华中师范大学08年考博真题
华中师范大学08年考博真题

华中师范大学08年考博真题2008年华中师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题(A卷)(注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试卷上无效)Part I Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each withfour suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the one you think is the best answer,and then write your answer on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneIn America’s fiercely adversarial legal system, a good lawyer is essential. Ask O.J Simpson. In a landmark case 35 years ago, Gideon v. Wainwright, a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that indigent defendants must be provided with a lawyer at state expense because there could be no fair trial in a serious criminal case without one.“This seems to us to be an obvious truth,”wrote Justice Hugo Black in his opinion. At the time, the decision was hailed as a triumph for justice, anexample of America’s commitment to the ideal of equality before the law.This is the image most Americans still have of their criminal-justice system---the fairest in the world, in which any defendant, no matter how, gets a smart lawyer who, too often, manages to get the culprit off on a technicality. Nothing could be further from the truth. About 80% of people accused of a felony have to depend on a publicly-provided lawyer; but over the past two decades the eagerness of politicians to look harsh on crime, theirreluctance to pay for public defenders, and a series of Supreme Court judgments restricting the grounds for appeal have made a mockery of Gideon. Today many indigent defendants, including those facing long terms of imprisonment or even death, are treated to a “meet’em and plead’em”defense --- a brief consultation in which a harried or incompetent lawyer encourages them to plead guilty on if that fail, struggle through a short trial in which the defense is massively outgunned by a more experienced, better-paid and better-prepared prosecutor.“We have a wealth-based system of justice,”says Stephen Bright, the director of the Southern Center for Human Rights. “For the wealthy, it’s gold-plated. For the averagepoor person, it’s like being herded to the slaughter-house. In many places the adversarial system barely exists for the poor.”Many lawyers, of course, have made heroic efforts for particular defendants for little or no pay, but the charity of lawyers can be relied on to handle only a tiny fraction of cases. As spending on police, prosecutorsand prisons has steadily climbed in the past decade, increasing the number of people charged and imprisoned, spending on indigent defense has not kept pace overwhelming an already hard-pressed system.1. It can be inferred from the passage that O.J Simpson was probably______.A. a person who was found not guilty because he hired a very good lawyer.B. a person who won his case because he was provided with a lawyer at state expense.C. a person who was denied a lawyer and thus lost his case in the court.D. a brilliant lawyer who won numerous cases for the averagepoor people.2. What is the author’s view of America’s adversariallegal system?A. It is the embodiment of the ideal of equality before the law.B. It is the fairest criminal-justice system in the world.C. As it is, it benefits the rich but works against the poor.D. It is unfair by nature and should be overhauled.3. Which of the following statements is true?A. Lawyers who provide defense for the poor often work heroically for little or no pay at all.B. As crime rate increases, American politicians have become more tolerant towards crime than before.C. In America, if a person refuses to accept the judgment of a lower court, he can always appeal to the Supreme Court.D. Government-provided lawyers tend to go through the formalities of defense and prove to be no match for the prosecutors.4. What is the author’s specific purpose in writing this passage?A. To appeal for more public spending on court defense for the poor.B. To criticize America’s fiercely adversarial legal system.C. To draw attention to the injustice of the American legalsystem.D. To make a suggestion on how to mend the criminal-justice system.Passage TwoThe media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the eventsrelated to t he People’s Park that were occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of that was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more o f their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contract you have with others simply byusing telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action”such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed any immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This event was triggered by the verdict in the Rodney King beating. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgment, and most people, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able toacquit the policemen involved. Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to providepositive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.5. The best title for the passage is_____.A. The 1992 Los Angeles Riots.B. The Impact of Media on Current Events.C. The 1989 San Francisco Earthquake and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots.D. How Media Cover Events.6. All the following statements are true EXCEPT that____.A. electronic media can extend one’s contact with the world.B. those living far away from a certain event can also have some perception of realities by watching television.C. all the events occurring on the university campus at Berkeley were given national media coverage.D. video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquakegave the viewers the impression of total disaster.7. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because______.A. the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.B. people can make their own judgments.C. video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.D. video coverage had provided powerful feedback.8. It can be inferred from the passage that______.A. media coverage of events as they occur can have either good or bad results.B. most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with the verdict of the jury.C. the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.D. Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday.Passage ThreeNo one knows for sure when or where the first cow went mad, but the first recorded case occurred in December 1984 when a dairy cow on a farm in West Sussex began to act strange. That cow, identified only as No.133in a British。
2008年华中师范大学831社会保障基础理论考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2008年华中师范大学831社会保障基础理论考研真题及详解院系、招生专业:管理学院、社会保障考试科目代码及名称:831社会保障基础理论一、概念题(本大题共6题,每题4分,合计24分)1.社会福利2.公平3.资产替代效应贫困4.失业陷阱5.智利模式二、简答题(本大题共4题,每题12分,合计48分)1.简述德国新历史学派的理论观点与政策主张。
2.简述社会保障的基本目标和功能。
3.社会保障如何影响劳动力需求?4.简述社会保障基金监督的主要机制。
三、辨析题(本大题共2题,每题18分,合计36分)1.现收现付制度与基金积累制度2.商业人寿保险与社会保险四、论述题(本大题共2题,每题21分,合计42分)1.如何看待21世纪70年代末以来发达国家的社会保障改革?2.为什么说投资多元化是应对养老基金面临的挑战的核心策略?参考答案:一、概念题(本大题共6题,每题4分,合计24分)1.社会福利答:在社会保障体系中,社会福利是指政府和社会组织通过建立文化、教育、卫生等设施,免费或优惠提供服务,以及以实物发放、货币补贴等形式,向全体社会成员或特定人群给予帮助,以保证和改善其物质文化生活的制度。
社会福利有以下四种常见类型:①公共福利事业;②特别的、专门性的福利事业;③局部性或选择性的福利措施;④上述三种内容的综合。
2.公平答:公平,即公正、平等,指是一个多维度的概念,包括了社会经济生活的多个方面。
对社会保障制度而言,不但要实现社会成员享有社会保障机会和权利的公平,而且要达到主体各方的负担公平;不仅要确保起点公平,而且要努力维护过程公平,力求接近结果公平或者努力缩小结果的不公平。
3.资产替代效应贫困答:资产替代效应贫困也就是因资产收益而形成的贫困效应,是指资产收益使收入上升时,其相应的补贴减少从而使其实际收入减少,在这种作用下,可能使劳动者减少资产收入。
4.失业陷阱答:失业陷阱是指在社会保障税与个人所得税的共同作用下,某些低收入者事实上存在着一个很高的“失业时的实有收入”对“就业时的实有收入”的替代率,即失业者失业时净补助收入与其如果找到工作时的可能净收入之比率。
华师考博试题汇总

1999年的博士题目:一、理论语言学:(说明:在前两题中任选一题)1、关于儿童语言习得有那些重要的理论?简述儿童语言研究在语言教学和语言理论中的学术价值(20分)2、语义与语法是两个相关的语言学范畴。
试谈两者之间的关系,并举例说明如何结合语义进行语法研究。
(20分)3、在百年中国语法学史上,人们提出过不少有关“本位”的学说,例如黎锦熙先生的“句本位”,朱德熙先生的“词组本位”,徐通锵先生的“字本位”和邢福义先生的“小句中枢”等。
试就其中的一、两个学说谈谈你的意见。
(20分)4、近几十年,功能语法(包括认知语法)在西方异军突起,发展成为可以与乔姆斯基分庭抗礼的语言学流派,简述这一学说的学术要旨。
应用这一学说研究汉语,会发生什么样的作用?(20分)5、你对语言学哪个部门最感兴趣?请综述你感兴趣的那个语言学部门的研究历史、现状及其发展趋势。
(40分)二、现代汉语(邢老师命题)1、现代汉语词汇研究的现状与前景如何?试做简短评述。
(20分)2、现代汉语修辞研究的现状与前景如何?试做简短评述。
(20分)3、谈谈你对“两个三角”“三个平面”的看法。
(20分)4、写短文:说“生父生母”和“生儿生女”。
(40分)2001年的博士题目:一、现代汉语:1、说说你对“普—方—古”大三角的理解和想法。
(20分)2、说出下列著作的作者和主要特点:(20分)⑴《马氏文通》;⑵《新著国语文法》;⑶《中国文法要略》;⑷《现代汉语语法讲话》3、你对二十多年来词语的发展有什么想法?你认为,在词语的语法性质上,新词新语主要有那些类型?(20分)4、写短文:说“X上”。
(联想有关事实,造出若干用例,写出一篇千字短文。
这篇短文,要尽可能反映自己对语法事实认识的深度。
)(40分)二、理论语言学:1、为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具?语言这两种职能之间具有什么样的关系?(25分)2、语言形式与语言意义之间的对应关系,是语法学研究的中心问题。
湖北省 2008年 博士研究生入学考试英语联考真题笔记

