When will weknow if they accept the offer?M: The ownersusually respond to an offer within a few days.W: Should I becontacting my bank in the meantime?M: You arealready pre-qualified for your loan, so you're in good shape.17. What is thewoman most probably doing?18. What doesthe woman like best in the kitchen?19. What doesthe woman think of the man's offer on the house at first?20. Which of thefollowing is true according to the passage?。

2018年上海市高考语文试卷(含答案)

2018年上海市高考语文试卷(含答案)

2018年上海市高考语文试卷(含答案)一积累应用l0分1.按要求填空。

(5分)(1)子曰:“君子固穷,_________。

”(《论语·卫灵公》)(2)寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,___________。

(李清照《______》)(3)《梦游天姥吟留别》中,“_______,________”两句描写梦中的声音,震动林泉,使人心惊胆战。

2.按要求选择。

(5分)(1)下列选项中,名句使用不恰当的一项是()。

(2分)A.老吴七十学绘画,今天开画展,朋友发来短信:“莫道桑榆晚,为霞尚满天。

”B.沈教授为人诚挚,默默奉献数十年,深受爱戴,可谓“桃李不言,下自成蹊”。

C.王老师备课总是深入而又全面,她知道“以其昏昏,使人昭昭”是不可能的。

D.小赵的论文缺乏独到见解,他的导师给他写评语说:“言之无文,行而不远。

”(2)将下列编号的语句依次填入语段空白处,语意连贯的一项是()。

(3分)艺术家可以活在艺术史之中,______,______,______,______,艺术可以保持对于时代的必要的冷漠,从而彰显艺术的自主性品格。

①艺术的独立性不是说艺术可以断绝与时代的关系②他们也活在社会历史之中③但更为普遍而真实的是④而是说作为一种抵抗方式A.③①④②B.③②①④C.②①④③D.②③①④二阅读70分(一)阅读下文,完成第3—7题。

(16分)喜怒哀乐的经济逻辑熊秉元①十八世纪的哲学家休谟说:“理智乃情感之奴。

”也就是说,人是情感、情绪的动物。

②哲学家大多认为,喜怒哀乐、爱恨情仇是驾驭人的原始力量,理智不过是居于被支配和奴役的地位。

人的境况,还真是可悲可悯。

③然而,法国人类学家列维▪斯特劳斯提醒世人:原始部落里看来古怪甚至是荒诞不经的仪式举措,背后其实都是有逻辑的。

这位大师的见解,相当程度上改变了学界和世人对原始部落的认知。

④既然原始部落那些古怪的仪式举措可以用新的方法得到解释,那么,情感、情绪是不是也可以用新的眼光得到新的、不同的解读呢?⑤我们先从简单的例子说起。

2018年高考数学真题试卷(上海卷)(秋考)含逐题详解

2018年高考数学真题试卷(上海卷)(秋考)含逐题详解

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)数学试卷(满分150分,考试时间120分钟)考生注意1.本场考试时间120分钟,试卷共4页,满分150分,答题纸共2页.2.作答前,在答题纸正面填写姓名,准考证号,反面填写姓名,将核对后的条形码贴在答题纸指定位置.3.所有作答务必填涂或书写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的区域,不得错位.在试卷上作答一律不得分.4.用2B 铅笔作答选择题,用黑色字迹钢笔,水笔或圆珠笔作答非选择题.一,填空题(本大题共有12题,满分54分,第1~6题每题4分,第7~12题每题5分)1.行列式4125的值为_________.2.双曲线2214x y -=的渐近线方程为_________. 3.在7(1)x +的二项展开式中,2x 项的系数为_________.(结果用数值表示) 4.设常数a R ∈,函数2()log ()f x x a =+。

若()f x 的反函数的图像经过点(3,1),则a =_________.5.已知复数z 满足(1)17i z i +=-(i 是虚数单位),则z =_________.6.记等差数列{}n a 的前n 项和为n S ,若30a =,6714a a +=,则7S =_________.7.已知12,1,,1,2,32α⎧⎫∈---⎨⎬⎩⎭。

若幂函数()f x x α=为奇函数,且在(0,)+∞上递减,则 α=_________.8.在平面直角坐标系中,已知点(1,0)A -,(2,0)B ,E ,F 是y 轴上的两个动点,且2EF =,则AE BF •的最小值为_________.9.有编号互不相同的五个砝码,其中5克,3克,1克砝码各一个,2克砝码两个。

从中随机选取三个,则这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率是_________.(结果用最简分数表示)10.设等比数列{}n a 的通项公式为1n n a q-=(*n ∈N ),前n 项和为n S 。

2018年上海市普通高等学校招生统一考试数学真题试题及参考答案(上海卷)

2018年上海市普通高等学校招生统一考试数学真题试题及参考答案(上海卷)

【试题级别】高三
【试题地区】上海
【试题来源】2018年高考数学真题试卷(上海卷)
15.(2018•上海)《九章算术》中,称底面为矩形而有一侧棱垂直于底面的四棱锥为阳马.设AA₁是正六棱柱的一条侧棱,如图,若阳马以该正六棱柱的顶点为顶点,以AA₁为底面矩形的一边,则这样的阳马的个数是()
A.4
B.8
C.12
D.16
【答案】D
【解析】【解答】以AA1取矩形分别讨论,找到AA1所在矩形个数,并根据每个矩形可做4个阳马的基本位置关系,可得答案为D。

故答案为:D。

【分析】以AA1为底边的直四棱锥,运用线面垂直关系判定的方法分析图形中基本元素及其相互关系解答即可。

【题型】单选题
【考查类型】高考真题
【试题来源】2018年高考数学真题试卷(上海卷)。

2018年高考真题】理综(上海卷)试卷及参考答案

2018年高考真题】理综(上海卷)试卷及参考答案

2018年高考真题】理综(上海卷)试卷及参考答案理综考试时间:120分钟单选题填空题总分单选题(本大题共20小题,每小题5分,共100分。

)1.细胞膜的选择透过性保证了细胞内相对稳定的微环境。

以下物质中,通过细胞膜的是二氧化碳。

2.哺乳动物肝细胞的代谢活动十分旺盛,以下细胞结构与对应功能表述有误的是细胞核:遗传物质储存与基因转录。

3.光反应在叶绿体类囊体上进行。

在适宜条件下,向类囊体悬液中加入氧化还原指示剂DCIP,照光后DCIP由蓝色逐渐变为无色。

该反应过程中会产生氧气。

4.以下高中生物学实验中,操作不正确的是在制作果酒的实验中,将葡萄汁液装满整个发酵装置。

5.用XhoI和SalI两种限制性核酸内切酶分别处理同一DNA片段,酶切位点及酶切产物分离结果如图。

以下叙述不正确的是图中被酶切的DNA片段是单链DNA。

6.下列我国科技成果所涉及物质的应用中,发生的不是化学变化的是C。

7.我国科研人员提出了由CO2和CH4转化为高附加值产品___的催化反应历程。

该历程示意图如下。

下列说法不正确的是生成CH3COOH总反应的原子利用率为100%。

8.下列化学用语对事实的表述不正确的是由Na和Cl形成离子键的过程。

9.下列实验中与氧化还原反应无关的颜色变化是:A10.这种芳纶纤维是一种防护材料,拉伸强度比钢丝还高。

完全水解产物的单个分子中,苯环上的氢原子具有不同的化学环境。

结构简式为:11.在测定0.1 mol/L Na2SO3溶液先升温再降温过程中的pH时,取①④时刻的溶液,加入盐酸酸化的BaCl2溶液做对比实验,④产生白色沉淀多。

