武汉科技大学毕业外文翻译(DOC)
毕业论文 翻译材料(中英)
原文Sometimes it becomes apparent that previous approaches to a problem haven’t quite worked the way you anticipated.Perhaps you just need to clear away the smoky residue of the past,take a deep breath,and try again with a new attitude and fresh ideas. In golf,it’s known as a“mulligan”;in schoolyard sports,it’s called a “do-over”;and in the computer industry,we say it’s a“reboot.”A reboot is what Microsoft has initiated with its new approach to the mobile phone market.With its clean look,striking fonts,and new organizational paradigms, Microsoft Windows Phone7not only represents a break with the Windows Mobile past but also differentiates itself from other smartphones currently in the market. Windows Phone7devices will be made by several manufacturers and available with a variety of cell providers.For programmers,Windows Phone7is also exciting,for it supports two popular and modern programming platforms:Silverlight and XNA.Silverlight—a spinoff of the client-based Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF)—has already given Web programmers unprecedented power to develop sophisticated user interfaces with a mix of traditional controls,high-quality text, vector graphics,media,animation,and data binding that run on multiple platforms and browsers.Windows Phone7extends Silverlight to mobile devices.XNA—the three letters stand for something like“XNA is Not an Acronym”—is Microsoft’s game platform supporting both2D sprite-based and3D graphics with a traditional game-loop architecture.Although XNA is mostly associated with writing games for the Xbox360console,developers can also use XNA to target the PC itself, as well as Microsoft’s classy audio player,the Zune HD.Either Silverlight or XNA would make good sense as the sole application platform for the Windows Phone7,but programmers have a choice.And this we call“an embarrassment of riches.”Targeting Windows Phone7All programs for Windows Phone7are written managed code.Although the sample programs in this book are written in the C#programming language,it is also possible to write Windows Phone7applications in Visual .The free downloadable Microsoft Visual Studio2010Express for Windows Phone includes XNA Game Studio4.0 and an on-screen phone emulator,and also integrates with Visual Studio2010.You can develop visuals and animations for Silverlight applications using Microsoft Expression Blend.2The Silverlight and XNA platforms for Windows Phone7share some libraries,and you can use some XNA libraries in a Silverlight program and vice versa.But you can’t create a program that mixes visuals from both platforms.Maybe that will be possible in the future,but not now.Before you create a Visual Studio project,you must decide whether your million-dollar idea is a Silverlight program or an XNA program. Generally you’ll choose Silverlight for writing programs you might classify as applications or utilities.These programs are built from a combination of markup and code.The markup is the Extensible Application Markup Language,or XAML andpronounced“zammel.”The XAML mostly defines a layout of user-interface controls and panels.Code-behind files can also perform some initialization and logic,but are generally relegated to handling events from the controls.Silverlight is great for bringing to the Windows Phone the style of Rich Internet Applications(RIA), including media and the Web.Silverlight for Windows Phone is a version of Silverlight3excluding some features not appropriate for the phone,but compensating with some enhancements.XNA is primarily for writing high-performance games.For2D games,you define sprites and backgrounds based around bitmaps;for3D games you define models in3D space. The action of the game,which includes moving graphical objects around the screen and polling for user input,is synchronized by the built-in XNA game loop.The differentiation between Silverlight-based applications and XNA-based games is convenient but not restrictive.You can certainly use Silverlight for writing games and you can even write traditional applications using XNA,although doing so might sometimes be challenging.In particular,Silverlight might be ideal for games that are less graphically oriented,or use vector graphics rather than bitmap graphics,or are paced by user-time rather than clock-time.A Tetris-type program might work quite well in Silverlight.You’ll probably find XNA to be a bit harder to stretch into Silverlight territory,however.Implementing a list box in XNA might be considered“fun”by some programmers but a torture by many others.The first several chapters in this book describe Silverlight and XNA together,and then the book splits into different parts for the two platforms.I suspect that some developers will stick with either Silverlight or XNA exclusively and won’t even bother learning the other environment.I hope that’s not a common attitude.The good news is that Silverlight and XNA are so dissimilar that you can probably bounce back and forth between them without confusion!Microsoft has been positioning Silverlight as the front end or“face”of the cloud, so cloud services and Windows Azure form an important part of Windows Phone7 development.The Windows Phone is“cloud-ready.”Programs are location-aware and have access to maps and other data through Bing and Windows Live.One of the available cloud services is Xbox Live,3which allows XNA-based programs to participate in online multiplayer games,and can also be accessed by Silverlight applications.Programs you write for the Windows Phone7will be sold and deployed through the Windows Phone Marketplace,which provides registration services and certifies that programs meet minimum standards of reliability,efficiency,and good behavior. I’ve characterized Windows Phone7as representing a severe break with the past. If you compare it with past versions of Windows Mobile,that is certainly true.But the support of Silverlight,XNA,and C#are not breaks with the past,but a balance of continuity and innovation.As young as they are,Silverlight and XNA have already proven themselves as powerful and popular platforms.Many skilled programmers are already working with either one framework or the other—probably not so many withboth just yet—and they have expressed their enthusiasm with a wealth of online information and communities.C#has become the favorite language of many programmers (myself included),and developers can use C#to share libraries between their Silverlight and XNA programs as well as programs for environments. The Hardware ChassisDevelopers with experience targeting Windows Mobile devices of the past will find significant changes in Microsoft’s strategy for the Windows Phone7.Microsoft has been extremely proactive in defining the hardware specification,often referred to as a“chassis.”Initial releases of Windows Phone7devices will have one consistent screen size.