常用逻辑关系词
1．因果关系过渡词语：（因果）
…and so…; another important factor/reason…; as a consequence; as a result; as; because; because of; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that; for the same reason; for;
hence; adv.因此，所以；今后，从此
for this reason; in consequence; in that…; in view of; owing to; since; so;…so that…; the reason seems obvious; there are about…; therefore; thus; obviously; evidently
2．并列关系过渡词语：（并列）
and; also; as well as; both…and…; either…or…; neither…nor…; not only…but also…; in the same way; too
3．序列关系过渡词语：
first…, second…, third…, and so forth; A…, B…, C…, and so forth; next; then; following this; at the same time; now; at this point; after; afterwards; subsequently; finally; previously; before this; simultaneously; concurrently; thus; therefore; hence; next; and then; soon
4．递进关系过渡词语：（递进）
accordingly; as a popular saying goes…; as far as…is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to…; in other words; in the first place…, in the second place…; in this wa y; meanwhile; moreover; not only…, but also…; not…but…; lastly; for one thing…, for another…
5．时间关系过渡词语：
afterwards; as soon as; at last; before; eventually; every; first; first of all; first and foremost; for a start; meanwhile; in the meantime; while; no w; next; not…until; later; formerly; previously; prior to; since then; since; subsequently; till; to begin with; to start with; when; then
6．转折关系过渡词语：（对立）
yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardless of
7．条件关系过渡词语：
as long as; even if; even though; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once; provided that; unless
8．重复关系过渡词语：
in brief; as I have said; as I have noted; as has been noted; as is mentioned above
9．比较关系过渡词语：
apart from; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like; likewise; rather than; similarly; similarly important; equally; when compared with; when i n fact…
10．举例关系过渡词语：
a good example would be; for example; for instance; in this case; in another case; on this occasion; in this situation; take the case of; to demonstrate; to illustrate; according to; as an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take…as an example; you may say…
11．对比关系过渡词语：
after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; vis a vis; where; conversely; on the one hand…on the other hand…; contrary to; conversely; unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; oppose to; whereas; while
12．强调关系过渡词语：
definitely; extremely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially; eternally; emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; in deed; moreover; not to mention…; what is more importan t; notably; that is
13．总结关系过渡词语：
accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in one word; in brief; in short; in other words; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion; overall; the conclusion can be safely drawn that…; therefore; to conclude; to sum up; summing up; as I have shown; as I have said; all in all
考研写作常见单词替代
公务书信尾段内容
１）表示感谢：
A My thanks to you for your generous assistance are beyond words.
B Words fail me when I desire to express my sincere gratitude to you for your kind consideration my requirement/application/complaint.
C I take the opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for your generous assistance you rendered me
2) 期待回信：
A i am looking forward to your reply.
B I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.
C your prompt attention to my ……. Would be highly appreciated.
私人书信写法
第一段客套话+写作目的
It is great to hear from you again.
Nothing could have given me greater pleasure than to get news of you.
You have no idea how happy I was to receive your letter.
As to/with reference to /with regard to/as regards … ,引出写作目的
第三段问候语+期待回信
I look forward to hearing from you at your earlist concenience.
Please bring my best wished to your family.
I wish you good health and lots of happiness.
I wish every success for your career/study in the future.
私人书信写法
第一段客套话+写作目的
It is great to hear from you again.
Nothing could have given me greater pleasure than to get news of you. You have no idea how happy I was to receive your letter.
As to/with reference to /with regard to/as regards … ,引出写作目的第三段问候语+期待回信
I look forward to hearing from you at your earlist concenience.
Please bring my best wished to your family.
I wish you good health and lots of happiness.
I wish every success for your career/study in the future.