下列说法不正确的是:B12.验证牺牲阳极的阴极保护法的实验如下(烧杯内均为经过酸化的3% NaCl溶液)。

对比②③可以判定Zn保护了Fe,对比①②,K3[Fe(CN)6]可能将Fe氧化。

不能用①的方法验证Zn保护Fe,将Zn换成Cu,用①的方法可判断Fe比Cu活泼。

下列说法不正确的是:C13.在核反应方程中,X表示的是:B(中子)14.关于分子动理论,下列说法正确的是:C(分子间同时存在着引力和斥力)15.在双缝干涉实验装置中,得到白光的干涉条纹,加上红色滤光片后,彩色条纹中的红色条纹消失。

(完整版)2018年语文高考真题(上海卷)

(完整版)2018年语文高考真题(上海卷)

2018年上海高考语文试题一、积累应用10分1.要求填空。

(5分)(1)子日:“君子固穷,___________________。

”(《论语・卫灵公)(2)寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,________________(李清照《______》)(3)《梦游天姥吟留别》中,“________________,______________”两句描写梦中的声音,意动林泉,使人心胆战。

2.按要求选择,(5分)(1)下列选项中,名句使用不恰当的一项是():(2分)A.老吴七十学绘画,今天开画展,朋友发来短信:“莫道桑榆晚,为霞尚满天。

”B.沈教授为人诚挚,默默奉献数十年,深受爱戴,可谓“桃李不言,下自成蹊”。

C.王老师备课总是深入而又全面,她知道“以其昏昏,使人昭昭”是不可能的。

D.小赵的论文缺乏独到见解,他的导师给他写评语说:“言之无文,行而不远。

”(2)将下列编号的语句依次填入语段空白处,语意连贯的一项是()(3分)艺术家可以活在艺术史之中,_____,_____,_____,_____,艺术可以保持对于时代的必要的冷漠,从而彰显艺术的自主性品格。

①艺术的独立性不是说艺术可以断绝与时代的关系②他们也活在社会历史之中③但更为普遍而真实的是③而是说作为一种抵抗方式A.③①④②B.③②①④C.②①④③D.②③①④考量:家人被得罪,总还是家人,血总是浓于水;可是朋友被得罪了,可能就不再是朋友了,甚至会变成敌人,因此,无需掰指头加减计就知道,得罪朋友成本高而效益低,得罪家人则不然。

万物之灵的人,自然会去彼取此。

⑦可是,另一种情况也屡见不鲜:得罪朋友时,不大会有罪恶感;做了对不起父母的事,负罪感往往很重,这同样不难解释。

传统社会里,家庭要发挥生产消费、储蓄保险等功能,家人一起面对自然和社会的考验,一起度过天灾人祸。

父母子女之间关系紧密,才能同舟共济。

使关系紧密,最好在观念上发展出支持伦常结构的对应条件,“父慈子孝”就是其中很重要的一条。

2018年上海卷高考真题数学试卷(详解版)(加密版)

2018年上海卷高考真题数学试卷(详解版)(加密版)

7 2018 年上海卷高考真题数学试卷一、填空题(1~6 每小题 4 分,7~12 每小题 5 分,共 54 分)1.行列式|4 1|的值为.2 5【答案】 18【解析】|4 1| = 4 × 5 − 1 × 2 = 18.2 52.双曲线x 2 − y 2 = 1的渐近线方程为.4【答案】 y = ±x 2【解析】 ∵ x 2− y 2 = 1,∴ a = 2, b = 1,∴y = ± 4x .23.在(1 + x )7的二项展开式中,x 2项的系数为.(结果用数值表示)【答案】 21【解析】 C 2 = 21.4.设常数a ∈ R ,函数f (x ) = log 2(x + a ),若f (x )的反函数的图像经过点(3,1),则a = .【答案】 7【解析】 由题意得:函数经过点(1,3),∴ log 2(1 + a ) = 3,∴ a = 7. 5.已知复数z 满足(1 + i)z = 1 − 7i (i 是虚数单位),则|z | =.【答案】 5【解析】 由题意得:z =1−7i = −3 − 4i ,∴ |z | = √(−3)2 + (−4)2 = 5.1+i6.记等差数列{a n } 的前n 项和为S n ,若a 3 = 0,a 6 + a 7 = 14,则S 7 = .【答案】 14【解析】 a 6 + a 7 = 2a 3 + 7d = 14,∴ d = 2,S 7 = 7a 4 = 14.7.已知α ∈ {−2, −1, − 1 , 1 , 1,2,3},若幂函数f (x ) = x α为奇函数,且在(0, +∞)上递减,则2 2α =.【答案】 −1【解析】 由题意得:f (x )为奇函数,∴ α为奇数,又∵ 在(0, +∞)递减,∴ α < 0,故α = −1.→8.在平面直角坐标系中,已知点A(−1,0),B (2,0),E ,F 是y 轴上的两个动点,且|EF | = 2,则→ →AE ⋅ BF 的最小值为.【答案】 −3→ →【解析】 设E (0, t ), F (0, t + 2),∴ AE ⋅ BF = (t + 1)2 − 3,∴ 最小值为−3.9. 有编号互不相同的五个砝码,其中5克、3克、1克砝码各一个,2克砝码两个,从中随机选取三个,则这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率是 .(结果用最简分数表示)【答案】1 5【解析】 总共有(5,3,1), (5,2,2)两种情况, P =21C 3 = 5.10.设等比数列{a }的通项公式为a = q n +1(n ∈ N ∗),前n项和为S.若lim S n = 1,则nnq =.nn→∞ a n +12【答案】 3【解析】 若q = 1,则a n +1 = 1,S n = n ,∴ lim S n = lim n ≠ 1;若q ≠ 1,则a= q n ,S= a 1(1−q n ),n→∞ a n +1n→∞2a 1(1−q n )n +1n 1−q∴ lim S n = lim 1−q= a 1 lim 1−q n .当q = −1时,极限不存在,显然不满足题 n→∞ a n +1 n→∞q n 1−q n→∞ q n 意;当|q | < 1时, lim S n = ∞ ≠ 1,不满足题意;当|q | > 1时, lim S n = a 1 lim ( 1 n→∞ a n +1 2 − 1) = a 1 = 1,n→∞ a n +1 1−q n→∞ q n∵ a 1 = 1,q−1 2∴ q = 3.综上,q = 3.11.已知常数a > 0,函数f (x ) =2x的图像经过点 6、1,若2p +q = 36pq ,则a =.(2x +ax )p (p , ) 5 Q (q, − )5【答案】 6【解析】 由题意得: 2p2p +ap+ 2q2q+aq= 1,∴ 2p +q = a 2pq = 36pq ,∴ a = 6.12.已知实数x 、x 、y 、y 满足:x 2 + y 2 = 1,x 2 + y 2 = 1,x x+ y y = 1,则|x 1+y 1−1| + 121211221 21 2 2 √2|x 2+y 2−1|的最大值为 .√2【答案】 √2 + √3【解析】 设P (x 1, y 1)、Q (x 2, y 2),则P 、Q 在单位圆x 2 + y 2 = 1上.→ →∵ OP = (x 1, y 1),OQ = (x 2, y 2),→→→→→→1∴ OP ⋅ OQ = x 1x 2 + y 1y 2 = |OP ||OQ |cos ⟨OP , OQ⟩ = 2, →→∵ |OP | = |OQ | = 1,5→→1∴ cos ⟨OP, OQ⟩ = ,2→→∵ ⟨OP, OQ⟩∈ [0, π],→→π∴ ⟨OP, OQ⟩ = ,3∴△ OPQ为正三角形,∴|x1+y1−1| +|x2+y2−1|为P、Q两点到直线l:x + y− 1 = 0的距离和|PP′| + |QQ′|.取√2 √2PQ中点M,过点M作MM′ ⊥ l于点M′.根据梯形中位线可得|PP′| + |QQ′| = 2|MM′|.∵ |OM| =√3,2∴点M在圆x2 + y2 = 3上运动,故点M到直线l的最大距离为√3 + √2,4 2 2∴ (|PP′| + |QQ′|) = 2 × (√3 +√2) = √3 + √2.max 2 2二、选择题(每小题5 分,共20 分)13.设P是椭圆x 2+ y2 = 1上的动点,则P到该椭圆的两个焦点的距离之和为().5 3A.2√2B.2√3C.2√5D.4√2【答案】C【解析】椭圆x 2+ y2 = 1的焦点坐标在x轴,a = √5,P是椭圆x2 + y2 = 1上的动点,由椭圆的5 3 5 3定义可知:则P到该椭圆的两个焦点的距离之和为2a =2√5.故选C.14.若a∈ R,则“a > 1”是“1 < 1”的().aA.充分不必要条件B. 必要不充分条件C.充要条件D.既不充分也不必要条【答案】 A【解析】 由a > 1,一定能得到1< 1.a但当1< 1时,不能推出a > 1(如a = −1时),a故a > 1是1< 1的充分不必要条件.a故选A .15. 《九章算术》中,称底面为矩形而有一侧棱垂直于底面的四棱锥为阳马.设AA 1是正六棱柱的一条侧棱,如图,若阳马以该正六棱柱的顶点为顶点,以AA 1为底面矩形的一边,则这样的阳马的个数是( ).A.4B.8C.12D.16 【答案】 D【解析】 符合条件的面有4个,每一个面对应的顶点有4个,∴4 × 4 = 16.16. 设D 是含数1的有限实数集,f (x )是定义在D 上的函数,若f (x )的图像绕原点逆时针旋转π后与6原图像重合,则在以下各项中,f (1)的可能取值只能是( ).A. √3B. √32C. √33D.0【答案】B【解析】设f(1)处的点为A,若f(x)逆时针旋转π后与原图象重合,1 6则旋转后的图象g(x)上A1的对应点A2,同时有A2的对应点A3,以此类推,则f(x)对应的图象可以为一个圆周上的12等分的12个点.当f(1)取值为√3时,点(1, √3)在图象上,点(1, −√3)也在图象上,此时,x = 1时,有两个y的值与之对应,不符合函数定义.同理,f(1) =√3和f(1) = 0亦不符合函数定义.3故选B.三、解答题(第17 题14 分,第18 题14 分,第19 题14 分,第20 题16 分,第21 题18 分)17.已知圆锥的顶点为P,底面圆心为O,半径为2.( 1 )设圆锥的母线长为4,求圆锥的体积.( 2 )设PO = 4,OA,OB是底面半径,且∠AOB = 90°,M为线段AB的中点,如图,求异面直线PM与OB所成的角的大小.【答案】(1)8√3π.3(2) arc tan √17.。

