现在分词、过去分词作定语、状语、宾补的区别
非谓语动词用法归纳
非谓语动词用法归纳非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。
(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。
(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。
(经验) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。
(经验)(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job，plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
英语现在分词和过去分词用法异同
make
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在整个句中应作状语；
再根据 European football 对于 make 来说应是主动关系，即欧
洲足球使之本身成为一项最受世人欢迎的运动。因此，该题应选A。
2.____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving
-They got very ____.
分词作宾语补足语
共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补 足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。 不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的 宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分 词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表 示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的 动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动 关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之 前或同时发生。
简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语
从句 who were invited
5.Most of the artists ____ to the party were from South
Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had
B. Receiving not
C. Not having received
D. Having not
received
简析：该题应选C。 测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加
not 。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。
3.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the
1.This news sounds ____.
现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别
Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. (完成式被动态)
After he had been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.
练习坊
• 用所给词的适当形式填空，并与A-C的汉 语翻译相匹配。
Difference between the Present Participle and the Past Participle
(现在分词与过去分词的区别)
_U_s__e_dfor a long time, the book looks old.
由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧. _U__s_in__gthe book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用.
7. _f_o_l_l_o_w__e(dhear) the news, they all jumped wiHthejaoryi.ng
8. The teach buildingbs u__il_t__ (build) in 1960 need repairing.
9. I found my school balgef_t___ (leave) in Mary’s room.
定语
(1) 表用途 == “名词+for+V-ing”。
a a
swleaelkpininggsbtiacgk((==a
bag for slee表n动in作g –sh主o动es，(s=ah正so在teics进kf行ofor，rruw=na=nlki=ning定g语)从句
一个跳舞的女孩---
过去分词的用法有哪些
=We must keep a secret of the things which are being discussed here.
我们必须对这里讨论的问题保密。
（2）如指未来的情况，都用不定式的被动形式。
=If all things are considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
3．He lay in bed with his head covered.（方式状语）
他躺在床上，盖着头。
4．He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast and his glaring eyes looking straight upward.
（1）The books dealing with the Long March are sold out.
=The books which deal with the Long March are sold out.
有关长征的书售完了。
（2）The books written by Guo Jinming are popular with young people.
=The books which were written by Guo Jinming…
郭敬民写的书很受年青人的欢迎。
例5．No computer so far ______ can have the same ability as human rights.
非谓语动词的用法大集合
非谓语动词的用法大集合非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。
(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。
(具体) (2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。
(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。
(经验)(3〕不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2〕如果主语是不定式〔表示条件〕，表语也是不定式〔表示结果〕。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
五动名词现在分词过去分词Ving结构
attempt, begin, continue, forget, remember, hate, learn, like, love, prefer, need, regret, start, stop, try, want
作主语 Learning without practice is no good. 作主语时有时用it引导的形式主语。 It is no good learning without practice. It is worthwhile discussing the question again.
动名词、现在分词 (V+ing结构)
一般地，Ving 结构作主语、表语、动词宾语、 介词宾语、前置定语时为动名词，后置定语、 状语时为现在分词。
动名词、现在分词 (V+ing结构)
动名词：既具有动词的性质，后可接宾语，可 用副词修饰语，又占据名词的位置，可作主语、 动词宾语、介词宾语和补语。
动名词、现在分词 (V+ing结构)一
They began studying computer last week.
动名词、现在分词 (V+ing结构)四
1. remember, forget, regret Can’t you remember telling me the story last night? You must remember to tell him the news. I don’t regret telling her what I thought. 2. need, want The letter needs signing. =The letter needs to be
现在分词和过分词做状语、宾语补足语、定语和表语的用法高三英语一轮复习
the falling leaves
the boiled water
Practice:
The girl s_t_an_d_i_n_g(stand) there is my sister.
主动
He is a trecher __l_o_ve_d___ (love) by his studengts. 被动
• Being surrounded, the enemy was forced to give in.