1. important=crucial,critical significant essential vital
2. common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be
everywhere)
4. difficult=formidable
5. understand=discern
6. all the time--continually, continuously, constantly, perpetually
7. as a result—consequently、
8. before--prior to
9. begin—commence
10. better—superior
11. big--major, significant, substantial
12. have--be equipped with, possess
13. if--in the event of, in case(of)
14. in the end--eventually, finally, ultimately
15. know--be aware of, be conversant with, familiar with
16. less and less--decreasing(ly)
17. more and more –increasingly
18. money--funding, funds, resources
19. more and more—increasingly
20. need--demand, require
21. now--at present, at this juncture, at this moment, currently
22. often--frequent(ly)
23. quick(ly)--rapid(ly),prompt(ly)
24. right--appropriate, correct, proper reasonable
25. sharp--abrupt, drastic dramatic
26. show--demonstrate, manifest reveal
27. small--minor/insignificant (problems, differences etc),marginal(不重要的，微小的)
28. too many--an excessive number of, a disproportionate number of
29. too much--excessive(ly)
30. about : regarding concerning involving relating to, with respect to, with reference to
31. Famous: well-known famed, noted, renowned, enjoy a nation-wide/worldwide reputation/fame be widely acknowledged/known
32. poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken
,characters, folks替换(people ,persons)
2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good
3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换
army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.
4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many.
注：用many, if not most一定要小心，many后一定要有词。
Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理用most, if not all,替换most.
5: a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some
6: harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that,
it is universally acknowledged that)替think(因为是书面语，所以要加that)
7:affair ,business ,matter替换thing
8: shared代common
huge fruits替换get many benefits )
10:for my part ,from my own perspective替换in my opinion
11:Increasing(ly),growing替换more and more(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.
has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.
if anything,或little or nothing替换hardly
13..beneficial, rewarding替换helpful,
,client,consumer,purchaser,替换customer
,extremely, intensely替换very
necessary, hardly inevitable ...替换unnecessary, avoidable
appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in
one's attention替换attract one's attention.
,demension,sphere代aspect
indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代indicate, suggest ,fear
rise to, lead to, result in, trigger替换cause.
22. There are several reasons behind sth替换..reasons for sth
替换want.
attention into替换pay attention to
in mind that替换remember
26. enjoy, possess替换have(注意process是过程的意思)
27. interaction替换communication
on sth替换be against , disagree with sth
name only a few, as an example替换for example, for instance
过去完成时的标志词
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 （5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 （6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 （7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。 （8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。 过去完成时-语法判定 1. 由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作 有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：（ 1 ）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去
《现在完成时标志词用法》进阶练习(一) (2)
《现在完成时标志词用法》进阶练习 一、单项选择 1. I ________ the History Museum twice．I’ve learned a lot there． A. visit B. am visiting C. have visited D. will visit 2. She ________the book _____ two days ago. A. has borrowed; since B. has kept; for C. kept; since D. has kept; since 3. —How long __________ you ___________ here? —For about two years so far. A. have; studied B. did; live C. do; stay D. were; swimming 二、句型转换 4. The little boy left school two days ago. (改为同义句) The little boy ______ _____ ______ _____ school for two days. 5. He has been away from his hometown for twenty years. (同义句转换) Twenty years ______ ________since he left his hometown.
参考答案 一、 1. C 2. D 3. A 二、 4. has been away from 5. has passed 解析 1. 句意：我去过博物馆两次了，学到了很多。动作发生在过去，对现在造成了一定的影响，故用现在完成时have/has+过去分词，主语I，故have，故选C。 2. 句意：她是两天前借的这本书。since后接时间点；for后接时间段。two days ago表示时间点，故用since连接，时态用现在完成时，动词则用延续性动词，因为borrow是非延续性动词，所以用keep。故选D。 3. 句意：--你在这儿学习多久了？--自从五年前我来这儿。根据句意此处应用现在完成时态。其结构是：have/has加动词的过去分词，故选A。 4. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.，现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。leave对应的延续性状态词是be away。根据句意，故填has been away from 5. 句意：他离开他的家乡二十年了，即表示“自从他离开他的家乡，20年已经过去了“。“since+从句，for+时间段”用现在完成时，其构成为have/has+过去分词。故填has passed。