【真题】2018年上海市高考数学试题含答案解析

【真题】2018年上海市高考数学试题含答案解析

2018年高考数学真题试卷(上海卷) 一、填空题1.(2018•上海)行列式4125的值为 。

【答案】18 【解析】【解答】4125=45-21=18 【分析】a cb d=ad-bc 交叉相乘再相减。

【题型】填空题 【考查类型】中考真题 【试题级别】高三 【试题地区】上海【试题】2018年高考数学真题试卷(上海卷)2.(2018•上海)双曲线2214x y -=的渐近线方程为 。

【答案】12y x =±【解析】【解答】2214x y -=,a=2,b=1。

故渐近线方程为12y x =± 【分析】渐近线方程公式。

注意易错点焦点在轴上,渐近线直线方程为22221x y ba -=时,by x a=±。

【题型】填空题 【考查类型】中考真题 【试题级别】高三 【试题地区】上海【试题】2018年高考数学真题试卷(上海卷)3.(2018•上海)在(1+)7的二项展开式中,²项的系数为 。

(结果用数值表示) 【答案】21【解析】【解答】(1+)7中有T r+1=7r rC x ,故当r=2时,27C =762⨯=21【分析】注意二项式系数,与各项系数之间差别。

考点公式()na b +第r+1项为T r+1=r n r rn C ab-。

【题型】填空题 【考查类型】中考真题 【试题级别】高三 【试题地区】上海【试题】2018年高考数学真题试卷(上海卷)4.(2018•上海)设常数a R ∈,函数2()log ()f x x a =+,若f x ()的反函数的图像经过点31(,),则a= 。

【答案】7【解析】【解答】f x ()的反函数的图像经过点31(,),故()f x 过点3(1,),则()13f =,()2log 1a +=3,1+a=23所以a=23-1,故a=7.【分析】原函数()f x 与反函数图像关于y=对称,如:原函数上任意点()00,x y ,则反函数上点为()00,y x【题型】填空题 【考查类型】中考真题 【试题级别】高三 【试题地区】上海【试题】2018年高考数学真题试卷(上海卷)5.(2018•上海)已知复数满足117i z i +=-()(i 是虚数单位),则∣∣= 。

18年高考真题——理科数学(上海卷)

18年高考真题——理科数学(上海卷)

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试数 学I 卷(理)(上海卷)一.填空题(本大题共有12题,满分54分第1-6题每题4分,第7-12题每题5分)1.行列式4125的值为 。

2.双曲线2214x y -=的渐近线方程为 。

3.在()71x +的二项展开式中,2x 项的系数为 。

(结果用数值表示)4.设常数a R ∈,函数()()2log f x x a =+,若()f x 的反函数的图像经过点()3,1,则a = 。

5.已知复数z 满足()117i z i +=-(i 是虚数单位),则||z = 。

6.记等差数列{}n a 的前几项和为n S ,若30a =,6714a a +=,则7S = 。

7.已知112,1,,,1,2,322α⎧⎫∈---⎨⎬⎩⎭,若幂函数()f x x α=为奇函数,且在()0,+∞上递减,则α=_____。

8.在平面直角坐标系中,已知点()1,0A -,()2,0B ,,E F 是y 轴上的两个动点,且||2EF =,则AE BF ⋅的最小值为______ 。

9.有编号互不相同的五个砝码,其中5克、3克、1克砝码各一个,2克砝码两个,从中随机选取三个,则这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率是________(结果用最简分数表示)。

10.设等比数列{}n a 的通项公式为()11n n a a qn N -+=∈,前n 项和为n S 。

若11lim 2n n n S a →∞+=,则q =____________。

11.已知常数0a >,函数()22x x f x ax =+的图像经过点6,5P p ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭、1,5Q q ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭,若236p qpq +=,则a =__________。

12.已知实数1212,,,x x y y 满足:22111x y +=,22221x y +=,121212x x y y +=,则的最大值为__________。