(A second screen size is expected in the future.)Many other hardware features are guaranteed to exist on each device.The front of the phone consists of a multi-touch display and three hardware buttons generally positioned in a row below the display.From left to right,these buttons are called Back,Start,and Search:•Back Programs can use this button for their own navigation needs,much like the Back button on a Web browser.From the home page of a program,the button causes the program to terminate.•Start This button takes the user to the start screen of the phone;it is otherwise inaccessible to programs running on the phone.4•Search The operating system uses this button to initiate a search feature.The initial releases of Windows Phone7devices have a display size of480×800 pixels.In the future,screens of320×480pixels are also expected.There are no other screen options for Windows Phone7,so obviously these two screen sizes play a very important role in phone development.In theory,it’s usually considered best to write programs that adapt themselves to any screen size,but that’s not always possible,particularly with game development.You will probably find yourself specifically targeting these two screen sizes,even to the extent of having conditional code paths and different XAML files for layout that is size-dependent.I will generally refer to these two sizes as the“large”screen and the “small“screen.The greatest common denominator of the horizontal and vertical dimensions of both screens is160,so you can visualize the two screens as multiples of160-pixel squares:480320480800I’m showing these screens in portrait mode because that’s usually the way smartphones are designed.The screen of the original Zune is240×320pixels;the Zune HD is272×480.Of course,phones can be rotated to put the screen into landscape mode.Some programs might require the phone to be held in a certain orientation;others might be moreadaptable.You have complete control over the extent to which you support orientation.By default,Silverlight applications appear in portrait mode,but you’ll probably want to write your Silverlight applications so they adjust themselves to orientation changes.New events are available specifically for the purpose of detecting orientation change,and some orientation shifts are handled automatically.In contrast,game programmers can usually impose a particular orientation on the user. XNA programs use landscape mode by default,but it’s easy to override that.5In portrait mode,the small screen is half of an old VGA screen(that is,640×480).In landscape mode,the large screen has a dimension sometimes called WVGA (“wide VGA”).In landscape mode,the small screen has an aspect ratio of3:2or 1.5;the large screen has an aspect ratio of5:3or1.66….Neither of these matches the aspect ratio of television,which for standard definition is4:3or1.33…and for high-definition is16:9or1.77….The Zune HD screen has an aspect ratio of 16:9.Like many recent phones and the Zune HD,the Windows Phone7displays will likely use OLED(“organic light emitting diode”)technology,although this isn’t a hardware requirement.OLEDs are different from flat displays of the past in that power consumption is proportional to the light emitted from the display.For example, an OLED display consumes less than half the power of an LCD display of the same size, but only when the screen is mostly black.For an all-white screen,an OLED consumes more than three times the power of an LCD.Because battery life is extremely important on mobile devices,this characteristic of OLED displays implies an aesthetic of mostly black backgrounds with sparse graphics and light-stroked fonts.Regardless,Windows Phone7users can choose between two major color themes:light text on a dark background,or dark text on a light background.Most user input to a Windows Phone7program will come through multi-touch.The screens incorporate capacitance-touch technology,which means that they respond to a human fingertip but not to a stylus or other forms of pressure.Windows Phone7 screens are required to respond to at least four simultaneous touch-points.A hardware keyboard is optional.Keep in mind that phones can be designed in different ways,so when the keyboard is in use,the screen might be in either portrait mode or landscape mode.A Silverlight program that uses keyboard input must respond to orientation changes so that the user can both view the screen and use the keyboard without wondering what idiot designed the program sideways.An on-screen keyboard is also provided,known in Windows circles as the Soft Input Panel or SIP.XNA programs also have access to the hardware keyboard and SIP.译文有时候以前的方法显然无法达到预期效果，这时也许需要告别迷雾茫茫的过去。
住房公积金外文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目（中文）：住房公积金的资金在中国住房发展中起到的作用学院: 文法与经济学院专业: 劳动与社会保障学号: 201006113002学生姓名: 李根林指导教师: 董登新日期: 二○一四年六月The role of the housing provident fund in financing affordablehousing development in ChinaRodney HowesPEF, 2 (3): 247–251, 2003.f 2003 Cambridge UniversityPress247DOI: 10.1017/S1474747203001343 Printed in the Hong KongPolytechnic University住房公积金的资金在中国住房发展中起到的作用罗德尼豪斯PEF，2（3）： 247–251，2003年 f 2003 剑桥大学出版社DOI： 10.1018/S9764747203001343 由香港理工大学出版摘要由于改革开放政策，中国的经济一直在快速增长，伴随着我国经济成就，在中国主要城市的住房问题上仍然一直都没有解决。
根据1949年以来的传统的计划经济，所有的住房生产是国家的责任。
由于缺乏资金，新建住房的生产一直没能跟上日益增加的城市人口。
在1988年推出了城市住房制度改革提出了通过私人住房市场发展经济适用住房为普通家庭的策略。
然而，这样一种战略的实施遇到了一些障碍，包括缺乏二手房市场的，未开发的房地产界，不明确的土地和财产的立法和缺乏适当的物业管理支持。
在一片这些障碍，缺乏住房金融似乎是在问题的核心。
为了生成用于住房发展资金，中国政府在上海于1991年推出了住房公积金（ HPF）计划，在这项政策里，要求所有员工和雇主向HPF计划贡献自己的工资的一定比例。
对于职工个人账户分别设立在中国建设银行。
今天的工人被允许提取其HPF积蓄，当他们退休时，或者他们可以使用自己的HPF积蓄购买房屋在私人楼宇市场，或从康居工程。
翻译范本
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目（中文）：钠盐对高磷鲕状赤铁矿还原焙烧以及Fe-P分离的影响研究学院: 材料与冶金学院专业: 冶金工程学号: 201102126052学生姓名: 黄含哲指导教师: 马江华日期: 二〇一五年六月Effects of sodium salts on reduction roasting and Fe–Pseparation of high-phosphorus oolitic hematite oreGuanghui Li1, Shuhui Zhang, Mingjun Rao, Yuanbo Zhang,Tao Jiang*International Journal of Mineral Processing 124 (2013) 26–34钠盐对高磷鲕状赤铁矿还原焙烧以及Fe-P分离的影响研究李光辉，张书辉，饶明俊，张渊博，江涛国际矿物加工工程期刊124 (2013) 26–34摘要本文采用煤基直接还原后湿法磁选分离研究了钠盐对高磷鲕状赤铁矿还原被烧以及Fe-P分离的影响中。
研究了各种参数，包括还原温度和时间，钠盐的类型和用量，磁选时磨矿细度以及磁场强度。
结果表明，与没有添加剂相比，加了硫酸钠和硼砂后，还原焙烧以及Fe-P分离的效果有了显著的改善。
当用含有7.5%的硫酸钠和1.5%的硼砂的添加剂，在合适的条件下，从含有Fe 48.96％和P 1.61％的鲕状赤铁矿中还原出含有92.7％的总Fe品位和0.09％的P含量的磁精矿。
光学显微镜和X衍射线（XRD）的研究结果表明，在没有硫酸钠的条件下还原，还原后的金属铁粒的尺寸在10-20微米并且与矿物脉石结合紧密。
通过对比，在有硫酸钠和硼砂的条件下还原，鲕结构被破坏且金属铁粒长大显著，平均尺寸可达50微米。
由此可知，在还原条件下，钠盐通过与脉石反应可以破坏鲕状结构，加强氧化铁的还原以及金属铁粒的长大，这对鲕状赤铁矿中Fe-P分离是有利的。
毕业设计外文资料翻译解析
理工学院毕业设计外文资料翻译专业：通信工程姓名：张聪学号： 13L0751243外文出处： Organic Electronics(用外文写)2017年3月4日附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
有效激发复合体有机发光二极管与双极型受体1.介绍因为他们发现,如何有效地利用产生电三线态激子辐射衰变总是在研究领域最具挑战性的问题之一有机发光二极管(OLED)。