历年考研英语中常见的十五种“逻辑关系词(或称衔接词)”
历年考研英语中常见的十五种“逻辑关系词(或称衔接词)”
历年考研英语中常见的十五种“逻辑关系词（或称衔接词）” Preface：“逻辑关系词”对于一篇好的文章来说是非常重要的！！！它就像一座桥，连接段与段、句与句，起到一种微妙的“衔接上下文”作用，即承上启下、起承转合、过渡性作用。有效充分地利用逻辑关系词可以让你的文章“语义连贯、完整、顺畅”，不至于太突兀！下面就是我耗费心血、精心整理而成的历年考研英语中常见的十五种逻辑关系词，掌握了这些有助于你做阅读理解，有助于在阅读中更好、更快地把握文章的的写作思路和整体结构框架，理清文章的逻辑顺序与段与段之间的语义、逻辑关系，从而迅速找出正确答案。有利于做排序题，更有利于你的写作！！！（写作时尽量用那些字数多的短语，这样可以增加作文字数）。需要注意的一点是，有的逻辑关系词不只表示一种逻辑关系，有些逻辑关系之间是贯通的，例如otherwise表示转折、对比、结果3种逻辑关系；让步之中含有转折的含义；对比之中含有转折、强调之意；并列之中含有递进的含义，例如as well as，as well，also，too既表示并列又表示递进；总结之中含有强调的含义，例如substantially，generally，mainly既表示总结又表示强调;递进之中有补充解释说明之意，例如namely，in other words。考研朋友们在做题中应当加以体会和领悟。期望本文能对考研的朋友有所裨益。同时本人热烈欢迎各位朋友踊跃对本文加以批评和相互交流，在此，我对朋友们的帮助表示无尽的感激之情！！！ 第一，表示因果（世界上最重要的一种关系就是因果关系） 1.表示原因 because （of）=be responsible for = as = since =for = therein = root =origin（al）=causality = due∕owing∕thanks ∕according to = be attributed∕contributed to （原因是）= now∕in that =seeing∕ considering∕given （that）= on account of =on this account = on ground of∕that（强调主观理由）= out of = for the sake of = in （the）light of = in view of （the fact that）= by∕in virtue of = by reason of = as a result∕consequence of = in consequence of =arise from = put sth down to sth（把……归因于……） 【注】put down ① 把……归因于+ to sth ② 把……看作∕视 为 put sth down as sth ③使（当众）出丑，让某人丢人现 眼④ 写下，记下⑤ 将……提请（议会或委员会）审议 to put down a motion∕amendment提交一项动议或修正案⑥ 登记，注册，列入名单 + for sth 例句：Put me down for three tickets for Saturday。 2.表示结果 ①So = hence =therefore = therefor = thereby = thereof = thereout = therewithal = thereupon = thus = consequent(ly)= result （ing） =effect =consequence = in consequence = as a result∕consequence = result in = accordingly = give rise to = lead to = arouse = agitate =awaken = fire up = provoke = spark = spur = stimulate = stir （激 起，引起，引发，激发）= trigger = activate = prompt = set in motion
表示逻辑关系以及起承转合的标志词语和线索提示语归纳
表示逻辑关系以及起承转合的标志词语和线索提示语归纳 做“填空式阅读”要注意文章中句子和句子之间、段落和段落之间的逻辑关系和起承转合的标志词语和线索提示语。 表示逻辑关系以及起承转合的标志词语和线索提示语分类归纳时空关系 afterwards; as soon as; at last; before; but not the least; eventually; every; finally seeing...; first; first of all; for a start; meanwhile; next; not... until; on the left/right; previously; prior to; second; since then; since; subsequently; till; time; to begin with; to end with; to start with; when 因果关系 ...and so...; another important factor/reason of...; as a consequence; as a result; as a result of this; as; because of this; because; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that...; for this reason; for; hence; in consequence; in that...; in view of; owing to; since; so;...so that...; the reason seems to be obvious: there are about...; therefore; thus 转折关系 and yet; but; unless; despite that; even so; even though; however; in spite of that; independent of; reckless of; regardless of; though; yet... 并列关系 also; and; as well as; both...and... ; either..., or...; neither... nor...; not only... but also; too 递进关系 accordingly; along this line of consideration; as a popular saying goes...; as far as... is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to do it...; in other words; in the first place..., in the second place...; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only..., but also...; not...but...; on the one hand..., on the other hand...;
高中过去完成时详解和练习5(答案)
八．过去完成时 定义 过去完成时(past perfect)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作或状态。 它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。 基本结构 主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done) ①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词. ②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词. ③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词? 肯定回答：Yes,主语+had. 否定回答：No,主语+had not . ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词）？ 基本用法 （1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。 例如：By nine o’clock la st night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, si nce构成的时间状语连用。 例如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。 例如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 例如：I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。 She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。 （5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 例如：He said that he had known her well.