2018年上海高考数学真题及答案

2018年上海高考数学真题及答案

2018年上海高考数学真题及答案2018年上海市高考数学试卷参考答案与试题解析一、填空题1.(4分)(2018•上海)行列式的值为18.考点】二阶行列式的定义。

分析】直接利用行列式的定义,计算求解即可。

解答】解:行列式为:故答案为:18.点评】本题考查行列式的定义,运算法则的应用,是基本知识的考查。

2.(4分)(2018•上海)双曲线的方程为x^2/4-y^2/1=1,渐近线方程为y=±2x。

考点】双曲线的性质。

分析】先确定双曲线的焦点所在坐标轴,再确定双曲线的实轴长和虚轴长,最后确定双曲线的渐近线方程。

解答】解:由双曲线方程得:又由双曲线的性质可知,a=2,b=1,焦点在x轴上。

因此,渐近线方程为y=±2x。

点评】本题考察了双曲线的标准方程,双曲线的几何意义,特别是双曲线的渐近线方程,解题时要注意先定位,再定量的解题思想。

3.(4分)(2018•上海)在(1+x)^7的二项展开式中,x^2项的系数为21.考点】二项式定理。

分析】利用二项式展开式的通项公式求得展开式中x^2的系数。

解答】解:二项式(1+x)^7展开式的通项公式为:T(r+1)=C(7,r)x^r因此,x^2的系数为C(7,2)=21.故答案为:21.点评】本题考查了二项展开式的通项公式的应用问题,是基础题。