湖北省2008年博士研究生入学考试英语联考试题Part IReading Comprehension(30%)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A,B,C,and D. You should decide on the best choice and markyouranswer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter inthe brackets.Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:Most of us would like to feel we have some influence over what happens around us and to us. Citizens speak out toinfluence policy on use of nuclear power, conserving the environment and endangered animals,local and state taxes,theappropriate use of funds by organization s of which they are members,proper land use and th e nature of edu cation in thepublic schools, and a host of other issues.Some of these affect the speakers’immediate self-interest; others are attempts tomake the social environment conform more closely to their own ideas. To speak on such matters effectively enough toinfluence the opinions and actions of others is to exercise power.Even in jobs relying on technical specialization,th e opportunities and demands for public speaking skills remain morecommon than many college students realize. The engineer finds that if his career i s to advance he must be willing to acceptmanagement duties that include speaking to groups of employees, or he must serve as a spokesperson for consultant teams presenting results to agen cies outside the company. The certified public accountant finds an opportunity to teach classes in herarea of speculation. The dentist has to give speeches as an offi cer of his dental association.Sometimes you may have to make a speech as part of your duties in your job or organizati on. Perhaps more frequentlyyou will have opportunities where you speak voluntarily, as when you speak out in a meeting.Some of thesespeakingsituations will be of little consequence; you will feel better if you do the speech well,but it will not really make muchdifference.In other situation s, the speech may be significant for the audience.In these situations,it i s comforting to know thatyou can do at least an adequate job.And y ou may not be content merely to get through the task adequately. To be able toincrease listeners’understanding or to persuade them is one of the most civilizedways we as individuals have for affectingour environment.Some beginning-speech students are surprised to discover that they can give a public speech at all,much lesstheskillful and effective ones they will be producing by the end of the course.The primary purposes of a speech course are toexpand y our understanding of techniques and strategies in public speaking,and to give you some practice so that you will bemore confident and effective in more situation s.With skill and confidence you develop a power to benefit yourself and thesociety around you.1.The text intends to sho w youA.A.the importan ce of speaking before the publicB.the techniques and strategies in public speakingC.the purposes and aims of a speech courseD.the most civilized ways to exert our influences2.According to the passage,effective speaking ability does benefit people a lot except onC.A.environmental con servati onB.audience awarenessC.technical maintenanceD.career promotion3.You need to speak effectively if D .A.you are a studentB.you are an engineerC.you want to study wellD.you want to influence others4.It is implied in the text thatA .A.a good speaker may have greater chance in his careerB.making good speeches is part of the duties of an engineerC.speaking at a meeting is often part of one's dutiesD.people often exercise their power by making speeches5.Sometimes you are not content when yo u finish yo ur speech because yo ukno w B .A.you speech makes little differen ce to the audienceB.the audience's better understanding is more essential to youC.making good speeches is part of the duties of an engineerD.the speech-making occasion is not important in the leastQuestions 6-l0 are based on the following passage:The world is undergoing tremendous changes.The rise of globalization, both an economic and cultura l trend that hasswept throughout the world,has forged new ground as we enter the 21st century.But are the effects of globalization alwayspositive? Some say no.Michael Tenet,head of the International Institute for Foreign Relations in Arian, is worried about current resentmentthroughout the world toward the rise of globalizati on.“Ever since the 1980s and the economic collapse of the Asian Tigers inthe late 1990s,there has been a re-evaluation of the role of globalization as a force for good," he said." Incomes in manycountries have declined and the gap between the most rich and the most poor has been aggravated.Without furtherintervention by governments, we could see a tragedy expressed in an increased level of poverty throughout the Latin Americaand Asia."Yet George Frank,an influential economist who works on Wall Street,sees no such danger.“Economic liberalization,increased transparency and market-based reforms have positive effect in the long run,even if market mechanisms can produceshort-term destabilization problems," he said. “What is most important i s that barriers to trade continue to fall so that activecompetition for consumer goods reduces prices and in turn raises the average level of income."Others feel that globalization's cultura l impact may be more important than itseconomic implication s. Janice Yawed,anative of Africa,feel s strongly that globalizati on is undermining her local culture and language.“Most of the world’s dialectswill become extinct under globalization. We're paving the w orld with McDonald's and English slang.It tears me up inside,"she said.Governments of different countries have had mixed responses to the wave ofglobalizati on .The United States i sgenerally seen as an active propon ent of greater free trade , and it certainly has enormou s cultural influence by virtue of itsnear monopoly on worldwide entertainment .But other countries, most notably in Europe and developing nations ,have soughtto reduce the impact that globalization has on their domestic affairs.“When I was a boy we had very little to speak of ,” says one Singaporean resident ."Now our country has developed intoa booming hubfor international finance." Others ,however, are not so optimistic ."Globalization is an evil force that must behalted," a union official at a car plant in Detroit recently commented, "It's sucking away jobs and killing the spirit of ourcountry."6.As for globalization ,Michael T enet's attitude to it is most probably to be in C . A .firm support B .cautious approval C .great anxiety D .strong repentance7.The views of Mic hael T enet and George Frank o n glo balizatio n are quite D . A .optimistic B .identical C .worrying D .contrary8.When mentioning Janice Yaw ed ,the author is talking aboutu B. A .her local culture and languageB .the cultural implications of globalizationC .McDonald's and English slangD .the economic impact of globalization9.According to paragraph 5,different countries consider globalization as A . A .a mixed blessing B .an evil force C .all active stimulus D .all intervention10 .The title which best expresses the main idea of the text w o uld be B . A .Disadvantages of Globalization in Economic Area B .People's Respon ses to the Impacts of Globalization C .Influence of Globalization on the Economy and CultureD .Different Roles of Globalization in the Development of EconomyQuestions 11-15 are based on the following passage :In the decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of th e Black populationof the United States left the South,wherethe majority of the Black population had been located,and migrated to northern states,with the largest number moving,it isclaimed,betw een 1916 and 1918.It has been frequently assumed, but not proved,that most of the migrants in what has cometo be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two con current factors:the collapse of cottonindustry following boll-weevil infestation,which began in 1898,and increased demand in the North for labor following thecessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the first World War in l914.This assumption has led to theconclusion that th e migrant's subsequent lack of econ omic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background thatimplies unfamiliarity with urban living and alack of industrial skills.But the qu estion of who actually left the South has never been investigated in detail. Although numerous investigati onsdocument a flight from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration,no one has considered whether thesame migrants then moved on to n orthern cities.In1910 over 600,000 Black workers,or ten percent of the Black w ork forcereported themselves to be engaged in "manufacturing and mechanical pursuits",the federal censu s category roughly