根据选择的规则推导出量子自旋统计,在有机半导体设备,只有1/4 产生电激子的分数的单重态可以利用辐射衰变,而其他3/4的三重态激子是浪费的无辐射衰变由于量子自旋禁止原则。
这个结果在理论上最大辐射激子比(gr)25%的常规荧光发射。
整合的策略有机金属荧光粉的发射器打破了自旋禁止原则的广泛证明理论单位gr由于自旋轨道耦合效应引起的重金属原子。
然而,稀有金属的高成本在有机金属化合物仍是商业的一大障碍与有机金属发射器OLED的应用。
连续的研究工作一直致力于发展不含金属的廉价有机发射器使用单线态的能力和三线态激子辐射衰变。
最近,关注一直在支付上变频机制通过三重态-三联体毁灭(TTA)或反向系统热激活穿越(RISC)方法来获得这个目标。
考虑到所有的电可以产生生成的三线态激子单重态,100%的理论最大gr是可能的OLED的包括热激活延迟荧光(TADF)发射器通过RISC过程,理论上最大gr的OLED包含TTA发射器是有限的为62.5%(25% + 75% / 2)。
这表明TADF化合物大大有有前途的潜在开发高效的OLED。
事实上,TADF 排放迅速发达,各种高效RGB和白色组成的OLED TADF gr发射器远高于25%的报告。
TADF过程,能量差之间单线态激发态(S1)和最低三重激发态(T1)排放应该最小化等于或小于热能在室温下(25兆电子伏),一旦三联体激子在TADF分子产生电场,他们可以很容易地产生辐射S1状态协助环境热能。
一个单位的内部量子效率的有机组成TADF 发射器是如此理论上可行。
Single Image Haze Removal Using Dark Channel Prior中文版
Single Image Haze Removal Using Dark Channel PriorKaiming He, Jian Sun, Xiaoou TangThe Chinese University of Hong Kong Microsoft Research Asia基于暗原色先验的单一图像去雾方法何恺明，孙剑，汤晓鸥香港中文大学微软亚洲研究院摘要在这篇论文当中，我们提出了一种简单但是有效的图像先验规律——暗原色先验来为单一输入图像去雾。
暗原色先验来自对户外无雾图像数据库的统计规律，它基于经观察得到的这么一个关键事实——绝大多数的户外无雾图像的每个局部区域都存在某些至少一个颜色通道的强度值很低的像素。
利用这个先验建立的去雾模型，我们可直接估算雾的浓度并且复原得到高质量的去除雾干扰的图像。
对户外各种不同的带雾图像的处理结果表明了dark channel prior的巨大作用。
同时，作为去雾过程中的副产品，我们还可获得该图像高质量的深度图。
1．引言户外景物的图像通常会因为大气中的混浊的媒介（比如分子，水滴等）而降质，雾、霭、蒸气都因大气吸收或散射造成此类现象。
照相机接收到景物反射过来的光线经过了衰减。
此外，得到的光线还混合有大气光(经大气分子反射的周围环境的光线)。
降质的图像的对比度和颜色的保真度有所下降，如图1所示。
由于大气散射的程度和景点到照相机的距离有关，图像降质是随着空间变化的。
在消费／计算摄影业和计算机视觉领域，图像去雾有着广泛的需求。
首先，去雾能显著地提高景象的清晰度并且改正因空气而带来的色移。
一般的，去除雾干扰的图片看起来要更加舒服。
其次，大多数的计算机视觉算法，从低级别的图像分析，到高级别的目标识别，一般会假定输入图像即景物的原始光线会聚所成。
视觉算法（例如特征检测、滤波、光度分析等）的实现会不可避免地因为偏光、低对比度图像而不理想。
再次，去雾可产生图像的深度信息，有助于视觉算法和高级的图像编辑。
武科大简介英文版
Located in Wuhan of central China, Wuhan University of Science and Technology (WUST) is a key public higher learning institution claiming traditional strengths in engineering and sciences that are integrated with contemporary popular disciplines such as medicine, economics, management, humanities, art, law, and philosophy. It dates back to the Hubei gongyi xuetang (Hubei Technical Institute) in 1898 founded by Zhang Zhidong (1837-1909), governor general of Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces of southern China in the late Qing Dynasty. The institution began offering undergraduate degrees in 1957 upon the establishment of Wuhan Iron and Steel Institute, the University’s forerunner in the modern times. In 1978 and 1998, it was authorized by China’s State Council to award the master’s and doctoral degrees, respectively. In 1995 the institution was granted university status when Wuhan Iron and Steel Institute merged with two other colleges also under the then Ministry of Metallurgy and was renamed Wuhan Yejin University of Science and Technology. The University acquired its current name in 1999 following its 1998 handover from Chin a’s Ministry of Metallurgy to the local Hubei Provincial Government for day-to-day administration.For over 32, 000 full-time students hosted by 20 colleges and schools, 32 research centers and 5 hospitals, WUST now offers a wealth of academic programs spanning across a broad range of fields. These include 56 undergraduate, 120 plus master’s, 23 PhD, and 5 post-doctorate programs, with the strongest being:●Metallurgical engineering●Mining engineering●Mechanical and Automation Engineering●Material science and engineering●Control science and engineering●Chemical engineering●Safety science and engineeringAmong all, WUST claims a key discipline under incubation accredited by the central government, and 27 accredited by Hubei Province. It is also the home of● 1 national key laboratory under incubation, 2 key laboratories accreditedby the Ministry of Education, and 6 accredited by Hubei Province● 2 humanities and social sciences research bases accredited by HubeiProvince; and● 1 engineering technology center accredited by the Ministry of Education. In addition, WUST boasts at the national level● 3 teaching and learning teams● 1 exemplary center for experiment● 6 exemplary courses●7 distinguished programs● 1 exemplary course for bilingual delivery● 1 innovation center for talent cultivation● 1 exemplary center for college English teachingWUST’s multi-campuses claim 1.08 million square meters in area, including a floor space of over 1.04 million square meters for academic and administrative use. It houses over 2.77 million volumes of books, a state-of–art information system, and 200 yuan worth of facilities in support of academic and research activities on campus.Currently WUST is the employer of a staff body of 2,683, including a faculty of 1,646. Among the faculty, about 82 percent are master’s and PhD degree holders, and over 50 percent professors, associate professors and senior researchers. It also hosts 5 members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, 1 scholar accredited with the “100 talents Project for Innovation” and about 30 distinguished professors accredited with the Chutian Project, the latter two of which are both sponsored by the local Hubei Provincial Government. Many of the faculty members have been lauded by the scholarly community both at home and internationally for their excellence in teaching and research. Most notable are several professor research teams who have been granted by the central government in recent years 9 National Awards for Scientific and Technological Advancement and 1 National Award for Technological Innovation, the highest of their kind in China, ranking WUST the 55th all over the country (Wu Shulian, 2011).Internationalization-wise, WUST emerged as a pioneer in the country’s modern times when it hosted on behalf the Chinese government the China-Australia Iron and Steel Training Center in the early 1990s. Over the last decades, WUST has been committed to increasingly active cooperation and exchanges in education and research with over 40 universities and research institutions worldwide for various purposes such as student and faculty exchange, collaborative research, running joint education programs, etc. WUST is vey much proud of the prominent achievements it has accomplished over the last decades in contributing an outstanding alumni body, many of whom assume leadership roles in academia, industry, business and government. These include, among others, members of Chinese Academy ofEngineering (ranking 69th nation-wide in 2011), central government and provincial governors (ranking 67th in 2011), top billionaire entrepreneurs (ranking 32nd in 2011), leading members of the National Women’s Team. Most notably, WUST has produced a galaxy of technology and management personnel including dozens of CEOs and chief scientists of the country’s 36 major iron and steel companies, for which WUST is rightfully reputed as the “cradle of high profile talents in China’s metallurgical industry.”WUST is now a leader in many fields, pursuing its mission through excellence in