4.(4分)(2018•上海)设常数a∈R,函数f(x)=log2(x+a)。

若f(x)的反函数的图象经过点(3,1),则a=7.考点】反函数。

分析】由反函数的性质得函数f(x)=log2(x+a)的图象经过点(1,3),由此能求出a。

解答】解:由题意可得,f(x)的反函数的图象经过点(3,1)。

因此,函数f(x)=log2(x+a)的图象经过点(1,3)。

由此可得:log2(1+a)=3解得a=7.故答案为:7.点评】本题考查了反函数的性质,需要注意对数函数的定义域和值域,以及反函数和原函数的图象关系。

5.(4分)(2018•上海)已知向量a=(2,1,-1),b=(1,-1,2),则a×b的模长为√14.考点】向量的叉乘。

2018年高考数学上海卷-答案

2018年高考数学上海卷-答案

上海市2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试数学答案解析一、填空题1.【答案】18 【解析】直接利用行列式的定义,计算求解即可.解:行列式4145211825=⨯⨯=-. 故答案为:18.【考点】二阶行列式的定义.2.【答案】12x ± 【考点】双曲线的性质【解析】先确定双曲线的焦点所在坐标轴,再确定双曲线的实轴长和虚轴长,最后确定双曲线的渐近线方程.解:∵双曲线的2a =,1b =,焦点在x 轴上而双曲线22221x y a b -=的渐近线方程为b y x a =± ∴双曲线2214x y -=的渐近线方程为12y x =± 故答案为:12x ± 【考点】双曲线的性质3.【答案】21【解析】利用二项式展开式的通项公式求得展开式中2x 的系数.解:二项式71x +()展开式的通项公式为 17•r r r T C x +=,令2r =,得展开式中2x 的系数为27C 21=. 故答案为:21.【考点】二项式定理4.【答案】7【解析】由反函数的性质得函数21f x og x a=+()()的图象经过点(1,3),由此能求出a . 解:∵常数a R ∈,函数21f x og x a=+()(). f x ()的反函数的图象经过点(3,1),∴函数21f x og x a=+()()的图象经过点(1,3), ∴213log a+=(), 解得7a =.故答案为:7.【考点】反函数5.【答案】5【解析】把已知等式变形,然后利用复数代数形式的乘除运算化简,再由复数求模公式计算得答案. 解:由(1)17i z i +=-, 得17(17)(1)68341(1)(1)2i i i i z i i i i -----====--++-,则||5z ==.故答案为:5.【考点】复数的模6.【答案】14【解析】利用等差数列通项公式列出方程组,求出14a =-,2d =,由此能求出7S .解:∵等差数列{}n a 的前n 项和为n S ,367014a a a =+=,∴111205614a d a d a d +=⎧⎨+++=⎩,解得14a =-,2d =, ∴717672842142S a d ⨯=+=-+=. 故答案为:14.【考点】等差数列的前n 项和7.【答案】1-【解析】由幂函数f x x α=()为奇函数,且在(0,)+∞上递减,得到a 是奇数,且0a <,由此能求出a 的值. 【解答】解:∵112,1,,,1,2,322α⎧⎫∈---⎨⎬⎩⎭, 幂函数()f x x α=为奇函数,且在(0,+∞)上递减,∴a 是奇数,且0a <,∴1a =-.故答案为:1-.【考点】幂函数的概念、解析式、定义域、值域8.【答案】3-【解析】据题意可设0,E a (),0,F b (),从而得出2a b -=,即2a b =+,或2b a =+,并可求得2AE BF ab ⋅=-+uuu r uuu r ,将2a b =+带入上式即可求出AE BF ⋅uu u r uu u r 的最小值,同理将2b a =+带入,也可求出的最小值.【解答】解:根据题意,设0,0,E a F b (),();|EF||a b |2∴=-=u u r∴2a b =+或a 2b =+且(1,)AE a =u u u r ,(2,)BF b =-u u u r∴2AE BF ab ⋅=-+uu u r uu u r当2a b =+时,22(2)22AE BF b b b b ⋅=-++⋅=+-u u u r u u u r ;∵222b b +-的最小值为8434--=-; ∴AE BF ⋅uu u r uu u r 的最小值为3-,同理求出2b a =+时,AE BF ⋅uu u r uu u r 的最小值为3-.故答案为:3-.【考点】平面向量数量积的性质及其运算9.【答案】15【解析】求出所有事件的总数,求出三个砝码的总质量为9克的事件总数,然后求解概率即可. 解:编号互不相同的五个砝码,其中5克、3克、1克砝码各一个,2克砝码两个,从中随机选取三个,3个数中含有1个2;2个2,没有2,3种情况,所有的事件总数为:3510C =,这三个砝码的总质量为9克的事件只有:5,3,1或5,2,2两个,所以:这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率是:21=105, 故答案为:15. 【考点】古典概型及其概率计算公式10.【答案】3【解析】利用等比数列的通项公式求出首项,通过数列的极限,列出方程,求解公比即可.解:等比数列{}n a 的通项公式为()1*n n ma q n N -=∈,可得1a 1=, 因为11lim 2n n n S a →∞+=,所以数列的公比不是1, ,1n n a q +=.可得,11111111lim lim lim (1)12n n nn n n n n q q q q q q q q q -→∞→∞→∞----====-- 可得3q =.故答案为:3.【考点】数列的极限11.【答案】6【解析】直接利用函数的关系式,利用恒等变换求出相应的a 值. 【解答】解:函数2()2x x f x ax =+的图象经过点61,,,55P p Q q ⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭. 则: p q P q 226112ap 2aq 55+==++, 整理得:222221222p q p q p qp q p q aq ap aq ap a pq++++++=+++, 解得:,22p q a pq += 由于:236p q pq +=,所以:236a =,由于0a >,故:6a =.故答案为:6【考点】函数的图象与图象的变换12.【解析】设()11,A x y ,()22,B x y ,()11,OA x y =uu r ,()22,OB x y =uu u r ,由圆的方程和向量数量积的定义、坐标表示,可得三角形OAB 为等边三角形,1AB =的几何意义为点A ,B 两点到直线10x y +-=的距离1d 与2d 之和,由两平行线的距离可得所求最大值.【解答】解:设()11,A x y ,()22,B x y ,()11,OA x y =uu r ,()22,OB x y =uu u r ,由222211221,1x y x y +=+=,121212x x y y +=, 可得A ,B 两点在圆221x y +=上, 且111cos 2OA OB AOB ⋅=⨯⨯∠=uu r uu u r , 即有60AOB ∠=,即三角形OAB 为等边三角形,1AB =,的几何意义为点A ,B 两点到直线10x y +-=的距离1d 与2d 之和,显然A ,B 在第三象限,AB 所在直线与直线1x y +=平行,可设AB :0x y t ++=,(0t >),由圆心O 到直线AB的距离d =可得1=,解得t =1+=【考点】基本不等式及其应用,点到直线的距离公式二、选择题13【答案】C【解析】判断椭圆长轴(焦点坐标)所在的轴,求出a ,接利用椭圆的定义,转化求解即可.【考点】椭圆的性质.14.【答案】A【专题】11 :计算题;34 :方程思想;4O :定义法;5L :简易逻辑.【解析】“1a >”⇒“11a <”,“11a<”⇒“1a >或0a <”,由此能求出结果. 【考点】充分条件,必要条件,充要条件15.【答案】D【解析】根据新定义和正六边形的性质可得答案.【考点】排列、组合的实际应用16.【答案】B【专题】35 :转化思想;51 :函数的性质及应用;56 :三角函数的求值.【解析】由题意得到:问题相当于圆上由12个点为一组,每次绕原点逆时针旋转6π个单位后与下一个点会重合.我们可以通过代入和赋值的方法当(1)f =,3,0时,此时得到的圆心角为3π,6π,0,然而此时0x =或者1x =时,都有2个y 与之对应,而我们知道函数的定义就是要求一个x 只能对应一个y ,因此只有当2x =,此时旋转6π,此时满足一个x 只会对应一个y ,因此答案就选:B . 故选:B .【考点】函数的图象与图象的变换三、解答题17.【答案】(1)∵圆锥的顶点为P,底面圆心为O,半径为2,圆锥的母线长为4,∴圆锥的体积22112333V r hππ=⨯⨯⨯=⨯⨯=.(2)∵4PO=,OA,OB是底面半径,且90AOB∠=︒,M为线段AB的中点,∴以O为原点,OA为x轴,OB为y轴,OP为z轴,建立空间直角坐标系,(004)P,,,200A(,,),(0,2,0)B,(1,1,0)M,(0,0,0),O(1,1,4),(0,2,0)PM OB=-=u u u r u u u r设异面直线PM与OB所成的角为θ,则||cos||||PM OBPM OBθ⋅===⋅uuu r uu u ruuu r uu u r∴arccos6θ=∴异面直线PM与OB所成的角的为arccos6.【解析】(1)由圆锥的顶点为P,底面圆心为O,半径为2,圆锥的母线长为4能求出圆锥的体积.(2)以O为原点,OA为x轴,OB为y轴,OP为z轴,建立空间直角坐标系,利用向量法能求出异面直线PM 与OB 所成的角.【考点】异面直线及其所成的角,旋转体(圆柱、圆锥、圆台),棱柱、棱锥、棱台的体积18.【答案】(1)2()sin 22cos f x a x x =+Q ,2()sin 22cos f x a x x ∴-=-+,f x Q ()为偶函数,()()f x f x ∴-=,22sin 22cos sin 22cos a x x a x x ∴-+=+,2sin 20a x ∴=,0a ∴=(2)|14f π⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭Q ,2asin 2cos 1124a ππ⎛⎫∴+=+= ⎪⎝⎭,a ∴=2()22cos 2cos 212sin 216f x x x x x x π⎛⎫∴=+=++=++ ⎪⎝⎭,()1f x =Q2sin 2116x π⎛⎫∴++= ⎪⎝⎭sin 26x π⎛⎫∴+= ⎪⎝⎭, 2264x k πππ∴+=-+或522,64x k k Z πππ+=+∈5x k 24πππ∴=-+或 13x k ,k Z 24ππ=+∈ [,]x ππ∈-Q13x 24π∴=或19x 24π=或5x 24π=-或11x 24π=- 【解析】(1)根据函数的奇偶性和三角形的函数的性质即可求出.(2)先求出a 的值,再根据三角形函数的性质即可求出.【考点】两角和与差的三角函数,二倍角的三角函数19.【答案】(1)由题意知,当30100x <<时,1800()29040f x x x =+->, 即2659000x x -+>,解得20x <或45x >,∴45100x ∈(,)时,公交群体的人均通勤时间少于自驾群体的人均通勤时间; (2)当030x <≤时,()30%40(1%)4010x g x x x =⋅+-=-; 当30100x <<时, 218013()290%40(1%)585010x g x x x x x x ⎛⎫=+-⋅+-=-+ ⎪⎝⎭; ∴24010()13585010x g x x x ⎧-⎪⎪=⎨⎪-+⎪⎩, 当032.5x <<时,g x ()单调递减;当32.5100x <<时,gx ()单调递增; 说明该地上班族S 中有小于32.5%的人自驾时,人均通勤时间是递减的;有大于32.5%的人自驾时,人均通勤时间是递增的;当自驾人数为32.5%时,人均通勤时间最少.【解析】(1)由题意知求出()40f x >时x 的取值范围即可;(2)分段求出g x ()的解析式,判断g x ()的单调性,再说明其实际意义.【考点】分段函数的应用20.【答案】(1)由题意可知:设(,)B t ,则2BF t ==+, ∴2BF t =+;(2)(2,0)F ,2FQ =,3t =,则1FA =,AQ ∴=Q ∴,设OQ 的中点D ,3D ,22⎛ ⎝⎭,2K a 322-⋅==-PF方程:2)y x =-,联立22)8y x y x⎧=-⎪⎨=⎪⎩,整理得:2320120x x -+=, 解得:23x =,6x =(舍去), ∴AQP △的面积1723S == (3)存在,设2,8y P y ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭,2,8m E m ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭,则2281628PF y y k y y ==--,2168FQ y k y -=,直线QF 方程为216(2)8y y x y-=-, ∴2216483(82)84Q y y y y y --=-=,24838,4y Q y ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭, 根据FP FQ FE +=u u r u u u r u u r ,则22486,84y y E y ⎛⎫++ ⎪⎝⎭, ∴222488648y y y ⎛⎫⎛⎫+=+ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭,解得:2165y =,∴存在以FP 、FQ 为邻边的矩形FPEQ ,使得点E 在τ上,且2lP 5⎛ ⎝⎭.【解析】(1)设B 点坐标,根据两点之间的距离公式,即可求得BF ;(2)根据抛物线的性质,求得Q 点坐标,即可求得OD 的中点坐标,即可求得直线PF 的方程,代入抛物线方程,即可求得P 点坐标,即可求得AQP △的面积;(3)设P 及E 点坐标,根据直线1PF FQk k ⋅=﹣,求得直线QF 的方程,求得Q 点坐标,根据FP FQ FE +=u u r u u u r u u r ,求得E 点坐标,则222488648y y y ⎛⎫⎛⎫+=+ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭,即可求得P 点坐标.【考点】直线与抛物线的位置关系21.【答案】(1)数列{}n b 与{}n a 接近.理由:{}n a 是首项为1,公比为12的等比数列, 可得112n n a -=,11112n n nb a +=+=+, 则011111111222n n n n b a ---=+-=-<,*n N ∈, 可得数列{}n b 与{}n a 接近;(2){}n b 是一个与{}n a 接近的数列,可得11n n n a b a +-≤≤,数列{}n a 的前四项为:11a =,22a =,34a =,48a =, 可得1[0,2]b ∈,2[1,3]b ∈,3[3,5]b ∈,4[7,9]b ∈,可能1b 与2b 相等,2b 与3b 相等,但1b 与3b 不相等,4b 与3b 不相等,集合1234{|,}i M x x b i ===,,,, M 中元素的个数3m =或4;(3){}n a 是公差为d 的等差数列,若存在数列{}n b 满足:{}n b 与{}n a 接近,可得11n a a n d =+-(), ①若0d >,取n n b a =,可得110n n n n b b a a d ++-=-=>, 则21b b -,32b b -,⋯,201200b b -中有200个正数,符合题意; ②若0d =,取11n b a n=-,则11111n n b a a a n n -=--=<,*n N ∈, 可得11101n n b b n n +-=->+, 则21b b -,32b b -,⋯,201200b b -中有200个正数,符合题意; ③若20d ﹣<<,可令21211n n b a --=-,221n n b a =+,则()2212211120n n n n b b a a d ---=+--=+>,则21b b -,32b b -,⋯,201200b b -中恰有100个正数,符合题意; ④若2d -…,若存在数列{}n b 满足:{}n b 与{}n a 接近,即为11n n n a b a -+剟,11111n n n a b a +++-+剟, 可得()111120n n n n b b a a d ++-+--=+剟,21b b -,32b b -,⋯,201200b b -中无正数,不符合题意. 综上可得,d 的范围是(2,)-+∞.【解析】(1)运用等比数列的通项公式和新定义“接近”,即可判断;(2)由新定义可得11n n n a b a +-≤≤,求得i b ,1,2,3,4i =的范围,即可得到所求个数;(3)运用等差数列的通项公式可得n a ,讨论公差0d >,0d =,20d -<<,2d ≤-,结合新定义“接近”,推理和运算,即可得到所求范围.【考点】等差数列与等比数列的综合。

