翻译的语言对比规律(语义.词法.句法.思维)
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1. hypotaxis（形合） in English; parataxis （意合）in Chinese
As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating
Meaning”, …so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.
《新编英汉翻译教程 》
A NEW COURSEBOOK ON ENGLISH-CHINESE
TRANSLATION
Chapter 5 Rules of Language Comparisons
第五章 翻译的语言对比规律
1
Differences between English and Chinese
4
Difference of sentence structure:
English sentences are well-knit, close and compact In English, nouns, especially the abstract nouns and prepositions are widely used, just like a series of Grapes. Chinese sentences are concise and explicit In Chinese, verbs are widely used, just like a Bamboo
11
II. Differences in lexicology
古英语： Synthetic language 汉语： Analytic language
词与词的关系是靠词本身的形态变化来表 现的 通过词序或 虚词（助词）等手段来表示的。
英语：
synthetic +analytic language
I. Semantic differences II. Differences in lexicology III.Syntactic differences IV.Differences of mode of thinking
2
General introduction
Different language families:
English belongs to Indo-European language family or Indo-Germanic system (including Europe, Western Asia and India). Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family (including Chinese, Tibetan and Burmese). English is an alphabetic character (拼音文字), Chinese is an ideographic character (表意文 字).
5
I. Semantic differences
1. Full correspondence Only found in generally adopted technical terms or coincidence among common words Radar=雷达 New York =纽约 Tianjin University=天津大学 The U.S. State Department =美国国务院 The Pacific Ocean =太平洋 helicopter =直升飞机
家务事的第一个特点就是反反复复，几乎每天都有， 而且做完后隔一段时间又要重做一番。
16
英语里的指示代词处理方法：
1) pronoun equivalent 2) omission 3) noun equivalent 4) “其, 之”
17
5 词序
iron and steel ourselves and the enemy fire and water old and new right and left sooner or later back and forth twos and threes tables and graphics
18
III. Syntactic differences
1 2 3 4 hypotaxis vs parataxis Complex vs Simplex End-weight vs Top-heavy Subject-prominent vs Topicprominent 5 Static vs Dynamic 6 Sentence order
15
4.Pronouns
She and he He asks, she replied. It ,they e.g. The first point about chores is that they are repetitive. And once done they require after a certain time to be done again. 关于家务事，第一点要说的就是它们的重要性。它们 差不多每天都有，而且做完后隔一段时间还得再做。
auxiliary words that indicates moods: emotional particles 语气助词； 英语借助语调（intonation) 翻译时需要译者加以增补 1) declarative mood: 的，了，呢，罢了，而已，啦 2）question mood: 吗，吧，啦，啊，么 3）imperative mood: 吧，罢，呀，啊，啦
Teenager: 13至19岁的青少年 Clock－watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人 Dink = double income no kids 丁克家族
9
糖葫芦 Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick 文房四宝 the four treasures of the study (writing brush, inkstick, inkstone and paper) 文明礼貌月 Socialist Ethics and Coursty Month 特困生 the most needy students 一穷二白 poor and blank 乌纱帽 an official post 五岳 the Five Sacred Mountains 五经 The Five Classics (The Book of Poetry, The Book of History, The Book of Changes, The Book of Rites and The Spring and Autumn Annuals)
13
2. measure words:
Unit words of nouns (个，只，份，把，块，张） Unit words of verbs （趟，遭，次，遍，场，回）
翻译时要作适当增补：
一张纸，一块肥皂，一条巧克力（表状态特征） 一个忠告，一条消息，一段时间（表抽象名词）
14
3.Modal particle：
10
４. Word collocation cut ： cut wheat 割麦子
cut cake 切蛋糕 cut finger-nails 剪指甲 wear ：He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool. 他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。
汉语句子的特征是“以意统形”， 强调逻辑关系与意义关联(logic and semantic coherence), 不在意词语 之间和句际之间形态和形式词等的形式连接(formal cohesion)，靠词语 与句子本身意义上的连贯与逻辑顺序而实现的连接，汉语语法隐含性的一 种表现（covertness)。 汉语语法隐含性还表现在:
通过形态变化包括性、数、格、时、 体、语态、语气、人称、比较级等 来表示的。
12
1.