education, research and service. Its faculty, students, and staff work together to advance knowledge in the engineering, sciences, humanities and professional fields, address contemporary issues and improve the quality of life in the local region, their country and the world over.APPENDIX: Schools and colleges at WUSTMaterials and MetallurgyMining EngineeringMechanical EngineeringComputer Science and TechnologyChemical Engineering and TechnologyInformation Science and EngineeringResources and Environment EngineeringAutomobile and Traffic EngineeringUrban ConstructionArt and DesignManagementSciencesMedicineLiterature, Law and EconomicsForeign LanguagesInternational EducationContinuing EducationVocational and Technical EducationSports EducationContact:Professor Roger GengDirector, Office of International Relations, and Dean, International SchoolWuhan University and Science and Technology 947 Heping Avenue, Qingshan DistrictWuhan 430081, P. R. ChinaPhone: 86 27 68862566; 68862588Fax: 86 27 68862606Email: roger.geng@。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译〔含原文〕【范本模板】
南京理工大学毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译教学点: 南京信息职业技术学院专业：电子信息工程姓名：陈洁学号:014910253034外文出处：《Pci System Architecture 》(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2。
外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文64位PCI扩展1.64位数据传送和64位寻址：独立的能力PCI规范给出了允许64位总线主设备与64位目标实现64位数据传送的机理。
在传送的开始，如果回应目标是一个64位或32位设备，64位总线设备会自动识别.如果它是64位设备,达到8个字节(一个4字）可以在每个数据段中传送。
假定是一串0等待状态数据段。
在33MHz总线速率上可以每秒264兆字节获取(8字节／传送＊33百万传送字／秒），在66MHz总线上可以528M字节／秒获取.如果回应目标是32位设备,总线主设备会自动识别并且在下部4位数据通道上（AD［31:：00］)引导，所以数据指向或来自目标。
规范也定义了64位存储器寻址功能。
此功能只用于寻址驻留在4GB地址边界以上的存储器目标。
32位和64位总线主设备都可以实现64位寻址。
此外，对64位寻址反映的存储器目标（驻留在4GB地址边界上）可以看作32位或64位目标来实现。
注意64位寻址和64位数据传送功能是两种特性,各自独立并且严格区分开来是非常重要的。
一个设备可以支持一种、另一种、都支持或都不支持。
2.64位扩展信号为了支持64位数据传送功能，PCI总线另有39个引脚。
●REQ64＃被64位总线主设备有效表明它想执行64位数据传送操作.REQ64＃与FRAME＃信号具有相同的时序和间隔。
REQ64#信号必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持.当32位总线主设备进行传送时，REQ64#不能又漂移。
●ACK64#被目标有效以回应被主设备有效的REQ64＃(如果目标支持64位数据传送）,ACK64#与DEVSEL＃具有相同的时序和间隔（但是直到REQ64＃被主设备有效，ACK64#才可被有效）.像REQ64＃一样，ACK64#信号线也必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。
毕业论文外文参考资料及译文 (1)【范本模板】
毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目：乡村旅游定义及影响因素学生姓名：马倩倩学号：0802110401专业：旅游管理所在学院：人文学院（民办为“龙蟠学院"）指导教师：XXX职称：XXX201X年XX月XX日原文:The definition and influence factors of rural tourismThis article introduces the definition and connotation of rural tourism, the role that rural tourism played in the process of economic development and the factors which influence rural tourism.Generally, `rural tourism’ is tourism that takes place in the countryside. It is defined as ”a demand for touristic use of a rural area"（Gartner, 2004, p. 153）。
Oppermann (1996) defines `rural tourism’ as tourism occ urring in a "non-urban territory where human activity is occurring, primarily agriculture； a permanent human presence seems a qualifying requirement” (p。
88)。
For example, bed and breakfasts vacations, recreation trail networks, and harvest festivals，are all sources of `rural tourism’ that can be found in s mall towns。
陆遥外文翻译中文
A controller enabling precise positioning and sway reduction inbridge and gantry cranesKhalid L. Sorensen, William Singhose, Stephen DickersonThe George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 813 Ferst Dr., MARC 257, Atlanta, GA 30332-0405, USAReceived 28 September 2005; accepted 30 March 2006Available online 5 June 2006一个控制器使门式起重机和减摇桥精确定位Khalid L. Sorensen, William Singhose, Stephen Dickerson, 乔治亚机械工程学院，乔治亚技术学院， Ferst博士813，MARC 257 ,亚特兰大，GA 30332-0405,美国，2005年9月28日收到，2006年3月30日接受，2006年6月5日可在线使用.一个控制器使门式起重机和减摇桥精确定位摘要起重机是很难精确操纵载荷的。
振荡,可以诱导成大桥或手推车的阻尼系统轻度运动,并且还对环境造成滋扰. 为解决上述两种振荡的来源,结合反馈和输入整形控制器的发展。
该控制器是由三个不同的模块组成，反馈模块的检测和定位误差补偿; 第二反馈模块侦测并拒绝振动; 使用塑料造填充的第三个模块,以减轻振荡。
一个使用精确的模型矢量驱动的交流感应马达，为典型的大型起重机, 用同一个褶分析技术,将非线性动力学起重机器分为对照设计。
在佐治亚技术学院实验10吨桥式起重机控制器。
该控制器具有良好的定位精度和性能以减少摆动.。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(崔涛)
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：机械工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：崔涛学号： 090501614外文出处： Robotics and Computer-IntegratedManufacturing 25 (2009) 73-80 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文科学指南机器人和计算机集成制造25（2009）73–80一个外旋轮线专用的固定循环数控铣床Sotiris L. Omirou a, , Andreas C. Nearchou b——弗雷德里克大学机械工程系，尼科西亚，塞浦路斯，塞浦路斯——希腊帕特雷大学工商管理系发表于2006年9月20日，修改更新从2007年7月23日到2007年9月10日。
摘要提出了一个加工外旋轮线边界的特定的铣床组策略，该方法适用于被集成到一个控制器的数控铣床，对于旋转式内燃发动机（汪克尔），旋转活塞泵和一般外旋轮线形外壳的加工设计特别有用。
方案可以提供较高的精度，其中铣机是通过利用数控插补算法实现的，表面质量控制，是通过粗加工和精加工来实现，整个加工任务可以被编程在一块。
最后，该方法的有效性通过仿真试验验证所产生的刀具路径来实现。
关键词：数控；程序加工；刀具路径生成；偏移曲线；外旋轮线1介绍智能周期提供了一种数控机床来完成重复使用的G / M代码语言的新的加工操作的编程方法。
从本质上讲，智能周期是一个指令被预先设定并永久存储的集机控制器。
它们的使用，消除了许多编程的繁琐需要，减少了编程时间，并简化了整个编程过程。
所有数控加工控制是智能的，这些固定循环可以执行一定的代码，输入任何所需的变量信息。
钻，反钻，深孔钻或槽的加工是标准智能循环应用的例子。
然而，标准智能循环在数量和能力有限，无法容纳复杂的几何形状的日益增加的应用需求。
在加工一个外旋轮线构造特征的情况下，不能用标准智能循环处理。
尽管有其重要的加工应用，现代数控系统仍缺乏类似的专用智能周期。
河北科技大学毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译
毕业论文外文资料翻译学院：经济管理学院专业：工业工程姓名：刘广强学号： 090203231外文出处： Mathematical Problemsin Engineering附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
(用外文写)附件1：外文资料翻译译文城市停车问题及交通运行效率管理规划方案研究伴随着城市化和机械化的迅猛发展，发展中国家进展呈现出的的流动性愈发清晰。
继交通需求急剧增大，在许多大城市，停车问题就显得更为重要。
为解决泊车系统如何通过新技术和新方法更有效地运作的问题，本文旨在讨论停车场规划和管理地理信息系统在大都市的交通运行效率方面的应用。
本文要点集中包括停车需求特点和停车难的问题，尤其对解决停车的问题的基本原理和策略做了详细阐述，并从地理信息系统的角度进行了大量详细的停车问题分析。
1. 介绍如今，停车难的问题一直是广大市民讨论最多的话题之一。
在许多城市，停车问题日益严重。
随着交通需求的快速增长，停车供应与停车需求失衡一直被视为城市停车问题的主要原因。
此外，停车系统在城市中起着关键的作用。
停车问题与交通系统、交通拥堵、交通事故，环境污染息息相关。
停车问题促使交通专业人士迫切寻求更有效的解决方案，比如停车系统如何更有效地使用，怎样通过新技术和新方法的改进停车场的规划和管理。
近年来，地理信息系统（GIS）由于其对解决停车问题具有功能强大的技术潜力，而受到广泛的关注。
地理信息系统是最好的利用各种数据集合以获得均匀的复合土地整合的开发单位。
这有助于识别问题区域，提出保护措施和解决方法。
GIS技术在运输建模方面也有极为重要的作用。
GIS的传播有利于高效地应用便携式的空间数据进行存储，更新和处理。
在现有交通规划的情况下，总需求的满足必须有可靠的运输服务做保证，以最小化的外部成本均衡与道路交通的其他相关利益。
随着互联网技术的发展，基于Web的GIS应用到了交通环境分析规划和管理，并实现GIS-T系统的Web，Java和CORBA技术进行探讨。
毕业设计外文翻译例文