includingthe entire industrial sector.The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families.It isperhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be tempted to move,but an explanation liesinthe laborconditions then prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engagedin skilled trades. Some w ere from theold arti san class of slavery——blacksmiths,masons,carpenters——which had a monopoly of certain trades,but they weregradually being pushed out by competition,mechanization,and obsolescen ce.Th e remaining sixty-five percent,more recentlyurbanized,worked in newly developed industries——tobacco, lumber,coal and iron manufacture,and railroads.Wages in theSouth,however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press,that they could earnmore even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisan s in the South.After the boll-weevil infestation.urbanBlack workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven toundercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus,a move north would be seen as advantageou s to a group that wasalready urbanized and steadily employed,and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North totheir rural backgrounds comes into question.11.The author indicates the Great Migration explic itly by using_______ as her so urce of information.A.Immigration Service reports in l930B.The first World War in 1918C.The federal censu s in l910D.Southern newspapers in 189812.According to the text, which o f the fo llo wing is true of wages in so uthern c ities in l910?A.They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.B.They began to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers. C.They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers. D.They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern ones. 13.It c an be inferred from the passage that the underlined phrase "easy conclusion" is based on the assumption that ______.A.people who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasonsB.most people who leave rural areas to w ork in cities return to rural areas as soon as it isfinancially possible for them to do soC.people with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than thosewith urban backgroundsD.most people who were on ce skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers14.The primary purpose of the passage is to_______.A.introduce a recently discovered source of informationB.support an alternative to an accepted meth odologyC.present eviden ce that resolves a contradictionD.challenge a widely accepted explanation15.The material in the passage w o uld be most relevant to a long discussio n of whic h o f the follo wing to pics?A.The effect of migration on the regional econ omies of the United States following the First World WarB.The reasons for th e subsequent econ omic difficulties of th ose who participated in the Great MigrationC.The tran sition for the subsequent economic difficulties of those who parti cipated in the Great Migration.D.The transition of the agricultural South following the boll-weevil infestation.Questions 16-20 are based on the following passage:However important we may regard school life to be,there is n o gainsaying the fact that children spend more time athome than in the classroom.Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or di scounted by the teacher.They can become strong allies of the sch ool personnel or they can consciou sly hinder and thwart curricular objectives.Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents info rmed of the newer methods used in schools.Manyprincipals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program,manuscript writing,anddevelopmental mathemati cs.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervi sors,can also play an important role in enlighteningparents.The many interviews carried on during the years as will as new way s of reporting pupils progress, can significantlya id in achieving a harmonious interplay between sch ool and home.To illustrate,suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night.In a friendlyinterview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels.He might bepersuaded to let Junior participate in discu ssing the family budget,buying the food,u sing a yardstick or measuring cup athome,setting the clock,calculating mileage on a trip,and engaging in scores of other activities that have a math ematicalbasis.If the father follows the advice.it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progressin mathematics and,at the same time,enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers' conferences with parents are devoted to Petty accounts of children's misdemeanors,complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestion s for penalties and rewards at home.What is needed is more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professi onal adviser, plants ideas in parents' mindsfor the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of th e classroom.In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters' capacities.16.The central idea conveyed in the passage is that______.A.home training is more important than school training because a child spends so manyhours with his parentsB.teachers can and should help parents to understand and further the objectives of the schoolC.parents unwittingly have hindered and thwarted curricular objectivesD.there are many ways in which the mathematics program can be implemented at home17.The author directly discusses the fact that_______.A.parents drill their children too much in arithmeticB.principals have explained the new art programs to parentsC.a father can have his son help him construct articles at homeD.a parent's misguided efforts can be redirected to proper channels than they are at present18.It can reasonably be inferred that the author _______.A.believes that schools are lacking in guidance personnelB.believes present relation ships between home and school are satisfyingC.feels that the traditional program in mathematics i s slightly superior to the developmental ProgramD.feels that parent teacher interviews can be made much more con structivel9.The author implies that _____.A .participati on in interesting activities relating to a school subject improves one's achievement in that areaB.school principals do more than their share in interpreting the curriculum to the parentsC.only a small part of the sch ool day sh ould be set apart for drilling in arithmetic D.too many children are lazy and have poor work habits20.The author's primary purpose in writing this passage i s to______. A.tell parents to pay more attention to the guidance of teachers in the matter of educationalactivities in the homeB.help ensure that every child's capacities can fully develop when he leaves school C.urge teachers and school administrators to make u se of a much underused resource of theparentsD.improve the teaching approach in mathematics in and outside the classroomPart IIVocabulary (15%)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each senten ce there are four ch oices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.21.During the King's illness,the doctor i ssued______ twice a day.A.urgencies B.emergen cies C.statements D.bulletins22.Our ______with the President at the airport was exciting.A.arrival B.encounter C.endeavor D.refreshment23.The woods at this season are________ with delicate scentsA.flagrant B.small C.barren D.bright24.Meeting new people widened the young man's_______.A.joys B.horizon s C.range D.vicinities25.We don't encourage them to_______ in any solitary amusements_A.risk B.revive C.indulge D.suspend26.He expected the House to pass the bill by a comfortable_______.A.maple B.marble C.marsh D.margin27.Many people believe that the family is the _______of the community.A.nucleus B.latitude C.swamp D.destiny28.We need one hundred more signatures before we take the_______ to the governor. A.panel B.kernel C.petition D.paragraph29.When the rent was due,the poor man_______ for more time.A.pleaded B.squashed C.exerted D.cursed30.They have had only one_________ to gain the wealth.A.objectivism B.objection C.objective D.objectivity31.It's difficult for my father to_______ without a cane.A.talk back B.sitin C.stand out D.get round32.We'd better_______ the whole place _______in case it's been bugged.A.leave…alone B.check…out C.take…down D.pull…down33.The tiger continued to________ u s by walking round and round our tent.A.trap B.transplant C.menace D.provoke34.Understanding is one of the most important_________ of a happy marriage. A.initiatives B.ingredients C.proverbs