• 由于正被包围着,敌人被迫投降。
• Having been told many times, he still heart.
these rules by
• 尽管被告知了很多次,他还是没把这些规定记住。
being + V-ed having +been + V-ed
being + V-ed having +been + V-ed
无
非谓语动词 【考纲解读】 非谓语动词是高考的重要考查知识点，也是必考内容之一。试卷中主要以语法 填空和短文改错形式进行考查，或者放在篇章中结合语境考查。 主要考查热点： 1.不定式、现在分词和过去分词作后置定语的区别； 2.不定式的完成式、进行式和被动式的用法； 3.现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别； 4.现在分词做伴随状语、结果状语和不定式表目的和结果状语的区别； 5.动名词做主语和宾语的用法； 6.动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语的区别。
Given (give) more encouragement, the boy could have
behaved better.
Practice:
1.从上面看,体育场好像一个鸟巢。
过去分词作定语,表语,宾语补足语
过去分词作定语过去分词是非谓语动词的一种。
从语法功能分析，过去分词兼有动词，形容词或副词的特性，可在句中充当定语，表语，宾语补足语或状语。
考点1. 过去分词作定语1.过去分词作定语的位置1）单个过去分词：一般情况下。
单个过去分词作前置定语，即放在所修饰词之前。
有时为了表示强调，也可放在所修饰词之后。
A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。
（谚语）Money spent is more than money earned。
花的钱比挣的钱多。
2）过去分词短语：过去分词短语往往作后置定语，即放在所修饰词之后。
This will be the best novel of its kind of ever written. 这部小说将是这类小说中写得最好的。
This is the soldier wounded in the battle. 这就是战斗中受伤的战士。
真题链接After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope _______.A. providingB. providedC. have providedD. provide2.过去分词作定语的时态和语态意义1）及物动词的过去分词作定语通常表示被动和完成，即被修饰词通常是过去分词所表示的动作的承受着，且该动作已经完成。
The question discussed yesterday. 昨天讨论的那个问题。
The person killed last year. 去年被杀的那个人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词作定语仅表示完成，不表示被动。
Autumn comes, and there are many fallen leaves in the yard. 秋天来了，院子里有许多落叶。
When I got up and went into the yard, I saw the risen sun. 当我起床并走进院子时，我看到太阳已经升起来了。
英语非谓语动词讲解
英语非谓语动词讲解非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
★1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。
(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。
(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。
(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。
(经验)注意：不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
①常用不定式做主语的句型有：常用结构：It+be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth.(常见形容词: difficult , important, necessary, impossible, etc.)It+be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth.(常见形容词:clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etc.)②常用动名词做主语的句型有：It’s no good (use, fun) doing sth.It’s (a) waste of time one’s doing sth. It’s worth while doing sth.★2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
过去分词作定语和状语
过去分词作定语和状语过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式，没有时态和语态的变化，它只是一种形式，从意义上讲，它具有完成和被动两大特点。
一. 过去分词作定语1. 过去分词作定语时，单个的过去分词或只带副词的单个过去分词作前置定语时，具有形容词的特性，一般放在被修饰词的前面。
a broken window, an honored guest, a retired teacher, the fallen leaves2. 过去分词修饰some/any/no + thing/body/one所形成的不定代词或指示代词those等时，或过去分词短语作定语时，要置于被修饰的名词之后。
They reduced the number of animals used in experiments.There is almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago.3. 过去分词作定语时与定语从句的关系：（1）及物动词的过去分词可改为动词被动形式的定语从句。
lost time= time which is lost; a beaten team= a team which is beaten; a well-known writer= a writer who is well-known.（2）部分不及物动词的过去分词作定语时可改为动词完成式或表示状态的定语从句。
retired workers = workers who have retired; a sunken ship = a ship which has sunk二. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情况，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。
一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。
Choked by the heavy smoke, he could hardly breathe. 他被浓烟呛着了，几乎不能呼吸了。
现在分词
现在分词现在分词（Present Participle）(又称-ing形式、现在进行式) ，是分词的一种，分词又分为现在分词和过去分词，它们都是非限定动词，即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语，但能充当其它的一些成分（定语，表语，补语和状语），并且它们具有动词的性质，所以又是类动词的一种。