大连科技学院毕业设计(论文)外文翻译学生姓名专业班级指导教师职称所在单位教研室主任完成日期 2016年4月15日Translation EquivalenceDespite the fact that the world is becoming a global village, translation remains a major way for languages and cultures to interact and influence each other. And name translation, especially government name translation, occupies a quite significant place in international exchange.Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. While interpreting—the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication between users of different languages—antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature. There exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2000 BCE) into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE. Translators always risk inappropriate spill-over of source-language idiom and usage into the target-language translation. On the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated. Due to the demands of business documentation consequent to the Industrial Revolution that began in the mid-18th century, some translation specialties have become formalized, with dedicated schools and professional associations. Because of the laboriousness of translation, since the 1940s engineers have sought to automate translation (machine translation) or to mechanically aid the human translator (computer-assisted translation). The rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated language localizationIt is generally accepted that translation, not as a separate entity, blooms into flower under such circumstances like culture, societal functions, politics and power relations. Nowadays, the field of translation studies is immersed with abundantly diversified translation standards, with no exception that some of them are presented by renowned figures and are rather authoritative. In the translation practice, however, how should we select the so-called translation standards to serve as our guidelines in the translation process and how should we adopt the translation standards to evaluate a translation product?In the macro - context of flourish of linguistic theories, theorists in the translation circle, keep to the golden law of the principle of equivalence. The theory of Translation Equivalence is the central issue in western translation theories. And the presentation of this theory gives great impetus to the development and improvement of translation theory. It‟s not diffi cult for us to discover that it is the theory of Translation Equivalence that serves as guidelines in government name translation in China. Name translation, as defined, is the replacement of thename in the source language by an equivalent name or other words in the target language. Translating Chinese government names into English, similarly, is replacing the Chinese government name with an equivalent in English.Metaphorically speaking, translation is often described as a moving trajectory going from A to B along a path or a container to carry something across from A to B. This view is commonly held by both translation practitioners and theorists in the West. In this view, they do not expect that this trajectory or something will change its identity as it moves or as it is carried. In China, to translate is also understood by many people normally as “to translate the whole text sentence by sentence and paragraph by paragraph, without any omission, addition, or other changes. In both views, the source text and the target text must be “the same”. This helps explain the etymological source for the term “translation equivalence”. It is in essence a word which describes the relationship between the ST and the TT.Equivalence means the state or fact or property of being equivalent. It is widely used in several scientific fields such as chemistry and mathematics. Therefore, it comes to have a strong scientific meaning that is rather absolute and concise. Influenced by this, translation equivalence also comes to have an absolute denotation though it was first applied in translation study as a general word. From a linguistic point of view, it can be divided into three sub-types, i.e., formal equivalence, semantic equivalence, and pragmatic equivalence. In actual translation, it frequently happens that they cannot be obtained at the same time, thus forming a kind of relative translation equivalence in terms of quality. In terms of quantity, sometimes the ST and TT are not equivalent too. Absolute translation equivalence both in quality and quantity, even though obtainable, is limited to a few cases.The following is a brief discussion of translation equivalence study conducted by three influential western scholars, Eugene Nida, Andrew Chesterman and Peter Newmark. It‟s expected that their studies can instruct GNT study in China and provide translators with insightful methods.Nida‟s definition of translation is: “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” It i s a replacement of textual material in one language〔SL〕by equivalent textual material in another language（TL）. The translator must strive for equivalence rather than identity. In a sense, this is just another way of emphasizing the reproducing of the message rather than the conservation of the form of the utterance. The message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language to reproduce as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original. Translation equivalence is an empirical phenomenon discovered bycomparing SL and TL texts and it‟s a useful operational concept like the term “unit of translati on”.Nida argues that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal correspondence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content, whereas dynamic equivalence is based upon “the principle of equivalent effect”.Formal correspondence consists of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a ST word or phrase. Nida and Taber make it clear that there are not always formal equivalents between language pairs. Therefore, formal equivalents should be used wherever possible if the translation aims at achieving formal rather than dynamic equivalence. The use of formal equivalents might at times have serious implications in the TT since the translation will not be easily understood by the target readership. According to Nida and Taber, formal correspondence distorts the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard.Dyn amic equivalence is based on what Nida calls “the principle of equivalent effect” where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. The message has to be modified to the receptor‟s linguistic needs and cultural expectation and aims at complete naturalness of expression. Naturalness is a key requirement for Nida. He defines the goal of dynamic equivalence as seeking the closest natural equivalent to the SL message. This receptor-oriented approach considers adaptations of grammar, of lexicon and of cultural references to be essential in order to achieve naturalness; the TL should not show interference from the SL, and the …foreignness …of the ST setting is minimized.Nida is in favor of the application of dynamic equivalence, as a more effective translation procedure. Thus, the product of the translation process, that is the text in the TL, must have the same impact on the different readers it was addressing. Only in Nida and Taber's edition is it clearly stated that dynamic equivalence in translation is far more than mere correct communication of information.As Andrew Chesterman points out in his recent book Memes of Translation, equivalence is one of the five element of translation theory, standing shoulder to shoulder with source-target, untranslatability, free-vs-literal, All-writing-is-translating in