D.possessions35.The bandits demanded that one of the travelers should stay with them as a ______.A.huma nitaria n B.horn C.host D.hostage36.The______ of medi cal knowledge is being pushed farther onwards as time goes on.A.potential B.multitude C.frontier D.leap37.The engineers have used special methods to______ the bridge against danger from high winds. A.suppress B.lubricate C.heave D.en sure38.He collects_______ of all kinds of rocks and minerals.A.specimens B.timbers C.serpents D.trunks39.This microscope_______ by 1000 times the sample on th e slides.A.probed B.abided C.magnified D.specified40.She is always looking for______ in what she wants.A.novelty B.token C.h orizon D.fake 41.Married couples can get a divorce if they find they are not_______. A.compatible B.comparable C.comfortable D.communicable42.A hundred dollars will be______ to buy a home computer.A.efficient B.sufficient C.effective D.proficient43.Betty, though_______ in most things,spent a lot of money on cl othes.A.econ omical B.economic C.excessive D.extravagant.44.Since the package was_______,the damage was paid for.A.ensured B.insured C.assured D.promised45.The public is very_______ about the governor's plans for a tax cut.A.susceptible B.dubiou s C.vulnerable D.deliberate46.If no one takes th e______ and plans for the trip,we will never leave h ome. A.initia l B.initiative C.original D.beginning47.Because of the close______ of architects and builders,the building was completed ahead of schedule.A.simulation B.composition C.collaboration D.inflation48.The shop manager said that he intended to______ the less effi cient members of his staff.A.resign B.dismiss C.employ D.appoint49.His difficulty in expressing himself clearly will be a________ to his plans to become a lawyer.A.hesitati on B.hinge C.highlight D.handicap50.You will have to work hard to_______ the time you lost.A.make use of B.make up for C.make way of D.make room forPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions:For each numbered bracket in the following passage,fill in a suitable wordin the blank on the ANSWER SHEET.Rabies is all ordinarily infecti ous disease of the central nervous sy stem.It is cau sed by a virus and,51 a rule,spread chiefly by domestic dogs and 52 flesh-eating animals. Man and all Warm-blooded animals are susceptible53 rabies.The people of 54 Egypt,Greece and Rome ascribed rabies to evil spirits 55 ordinarily gentle and friendly animals suddenly became vivacious and violent 56 evident Cause and,57 a period o t maniacal behavior became Paralyzed and died.Experiments 58 out in Europe in the early nineteenth century of injecting saliva from a rabid dog 59 a normal dog proved that the disease was infecti ous. Preventive steps,60 as the destruction of stray dogs,were taken and 61 1862 the disease was permanently eliminated in Norway,Sweden and Denmark.Though urban center on the continent of Europe were cleared several times daring the nineteenth century,62 soon became re-infected since rabies was uncontrolled among wild animals.Anti-rabies vaccine is widely used nowadays in two ways.Dogs may be give three-year protection 63 the di sease by one powerful injection 64 person s who have been 65 by rabid animals are given a course of daily injections over a week66 ten days. The mortality rate from all 67 of bites from rabid animals has dropped from 9% to 0.5%. In rare 68 , thevaccine will not prevent rabies in human 69 because the virus produces the di sease before the person's body has 70 tobuild up enough resistance. Because of this , immediate vaccination is essential for anyone bitten by an animal observedacting strangely and the animal should be captured circums pectly, and examined professionally or destroyed.Part IV.English-Chinese Translation (15%)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then tran slate th e underlined sentences into Chinese on th e ANSWERSHEET.Two modes of argumentation have been u sed on behalf of women's emancipation in Western societies.Arguments inwhat could be called the "relational" feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of "equality in difference". or equity as distinctfrom equality.They contend that biological distinction s between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in thefamily a nd throughout society and that women's procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage ofwomen.71) By contrast, the individua list feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and cerebrates( 崇尚)women's quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion ofchildbearing and its attendant respon sibilities.Before the late nineteenth century, these view s coexi sted within the feministmovement,often within the writings of the same individua l.72) Between 1890 a nd 1920,however, relational feminism,which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought and which still predominates.among European and non-Westernfeminists, lost ground in Engla nd and the United States.Because the con cept of individual rights was already well establishedin the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition,indiv idualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries.At the same time,the goal s of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable.Individualist feminists began toadvocate a totally gender-blind system with equal rights for a11.Relational feminists,while agreeing that equal educationaland economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women,continued to emphasize women's specialcontributions to society as homemakers and mothers. They demanded special treatment for women, including protectivelegislation for women workers,state-sponsored maternity benefits,and paid compensation for housework.Relational arguments have a major pitfall:because they underline women's physiological and psych ological distinctiveness,they are often appropriated by political adversaries and u sed to endorse male privilege.73) But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance,of physiologicaldifference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women.If the individualist framework,with its claim for women's autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists.a more fruitfulmodel for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.Part V. Chinese-English Translation(15%)Directions:Tran slate the following paragraph into English and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.在找工作的过程中,面试是一个关键时刻;面试的成功与否,除了面试官如何看你的条件及个人素质外,主要取决于他们如何评价你在面试中总的表现;因此,有必要把它当作一场演出或比赛来看待,其目的是向面试官表示你是干这项工作的最佳人选;大多数人在面试中采取被动策略,尽全力回答提出的问题;一种更好的方法是控局面,使面试官有绝对理由相信你能胜任这项工作,让他们没有理由相信你不能胜任它。
华中师大学研究生入学考试试题2008c

华中师大学
二零零八年研究生入学考试试题
院系、招生专业:信息管理、管理科学与工程考试时间:元月日午考试科目代码及名称:862管理学原理
一、名词术语注解(每题4分,共20分)
1、管理
2、战术决策
3、组织层级化
4、绩效评估
5、反馈控制
二、辨析题(每题5分,共30分)
1、决策遵循的是最优原则。
2、滚动计划方法使计划编制和实施工作的任务量加大。
3、企业组织的战略管理,就是如何扩展企业组织的边界问题。
4、“利润最大化”是企业管理的最终目标。
5、决策支持系统是一种以计算为基础的信息系统。
三、简述题(每题10分,共60分)
1、简述行为决策理论的基本内容。
2、简述战略环境研究的内容与目的。
3、简述“特色优势战略”的内容与方法。
4、简述组织设计的权变要素。
5、简述人力资源计划的过程。
6、简述产权制度、经营制度、管理制度三者的关系。
四、论述题(三选二,每题20分,共40分)
1、试论组织变革。
2、试论“公平理论”在和谐社会构建中的作用。
3、试析“质量管理理论”的基本思想与内容。
华中师范大学各专业课真题附录

中国教育史 1999——2004
中外教育史 1998——2005(注:2005年有两种)
德育原理 1998,2003
课程与教学论1999——2005
比较教育学2000——2005
特殊教育概论2005
教育心理学1998——2002
心理学院
国际政治学概论2003——2004
国际关系史1998
世界政治经济与国际关系1999——2000
战后国际关系史 2002——2008
国际政治与国际关系理论 2002
中国近代史(中国近现代史专业)1998——2005
中国近代史(中共党史专业)1998——2005,2007——2008
中国民主党派史1998——1999,2001
文学概论2000
文学评论1998,2000
文学批评1999
中国文学批评史1999
文学评论、文学批评史2001
欧美文学史1999
汉语语言学(含现代汉语、古代汉语两部分) 2001——2006,2008
汉语言文字学(含现代汉语、古代汉语两部分) 2003——2005,2007
古代汉语 2000——2002(注:2000年有两种)
邓小平理论和三个代表重要思想2005
毛泽东思想概论1999——2000
政治社会学 2004——2005,2007——2008
行政学基础 1998——2000(注:1998试卷名称为“法学、行政学基础理论”)
行政管理学1999——2005(2004有答案)
法理学与宪法学2008
考试学2000,2007——2008
华中师范大学博士硕士入学考试真题古典文献学.docx

华中师范大学二0—二年硕士研究生入学专业考试试题招生专业:古典文献学研究方向:文学文献学考试科目:古典文献学考试时间:4月14日上午一、將下列一段文言文標點,翻譯成現代漢語並從古典文獻學角度略加評論(共50分):昔仲尼沒而微言絶七十子喪而大義乖故春秋分為五詩分為四易有數家之傳戰國從衡真偽分爭諸子之言紛然殽亂至秦患之乃燔滅文章以愚黔首漢興改秦之敗大收篇籍廣開獻書之路迄孝武世書缺簡脱禮壞樂崩聖上喟然而稱口朕其閔焉於是建臧書之策置寫書之官下及諸子傳説皆充祕府至成帝時以書頗散亡使謁者陳農求遺書於天下詔光祿大夫劉向校經傳諸子詩賦步兵校尉任宏校兵書太史令尹咸校數術侍醫李柱國校方技每一書己向輙條其篇冃撮其指意録而奏之會向卒哀帝復使向子侍中奉車都尉歆卒父業歆於是總羣書而奏其七畧故有輯畧有六我畧有諸子畧有詩賦畧有兵書畧有術數畧有方技畧今刪其要以備篇籍二、名词解释(20分,每题5分)1、纪旳2、总集3、四分法4、善本三、論述題(30分)结合本科毕业论文写作,论述文献学对读书治学的重要性并简要阐述你如果考取研究生,未来三年的学习或研究计划。
华中师范大学二O—三年博士研究生入学考试试题院系名称:文学院招生专业:中国古典文献学在考试科目代码及名称:3033 中国古典文献学考试时间:2013年一、给下面一段文字加上标点、翻译成现代白话文,并就其中所涉及的诗风问题展开评论(标点、翻译20分,评论20分,共40分)故秦地于禹貢時跨雍梁二州詩風兼秦潮兩國昔後稷封蘇公劉處豳大王徙廣文王作鄂武王治踹其民有先王遺風好稼穡務本業故豳詩言農桑衣食之本甚備有鄂杜竹林南山檀柘號稱陸海為九州膏腴始皇Z初鄭國穿渠引涇水溉田沃野千里民以富饒漢興立都長安徙齊諸田楚昭屈最及諸功臣家于長陵後世世徙吏二千石高晋富人及豪桀並兼之家于諸陵蓋亦以彊幹弱支非獨為奉山園也是故五方雜厝風俗不純其世家則好禮文富人則商賈為利豪桀則遊俠通姦瀕南山近夏陽多阻險輕薄易為盜賊常為天下劇又郡國輻湊浮食者多民去本就末列侯貴人車服僭上眾庶放效羞不相及嫁娶尤崇侈靡送死過度二、举例说明古籍校勘时应如何选择底本和校勘的资料。