一般式doing 一般被动式being done 完成式havingdone 完成被动式having been done 所有否定式都是在－ing前面加not 包括独立主格形式定语状语补语表语１.作定语单个分词作定语时放在所修饰名词前分词短语作定语时放在后并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系这是区分现在分词作定语和动名词作定语的判断方法之一e.g. a running boythe girl standing there并且一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句e.g. a boy who is runninga girl who is standing there注意１：分词的完成时不可作定语注意２：在message letter sign news notice等词后要用现在分词作定语不用过去分词这是考试的易错点注意３：某些现在分词作定语时已不再表示动作已经从分词变为了形容词词性interesting story an exciting match 这些也可以属于现在分词作定语但是不能转化为相应的定语从句但是可以有三级变化（原级比较级最高级）和被某些副词如very修饰２.作补语高中阶段只研究分词作宾补的情况不研究作主补的情况只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补１）感官动词：see hear watch feel notice observe keep find listen to look at２）使役动词：have get catch leave set值得注意的是：要想用现在分词来作宾补只能是用于这些词后但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补）eg.I saw him singing now.Don't have the students studying all day.注意：宾语与作宾补充的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者至于现在分词作主语补足语的情况只须知道上述动词的被动语态形式中的现在分词作的是主补即可无须深入３.作表语现在分词作表语的情况只适用于上述的现在分词做定语部分中的注意３有三级变化可被副词修饰e.g.The story is interesting.The match is exciting.注意：表动作的现在分词不能作表语例如上面例子的变形A boy is running.这不是主系表而是主谓（其中助动词is与现在分词running和起来作谓语）关于句子成分的语法内容有时间再为大家补充４.作状语作时间条件原因让步状语时要位于句首且与后面用逗号隔开能转换为一个相应的状语从句作结果方式伴随状语时要位于句尾且与前面用逗号隔开有时也可以不用注意分词作状语时的逻辑主语（即分词动作的发出者）一般要与句中主语保持一致．〔这个是重点是考试和高考的常考点大家必须记住〕个人经验状语从句是万能的而分词作状语具有局限性当分词不能表示的时候可以用从句来做１）作时间状语eg.Walking in the street,I saw him.当我在街上走时，我看到他了．可以转化为一个时间状语从句When/While I was walking in the street,I saw him.当我要表达正在进行的动作时我们可以在分词前面加上when／while那么上面的例句就可以改写为When/While walking in the street,I saw him.（其实有的时候也可以理解为时间状语从句中的省略但是不是时时成立的）重新注意一下所给出的例子Walking in the street,I saw him.我是翻译成”当我在街上走时，我看到他了．”而不可以翻译为”当他在街上走时，他看到我了．”（这个是因为”分词作状语时其逻辑主语一般要与句中主语保持一致”）但是有的同学问了那我要是想翻译成”当他在街上走时，我看到他了．”那应该怎么做那？可以用状语从句来做啊因为从句是万能的啊When/While he was walking in the street,I saw him. 当他走在街上，我看到他。
过去分词作定语和宾语补足语
过去分词作定语和宾语补足语过去分词作定语和宾语补足语知识点包括过去分词作定语、过去分词作宾语补足语等部分，有关过去分词作定语和宾语补足语的详情如下：过去分词作定语1．过去分词作定语时的意义不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动的意义；及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动意义或已完成的被动动作。
(1)只表示完成不表示被动fallen leaves 落叶the risen sun 升起的太阳a retired teacher 一位退休的教师(2)表示被动an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人a guided trip 一次有导游的旅行(3)表示被动和完成the broken glass 碎了的杯子the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题a divided country 一个分裂的国家2．过去分词作定语时的位置(1)前置定语：单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前。
The broken vase has been thrown outside.那个打烂的花瓶已被扔到外面去了。
The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.受伤的工人现在正在医院受到良好的照料。
(2)后置定语：过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
The advice (which had been) sent to the committee was adopted.呈送给委员会的建议被采纳了。
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written(＝that has ever been written)．这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
注意：①有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也放在所修饰的名词之后，如left(剩余的)，given(所给的)，concerned(有关的)等。
现在分词、过去分词作定语、状语、宾补的区别
现在分词、过去分词作定语、宾语补足语、状语时的区别现在分词\过去分词作定语的区别.（一）现在分词\过去分词作定语的区别.1．The mobile phone lying on the desk belongs to me. =The mobile phone which is lying on the desk belongs to me. （the mobile phone 和lie为主谓关系，即主动关系，故用现在分词）2．The injured suffering from the shock in the traffic accident were lying in the hospital.=The injured who suffered from the shock in the traffic accident were lying the hospital。
（the injured 和suffer 为主谓关系，即主动关系，故用现在分词）3．The house built 50 years ago will be pulled soon. =The house which was built 50 years ago will be pulled soon. （the house 和build为动宾关系，即被动关系，故用过去分词）The mobile phone laid on the desk belongs to me. =The mobile phone which is laid on the desk belongs to me. （the mobile phone 和lay 为动宾关系，即被动关系，故用过去分词）The injured suffering from the shock from the traffic accident were lying in the hospital.The house built 50 years ago will be pulled soon.The mobile phone lying on the desk belongs to me.The mobile phone laid on the desk belongs to me.