整理现在完成时的全部标志词
文件编号： FD -45-E6-51-0F 整理人 尼克 高考英语一轮复习语法练习动词时态和语
高考英语一轮复习语法练习：动词时态和语态 动词的时态和语态是历年高考英语测试的重中之重，一般占1—2道题。命题思路有三：一是直接给出标志性时间状语，考生能依据所给时间状语作出选择；二是给出时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择，需要结合语境判断；三是没有任何时间状语，需要借助于上下文语境，才能作出正确判断。 考生应熟知常用时态和被动语态的构成及用法。高考题往往不会涉及单一的时态语态，而是更多地侧重于时态的交叉使用和呼应及与语态的结合使用。所以解题时一定要结合语境，弄清时间的先后关系，可根据不同情况采取“找标法”(寻找时间标志词)、“呼应法”(主从句时态呼应)、“搭配法”(固定搭配)、“语境法”等解题技巧。 一?识别标志词 如果题干中有标志性的时间状语,则往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态? [例]①More than a dozen students in that school ________ abroad to study medicine last year. A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent [解析] 此题有明显的时间标志词last year,提示我们应该使用一般过去时;句中的主语students是被送的对象,应该使用被动语态?答案为B? 动词的时态一般都有其相应的时间状语,请同学们熟记下列8种常用时态所对应的时间状语? (1)一般现在时:often, always, usually, seldom, now, every day等? (2)一般过去时:then, yesterday, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few months等? (3)现在进行时:now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等? (4)过去进行时:then, at that time, at this time yesterday等?
2018考研英语长难句：掌握7类逻辑关系词_毙考题
2018考研英语长难句：掌握7类逻辑关系词 英语除了单词语法，最让人头疼的莫过于长难句，而把握长难句句子结构，逻辑关系词不可小视。句子结构在英语知识运用中主要体现在句子间的逻辑关系上，考研er需要熟知各种常见的逻辑关系词。这些逻辑关系主要体现在一些连词、副词以及某些介词词组上。一、具体可以分为以下几类： 表示转折/让步关系：but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, despite, in spite of, still 表示比较或对比关系：similarly, in the same way, likewise, whereas, in contrast to, rather than 表示因果关系：because, since, now that, on account of, due to, on the ground of, accordingly, consequently, therefore, thus, hence 表示并列关系：and, or 表示举例与例证关系：for example, for instance, specially, such as, as follows 表示强调关系：in fact, in particular, particularly, above all, undoubtedly, certainly 表示顺承关系：in addition, furthermore, besides, likewise 此外，逻辑关系不仅可以成为直接的考查对象，而且还可以利用这些逻辑关系寻找其他题目的解题线索。 二、相关考查举例： 例1：2006年英语知识运用真题的第7题 __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is… 7. [A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that 答案为[B] Although 分析：根据选项可以得知本题是一道逻辑关系题，解此题需要判断空格所在句中主从句的逻辑关系。空格所在句的从句句意为数字有可能不同，主句句意为分析家们对另一问题取得了一致意见，从句是分析家们意见不一，主句是分析家们意见一致，由此可判断主从句之间是对立的逻辑关系，符合这一语义的只有让步关系的选项[B] Although。 例2：2005年英语知识运用真题的第6题 In fact, __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells, __6__we do not generally realize it. 6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if 答案为[A] even if 分析：根据选项可以得知本题是一道逻辑关系题，解此题需要判断空格所在句中主从句的逻辑关系。经分析，两部分之间是让步关系，连接词应该是虽然或者即使。该句句意为我们对气味还是极端敏感的，即使我们没有察觉到。四个选项中只有[A]