English:Tense ; Chinese:Particle
汉语有几类时态助词： （１） Preposed adverbs 前置的时态副词（过去， 曾经，已经，现在， 正在，将要．．．） （２） tense auxiliary words 附着的时态副词（过， 着，了，起来．．．） （３） postposed auxiliary words 后置的时态语气词 （了，来着．．．） 翻译时应使用这些时态结构助词来表示原文的时态意义: ①Mr. Smith used to be an army officer, but he is in prison now. 史密斯先生过去是一个军官，而现在在监狱里。
6
2. Partial correspondence or mostly correspondence marriage 娶、嫁 sister 姐、妹 gun 枪、炮 Wife: 妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆； president: 总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长； Morning: 早晨、上午
7
部分对应造成翻译时的选择，如对于morning 的 翻译： Late in the morning 接近晌午 Early in the morning 一大早 Mid－ morning: 上午十点左右 Mid-afternoon: 下午三、四点
8
3. Non-correspondence or almost noncorrespondence
英语名词的性、数、格; 谓语动词的时态、语态; 主句与从句之间的关系代词、关系副词和连词等形态和形式词;
都行使其语法功能,起着纽带作用，将句子各成分 衔接在一起。英语语法外显性的表现。
wk.baidu.com21
意合 (Parataxis)
Parataxis refers to a construction in which the members within a sentence, or else a sequence of sentences, are put one after the other without any expression of their connection or relations.
20
形合（Hypotaxis） Hypotaxis refers to a construction where constituents have been linked through the use of conjunction.
英语句子的特点是强调形式和功能，因而英语句法特征是 形合（hypotaxis）.句子成分之间的关系要求用形式 标记表明：
3
Different nature of language: English is a comprehensive language. So-called comprehensive language refers to that the meaning of the language is expressed by the change of the form of the word itself such as case, number, tense and so on. Chinese is an analytic language. So-called analytic language means that the relationship of words is expressed not by the form of word itself-----but by empty word ,particle and word order and so on.
1. hypotaxis（形合） in English; parataxis （意合）in Chinese
As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating
Meaning”, …so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.
《新编英汉翻译教程 》
A NEW COURSEBOOK ON ENGLISH-CHINESE
TRANSLATION
Chapter 5 Rules of Language Comparisons
第五章 翻译的语言对比规律
1
Differences between English and Chinese
4
Difference of sentence structure:
English sentences are well-knit, close and compact In English, nouns, especially the abstract nouns and prepositions are widely used, just like a series of Grapes. Chinese sentences are concise and explicit In Chinese, verbs are widely used, just like a Bamboo
11
II. Differences in lexicology
古英语： Synthetic language 汉语： Analytic language
词与词的关系是靠词本身的形态变化来表 现的 通过词序或 虚词（助词）等手段来表示的。
英语：
synthetic +analytic language
I. Semantic differences II. Differences in lexicology III.Syntactic differences IV.Differences of mode of thinking
2
General introduction
Different language families:
English belongs to Indo-European language family or Indo-Germanic system (including Europe, Western Asia and India). Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family (including Chinese, Tibetan and Burmese). English is an alphabetic character (拼音文字), Chinese is an ideographic character (表意文 字).