华中师范大学2008年806经济学基础真题及解析

华中师范大学2008年806经济学基础真题及解析第一部分政治经济学(50分)一、名词解释(每小题5分,共10分)1、社会必要劳动时间2、超额剩余价值二、简述题(每小题10分,共20分)1、简述资本主义条件下剩余价值的生产过程。
2、简述社会主义市场经济体制的基本内容三、论述题试述社会主义初级阶段实行按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度的必要性以及建立和完善这一分配制度的主要措施。
第二部分微观经济学(50分)一、名词解释(每小题5分,共10分)1、机会成本2、道德风险二、简述题(每小题10分,共20分)1、某消费者拥有收入I,可用于购买完全竞争市场上的价格分别为P1和P2的两种商品X1和X2。
该消费者关于这两种商品数量的效用函数U(X1,X2)具有单调上升、边际效用递减等良好性质。
请利用解析形式或坐标图工具分析该消费者对两种商品X1和X2的(最优)购买量选择行为。
2、在微观经济学中,均衡工资率是怎样确定的。
三、论述题(20分)试论述为什么产品市场上的垄断厂商不存在普遍意义上的产品供给曲线。
第三部分宏观经济学(50分)一、名词解释(每小题5分,共10分)1、挤出效应2、消费之谜二、简述题(每小题10分,共20分)1、你认为微观经济学与宏观经济学的关系怎样?2、什么是趋同?谈谈你对这个问题的看法?三、论述题(20分)试推导总供求模型。
参考答案第一部分政治经济学(50分)一、名词解释(每小题5分,共10分)1、社会必要劳动时间:指在现有的、正常的社会生产条件下,按照社会平均的劳动熟练程度和劳动强度制造某种使用价值所需要的劳动时间。
社会必要劳动时间决定商品的价值量。
2、超额剩余价值:是商品的个别价值低于社会价值的差额。
在资本主义条件下,那些首先采用新技术、提高劳动生产率、降低个别劳动时间的企业,就会使其个别价值低于社会价值,而其所生产的商品仍按照社会价值出售,因而多得一部分剩余价值,即超额剩余价值。
超额剩余价值也是由工人的劳动创造的。
部分高校历史考博真题

历史学考博试题南开大学2007年中国近现代史1、论 19 世纪 60 年代中国的社会变化2、论国粹主义思潮3、论晚清新军4、论新文化运动兴起的原因5、 20 世纪 30 年代国民党的政治制度的变化6、抗战前后中国经济崩溃的原因(六选四)二、中国近代社会史(王先明):1、论梁启超与近代新学2、论近代中国社会结构的变化3、论科举制的废除过程与意义2008年中国近现代史:(六选四)1、康有为变法理论与今文经学的关系。
2、试论近代社会转型。
3、试论国民党党政体制。
4、清初官制改革。
T5、清初教育改革。
6、论民国初年的经济。
08李喜所老师的题目只记得三道,其余的忘了1、试论孔子在近代中国地位的变化2、论近现代三次留学热潮3、论中国近代史上三次政治制度的变迁08元青老师的题目1、墨海宿管,花华圣经书房(主要是出版史方面)2、晚清军事留学(必做)3、中体西用论(必做)4、谢卫楼5、华工、华侨2008南开李金铮二、中国近代社会经济史:(必答)1、论解放时期的土地改革。
2、各列举5本关于社会经济史方面国内、国外著作,并分别就一本进行评价。
考3、试论近代农村经济的变革。
4、如果上了博士,今后有何打算。
华中师范大学07年一、中国近现代史:1、论洋务运动与中国近代经济近代化的关系2、论科举制废除的影响3、论述国民党军政、训政和宪政的过程 .二、中国近代经济史:1、论近代中国关税自主的过程及影响2、论近代工商业和农业发展的关系华中师范大学08年1名词解释讨粤匪檄吴虞清议报(共六个,其他记不清了)2论述1论历史档案的史料价值2 张之洞与近代中国工业的发展3评述近二十年抗日战争研究的新进展近现代经济史一,名词解释1,吉里司 2,资源委员会 3,周学熙二,论述1、二十世纪初期中国经济变动的基本特征2、评述南京国民政府的货币政策人大04年近代史:1、试述中日甲午战争对中国社会的影响2、评道光皇帝3、太平天国经济政策通史:1 、举例说明重大考古成果对中国古代史研究的推动作用2 、举例说明变法运动打破旧制、社会进步的历史贡献3、试论中国传统社会的重农抑商政策人大05年试题近代史:1、论道光皇帝2 、评洋务运动中官督商办经营模式3、试评析清末通史:1试论战国百家争鸣的历史背景2试论唐朝的历史地位3 试评乾隆皇帝人大06年试题通史:1、秦朝的历史地位 2、中国历史上的改革 3、清朝多民族国家的形成近代史:1、圣库制度 2、评盛宣怀 3、清末兵制改革人大07年通史: 1、西汉与唐朝对外文化交流特点2、论中国社会经济在明中后期变化3、秦以来君主专制政治至清朝的变化近代史:1、论近代外人在华投资2、评戊戌政变3、近代中国民族主义的兴人大08年近代史:1、中国近代社会经济的特征。
华中师范文学理论历年真题超全

华中师大2008年文学理论真题一.名词解释(5X6’)艺术思维意象叠加潜台词灵感边缘文学体裁二.写作者(1X10')《随园诗话》《拉奥孔》《作为艺术的手法》《朦胧的七种类型》《宋元戏剧考》《机械复制时代的艺术》《诗艺》【波德莱尔】的一句话【鲁迅】的一句话还有一句是文心雕龙的一句话三.材料分析(2x15')一歌德:“绘画把形象置于眼前,诗歌把形象置于想像力前。
”二:马克思的一句话,大意是生产决定消费。
说明文学接受与创作动机问题。
四.简答(2X15')1.从作品的内容看作家风格2.现代主义文学的特征及其成因。
五.论述(2X25')1文学是人学,通过举具体的文学现象分析这个观点2.马克思的一段话,反正是分析文学与道德的关系的华中师大2009年文学理论真题一、名词解释1、诗灵神授2、语感3、以禅入诗4、期待视野5、现代主义文学6、文学体裁二、1、诗歌不能凭仗了哲学和智力来认识,所以感情已经冰洁的思想家,即对于使人往往有谬误的判断和隔膜的挪揄。
鲁迅2、哲学家用三段论法,,诗人则用形象和图画说话。
别林斯基3、比喻是文学语言的特点。
钱钟书4、“遵四时以叹逝去,儋万物而思纷,悲落叶于劲秋”陆机5、关于王夫之的一个情景之类的吧6、关于王国维一个境界的7、曹丕的一个诗歌分类的“诗歌宜雅,铭文宜。
”8、卢卡契9、严羽10、三、分析题1、苏轼“论画以形似见与儿童邻赋诗必此诗定知非诗人”2、巴赫金的复调小说理论四、问答题1、福斯特在《小说面面观》中说:“国王死了,后来王后也死了”这是一个故事。
“国王死了,后来王后也因为悲伤过度死了”这是一段情节。
根据这段说明情节与故事的区别?2、艾青诗:“你的耳朵在侦察,你的眼睛在倾听”这是一种什么样的修辞手法,其特点是什么?五、论述题1、有人认为文学批评的前提是:“让作家死去”,这种主张表现了一种什么样的文学观?谈谈你对这种文学观的看法?2、谈谈现代传媒技术对当代文学活动的影响和冲击?一,名词解释:文学形象的间接性,文学文本的意蕴,原型,忘记一个还二,给言论写作者略三,回答下列言论中的文学观点1,钟嵘在《诗品序》中说:“嘉会寄诗以亲,离群托诗以怨。
华中师大博士题目(2004——2008)

华中师大博士题目(2004——2008)2004年一、现代汉语:1,小句中枢说与小三角之间的关系。
2,方言的语法事实对汉语语法研究的作用。
3,现代汉语规范词典上,对“代表”这个词有五个义项的解释,请说说他们的关系。
4,说“还有”例如:我们几个,我,老王,还有年轻的小张都很高兴。
联系相关的例子写一篇文章,二、理论语言学1,论述语法形式和语法意义。
2,语义的类型。
3,中介语理论。
4,小句中枢与字本文比较。
5,目前,在语言规范方面做了那些工作。
2005年的博士题目(根据考生的回忆整理)一、汉语语法:1、判断“可以、加以、足以”的词性。
2、小句和短语的区别和联系。
3、谈谈现代汉语语法研究的发展和规律/现状与趋势。
4、结合语料,分析“足足”的用法。
(例子四个,如:那一场仗,足足打了四天四夜。
这个问题,他足足想了三天。
)5、用词管控理论分析“足以、加以”等的词性。
二、理论语言学1、简述世界语言的谱系分类2、语义组合的类型3、网络语言的特点,如何规范?4、言语交际的原则有哪些5、述谓结构分析。
(可能有此题)2006年的博士题目:(根据考生的回忆整理)一、汉语语法1,联合国工作语言有哪几种?请举例。
(15分)2,分析“一定”的词性(1)一定上当;不一定上当;不一定不上当(2)一定安全;不一定安全;不一定不安全(15分)3,联想复句,分析“所以”“因此”的区别。
(15分)4,联想一个具体例证,分析“句管控”的作用。
(30分)5,讨论“当然”的词性。
(300字)(25分)或:写一篇300字左右的短文谈谈你对“必然”词性的看法,题目自拟。
二、理论语言学1,语言规划与语言创新的关系。
(20分)2,什么是语境,语境的作用?3,语言的发展规律是什么?如何理解“共时的变化是历时的过程”?4,语言类型学的基本内容。
(20分)5,什么是语表形式和语里意义?试述语表形式和语里意义的关系及应用。
(20分)。
2008年华中师范大学851细胞生物学考研真题【圣才出品】

2008年华中师范大学851细胞生物学考研真题一、名词解释(每小题3分,共30分)1.主动运输2.免疫电镜技术3.cAMP信号通路4.核内周期5.踏车现象6.亚线粒体7.染色体列队8.信号识别颗粒9.细胞全能性10.卫星DNA二、改错题(判断下面命题的正误,正确的打√,错误的打×并改正,不改正不给分,每小题2分,共30分)1.细胞周期蛋白降解是通过溶酶体途径进行的。
2.在体细胞中可以测到端粒酶活性。
3.结构异染色体遇有转录活性。
4.5SrRNA分析显示,古细菌和真细菌是同一类。
5.胞质分裂时形成的收缩环是由微管构成的。
6.微管的极性是指微管的正、负端带有不同的电荷。
7.放线菌酮抑制线粒体蛋白质合成,氯霉素抑制细胞质蛋白质合成。
8.亲脂信号分子通过与细胞表面受体结合传递信号。
9.溶酶体合成构成细胞所需的包括磷脂和胆固醇在内的几乎全部的膜脂。
10.协同运输是靠直接消耗ATP的主动运输方式。
11.肌动蛋白有GTP结合位点。
12.所有次缢痕都有NOR。
13.NLS可指导蛋白质进入过氧化物酶体。
14.巴氏小体(Barr body)存在于雄性哺乳动物上皮细胞核中。
15.亮氨酸拉链是组蛋白的一种结构模式。
三、简答题(每小题6分,共30分)1.“人造微小染色体”有哪些元件构成?2.简述核骨架的功能。
3.蛋白质糖基化有几种形式,发生在细胞什么部位。
4.简述核小体结构的实验证据。
5.核型分析制备染色体时需要用秋水仙素,为什么?四、问答题(每小题20分,共60分)1.试述高尔基体的结构与功能。
2.什么是细胞周期?细胞周期各时期主要变化是什么?3.试述核仁的结构与功能。
2008年华中科技大学考博英语真题试卷_真题(含答案与解析)-交互(729)

2008年华中科技大学考博英语真题试卷(总分94, 做题时间90分钟)1. ClozeHe peered over at the writhing blackness that jerked convulsively with the jerking nerves. It grew quieter. There were small twitches from the mass that still looked vaguely【C1】______the shape of a small animal. It came【C2】______his mind that he could shoot it and end its pain; and he raised the gun. Then he lowered【C3】______again. The buck could no longer feel;its fighting was a mechanical protest of the nerves. But it was not that which made him 【C4】______the gun. It was a swelling feeling of rage and misery and protest that【C5】______itself in the thought: if I had **e it【C6】______like this, so why should I interfere? All over the bush things like this happen;they happen all the time;this is how life goes on, by living things dying in anguish. I can't stop it. There is nothing I can do. He was glad that the buck was unconscious and had gone past suffering【C7】______he did not have to make a decision to kill it. At his feet, now,【C8】______ants trickling back with pink fragments in their mouths, and there was fresh acid smell in his nose. He sternly controlled the【C9】______convulsing muscles of his empty stomach, and reminded himself: the ants must eat too. The shape had grown small. Now it looked like nothing recognizable. He did not know how long it was【C10】______he saw the blackness thin, and bits of white showed through, shining in the sun — yes, there was the sun just up, glowing over the rocks. Why, the whole thing could not have taken longer【C11】______a few minutes. He strode forward, crushing ants with each step, and brushing them【C12】______his clothes till he stood above the skeleton. It was clean-picked. It might have been lying there for years,【C13】______on the white bone there were pink fragments of flesh. About the bones ants were ebbing away, their pincers【C14】______meat. The boy looked at them big black ugly insects.【C15】______were standing and gazing up at him with small glittering eyes. "Go away!" he said to the ants very coldly. "I am not【C16】______you not just yet, at any rate. Go away. "And he fancied that the ants turned and went away. He bent over the bones and touched the sockets in the skull: that was where the eyes were, he thought incredulously,【C17】______the liquid dark eyes of a buck. That morning, perhaps an hour ago, this small creature had been stepping【C18】______through the bush, feeling the chill on its skin even as he himself had done, exhilarated by it. Proudly stepping the earth,【C19】______a pretty white tail, it had sniffed the cold morning air. Walking like kings and conquerors it had moved freely through this bush, where each blade of grass grewfor it【C20】______and where the river ran pure sparkling water for it to drink.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.【C1】A asB throughC likeD at该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:C解析:固定搭配题目。
2008年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2008年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文:W: How many people turned out at the fund raising event?M: Fewer people came than we had expected. It was disappointing, but we made a little money for our organization. W: Sorry, I wasn’ t able to attend. I intended to. Q: What did the man say about the fund raising event?1.A.It was called off unexpectedly.B.It raised more money than expected.C.It received fewer people than expected.D.It disappointed the woman for the man’ s absence.正确答案:C解析:根据男士的话Fewer people came than we had expected,可知募捐仪式来的人比预料的少。
听力原文:M: The reflux disease is often caused by the relaxation of the sphincter which opens at the wrong time, allowing acid content to flow into the esophagus. What do you think is the result? W: It burns. That’s what causes heart burn, right? Q: What are they talking about?2.A.A thoracic case.B.A nervous disorder.C.A stomach problem.D.A psychiatric condition.正确答案:C解析:根据男士的话allowing acid content to flow into the esophagus(让酸性物质流进食道)可知这是关于胃的疾病。
华中师范大学汉语语言学2008真题及解析