公务员行测逻辑填空词汇汇总
公务员行测：常考词语汇总 现代汉语中的词语浩如烟海，难以计数，但据统计，常用词语也只有56008个。掌握好了这56008个词语，日常的阅读理解与表达完全没有问题。同理，公务员考试中的逻辑填空所考查的词语看似数不胜数，难以预测，其实也有它的“常用词语”。为了使大家更方便、更有针对性地掌握逻辑填空的“常用词语”，中公教育专家将历年真题中的常考词语列出一些，讲解常见易混淆词义的词语，总结各领域常见的词语搭配。 1.表范围的词语 (1)领域：国家主权所及的整个区域;学术思想或社会活动的范围。适用对象多为学术研究、思想意识或社会活动范围。 例：老舍能写反映北京底层市民生活的《骆驼祥子》，恐怕写不了表现上海工商界生活的《子夜》。大师熟悉的领域也会是有限的，谁也不是全能的。 (2)范围：周围的界限。适用对象可具体，可抽象。 例：数字图书馆是计算机技术、多媒体技术、网络技术和其他相关技术发展的产物，有着传统图书馆无法比拟的优势和特征，其服务的范围大大超出图书馆的围墙。 (3)范畴：反映客观事物本质联系的基本概念;类型。仅用于理论、概念等抽象事物。 例：只要属于国家财富管理范畴，都应纳入财税改革框架。 2.表态度的词语 (1)客观：不带个人偏见的;不依赖人的主观意识而存在的物质世界;实际上。 例：温总理在今年两会上做的工作报告既客观总结政府工作成绩，又不回避矛盾和问题;既在“求真”上下功夫，更在“务实”上做文章，做到了讲实情、出实招、办实事、求实效。 (2)主观：不依赖客观实际情况，而单凭自己的愿望出发的;属于人的意识、精神方面的东西。 例：脱离经济发展的客观要求或超越经济发展水平，单纯或主要依靠行政手段，或通过计划规划，只凭主观愿望加速城市化进程或提高城市化率，都是不现实的，而且是有害的。 (3)主动：自发的或自觉的;形容局面对己方有利、可以实现自己意愿的。
英语一般过去时试题经典及解析
英语一般过去时试题经典及解析 一、初中英语一般过去时 1．—Have you seen my brother? —Yes. I _____ him in the library five minutes ago. A. met B. have met C. meet D. have been met 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：---你看到我哥哥了吗？---是的，我五分钟前在图书馆遇到他了。ago是一般过去时的标志，故答案为A。 【点评】考查动词的时态，理解句子，根据句中的时间状语判断时态。 2．The traffic was heavy this morning, but Dad________ to get to the office on time. A. manages B. managed C. would manage D. will manage 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：今天早上交通非常繁忙，但爸爸设法按时赶到了办公室。根据The traffic was heavy this morning.可知，本句时态为一般过去时，动词“设法”manage的过去式为managed。故选B。 【点评】考查一般过去时，注意判断句子的时态，选择正确答案。 3．Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook, _____ _________to donate a lot of money to charity when his daughter was born. A. decides B. has decided C. had decided D. decided 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：当脸书的创始人——马克·扎克伯格的女儿出生的时候，他决定把很多钱捐给慈善事业。根据when his daughter was born.可知，句子为一般过去时。故答案是D。 【点评】考查动词时态，注意一般过去时的判定依据。 4．-Have you ever been to Xiamen? -Yes. I _ there in 2013. A. go B. went C. have gone 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意:一你去过厦门吗?一是的，我2013年去的。当句子里有表示过去的时间状语时，句子通常就是强调在这个过去时间里发生的动作，句子要用一般过去时态。本句强调在2013年去那儿，用一般过去时，故选B。 5．—Do you know who invented lights? —Yes, they by Edison.