高考上海卷语文试题及答案

高考上海卷语文试题及答案

2018 年高考上海卷语文试卷及答案2018 年全国一般高等学校招生一致考试(上海卷)语文考生注意:1.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分,试卷包含试卷与答题要求,全部答题一定涂(选择题)或写(非选择题)在答题纸上,做在试卷上一律不得分。

2.答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考据号和姓名,并将查对后的条形码贴在指定地点上。

3.答题纸与试卷在试卷编号上是一一对应的,答题时应特别注意,不可以错位。

4.考试时间150 分钟,试卷满分150 分。

一、阅读80 分(一)阅读下文,达成第1-6 题。

( 16 分)应当正确对待文件综述熊易寒①在很长一段时间里,国内学术界都不大重视文件综述。

最近几年来跟着学术规范的逐渐成立,这种状况有所转变,可是大部分综述都是摆列式的,报幕似地把有关研究一个一个列出来,丝毫感觉不到这些文件之间存在任何内在的关系,甚至也感觉不到这些文件与作者自己的研究有何相关。

这样的综述机械、突兀,有生拼硬凑之嫌,称之为“伪综述”亦不为过。

②阅读国际上的顶级学术刊物,有这么几个发现:一、书评之外的论文□有比较翔实的文件综述;二、特意的文件综述性文章□是由该领域的一流学者撰写;三、对有关著作的征引□采纳间接引用的形式,极少直接引用。

这与国内的情况很不相同,值得我们思虑。

③为何一定有文件综述?一篇优异的文件综述其实就是一幅学术谱系图。

写文件综述不单是为了陈说过去的有关研究,也不不过是为了表示对长辈、同行或知识产权的尊敬,更是为了“认祖归宗”,对自己的研究进行定位。

有时只有把一篇文件放到学术史的脉络中去,放到学术传统中去,我们才能真切理解这个文本:作者为何要做这项研究?他的问题意识是什么?他试图与谁对话?我们在开始一项研究时也相同要有问题意识和对话意识,不可以自说自话。

对话的前提自然是聆听,假如连他人说了什么都不知道,如何进行对话?正是在聆听的过程中,我们发现了“问题”,才需要与对方进行议论,不然便无言以对。

经过综述的写作,我们就会知道:他人贡献了什么?我打算或许能够贡献什么?我能否在重复劳动?从这个意义上讲,撰写文件综述第一是为了尊敬并真切进入一个学术传统,其次才是利他主义功能——为他人供应文件检索的路线图。

2018年高考语文上海卷(含答案与解析)

2018年高考语文上海卷(含答案与解析)

语文试卷 第1页(共16页)语文试卷 第2页(共10页)绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(上海卷)语 文一、积累应用(10分)1.按要求填空(5分)(1)子曰:“君子固穷,____________________。

”(《论语·卫灵公》) (2)寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,_________________。

(李清照《________》)(3)《梦游天姥吟留别》中,“______________________,_____________________”两句描写梦中的声音,震动林泉,使人心惊胆战。

2.按要求选择。

(5分)(1)下列选项中,名句使用不恰当的一项是( )。

(2分)A .老吴七十学绘画,今天开画展,朋友发来短信:“莫道桑榆晚,为霞尚满天。

”B .沈教授为人诚挚,默默奉献四十年,深受爱戴,可谓“桃李不言,下自成蹊”。

C .王老师备课总是深入而又全面,她知道“以其昏昏,使人昭昭”是不可能的。

D .小赵的论文缺乏独到见解,他的导师给她写评语说:“言之无文,行而不远。

” (2)将下列编号的语句依次填入语段空白处,语言连贯的一项是( )。

(3分)艺术家可以活在艺术史之中,__________,__________,__________,__________,艺术可以保持对于时代的必要的冷漠,从而彰显艺术的自主性品格。

①艺术的独立性不是说艺术可以断绝与时代的关系 ②他们也活在社会历史之中 ③但更为普遍而真实的是 ④而是说作为一种抵抗方式 A .③①④②B .③②①④C .②①④③D .②③①④二、阅读(70分)(一)阅读下文,完成第3—7题。

(16分)喜怒哀乐的经济逻辑熊秉元①十八世纪的哲学家休谟曾言:“理智乃情感之奴。

”也就是说,人是情感、情绪的动物。

②哲学家大多认为,喜怒哀乐、爱恨情仇是驾驭人的原始力量,理智不过是属于被支配和奴役的地位。

人的境况..,还真是可悲可悯。

③然而,法国人类学家列维·斯特劳斯提醒世人:原始部落里看来古怪甚至是荒诞不经的仪式举措,背后其实都是有逻辑的。

上海市2018年高考[数学]考试真题与答案解析

上海市2018年高考[数学]考试真题与答案解析

上海市2018年高考:数学考试真题与答案解析一、填空题本大题共有12题,满分54分,第1~6题每题4分,第7~12题每题5分)考生应在答题纸的相应位置直接填写结果。