importance. Pragmatically speaking, observed Chesterman, “the only true examples of equivalence (i.e., absolute equivalence) are those in which an ST item X is invariably translated into a given TL as Y, and vice versa. Typical examples would be words denoting numbers (with the exceptionof contexts in which they have culture-bound connotations, such as “magic” or “unlucky”), certain technical terms (oxygen, molecule) and the like. From this point of view, the only true test of equivalence would be invariable back-translation. This, of course, is unlikely to occur except in the case of a small set of lexical items, or perhaps simple isolated syntactic structure”.Peter Newmark. Departing from Nida‟s receptor-oriented line, Newmark argues that the success of equivalent effect is “illusory “and that the conflict of loyalties and the gap between emphasis on source and target language will always remain as the overriding problem in translation theory and practice. He suggests narrowing the gap by replacing the old terms with those of semantic and communicative translation. The former attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original, while the latter “attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.” Newmark‟s description of communicative translation resembles Nida‟s dynamic equivalence in the effect it is trying to create on the TT reader, while semantic translation has similarities to Nida‟s formal equivalence.Meanwhile, Newmark points out that only by combining both semantic and communicative translation can we achieve the goal of keeping the …spirit‟ of the original. Semantic translation requires the translator retain the aesthetic value of the original, trying his best to keep the linguistic feature and characteristic style of the author. According to semantic translation, the translator should always retain the semantic and syntactic structures of the original. Deletion and abridgement lead to distortion of the author‟s intention and his writing style.翻译对等尽管全世界正在渐渐成为一个地球村，但翻译仍然是语言和和文化之间的交流互动和相互影响的主要方式之一。
武汉科技大学毕业外文翻译(DOC)
本科毕业论文外文翻译 外文译文题目(中文）：一种能反映深拉深过程中加载和卸载影响的摩擦型模学 院: 机械自动化学院专 业： 机械工程及自动化2011级5班学 号：201103130195 学生姓名：潘海超 指导教师:李贵 日 期: 二〇一五年三月A friction model for loading and reloading effects in deep drawingprocessesD。
K。
Karupannasamy，J.Hol, M.B.de Rooij, T。
Meingers， D.J。
SchipperWear, 2014， 318(1-2):27—39一种能反映深拉深过程中加载和卸载影响的摩擦型模D。
K.Karupannasamy，J。
Hol, M。
B。
de Rooij， T.Meingers， D。
J。
Schipper磨损杂志，2014年，318卷1-2期，页码：27-391摘要拉深是汽车车身部件金属板料成形使用最广泛的一种成形工艺。
为了模拟拉深成形过程，有限元（FE)方法被用来预测成形性。
有限元模拟的准确性取决于材料模型，数值模拟技术和接触算法。
虽然，在成形过程中模具和板料的接触状态影响摩擦系数,但实际上摩擦系数通常被视为一个常数，在有限元模拟中一般都采用库仑摩擦系数。
然而,基于局部接触条件和表面形貌的摩擦模型可以提高冲压成形预测的准确性。
现在,对于接触模型用于表征有限元模拟中的摩擦本质表现出越来越大的兴趣。
在拉深过程中，滑动接触主要发生在模具和板料的压边区域之间。
由于受模具几何形状的影响,板料在成形过程中的材料流动和弯曲效应使得材料受到压缩，导致压边区的接触力分别不均匀。
板料的表面在滑动时进行反复的接触从而影响局部摩擦条件。
本文的目的是基于混合模式的表面变形开发一种滑动摩擦模型.该摩擦模型考虑板料和模具的表面粗糙度，以及板料流过凹凸区域的硬化过程。
此外，在正常载荷下，模具还会对板料产生厚向挤压。
武科大毕业论文格式【范本模板】
武汉科技大学本科毕业设计（论文)基本规范一、总则毕业设计(论文）是培养学生综合运用所学知识，分析和解决实际问题,提高创新能力的重要环节。
保质保量完成毕业设计（论文）是申请学士学位的基本要求.为进一步提高我校本科毕业设计(论文）质量、学士学位授予质量，根据《武汉科技大学毕业设计(论文）工作条例》，就我校本科毕业设计(论文）的撰写格式、印刷与装订等统一制定本基本规范。
二、毕业设计(论文）结构及要求一般地,各学科专业的毕业设计(论文）由以下部分组成:①毕业设计(论文）封面；②中文摘要；③英文摘要；④目录；⑤正文；⑥参考文献；⑦致谢;⑧附录；⑨有关图纸（大于3号图幅时单独装订）。
特别地，艺术类专业的为毕业设计(创作)，与上述要求类同。
以下内容凡未特别说明的，则视毕业设计（创作）为理工类毕业设计(论文）,相应的要求均适用于毕业设计（创作）。
医科类专业的毕业论文由以下部分组成：①毕业论文封面；②中文摘要;③英文摘要；④目录；⑤正文；⑥参考文献；⑦致谢;⑧附录；⑨综述;⑩综述参考文献。
毕业设计（论文)统一使用Microsoft Word软件进行排版，存储格式为doc格式。
（一)毕业设计（论文)封面毕业设计（论文)封面由学校统一格式(可在教务处网上下载)。
论文题目一般不得超过20个字(医科类专业不超过25个字)，要简明扼要，可加副标题。
（二）中英文摘要及关键词摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，应尽量反映论文的主要信息，内容包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论,不含图表,不加注释，具有独立性和完整性.中文摘要一般为400字左右，英文摘要应与中文摘要内容一致。
关键词是反映毕业设计（论文)主题内容的名词，关键词一般为3～5个。
（三）目录目录按三级标题编写，要求层次清晰，且要与正文标题一致。
主要包括论文正文、参考文献、致谢等.中英文摘要在目录中不出现。
（四）正文论文正文部分包括：绪论(前言、序言)、论文主体及结论（结束语）。
绪论：简要说明毕业设计（论文)工作的选题目的和意义,国内外文献综述（医科类的另列附正文后）,以及所要研究的内容。
翻译正文
On Using Unstable Electrohydraulic Valves for Control Kailash Krishnaswamy Perry Y.Li Department of Mechanical Engineering不稳定电液伺服阀用于控制的研究美国明尼苏达大学机械工程系凯拉什瓦米佩里元李《动态系统、测量与控制》 2002年3月，第二卷摘要高带宽、高流量电液阀通常有两级或多级，大多数多级阀的价格昂贵，需要极为清洁的油液，而且有更高的动态要求。
另一方面，单级阀便宜且更加可靠；然而，由于驱动阀芯的机电/电磁执行元件的限制，单级阀多数都有不适合于高带宽、高流量速率应用场合的局限性。
在本文中，我们研究了通过利用阀中的瞬时液动力使阀芯动态性能变成固有的开环不稳定来减小这种局限的可能性。
传统阀被设计为开环稳定，开环不稳定的阀必须借由闭环反馈来保持稳定。
动态仿真的试验研究可用来发现这种阀可能提供的动态性能和能量优势。
这些研究表明，当驱动力受限制时，这种开环不稳定的阀比开环稳定的阀有更加快速的响应速度。
除此以外，开环不稳定的阀需要的驱动力和能量较小。
关键词：流动不稳定性，电磁驱动器，电液伺服阀，瞬态液动力，不稳定液动力，不稳定阀1. 导言高带宽、高流量电液阀通常有两级或多级，其中一个通常是一个喷嘴挡板阀。
虽然广受欢迎，但多级电液阀费用比单级阀门要贵得多，而且还有不少的缺陷： (1)他们需要极为干净的油液，因为油液中的沉淀物会使喷嘴挡板阀故障 (2)它增加了系统动态性能的要求，这有可能引进预期不到的时间滞后，同时会使控制装置更具挑战性。
单级直动控制阀中的阀芯是由机电或电磁执行机构驱动的；他们相对于多极阀来说不太昂贵，对污垢不敏感，此外他们还比较容易制造，并且对动态性能的要求较低。
比例控制阀就是这种单级阀的一个例子。
不幸的是，大多数商业应用的单级直动阀不适合高性能，高流量的应用。
这是因为在高带宽和大流速的应用场合，机电执行机构驱动阀芯所需要的力和能量变得非常显著，这就限制了单级直动阀的应用场合。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料及译文(模板)
大连东软信息学院
毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文
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大连东软信息学院
Dalian Neusoft University of Information
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1、外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前、译文在后、最后为指导教师评定成绩。
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3、A4幅面打印，于左侧装订。
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1、外文文献内容与所选课题相关。
2、本科学生译文汉字字数不少于4000字，高职学生译文汉字字数不少于2000字。
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大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文
大连东软信息学院毕业设计（论文）译文。
外文翻译原文
An Optimal Fuzzy-PI Controller for the High-PerformanceSpeed Control of a PMSMAbstract—The purpose of this paper is to present an adaptive method for improving the control performance of permanent magnetic synchronous motor (PMSM) in operating condition. The approach allows to reduce speed tracking error and to cope with external disturbance. The methodology of speed control is presented in detail and two controllers are tested, traditional proportional integrative (PI) controller and fuzzy proportional integrative (fuzzy-PI) controller. Both controllers showed good results from experiments presenting similar behaviors. However, the fuzzy-PI stood out positively in some stages. The main motivation of this paper is the extension of fuzzy logic algorithm to improve servo control performance in industrial applications.Keywords-Fuzzy-PI; Speed Control; Disturbance; PMSMIntroductionHigh-performance servo system for permanent magnetic synchronous motor (PMSM) is essential in many applications in the field of mechatronics such as precision engineering, computer numerically controlled machine tools and other applications in a variety of automated industrial plants . Due to the uncertainties, which are composed of unpredictable plant parameter variations, load disturbances, and nonlinear dynamics of the plant , the control performance of PMSM servo system