小试牛刀:1.The student ________________( speak) to the teacher now is our moniter.2.The problem _______________( discuss) yesterday is of great importance.3.The machine ________________( repair ) yesterday is broken again.4..The guests ________________(invite) to the meeting were all specialists.5.China is a country _______________(belong )to the 3rd world.6 .He lives in the house _______________( face ) the north.7.The temple ________________( stand ) on the top of the hill was built 500 years ago.8.The students ________________( want ) to join the club will gather at the gate.9.The car ____________________(make ) in China is of high qulity.10.A checking deligation ( 代表团)______________( consist ) of 5 people are visiting our school.A checking deligation ( 代表团)_____________( make) up of 5 people are visiting our school.11. The student________________( focus )on his lesson is best in our class.The student _______________ ( lose )in his lesson is best in our class.12.Can you see the boy _________________ ( dress )in a red shirt?Can you see the boy __________________( wear ) a red shirt?13.The students ____________________( sit ) in Row I see the blackboard clearlyThe students __________________( seat ) in Row I see the blackboard clearly.14. The country _____________ ( lie ) to the east of Shandong Peninsula (半岛) is South Korea.The country _____________(locate ) to the east of Shandong Peninsula (半岛) is South Korea.( 辅助信息:Our school is located in the centre of the town)key:1,speaking.2,discussed.3,repaired.4,invited.5,belonging.6,facing.7,standing.8,wanting.9,made.10,consisting;made.11,focusing;lost.12,dressed;wearing.13,sitting;seated.14,lying;locted.现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别find ，make，feel，keep，leave，have ，see，observe，notice，watch，hear 。
现在分词作状语,过去分词作状语,表语,宾补,定语
V-ing （现在分词）作状语v-ed/done(过去分词)作状语，表语，定语，宾补一．现在分词的形式形式主动形式被动形式否定形式一般式doing beingdone not doing/beingdone完成式havingdone having been done not having(been)done二．现在分词作状语辨析：动词的-ing 形式和动词不定式作结果状语的区别。
辨析：（1）动词的-ing 形式作结果状语通常表示自然而然的结果。
（2）动词不定式作结果状语通常表示意想不到的结果，常与only 连用，构成“only to do sth.”三．连词+动词的-ing 形式作状语，省略状语从句的主语和系动词be ，表示主动或者正在句子功能例句1.作时间状语，相当于when,while,as,after 等引导的时间状语从句Crossing the road,the old man was knocked over by a car.=When he was crossing the road,the old man was knocked over by a car.2.作原因状语，相当于as,because,since 等引导的原因状语从句Having eaten too much ,he couldn 't go to sleep.=Because he had eaten too much,he couldn't go to sleep.3.作条件状语，相当于if,once,unless 等引导的条件状语从句Using your head,you 'll find a good way.=If you use your head,you'll find a good way.4.作方式或伴随状语，相当于and 连接的并列谓语动词。
Four people entered the room looking around in a curious way.=Four people entered the room and looked around in a curious way.5.作结果状语，可扩展为有并列谓语的句子。
现在分词、过去分词和动名词的用法
现在分词和过去分词的用法一、现在分词（一）现在分词的定义：现在分词（Present Participle ）(又称-ing 形式、现在进行式) ，是分词的一种，由动词原形+ing 形式组成。
具有双重性，一面具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语；另一面具有形容词和副词的特征，可以充当表语，定语，状语，补足语，可以表示主动或正在进行的动作，是非谓语动词的一种。
（二）现在分词的功能与用法：1. 作定语单个分词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前，分词短语作定语时放在后，并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系。
与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系。
一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句。
一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句。
e.g. a running boy à a boy w ho is running who is runningthe girl s tanding there standing there à a girl w ho is standing there who is standing there例如：The report indicated that 45% of students were in jobs not specific qualifications. A. requiring B. to be required C. being required D. to have required 2. 作补语只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补: 1）感官动词：see hear watch feel notice observe keep find listen to look at 2）使役动词：have get catch leave set注意：要想用现在分词来作宾补,只能是用于这些词后,但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词（有些后面可以加不带to 的不定式作宾补）。
初中英语语法 非谓语动词总结
初中英语语法非谓语动词总结非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。
(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。