1.行列式的值为 18 .答案解析:行列式=4×5﹣2×1=18.故答案为:18.2.双曲线﹣y2=1的渐近线方程为 ± .答案解析:∵双曲线的a=2,b=1,焦点在x轴上而双曲线的渐近线方程为y=±∴双曲线的渐近线方程为y=±故答案为:y=±3.在(1+x)7的二项展开式中,x2项的系数为 21 (结果用数值表示).答案解析:二项式(1+x)7展开式的通项公式为T r+1=•x r,令r=2,得展开式中x2的系数为=21.故答案为:21.4.设常数a∈R,函数f(x)=1og2(x+a).若f(x)的反函数的图象经过点(3,1),则a= 7 .答案解析:∵常数a∈R,函数f(x)=1og2(x+a).f(x)的反函数的图象经过点(3,1),∴函数f(x)=1og2(x+a)的图象经过点(1,3),∴log2(1+a)=3,解得a=7.5.已知复数z满足(1+i)z=1﹣7i(i是虚数单位),则|z|= 5 .答案解析:由(1+i)z=1﹣7i,得,则|z|=.故答案为:5.6.记等差数列{a n}的前n项和为S n,若a3=0,a6+a7=14,则S7= 14 .答案解析:∵等差数列{a n}的前n项和为S n,a3=0,a6+a7=14,∴,解得a1=﹣4,d=2,∴S7=7a1+=﹣28+42=14.故答案为:14.7.已知α∈{﹣2,﹣1,﹣,1,2,3},若幂函数f(x)=xα为奇函数,且在(0,+∞)上递减,则α= ﹣1 .答案解析:∵α∈{﹣2,﹣1,,1,2,3},幂函数f(x)=xα为奇函数,且在(0,+∞)上递减,∴a是奇数,且a<0,∴a=﹣1.故答案为:﹣1.8.在平面直角坐标系中,已知点A(﹣1,0)、B(2,0),E、F是y轴上的两个动点,且||=2,则的最小值为 ﹣3 .答案解析:根据题意,设E(0,a),F(0,b);∴;∴a=b+2,或b=a+2;且;∴;当a=b+2时,;∵b2+2b﹣2的最小值为;∴的最小值为﹣3,同理求出b=a+2时,的最小值为﹣3.9.有编号互不相同的五个砝码,其中5克、3克、1克砝码各一个,2克砝码两个,从中随机选取三个,则这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率是 (结果用最简分数表示).答案解析:编号互不相同的五个砝码,其中5克、3克、1克砝码各一个,2克砝码两个,从中随机选取三个,3个数中含有1个2;2个2,没有2,3种情况,所有的事件总数为:=10,这三个砝码的总质量为9克的事件只有:5,3,1或5,2,2两个,所以:这三个砝码的总质量为9克的概率是:=,故答案为:.10.设等比数列{a n}的通项公式为a n=q n﹣1(n∈N*),前n项和为S n.若=,则q= 3 .答案解析:等比数列{a n}的通项公式为a=q n﹣1(n∈N*),可得a1=1,因为=,所以数列的公比不是1,,a n+1=q n.可得====,可得q=3.11.已知常数a>0,函数f(x)=的图象经过点P(p,),Q(q,).若2p+q=36pq,则a= 6 .答案解析:函数f(x)=的图象经过点P(p,),Q(q,).则:,整理得:=1,解得:2p+q=a2pq,由于:2p+q=36pq,所以:a2=36,由于a>0,故:a=6.12.已知实数x1、x2、y1、y2满足:x12+y12=1,x22+y22=1,x1x2+y1y2=,则+的最大值为 + .答案解析:设A(x1,y1),B(x2,y2),=(x1,y1),=(x2,y2),由x12+y12=1,x22+y22=1,x1x2+y1y2=,可得A,B两点在圆x2+y2=1上,且•=1×1×cos∠AOB=,即有∠AOB=60°,即三角形OAB为等边三角形,AB=1,+的几何意义为点A,B两点到直线x+y﹣1=0的距离d1与d2之和,显然A,B在第三象限,AB所在直线与直线x+y=1平行,可设AB:x+y+t=0,(t>0),由圆心O到直线AB的距离d=,可得2=1,解得t=,即有两平行线的距离为=,即+的最大值为+,故答案为:+.二、选择题本大题共有4题,满分20分,每题5分,每题有且只有一个正确选项.考生应在答题纸的相应位置,将代表正确选项的小方格涂黑。

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写作(70分)生活中,人们不仅关注自身的需要,也时常渴望被他人需要,以体现自己的价值。

这种“被需要”的心态普遍存在,对此你有怎样的认识?请写一篇文章,谈谈你的思考。

要求:(1)自拟题目;(2)不少于800字。

挖掘潜在动力,彰显人性之美题目文字简约,没有可有可无的所谓“要求”,却在短小精悍的题目里,闪烁着博大精深的文化内涵。

因此,今年的上海作文题,只要读懂试题内涵,审准题意才是关键。

首先,这道题的意图很明显,通过写作此作文题,警示我们的年青一代不要总是貌似以“暴风骤雨式”的激进,而更要从人性出发,让人类的本质需求欲来激发出不忘初心,积极进取的精神力量。

众所周知,关注自身的需要是低层次的,渴望被他人的需要,才能体现出人生的价值和存在感,这才是潜在的力量,人性之光辉!其次,试题既不随大流而又能“居高临下”与之不同,与往年一样,作文题目依然“大众化”,它既让每个考生有话可说,而又有一定难度,让语文层次一般的考生“点到为此”,让高水平的优生因“滔滔不绝”而脱颖而出。

因为,“渴望被需要”的欲望也不是人人相同的。

“怀才不遇”者的需要欲望永远比“无所事事的自我满足”者强烈。

读懂了题意,明确了立意方向,作文立意就不存在问题了。

例如,可以从人的本质去论述,探讨人性之美;可以从人类内在潜力方面阐述人性之光辉力量;还可以论述一个人只有“被需要”的欲望,才有不忘初心,积极进取的拼搏精神等等。

此外,在作文时,不能忽视“对此你有怎样的认识?请写一篇文章,谈谈你的思考”这一句话,也就是要求写作时文中不能无“我”,重点写作自己的思考和认识。

当然,文章要写出深度,还需要阐述“被需要”的深层原因。

东南风起一“凤翱翔于千仞兮,非梧不栖;士伏处于一方矣,非主不依。

乐躬耕于南亩兮,吾爱吾庐,聊寄傲于琴书兮,以待天时。

”(引用《三国演义》文句开篇,将读者拉入情境)青年一曲歌罢,遥望山路来处,似在沉思。

他仿佛在等谁,仿佛谁也不会来。

能征一国者,伏处茅庐,待天时,候明主。

他自比管仲、乐毅,自是不能埋没满腔才华。

凤需栖梧,我需明主,更何况,天下也需要他。

不论他怎么想,他都是被时代需要的。

孔明掩上草庐莲卷,和衣卧下了。

(以孔明的口吻叙述自己需要明主,体现“被需要”的主题)二久仰卧龙大名,他探访三次。

上一次,彤云密布,他顶风冒雪,未曾想又扑了空。

如今已是春光明媚,山中万物复苏。

可是山外的世界,都是一片刀光剑影,不曾有片刻停歇。

他想要复兴汉室,或说是渴望权力与威严。

山河变色,他需要卧龙助他一臂之力。

卧龙之才,倚玄德方可示于天下。

山路蜿蜒,他第三次站在草庐前,心中一片忐忑。

他怕如前番,求而不得。

如今天下大乱,冬去春来,他等得起,江山却等不起。

童子说先生睡下了。

他松了一口气,当下便恭敬行礼以待孔明醒来。

刘备不知自己等了多久,天光黯淡之时,方听得堂中孔明吟诗,“大梦谁先觉,平生我自知。

草堂春睡足,窗外日迟迟。

”“先生。

”刘备再次行礼。

四目交汇,一边是一统天下之志,一边是经天纬地之才。

电光火石间,已有了最深的契合。

(以刘备的口吻叙述自己需要人才,通过“需要”来反映“被需要”的主题)三孔明出山,有龙骧虎视、囊括四海之志,赏罚分明,众人皆畏而爱之。

(整散结合,有节奏感)孔明才得其用,有功于社稷,便也名垂青史,流芳百世,不负一世英才。

刘备善用其才,择人而任势,便也与众想得,三分天下,留下千古贤名。

孔明将适东吴,刘备送行。

“先生……”刘备方欲启口,孔明早已了然他的顾虑——只怕是孔明有闪失之患。

只念明主知遇之恩,乱世之中,予他运筹帷幄、立功建德之良机,名实相生之美誉,孔明定当鞠躬尽瘁,披肝沥胆以报之。

今日不过是深入东吴周斡旋于群儒之间而已矣。

孔明笑言:“只待东风起,亮必归矣。

”国需治世之才,贤倚圣明之主,英雄彼此成全,大业渐成。

(人才遇明主,明主得人才,共同体现彼此被需要,从而再次体现文章主题)这是一篇考场上乘佳作,本文紧扣材料,确定“被需要”的主旨,契合文章核心立意。

文章结构完整,演绎“刘备三顾茅庐,孔明出山相助”的三国历史佳话,展现出刘备和孔明之间“国需治世之才,贤倚圣明之主,英雄彼此成全,大业渐成”的“被需要”,孔明成为“不论他怎么想,他都是被时代需要的”的“被需要”。