现在完成时中几个标志性词
现在完成时中几个标志性词(组)的讲解与演练 我们都知道，现在完成时常见的标志词包括以下词语：just，ever，never，yet，already，for，before，since，so far，recently，twice，three times等。虽然同为标志词，但它们的用法却不尽相同。这里试就其中几个易混淆的词做一简要讲解，供同学们学习参考：1.ever，never：ever意为“曾经”，本身为肯定意义，可用于肯定、否定和疑问句中；never意为“从不”，本身具有否定意义。 1) Have you ever seen that kind of animal?你以前曾经见过那种动物吗？ 2) I have ever been to London.我曾经去过伦敦。 3) No one ever known the news about him.没有人知道有关他的消息。 4) She has never told us about herself.她从未告诉我们有关她的事情。 2. already，yet：二者都有“已经”的意思，但already常用于肯定句的中间，yet则多用于否定、疑问句末，常表示“已经，还没有”。 1) I have already had lunch.我已经吃过午饭了。 2) ----Have you finished your homework yet?你已经完成你的作业了吗？----No, not yet.还没有。 3. for，since：如果想表达“我在北京已经居住了10年”这个意思，既可以说: I have lived in Beijing for 10 years. 也可以说: I have lived in Beijing since 1996. 也就是说, for 表示“到......的数量”，常和一段时间连用；而since表示“自从......以来”, 其后常跟过去某一起始时间点或过去的动作。又如: The boy has studied all the time since he came into the room. 4. before：“以前”, 在现在完成时中，一般放在句末。 1) I think I have met you before.我想我以前见过你。 2) It seems that I have been here before.我似乎以前来过这里。 实战演练： 一、用括号中动词的适当形式填空： 1. ______she ______ (wait) for an hour yet? 2. He______(not finish) the work yet. 3. Li Ming _______(know) him since then. 4. I ______(receive) a letter from my brother recently. 5. We ________ (be) there many times. 6. How long ______ you _______ (learn) English? 7. Wang Ming _______ (not read) the book before. 8. --He _________ (live) in this city since he ________ (leave) his hometown. --When did he ________ (leave) there? --He ________ (leave)there three years ago. 9. --His father _____ (be) in the Party for years. --When _____ he ________ (join) the Party? --He _______ (join) the Party in 1996. 10.-- It ______ (rain) for such a long time! -- When _______ it _______ (rain)? --It _____ (rain) 3 hours ago. 二、根据中英文提示完成句子。 1. 我爸爸已经工作了25年了。my father, work, for , 25 years ________________________ 2. 你学英语有多久了？how long, you, learn, English ______________ 3. 他自上中学就买了这辆自行车。he, have, bike, since, study, middle school _________________ 4. 这本书我已读了一个月了。I, read, book, for, a month ___________________
完形填空十类常见逻辑关系词
根据对总结历年真题的总结发现，完型填空中的逻辑关系词总共有十大类。 第一：并列关系。并列关系是比较简单的一种逻辑关系词。 常考的标志词：and, and or so, not only…but also, neither nor, that is to say. 我们看一个真题： 1996(41)：They do not provide energy, ___do they construct or build and part of the body. [A]either [B]so [C]nor [D]never 观察一下这句话，有一个显著的特点是在横线后面的语序采用的是倒装语序，那么回忆一下语法中哪些情况可以引起句子倒装呢?肯定有否定词前置引起句子倒装。同时，在本句中，逗号之前的句子有否定词，因此，横线上选择的词汇必然要满足两个条件，第一可以前面的否定呼应，第二，可以引起句子倒装。所以，纵观四个选项，只有nor 满足两个条件，为正确答案。 第二：因果关系。因果关系词是比较容易判断的一种逻辑关系，前面叙述原因，后面叙述结果，反之亦然。但是，在历年考研完型填空中，经常出现广大考生不熟悉的词组，为了帮助考生辨认，我将这些短语列出如下：bec ause, for, so that, such… that , in order that, due to, thanks to, in response to , considering that. 考生看到这样的短语就要想到是因果关系，反过来，判断出上下句逻辑关系是因果，要能够从选项中选出这些短语。 第三：转折关系。常用逻辑连接词有but, yet, however, on the contrary, on the other hand.下面我们看一道真题。看看这样的问题我们应该怎样解决。 1996(50)Many people ,___,be lieve in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. [A]nevertheless [B]therefore [C]moreover [D]meanwhile 我们看这道题的四个选项，就是让我们选择逻辑关系词，所以，我们首先要判断前后两句的逻辑关系。上文说“尽管获取过量的维生素对身体没有营养价值，但获得足够的维生素对人的生命是至关重要的”而这句表达的大概意思为很多人——为了安全起见，服用额外的维生素。从这两句话，我们可以感觉出来是转折关系。因此，纵观四个选项，只有A表示转折，为正确答案。 第四：让步关系。常用逻辑连接词有although, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of, regardless of, anyway, anyhow. 第五：递进关系。常用逻辑连接词有aslo, then, besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more. 我们来看一道考研真题。 1994 The words used by the speaker may _44__ unfavorable reactions in the listener __45__ interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. __46___, inaccurate or indefinite words may make _47____ difficult for the listener to understand the __48___ which is being transmitted to him. 46 [A]Moreover [B]However [C]Preliminarily [D]Unexpectedly 我们看这道题，第一段文字是在说词汇可能会导致听话人错误的理解。而46空格后面继续说用词不准确会怎么样。由此，我们可以看出，这两段之间的关系应该是递进，即进一步说明用词不当会带来的后果。A选项刚好是递进关系比较常见的逻辑关系词。A为正确选项。第六：列举顺序关系。常用逻辑词有first, then, on one hand, some…others…still others. 最后一个短语如果出现，各位考生需要能够辨认出这种形式。 第七：对比关系。常用逻辑词有while, whereas, as, rather…than, instead of. 在对比关系的句子中，前后两部分应该有明显的对比成分。 例如：2007年(12)____most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism ____ the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the _____ of other faiths. 46 [A]Since [B]If [C]Unless [D]While