(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。
(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。
(经验) (3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
过去分词和现在分词语法总结
分词也是非谓语动词之一分词在形式上不同于不定式和动名词，它有两种形式；①现在分词：动词原形＋ing（同动名词形式）②过去分词：（规则动词）动词原形＋ed （不规则动词）构成没有什么规律分词也和不定式和动名词一样，在句子中不能作谓语但它还保留一部分动词性质，它可以带自已的状语和宾语，有时也有它自己单独的逻辑上的主语例：（1）He saw the thief stealing the books from the book shop.（带状语）他看见这个贼正在书店偷书。
（2）Hearing the news he jumped.（带宾语）听到这个消息，他跳了起来。
( 3 ) Li Ming being late, we had to wait.（带逻辑主语）李明迟到了，我们只好等他。
另外，分词具有形容词和副词性质，它可以在句子中担任表语、定语、状语和宾补。
The story is interesting. I'm interested in it.这个故事很有趣，我对它感兴趣。
（作表语）This is a moving film. 这是一部感人的电影。
（作定语）The woman dressed in blue is my sister. 穿着蓝衣服的妇女是我姐姐。
（作定语）The secretary worked late into the night，preparing a long speech for the president.（作状语）秘书工作到深夜，为总统准备一篇长的发言稿。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果再多加注意，这些树会长得更好。
（作状语）When he passed the bank, he saw the thief stealing some money from the bank.（作宾补）当他经过银行时看见这个贼正在偷钱。
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现在分词、过去分词作定语、宾语补足语、状语时的区别（一）现在分词\过去分词作定语的区别.The mobile phone lying on the desk belongs to me.=The mobile phone which is lying on the desk belongs to me.（the mobile phone 和lie为主谓关系，即主动关系，故用现在分词）The injured suffering from the shock in the traffic accident were lying in the hospital.=The injured who suffered from the shock in the traffic accident were lying the hospital。
（the injured 和suffer 为主谓关系，即主动关系，故用现在分词）The house built 50 years ago will be pulled soon.=The house which was built 50 years ago will be pulled soon.（the house 和build为动宾关系，即被动关系，故用过去分词）The mobile phone laid on the desk belongs to me.=The mobile phone which is laid on the desk belongs to me.（the mobile phone 和lay 为动宾关系，即被动关系，故用过去分词）小试牛刀:1.The student ________________( speak) to the teacher now is our moniter.2.The problem _______________( discuss) yesterday is of great importance.3.The machine ________________( repair ) yesterday is broken again.4..The guests ________________(invite) to the meeting were all specialists.5.China is a country _______________(belong )to the 3rd world.6 .He lives in the house _______________( face ) the north.7.The temple ________________( stand ) on the top of the hill was built 500 years ago.8.The students ________________( want ) to join the club will gather at the gate.9.The car ____________________(make ) in Japan is of high quality.10.A checking delegation ( 代表团)______________( consist ) of 5 people are visiting our school.A checking delegation ( 代表团)_____________( make) up of 5 people are visiting our school.11. The student________________( focus )on his lesson is best in our class.The student _______________ ( lose )in his lesson is best in our class.12.Can you see the boy _________________ ( dress )in a red shirt?Can you see the boy __________________( wear ) a red shirt?13.The students ____________________( sit ) in Row I see the blackboard clearlyThe students __________________( seat ) in Row I see the blackboard clearly.14. The country _____________ ( lie ) to the east of Shandong Peninsula (半岛) is South Korea.The country _____________(locate ) to the east of Shandong Peninsula (半岛) is South Korea.( 辅助信息:Our school is located in the centre of the town)（二）现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别find ，make，feel，keep，leave，have ，see，observe，notice，watch，hear 。
但其中make，have ，see ，observe，notice，watch，hear后也可：V +O+do sth。
Can you hear somebody singing in the next room? （宾语somebody 和sing 为主谓关系，故用现在分词）I often hear this song sung in English. （宾语this song 和sing 为动宾关系，故用过去分词）He let out my secret. He made it known to all.（宾语it和know为动宾关系，故用过去分词）I have had my heart examined.（宾语my heart和examine为动宾关系，故用过去分词）When she saw his son sitting in the last row, she felt very disappointed. ( 宾语his son 和sit 为主谓关系，故用现在分词）When she saw her son seated in the last row, she felt very disappointed.（seat vt.使sb 坐下，her son 是seat逻辑宾语，即为动宾关系，故用过去分词。