文章语言颇具文言色彩,足见作者写作语言之功底,考场能有此等力作,实属不易。

被人需要是一种幸福(文题体现文章主题)都说“给永远比拿快乐”,自愿的“被需要”,不仅让人在忙碌中感到快乐,看到对方接受了自己的帮助,更是一种爱的满足,更是一种幸福。

人最大的需要,不一定是金钱,也不一定是地位,而是人的价值,人的价值体现在,被社会需要,被工作需要,被家人需要,甚至被陌生人需要。

(开篇提出文章论点)他人有需求,自己正好能助一臂之力,这种发自内心的愉悦,胜过一切。

有人说幸福是相濡以沫,幸福是腰缠万贯,幸福是身强力健,幸福是儿孙满堂……(排比句式,增强气势)能相濡以沫,是因为你需要我,我需要你,彼此成了依靠。

能腰缠万贯,是因为社会需要你发挥聪明才智去建设,金钱是你创造价值过后的回报。

能身强力健,是因为你知道还有很多事需要你去完成,还有很多人需要你去爱。

能儿孙满堂,是因为有了你,才能维系一个家的纽带,是你养了一代又一代人,家人需要你这根主心骨。

(紧扣主题,论证有力)人只有在无助的时候,才会懂得,自己是多么需要一个肯出手相助的人。

而那个被需要的人,或许帮不上什么忙,但有那么一个人可以倾诉,这个世界就不会太孤单。

于是,也就懂得了,能在关键时刻成为被需要的那个人,是多么重要。

而作为被需要的那个人,或许能帮上忙,或许又只是陪伴,一种幸福感油然而生。

(进一步阐述“被人需要是一种幸福”)真正聪明的人,宁愿人们需要他,而不是感谢他。

我觉得这不仅仅是聪明,更是高尚,回报和付出,他更在意的是付出,而付出在自己看来是实现价值,而从外界分析这是大爱。

大爱中实现自我价值,很聪明地诠释了“高尚”二字。

(以被人需要为自我价值的体现)但是,有些人利用自己的能力,使别人不得不需要他,臣服于他,从而敛财甚至伤天害理,这是要遭天谴的。

这样的人,他们痴迷于被人需要,已经扭曲了人生观,从而心生邪念,所以上天不会因为他扭曲的“及时行乐”而眷顾。

(从反面进行阐述被人需要而心生邪念)爱,与狭隘,出发点往往是一样的,但就在某一个节点出现了念头上的偏差。

就有可能会造成天堂与地狱的差别。

被人需要,是一种幸福,这种幸福是用来灌溉自己,而不是用来放纵自己。

(最后总结全文,点明文题,升华主旨)这是一篇考场佳作,本文紧扣“被需要”这一主旨,契合文章主题。

文章从“人的价值体现在,被社会需要,被工作需要,被家人需要,甚至被陌生人需要”展开叙述,结构完整,逻辑清晰,结尾“被人需要,是一种幸福,这种幸福是用来灌溉自己,而不是用来放纵自己”进一步深化主题,使文章论证有序,论证有力。

文章语言如话家常,朴素自然,体现作者写作语言之功底。

做自己的主人(文题点明中心)生活中,人们不仅关注自身的需要,也时常渴望被他人需要,这种“被需要”的心态普遍存在。

(开篇确立“被需要”的主题)有这样的心态,是因为它根植于人性深处对价值感的需求。

它与马斯洛需求层次理论中的金字塔尖“自我实现”的需求息息相关。

这一需求即使在历史的宏大叙事里也显而易见,四百多年前,机器被发明出来,人们惧怕工作被取代从而不再被需要,放火去焚烧机器,这就是英国历史上著名的“卢德运动”。

在今天,人工智能引起的质疑也与对人的价值的磨灭的担忧密不可分。

(用马斯洛心理学揭示“人性深处对价值感的需求”)但是,从更大的角度看,其原因还在于人的社会性。

从客观上看,国家和社会出于稳定政治秩序的目的,宣传人们作为一个集体的意义,而弱化人的个体性。

而主观上,由于处于这种民族家国的意识形态中,人们不自觉地渴望被他人需要,不断通过在集体中找寻自己的位置,为集体做出贡献来实现自己存在的意义,构建安全感和认同感。

(从社会学原理进行分析)然而,本性和本心常常相互违背。

一个过于渴望被他人需要,那么他就有把自己异化为“物”之嫌。

由于他人或好或坏的评价都将增添或削弱我们的尊严,我们的一举一动都被他人的需要所控制,那我们就失去了对自己生活的掌控。

正如萨特在《禁闭》中所写的,几个人的灵魂死后坠入地狱,地狱中没有烈火,只有一间封闭的密室,人们的一举一动都只能在他人在场的情况下进行,令人痛苦不堪,于是主角感叹:“何必动用烤架,他人就是地狱。

”生活中,我们因渴望“被需要”,或追名逐利,焦虑不已,或违背本心,做别人认为对的事情,这种在别人的影响下失去自由意志的行为,不就是萨特所说的“地狱般的痛苦”吗?(从“本性和本心常常相互违背”的角度分析,借用萨特《禁闭》素材,丰富文章内容)人,应当发现自己的价值所在,而不是通过“被需要”来实现自己的价值。

(由此强调“人,应当发现自己的价值所在”的重要性)因为,人是自由的目的,不是别人的手段。

只有了解自己的真正的价值所在,不被他人需要时,也不会有损我们一丝一毫的价值,而被需要时,我们的价值反而有所增益。

从而,我们将生活真正掌控于自己的手中,不被他人的喜恶所影响,我们所做出的每一个举动都是独立选择的结果。

只有这样,我们才算得上是真正自由的。

当斯特里克兰德背弃妻子、逃离社会,来到孤岛上追逐梦想时,尽管他的画无人鉴赏,但他就是自己的王;当桑提亚哥载着月光下泛白的鱼骨返航,能养活人们一个冬天的大马林鱼没有了,他不再被需要,但他战胜了鲨鱼,更战胜了自己。

(素材丰富,使论证更有力)人,应当做自己的主人。

(最后总结全文,点明文章题目,升华文章中心)本文最大的亮点就是深刻而严密的论证分析。

在分析“被需要”的心态普遍存在的原因时,先用马斯洛心理学揭示“人性深处对价值感的需求”,又从社会学原理分析,发现“本性和本心常常相互违背”的情形,于是“做自己的主人”就令人深思了。

论据信手拈来,可见考生文学功底。

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