is influenced seriously. In this situation, the servo drive may need to respond relatively swiftly to command changes and to offer enough robustness against the uncertainties. In order to meet the development requirements of high speed and high precision for linear motor, it is thus desired to have an intelligent controller that can own higher anti-disturbance performance according to the disturbances and uncertainties in operating condition.Up to now, a large number of control techniques (fuzzy, PI, PID, etc.) with varying complexity have been proposed . Fuzzy control was first introduced and implemented in the early 1970 in an attempt to design controllers for systems that are structurally difficult to model due to naturally existing nonlinearities and other modeling complexities. Sant et al. present the vector control of PMSM with hybrid fuzzy PI speed controller with switching functions calculated based on the weights. Yen-Shin Lai et al. present a new hybrid PI-type fuzzy controller for direct torque control induction motor drives with fast tracking capability, less steady state error, and robust to load disturbance. In summary, fuzzy logic control appears very useful when the processes are too complex to analyze by conventional quantitative techniques. It seems clear to everyone that speed control techniques have allowed to execute increasingly more complex tasks in servo system field.The performance of the fuzzy-PI controllers also depends on the choice of a suitable optimization algorithm. In this paper, an adaptive speed controller is proposed to minimize oreliminate the speed tracking error. The designed hybrid fuzzy-PI controller improves system performance in the transient and steady state. This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, the vector control and disturbance effects for PMSM are described in detail. The adaptive fuzzy-PI controller is explained in section 3, whilst experimental results are presented in section 4 and conclusions are drawn in the final section.Pmsm vector controlIn the PMSM, excitation flux is set-up by magnets; subsequently magnetizing current is not needed from the supply . This easily enables the application of the flux orientation mechanism by forcing the magnetizing current component of the stator current vector to be zero. As a result, the electromagnetic torque will be directly proportional to the torque current component of the stator current vector, hence better dynamic performance is obtained by controlling the electromagnetic torque separately. A system configuration of a vector control PMSM servo system is shown in Fig. 1. In the vector control scheme, torque control can be carried out by suitable regulation of the stator current vector; this implies that accurate speed control depends on the regulated current vector.qr Figure 1. The system configuration of a vector control PMSMSpeed control system of PMSM is also multi-variable, nonlinear, strong-coupled system, and the disturbances mainly include the load inertia and load torque. In the running of servo system, system inertia may change. When the system inertia increases, the response of servo system will slow down, which is likely to cause system instability and result in climb. On the contrary, when the system inertia decreases, dynamic response will speed up with speed overshoot as well as turbulence. Meanwhile, the main role of servo system is to drive the load operation, but in many industries, the load carried by servo system is not constant. Changes in the load torque will have significant impact on servo control performance: in the running of servo system, the sudden increase or reduce of load torque would result in fluctuations in servo speed control, affecting the accuracy of positioning and control performance.Design of speed controllerIn this paper, we are proposing a speed control scheme based on fuzzy logic to improve the control performance for PMSM. Speed controller can be implemented using several approaches, such as PI, fuzzy, etc. However, when implementing a speed controller the following conditions should be considered:z Simplicity: The speed control law must be simple and easy to compute in order toenable fast servo adaptation.z PI-type control: In order to achieve a null steady state error, a PI type speed control lawshould be selected and implemented.z Implementation requirements should not include significant changes to the original control system.Given our objective and system requirements, two control algorithms, PI and fuzzy logic, are chosen. The choice for PI controller is due to its good performance when applied in practical situations, and the preference for fuzzy controller is due to no requirement of the rigorous mathematical system model.Fuzzy Control ArchitectureFuzzy logic was conceived to apply a more human-like way of thinking in computer programming. It is ideal for controlling nonlinear systems and model complex systems where ambiguity is common. It is also potentially very robust, maintaining good closed-loop system performance over a wide range of operating conditions. In our system, speed controller input variables are the speed error e and change of the speed error de :)()()(k k k e f r ωω−= (1))1()()(−−=k e k e k de (2)Where r ω is the speed command and f ω is the actual speed.Fuzzy-PIFrom the conventional PI control algorithm, we can obtain the following discrete equations:)()()(1k i k i k i q q q Δ+=− (3))()()(k e k k de k k i i p q +=Δ (4)If e and de are fuzzy variables, (3) and (4) become a fuzzy control algorithm. Then, the centre of area method is selected for defuzzify the output fuzzy set inferred by the controller:∑∑==Δ=Δn i ini q i q i i i 11)(ηη (5) Where i η is the membership function, which takes values in the interval [0, 1].Knowledge BaseThe knowledge base of fuzzy logic controller is composed of two components, namely, a database and a fuzzy control rule base. The well-known PI-like fuzzy rule base is used in this paper (Table 1). The surface of rule base is shown in Fig. 2. It allows fast working convergence without significant oscillations and prevents overshoots and undershoots.TABLE 1 FUZZY RULE BASENM nl nl nm nm ns ze psNS nm nm nm ns ze ps psNZ nm nm ns ze ps ps pmPZ nm ns ns ze ps pm pmPS ns ns ze ps pm pm pmPM ns ze ps pm pm pl plPL ze ps pm pl pl pl plFigure 2. The surface of rule baseTuning StrategyFuzzy logic design is involved with two important stages: knowledge base design and tuning. However, at present there is no systematic procedure to do that. The control rules are normally extracted from practical experience, which may make the result focused in a specific application. The objective of tuning is to select the proper combination of all control parameters so that the resulting closed-loop