华中师范大学2007年819汉语语言学真题壹、现代汉语部分(80分)一、名词解释(每小题4分,共20分)1.甲骨文2.押韵3.离合词4.兼类词5.拈连二、分析题(每题5分,共10分)1.用层次分析方法分析下面短语的层次和结构关系。
写出更多更好的具有生动气息的作品2.用划线法分析下面多重复句。
尽管古代的一些作家,并不完全是唯物主义者,但是他们既然是现实主义者,他们思想中就不能不具有唯物主义的成分,因而他们能够从艺术的描写中反映出一定的客观真理。
三、简述题(每题10分,共40分)1.方言与民族共同语的关系。
2.基本词汇的特点。
3.连动句与兼语句的联系和区别。
4.合作原则的内容。
四、思辩题从下面几段话中找出两个值得研究的语法或修辞问题。
每小题请用50-150字简要说明其值得研究的理由(每题5分,共10分)。
小时候,每到夏天,母亲就会带着我村西边的那块田里种上几分地的黄豆。
种黄豆比较省事,只需锄两遍地,然后就耐心地等待着秋后收割。
只不过,在有些黄豆地里会长出一种奇怪的植物——菟丝子。
它们柔长的茎蔓,像结实的铁链一样,将它攀缘过的黄豆芽紧紧地拢在一起。
有一次,我我跟母亲到黄豆地里去薅菟丝子。
我自以为是地说:“既然它们没有生根,长在长在豆地里就不会碍事,咱干吗还要费事呢?”母亲却告诉我:“它们可不像你说的这样轻巧,它们拢住哪一棵豆子,哪一棵豆子就会枯死。
”待薅到地头的时候,母亲故意留下了一小株菟丝子没有清除。
秋后,黄豆熟透的时候,母亲指着地头一小圈已枯死的黄豆桔对我说:“这次你看到了吧,即使一株小小的菟丝子,也会毁掉一片豆子。
”以后,每到黄豆生长的旺季,我都要和母亲一起到黄豆地里去,仔细清除掉里面的每一株菟丝子。
贰、古代汉语汉语部分(共70分)、五、指出下列各字在六书中所属的结构类型。
(每题2分,共10分)1.析2.字3.鹿4.枚5.本六、解释下列各句中加点之词的词汇意义或语法意义。
(10分)1.尔曹身于名俱灭。
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2008年华中师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题(A卷)(注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试卷上无效)Part I Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answersmarked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one you think is thebest answer, and then write your answer on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneIn America’s fiercely adversarial legal system, a good lawyer is essential. Ask O.J Simpson. In a landmark case 35 years ago, Gideon v. Wainwright, a unanimous Supreme Court ruled that indigent defendants must be provided with a lawyer at state expense because there could be no fair trial in a serious criminal case without one. “This seems to us to be an obvious truth,” wrote Justice Hugo Black in his opinion. At the time, the decision was hailed as a triumph for justice, an example of America’s commitment to the ideal of equality before the law.This is the image most Americans still have of their criminal-justice system---the fairest in the world, in which any defendant, no matter how,gets a smart lawyer who, too often, manages to get the culprit off on a technicality. Nothing could be further from the truth. About 80% of people accused of a felony have to depend on a publicly-provided lawyer; but over the past two decades the eagerness of politicians to look harsh on crime, their reluctance to pay for public defenders, and a series of Supreme Court judgments restricting the grounds for appeal have made a mockery of Gideon. Today many indigent defendants, including those facing long terms of imprisonment or even death, are treated to a “meet’em and plead’em”defense --- a brief consultation in which a harried or incompetent lawyer encourages them to plead guilty on if that fail, struggle through a short trial in which the defense is massively outgunned by a more experienced, better-paid and better-prepared prosecutor.“We have a wealth-based system of justice,” says Stephen Bright, the director of the Southern Center for Human Rights. “For the wealthy, it’s gold-plated. For the average poor person, it’s like being herded to the slaughter-house. In many places the adversarial system barely exists for the poor.”Many lawyers, of course, have made heroic efforts for particular defendants for little or no pay, but the charity of lawyers can be relied on to handle only a tiny fraction of cases. As spending on police, prosecutors and prisons has steadily climbed in the past decade, increasing the number of people charged and imprisoned, spending on indigent defense has not keptpace overwhelming an already hard-pressed system.1. It can be inferred from the passage that O.J Simpson was probably______.A. a person who was found not guilty because he hired a very good lawyer.B. a person who won his case because he was provided with a lawyer at state expense.C. a person who was denied a lawyer and thus lost his case in the court.D. a brilliant lawyer who won numerous cases for the average poor people.2. What is the author’s view of America’s adversarial legal system?A. It is the embodiment of the ideal of equality before the law.B. It is the fairest criminal-justice system in the world.C. As it is, it benefits the rich but works against the poor.D. It is unfair by nature and should be overhauled.3. Which of the following statements is true?A. Lawyers who provide defense for the poor often work heroically for little or no pay at all.B. As crime rate increases, American politicians have become more tolerant towards crime than before.C. In America, if a person refuses to accept the judgment of a lower court, he can always appeal to the Supreme Court.D. Government-provided lawyers tend to go through the formalities of defense and prove to be no match for the prosecutors.4. What is the author’s specific purpose in writing this passage?A. To appeal for more public spending on court defense for the poor.B. To criticize America’s fiercely adversarial legal system.C. To draw attention to the injustice of the American legal system.D. To make a suggestion on how to mend the criminal-justice system.Passage TwoThe media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that were occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of that was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linkingpeople to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contract you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed any immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This event was triggered by the verdict in the Rodney King beating. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgment, and most people, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit the policemen involved. Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?”By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally forpeace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.5. The best title for the passage is_____.A. The 1992 Los Angeles Riots.B. The Impact of Media on Current Events.C. The 1989 San Francisco Earthquake and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots.D. How Media Cover Events.6. All the following statements are true EXCEPT that____.A. electronic media can extend one’s contact with the world.B. those living far away from a certain event can also have some perception of realities by watching television.C. all the events occurring on the university campus at Berkeley were given national media coverage.D. video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake gave the viewers the impression of total disaster.7. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because ______.A. the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.B. people can make their own judgments.C. video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.D. video coverage had provided powerful feedback.8. It can be inferred from the passage that______.A. media coverage of events as they occur can have either good or bad results.B. most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree with the verdict of the jury.C. the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.D. Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday.Passage ThreeNo one knows for sure when or where the first cow went mad, but the first recorded case occurred in December 1984 when a dairy cow on a farm in West Sussex began to act strange. That cow, identified only as No.133 in a British government report, died two months late, as other on the same farm fell ill. An autopsy on one in 1985 found its brain full of hole, like a sponge. Sick animals turned up on other farms, and by 1986 the British knew they were facing an epidemic of a terrible new cattle disease.By 1994, the illness had spread to people, probably from eating beef. The disease inspires fear because it is fatal and people have no way toknowing they have been infected until they get sick. Many victims were young, including some in their teens and 20s.Later a cow in Washington State was found infected. If the Washington cow was infected by feed, it seems unlikely that only one could have been infected, since feed is shared. But if the cow developed the disease spontaneously, which is theoretically possible though not proved to occur in cows, then it may be possible to have one mad cow at a time.Many scientists think Britain’s mad cow epidemic had its origins in scrape, a spongiform brain disease that occurs in sheep and goats. The name comes from the sick animals’tendency to rub against things and scrape off patches of wool. But a widely (though not universally) accepted theory holds that mad cow disease and several other related brain disorders are caused not by bacteria or viruses, but by prion, abnormal proteins that build