辅助信息：Her son was seated in the row ）I found him focusing on his book, so I didn’t disturb him.（宾语him和focus为主谓关系，故用现在分词）I found him lost in his book, so I di dn’t disturb him.（辅助信息:He was lost in his book ,故用过去分词）试试看:1.Please speak loudly to make yourself ________________ ( hear)clearly.2.Don’t leave\have \keep him _______________ ( stand) in the rain.3.Finding his car _______________(run ) beyond the speed ,the policeman gave him a ticket.4.He always keeps his box _______________( lock)5.He is absent. He is having his house ________________( repair).6.I noticed all the eyes ______________( look) at the star when she appeared at the stage.7.I noticed all the eyes ______________( fix ) upon the star when she appeared at the stage.8.I feel my heart_________________( beat ) fast.9.When I found myself ________________ ( laugh )at ,I became angry.（三）现在分词、过去分词作状语的区别：在句首的分词相当于时间状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句；在句末的分词常作伴随状语、方式状语、结果状语、不能改成从句. 如：Seen from space, the earth looks blue.=When it is seen from space, the earth looks blue.Seeing the earth from space, we will find it blue.=When we see the earth from space, we’ll find...Devoting himself to education, he was given a medal.=As he devoted himself to education, he…Devoted to education, he was given a medal.=As he was devoted to education, he ……She sat at the desk, focusing on the lesson.She sat at the desk, lost in the lesson.试试看：1.__________________(give ) more time ,we can do the work better.2.__________________( give ) us more time, you can get a better result.3._________________( lose ) my key ,I couldn’t enter my room.4__________________________( not receive) his letter ,I decided to another .5.____________________(dress) in a red shirt ,he is easy to find from the crowd.6. ___________________( wear ) a red shirt ,he is easy to find from the crowd.7.__________________( concentrate) on his newspap er, he didn’t notice my arrival.8.__________________( absorb )in his newspaper, he didn’t notice my arrival.9.__________________( compare ) him with you, I think you lucky.10._________________ (compare) with him ,you are lucky.11.__________________( recognize) as a thief, he was caught alive.12.__________________( find ) the man stealing my wallet ,I called the police.13.Once ___________________(find ) smoking in the office, you will be fined.14.Though _________________( invite), I won’t attend his p arty.15.The old man never speaks Unless __________________ ( speak ) to.16. He was forced to leave his home,__________________(decide) never to return.17. He was forced to leave his home,_________________(determine) never to return.18.The professor came into the classroom, _______________(follow) his students.19. The professor came into the classroom, _______________(follow) by his students.20.A beggar died of cold, _________________( leave ) his body exposed.A beggar died of cold, _________________( dress ) in nothing.A beggar died of cold, _________________(wear ) nothing.A beggar died of cold,_________________( have ) nothing on.A beggar died of cold ,_________________( cover) with nothing.作定语的区别：key:1,speaking.2,discussed.3,repaired.4,invited.5,belonging.6,facing.7,standing.8,wanting.9,made.10,consisting; made.11,focusing;lost.12,dressed;wearing.13,sitting;seated.14,lying;locted.作宾补的区别key:1,heard.2,standing.3,running.4,locked.5,repaired.6,looking.7,fixed.8,beating.9,laughed.作状语的区别：key:1,Given.2,Giving.3,Having lost.4,Not having received. 5,Dressed. 6,Wearing. 7,Concentrating. 8,Absorbed. 9,Comparing.10,Compared.11,Recognized.12,Finding.13,found.14,invited.15,spoken.16,deciding.17,determined. 18,following.19,followed.20,leaving;dressed;wearing;having;covered。