八大时态标志词
一般现在时标志词： every day, evry Sunday, often, always, usually, sometimes , on Sundays, on weekdays等等。 一般过去时标志词： ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/year/night/month..., in 1989, just now, at the age of , one day, ago, long ago, once upon a time,（从前，很久 以前）then(那时), on that day（在那天）, 一般将来时标志词： soon, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow（后天），this evening/afternoon/year before long(不久以后），next year/month/week/summer，in the future, some day(将来的 某一天) ，in two weeks/days/years 现在进行时标志词： now. Look. Listen. these days ，at that time. at that moment. this time ，yesterday evening 过去进行时标志词： at that time. at that moment. this time yesterday evening等；或者与when, while, as引导 的过去时间状语连用。 现在完成时标志词： already（用于肯定句）, yet（用于否定，疑问句）, just, before, recently, still, lately, never, ever, never, twice, on several occasion, in the past few days/weeks/months/years, (up to)these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, up to present, so far, up to now, till now, since+时间 过去完成时标志词： by, by the time (of), by the end of + 过去时间； when. before. after…….+过去时间； up till then (直到时); up until last night(直 到昨晚）等； already, just, ever, yet 等。 过去将来时标志词: the following month (week…), the next time/ Friday/ term/ month
现在完成时的标志词资料
现在完成时的标志词
——出现以下的词汇，通常使用“现在完成时”结构。 1)ever since, since, since then——3个 2)by now, so far, till/until now, up to now——5个 3)before, lately, recently——3个 4)in recent years；in the past——2个 5)in/for/over/during the last/past +时间段——2个 6)This/That/It is + 最高级结构… (that) +从句用现完——1个 7)This/That/It is the first/second… time (that) +从句用现完——1个 8)This/That/It is the only…(that) +从句用现完——1个 9)不很常见的up to the present, to date, thus far——3个 10)不很常见的long ago, from——2个 ——以上的划分是为了讲解记忆的方便而已。 1.ever since, since, since then——3个 ever since, since中的since可以是副词，也可以是介词、连词；since then为介词+名词（或副词）结构 《朗文英语语法》第309页9.25.2 与since和for连用的现在完成时 since和for常与现在完成时连用，表示直到现在的时段。 since（+时点）可用作： since连词： Tom hasn’t been home since he was a boy. 汤姆从小就不在家了。since副词： I saw Fiona in May and I haven’t s een her since. 我5月份见过菲奥娜，此后我就没有再见过她了。 since介词： I’ve lived here since 1980. 自1980年起我就住在这儿。 since用作连词时，后面可跟一般过去时或现在完成时： I retired in 1980 and came to live here. I’ve lived here since I retired.我于1980年退休后就搬到这里。我自退休后就一直住在这儿。
常见表达逻辑关系的副词及连词
常见表达逻辑关系的副词及连词 转折： however, yet, but, anyhow, anyway, nevertheless, while, whereas，instead, instead of； 递进： besides, further, moreover, most important, in addition, furthermore, too, also, and then, again, indeed； 条件让步： if, only if, in spite of, despite, though, although, even so, even though, rather, after all, regardless, while； 原因结果： because, since, as, for, due to, so, therefore, thus, hence, in that , accordingly, consequently, as a result, as a consequence, so that, to this end； 比较对比： likewise, at the same time, in the same way, in comparison, in contrast, like, as, just as, conversely, on the contrary, while； 列举举例： first, second, in the first place, in the second place, next, another, finally, still, namely, that is, for instance, for example, as an example, specifically, in particular； 时间： before, after, until, till，meanwhile，subsequently。 强调： certainly, indeed, above all，surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, truly, obviously