up and damage the brain.The term prion and the theory were developed by Dr. Stanley B. Prusiner, a neurologist who won a Nobel Prize in 1997. Dr. Prusiner built on the work of another researcher who won a Nobel Prize in 1976, Dr. D. Carleton Gajdusek. Dr. Gajdusek proved that members of the Fore tribe in New Guinea contracted a brain disease called kuru from eating the brains of relatives who had died of the disease. At the time, he thought the disease agent was a “slow virus”, meaning one with an incubation period lasting years or decades. But no virus was ever found for any of the spongiformdiseases, and Dr. Prusiner eventually concluded that a prion was responsible.9. When the cow identified as No.133 died, ______.A. it was found that its brain was full of holes.B. it became the first cow that went mad and died.C. other cows on the farm had already been infected.D. the British knew they were facing a new cattle disease.10. Which of the following statements in NOT true?A. Human mad cow disease can cause death.B. The majority of the victims were of an older age.C. The real cause of human mad cow disease is still unknown.D. People infected with the disease may not immediately know it.11. According to Dr. Prusiner, the mad cow disease was caused by______.A. abnormal proteinB. fatal bacteriaC. sheep diseaseD. slow viruses12. Dr. Prusiner’s theory______.A. has been questioned by many scientists.B. has benefited from other scientist’s research.C. is used to breed resistant livestock.D. is used to diagnose who’s likely to be infected.Passage FourNext week, as millions of families gather for their Thanksgiving feasts, many other Americans will go without. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, more than 12 million households lack enough food for everyone in their family at some time during the year---including holidays.Hunger is surprisingly widespread in our country---one of the world’s wealthiest---yet the government estimates that we waste almost 100 billion pounds of food each year, more than one-quarter of our total supply.Reducing this improper distribution of resources is a goal of America’s Second Harvest, the nation’s largest domestic hunger-relief organization. Last year, it distributed nearly 2 billion pounds of food to more than 23 million people in need.America’s Second Harvest is a network of 214 inter-connected food banks and other organizations that gather food from growers, processors, grocery stores and restaurants. In turn, the network distributes food to some 50,000 soup kitchens, homeless shelters and old people’s centers in every country of every state.A great deal of work is involved in distributing tons of food from thousands of donors to hundreds of small, nonprofit organizations. Until a few years ago, America’s Second Harvest lacked any effective way tomanage their inventory. Without accurate and timely information, soup kitchens were sometimes empty while food was left to spoil in loading places.In 2000, America’s Second Harvest began to use a new inventory and financial management system---Ceres. It is software designed specifically for hunger-relief operations. It is used by more than 100 America’s Second Harvest organizations to track food from donation to distribution.Ceres has helped reduce the spoiling of food and improve distribution. An evaluation found that the software streamlined food banks’ operations by 23 percent in the first year alone.With more accurate and timely reports, Ceres saves time, frees staff members to focus on finding new donors, and promises more efficient use of donations.Hunger in America remains a troubling social problem. Technology alone cannot solve it, but in the hands of organizations such as America’s Second Harvest, it is a powerful tool that is helping to make a difference and helping more Americans to join in the feast.13. By “this improper distribution of resources” in Para.3, the write means that many Americans lack enough food while______.A. their country is one of the richest in the world.B. much food is left to spoil.C. others waste too much food.D. others consume too much food.14. A problem for America’s Second Harvest a few years ago was that_____.A. it did not get enough food from donors.B. it did not have a large enough network.C. it did not have enough soup kitchens.D. it did not have a good way to manage its food stock.15. With Ceres, America’s Second Harvest is now able to_____.A. enlarge its network.B. prevent food from spoiling.C. give out food more efficiently.D. solve the hunger problem in the country.16. The main idea of the passage is that______.A. technology can help in the fight against hunger.B. America’s Second Harvest has found more donors.C. America’s Second Harvest promotes the development of technology.D. hunger is a problem even in the wealthiest country in the world.Passage FiveSpace is a dangerous place, not only because of meteors but alsobecause of rays from the sun and other stars. The atmosphere again acts as our protective blanket on the earth. Light gets through, and this is essential for plants to make the food which we eat. Heat, too, makes our environments tolerable and some ultraviolet rays penetrate the atmosphere. Cosmic rays of various kinds come through the air from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are screened off. As soon as men leave the atmosphere they are exposed to this radiation but their spacesuits or the walls of their spacecraft, if they are inside, do prevent a lot of radiation damage.Radiation is the greatest known danger to explorers in space. Doses of radiation are measured in units called “rems”. We all receive radiation here on the Earth from the sun, from cosmic rats and from radioactive minerals. The “normal”dose of radiation that we receive each year is about 100 millirems(0.1rem); it varies according to where you live, and this is a very rough estimate. Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than this without being damaged; the figure of 60 rems has been agreed. The trouble is that it is extremely difficult to be sure about radiation damage---a person may feel perfectly well, but the cells of his or her sex organs may be damaged, and this will not be discovered until the birth of (deformed) children or even grandchildren.Early space probes showed that radiation varies in different parts of space around the Earth. It also varies in time because, when great spurts ofgas shoot out of the sun (solar flares), they are accompanies by a lot of extra radiation. Some estimates of the amount of radiation in space, based on various measurements and calculations, are as low as 10 rems per year, others are as high as 5 rems per hour! Missions to the moon (the Apollo fights) have had to cross the Van Allen belts of high radiation and, during the outward and return journeys, the Apollo 8 crew accumulated a total dose of about 200 millirems per man. It was hoped that there would not be any large solar flares during the times of the Apollo moon walks because the walls of the LEMs (lunar excursion modules) were not thick enough to protect the men inside, though the command modules did give reasonable protection. So far, no dangerous doses of radiation have been reported, but the Gemini orbits and the Apollo missions have been quite short. We simply do not know yet how men are going to get on when they spend weeks and months outside the protection of the atmosphere, working in a space laboratory or in a base on the moon. Drags might help to decrease the damage done by radiation, but no really effective ones have been found so far. At present, radiation seems to be the greatest physical hazard to space travelers, but it is impossible to say just how serious the hazard will turn out to be in the future.17. Scientists have fixed a safety level of_____.A. 10 rems per yearB. 60 rems per yearC. 100 millirems per yearD. 5 rems per year18. How will men protect themselves when they spend long periods in space?A. By taking special drugs.B. By wearing special suits.C. By using a protective blanket.D. No solution has been found yet.19. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. The grandchildren of astronauts are deformed.B. The children of astronauts have damaged sex organs.C. Radiation damage may show only in later generations.D. Radiation does not seem to be very harmful.20. The best title for this passage could be_____.A. Journey in the SpaceB. Gas, Rays, and MeteorsC. Hazards and ProtectionD. Radiation as it isPart II Vocabulary (10%)Directions: There are twenty incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C,and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes thesentence. Then write your answer on the Answer Sheet.21. Owing to an_______ lack of lower-income housing, the municipalgovernment is embarrassed by the impressing housing issue.A. urgentB. acuteC. eccentricD. original22. World population will continue rising from the current 5 billion untilabout 2050, but if the trends of the 1980s continue, it will _____at about 9 billion.A. level upB. level offC. level onD. level down23. Because of the massive oil spillage in the Gulf, both the plant andanimal living in the area are in ______.A. jeopardyB. prohibitionC. innovationD. integration24. The conflict between romantic____ and harsh reality has been thetheme of many great novels.A. affairsB. fantasiesC. perceptionsD. revelations25. Language, culture, and personality may be considered ______ of eachother in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A. indistinctlyB. respectivelyC. irrelevantlyD. independently26. The wealth of a country should be measured ______ the health andhappiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.A. in line withB. in regard toC. in terms ofD. in case of27. The teacher gave the students extra work because she was ______ byall the noise and talking in the classroom.A. interruptedB. degeneratedC. terminatedD. exasperated28. The laser represents a true marriage between science and technology,and the men who devised it were _____ engineers and physicists.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. instantaneouslyD. homogeneously29. The newly designed zoom has overcome distortion previously ______in a zoom of this range.A. inherentB. geneticC. coherentD. generic30. Protesters claim that there is a link between the chemical plant and theincreased ______ of cancer in the community.A. emergenceB. reoccurrenceC. incidenceD. wave31. It was a shrewd move _____ to buy the house just before propertyprices started to rise.A. on her partB. at handC. at her expenseD. on record32. They decided to _____ their differences in pursuit of a common goal.A. submitB. surrenderC. substituteD. submerge33. The mayor’s abuse of power and negligence of duty were ----- in all thenewspapers.A. renouncedB. demonstratedC. denouncedD. protested34. Many quarrels have ______ through misunderstanding; how to solvethem is of vital importance.A. come aboutB. come alongC. come aroundD. come by35. The newly elected leader has declared his intention of cleaning ______the civil administrative organs.A. downB. offC. upD. out36. He had a considerable reputation in England as a critic and was the______ exponent in this country of modern French literature.A. ascribedB. accreditedC. prescribedD. attributed37. Because a circle has no beginning or end, the wedding ring is a symbolof ______ love.A. profoundB. externalC. eternalD. extensive38. Tian An Men Square really looks magnificent at night when it’s______.A. illuminatedB. illustratedC. decoratedD. elaborated39. The fierce heat of this summer ______ most of the crops on Allen’sfarm.A. withdrewB. witheredC. witnessedD. weakened40. The house has remained______ since its owner left for a foreigncountry two years ago.A. desolateB. ruinedC. inhabitedD. hauntedPart III Cloze(10%)Directions: For each numbered bracket in the following passage, fill in a suitable word in the blank on the Answer Sheet.Only there strategies are available for controlling cancer: prevention, screening and treatment. Lung cancer causes more deaths than any other type of cancer. A major (41) ______ of the disease is reliably known; there is no good evidence that screening is of much help; and treatment (42) ______ in about 90 percent of all cases. At present, therefore, the main strategy must be prevention. This may not always be true, of course (43) ______ for some other types of cancer, research over the past few decades has produced some important progress in prevention, screening or treatment.If, however, we consider not what research may one day offer (44) ______ what today’s knowledge could already deliver that is not being delivered. (45) ______ the most practicable and cost-effective opportunities for (46) ______ premature death from cancer. (47) ______ lung cancer, probably involve neither screening nor improved treatment, but prevention.This conclusion does not depend on the unrealistic (48) ______ that we can eliminate tobacco. It merely assumes that we can reduce cigarette sales appreciably by raising prices (49) ______ by expanding the type of education that already appears to have had a (50) ______ effect oncigarette consumption by white-collar workers and that we can substantially reduce the (51) ______ of tar contained per cigarette. The practicabilitypreventing cancer by such measures applies not only in those countries, such as the U. S (52) ______, because cigarette smoking has been common for decades, 25 to 30 percent of all cancer deaths now involve lung cancer, but also in those where it has become widespread only (53) ______, In China, for example, lung cancer as yet accounts (54) ______ only about 5 to 10 percent of all cancer deaths. This is because it may (55) ______ as much as half a century for the rise in smoking to increase the incidence of lung cancer. Countries where cigarette smoking is only now becoming widespread can expect enormous increases in lung cancer during the 1990s or early in the next century, (56) ______ prompt effective action is taken against the habit---indeed, such increases are already plainly evident in parts of (57) ______.There are four reasons why the prevention of lung cancer is of such overwhelming importance: first, the disease is extremely common, causing more deaths than any other type of cancer now (58) ______; secondly, it is generally incurable; thirdly, effective practicable measures to reduce its (59) ______ are already reliably known; and finally, reducing tobacco (60) ______ will also have a substantial impact on many other diseases.Part IV English-Chinese Translation(10%)Directions: In this part there are 5 numbered underlined sentences in the passage. Read the passage carefully and then translatethe underlined sentences into Chinese. Write yourtranslation in the corresponding places on your AnswerSheet.Carbon dioxide is a “greenhouse” gas, which means that it helps to trap heat in the atmosphere. (61)More carbon dioxide on the face of it means a hotter earth and that might lead to heaving seas, scorching summers, dying forests, and a watery end to the world’s coastal cities. But carbon dioxide is also an inevitable by-product of burning the fuels---coal, oil and natural gas---that make an industrial way of life possible. The results of cutting its production could therefore be profound. People in rich countries might have to change their comfortable existence in order to consume less energy. (62)Those in countries trying to become rich might see their own aspirations to such comforts confounded, or at least delayed. It is therefore important to ask exactly how real the threat of global warming is, just what sort of climate change it implies, how imminently that change can be expected, and what the cheapest way to deal with any adverse consequences it brings would actually be.(63)That the greenhouse effect exists is not a matter of dispute. JosephFourier, a French physicist, theorized as far back as 1827 that the earth’s atmosphere acts rather like the glass of a plant-breeder’s hothouse: in other words, the air lets in the sun’s heat while slowing its release back into space.(64)Without this effect, the earth would be some 300C colder than it is, and life would scarcely exist.The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been rising for more than a century, as the use of fossil fuels has become widespread. And human activity also puts other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Though released in smaller quantities, some of these are more potent in their warmth-inducing effects than carbon dioxide. All told, manmade emissions account for slightly less than 4% of all greenhouse gases.That may not sound a lot, but this 4% is reckoned to have enhanced the earth’s average temperature by between 0.30C and 0.60C over the past 100 years. And in matters climatic small change can sometimes have large consequences. (65)The glaciers that rumbled over Europe and North America during the last ice age, for example, were triggered by a fall of 20C in the average summer temperature around 115,000 years ago.Part V Chinese-English Translation (15%)Directions: Translate the following paragraphs into English and write your translation on the Answer Sheet.。