5
I. Semantic differences
1. Full correspondence Only found in generally adopted technical terms or coincidence among common words Radar=雷达 New York =纽约 Tianjin University=天津大学 The U.S. State Department =美国国务院 The Pacific Ocean =太平洋 helicopter =直升飞机
家务事的第一个特点就是反反复复，几乎每天都有， 而且做完后隔一段时间又要重做一番。
16
英语里的指示代词处理方法：
1) pronoun equivalent 2) omission 3) noun equivalent 4) “其, 之”
17
5 词序
iron and steel ourselves and the enemy fire and water old and new right and left sooner or later back and forth twos and threes tables and graphics
18
III. Syntactic differences
1 2 3 4 hypotaxis vs parataxis Complex vs Simplex End-weight vs Top-heavy Subject-prominent vs Topicprominent 5 Static vs Dynamic 6 Sentence order
15
4.Pronouns
She and he He asks, she replied. It ,they e.g. The first point about chores is that they are repetitive. And once done they require after a certain time to be done again. 关于家务事，第一点要说的就是它们的重要性。它们 差不多每天都有，而且做完后隔一段时间还得再做。
auxiliary words that indicates moods: emotional particles 语气助词； 英语借助语调（intonation) 翻译时需要译者加以增补 1) declarative mood: 的，了，呢，罢了，而已，啦 2）question mood: 吗，吧，啦，啊，么 3）imperative mood: 吧，罢，呀，啊，啦
Teenager: 13至19岁的青少年 Clock－watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人 Dink = double income no kids 丁克家族
9
糖葫芦 Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick 文房四宝 the four treasures of the study (writing brush, inkstick, inkstone and paper) 文明礼貌月 Socialist Ethics and Coursty Month 特困生 the most needy students 一穷二白 poor and blank 乌纱帽 an official post 五岳 the Five Sacred Mountains 五经 The Five Classics (The Book of Poetry, The Book of History, The Book of Changes, The Book of Rites and The Spring and Autumn Annuals)
13
2. measure words:
Unit words of nouns (个，只，份，把，块，张） Unit words of verbs （趟，遭，次，遍，场，回）
翻译时要作适当增补：
一张纸，一块肥皂，一条巧克力（表状态特征） 一个忠告，一条消息，一段时间（表抽象名词）
14
3.Modal particle：
10
４. Word collocation cut ： cut wheat 割麦子
cut cake 切蛋糕 cut finger-nails 剪指甲 wear ：He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool. 他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。
汉语句子的特征是“以意统形”， 强调逻辑关系与意义关联(logic and semantic coherence), 不在意词语 之间和句际之间形态和形式词等的形式连接(formal cohesion)，靠词语 与句子本身意义上的连贯与逻辑顺序而实现的连接，汉语语法隐含性的一 种表现（covertness)。 汉语语法隐含性还表现在:
通过形态变化包括性、数、格、时、 体、语态、语气、人称、比较级等 来表示的。
12
1.
English:Tense ; Chinese:Particle
汉语有几类时态助词： （１） Preposed adverbs 前置的时态副词（过去， 曾经，已经，现在， 正在，将要．．．） （２） tense auxiliary words 附着的时态副词（过， 着，了，起来．．．） （３） postposed auxiliary words 后置的时态语气词 （了，来着．．．） 翻译时应使用这些时态结构助词来表示原文的时态意义: ①Mr. Smith used to be an army officer, but he is in prison now. 史密斯先生过去是一个军官，而现在在监狱里。
6
2. Partial correspondence or mostly correspondence marriage 娶、嫁 sister 姐、妹 gun 枪、炮 Wife: 妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆； president: 总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长； Morning: 早晨、上午
7
部分对应造成翻译时的选择，如对于morning 的 翻译： Late in the morning 接近晌午 Early in the morning 一大早 Mid－ morning: 上午十点左右 Mid-afternoon: 下午三、四点
8
3. Non-correspondence or almost noncorrespondence
英语名词的性、数、格; 谓语动词的时态、语态; 主句与从句之间的关系代词、关系副词和连词等形态和形式词;
都行使其语法功能,起着纽带作用，将句子各成分 衔接在一起。英语语法外显性的表现。
wk.baidu.com21
意合 (Parataxis)
Parataxis refers to a construction in which the members within a sentence, or else a sequence of sentences, are put one after the other without any expression of their connection or relations.
20
形合（Hypotaxis） Hypotaxis refers to a construction where constituents have been linked through the use of conjunction.
英语句子的特点是强调形式和功能，因而英语句法特征是 形合（hypotaxis）.句子成分之间的关系要求用形式 标记表明：
3
Different nature of language: English is a comprehensive language. So-called comprehensive language refers to that the meaning of the language is expressed by the change of the form of the word itself such as case, number, tense and so on. Chinese is an analytic language. So-called analytic language means that the relationship of words is expressed not by the form of word itself-----but by empty word ,particle and word order and so on.