response best meets the desired design criteria.In order to adapt servo system to different disturbances, the scaling factors should be tuned. The controller should also be adjusted with characteristics representing the scenario to be controlled. These adjustments can be made through the scaling factors, usually applied in any PI controller. S.T. Lin et al. [10] proposed an adjustment where the scaling factors are dynamic and thus they have been adjusted along the task. In this paper, the scaling factors are set to appropriate constant values, achieved by the method of trial and error.ExperimentThe apparatus for the experiment contains three major parts and some data transferring buses, as shown in Fig. 3. These three major parts are: 1) a PC and a PCI with sampling time equal to 1ms; 2) AC servo drive using a DSP plus a FPGA, where DSP TMS320F2812 mainly accomplishes position, velocity and torque control, and FPGA EP2C8Q208C8N is responsible for the analysis and realization of absolute ruler and NCUC-Bus protocols; 3) PMSM with the parameters described in Table 2. Through the PCI controller, PC sends the speed commandand control parameters to servo drive, and receives expected torque current and feedback velocity from servo drive for the model identification.Figure 3. The apparatus for the experimentTABLE2MOTOR PARAMETERSMotor RatingTorque coefficient0.75Nm/ARated speed1000r/minRated Torque4.5NmFriction coefficient0.0008Nms/radInertia0.0028Nms2/radPoles3In the experimental tests without applied load torque, a trapezium-type speed command, the maximum speed of which is 1000r/min, is applied. To evaluate the control performance, a fixed PI controller is considered. Fig. 4 shows the speed response with PI controller, it indicates that the maximum speed error is about 34r/min at the acceleration stage and the maximum speed error fluctuation is about 7r/min at the constant speed stage. Speed response with fuzzy-PI controller is shown in Fig. 5, it has better speed tracking performance with the maximum speed error is about 15r/min at the acceleration stage and the maximum speed error fluctuations is about 3r/min at the constant speed stage.In the experimental tests without applied load torque, a trapezium-type speed command, the maximum speed of which is 1000r/min, is applied. To evaluate the control performance, a fixed PI controller is considered. Fig. 4 shows the speed response with PI controller, it indicates that the maximum speed error is about 34r/min at the acceleration stage and the maximum speed error fluctuation is about 7r/min at the constant speed stage. Speed response with fuzzy-PI controller is shown in Fig. 5, it has better speed tracking performance with themaximum speed error is about 15r/min at the acceleration stage and the maximum speed error fluctuations is about 3r/min at the constant speed stage.Time (s)S p e e d R e s p o n s e (r /m i n)Time (s)S p e e d e r r o r (r /m i n )Figure 4. The speed response with PI controller (no load torque)Time (s)S p e e d R e s p o n s e (r /m i n)Time (s)S p e e d e r r o r (r /m i n )Figure 5. The speed response with fuzzy-PI controller (no load torque)In the experimental tests with changed applied load torque, a slope-type speed command, the maximum speed of which is 1000r/min, is applied. When s t 2=, the applied load torque is 2Nm. When s t 5=, the applied load torque is suddenly became to 8Nm. To evaluate the control performance, a fixed PI controller is also considered. Fig. 6 shows the speed response with PI controller. When s t s 52<≤, the maximum speed error is about 95r/min at the acceleration stage and marked speed overshoot at the constant speed stage. When s t s 105<≤, it is clear that the maximum speed error fluctuation is about 50r/min and the tracking response does not meet the design specifications.Speed response with fuzzy-PI controller is shown in Fig. 7. When s t s 52<≤, the maximum speed error is only about 48r/min at the acceleration stage and unobvious speed overshoot at the constant speed stage. When s t s 105<≤, it is clear that the maximum speederror fluctuations is only about 8r/min. servo system with fuzzy-PI controller has better speed tracking performance and can suppress the load torque well.Time (s)S p e e d R e s p o n s e (r /m i n )Time (s)S p e e d E r r o r (r /m i n )Figure 6. The speed response with PI controllerTime (s)S p e e d R e s p o n s e (r /m i n )Time (s)S p e e d E r r o r (r /m i n )Figure 7. The speed response with fuzzy-PI controllerConclusionsThis paper has presented an adaptive fuzzy-PI speed control scheme for PMSM drive. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was proved through experiments, showing that the hybrid control improves significantly servo performance, making servo system more human-like, flexible and with capacity to make decisions. Substantially, the fuzzy-PI controller can occur a small overshoot against a large overshoot when using the PI controller. Furthermore, in some situations the fuzzy-PI controller showed to be a better solution to reach the set-point faster.。
Interface Shear Tests on FRP Composite Piles毕业翻译
1.摘要传统桩材料在严酷环境下使用的相关问题包括混凝土恶化、钢筋腐蚀和蛀虫对木桩的咬蚀。
据估计美国每年花费超过十亿美元在维修和替换滨水区的打桩系统。
如此高的维修和更换成本已经导致一些北美高速公路机构和人员调查使用纤维增强聚合物复合装和钢管桩等玻璃钢桩的可行性。
这些桩，如果被发现是可行的，可以提供优势如提高耐用性和降低寿命周期成本。
然而，复合桩具有相对较短的性能记录，并且很少有容易得到的证据充分的使用玻璃钢复合桩的项目。
、玻璃钢复合材料和钢筋混凝土不同在以下性能非均向性、低刚度、低表面硬度和不同的表面粗糙度。
因此，现有桩设计方法可能不能直接适用于玻璃钢复合材料成桩。
本文的重点主要是在玻璃钢复合桩的表面摩擦特性。
本文总结了沙复合桩界面剪切测试两种类型玻璃钢的结果，测试结果是与那些沙混凝土测试相比较，讨论了界面剪切强度对组合桩轴向应力的影响。
2.介绍传统的桥梁基础桩材料包括钢筋、混凝土和木材。
这些桩材料当被用在恶劣的海洋环境中寿命有限维修成本高。
降解问题包括氯攻击，混凝土钢筋腐蚀以及海虫的咬蚀。
据估计，修理和修理和更换打桩系统成本在美国超过每年10亿美元。
维修和更换成本高导致北美公路机构和研究人员调查了在运输和土木工程结构包括桥梁桩基础中使用复合材料的可行性，纤维增强聚合物（FPR）被认为是有吸引力的对于海洋和其他恶劣环境，因为他们能抵抗降解机制。
1980年以来，许多美国销售商已经开始销售选择桩产品成为“复合桩”。
术语“复合桩”通常是由玻璃钢，回收塑料或混合材料组成。
一些商用复合桩如图1所示。
到目前为止，复合桩使用一直仅限于海洋防撞桩，轻结构承重桩和一些实验测试桩。
组合桩尚未被土木行业广泛接受的原因主要是由于缺乏一个长期跟踪的性能记录。
然而，玻璃复合桩在严酷环境中可能出现的生命周期增长和耐久性提高，呈现出降低成本的大幅潜力。
玻璃钢复合材料与钢筋混凝土有明显的不同，是由于它的非均向性、低刚度、低表面硬度,和不同的表面粗糙度。
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本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目（中文）： 一种能反映深拉深过程中加载和卸载影响的摩擦型模学 院: 机械自动化学院 专 业: 机械工程及自动化2011级5班学 号:201103130195 学生姓名: 潘海超 指导教师:李贵 日 期: 二〇一五年三月A friction model for loading and reloading effects in deep drawingprocessesD.K.Karupannasamy，J.Hol, M.B.de Rooij, T.Meingers, D.J.SchipperWear, 2014, 318(1-2):27-39一种能反映深拉深过程中加载和卸载影响的摩擦型模D.K.Karupannasamy，J.Hol, M.B.de Rooij, T.Meingers, D.J.Schipper磨损杂志，2014年，318卷1-2期，页码：27-391摘要拉深是汽车车身部件金属板料成形使用最广泛的一种成形工艺。
为了模拟拉深成形过程，有限元（FE）方法被用来预测成形性。
有限元模拟的准确性取决于材料模型，数值模拟技术和接触算法。
虽然，在成形过程中模具和板料的接触状态影响摩擦系数，但实际上摩擦系数通常被视为一个常数，在有限元模拟中一般都采用库仑摩擦系数。
然而，基于局部接触条件和表面形貌的摩擦模型可以提高冲压成形预测的准确性。
现在，对于接触模型用于表征有限元模拟中的摩擦本质表现出越来越大的兴趣。
在拉深过程中，滑动接触主要发生在模具和板料的压边区域之间。
由于受模具几何形状的影响，板料在成形过程中的材料流动和弯曲效应使得材料受到压缩，导致压边区的接触力分别不均匀。
板料的表面在滑动时进行反复的接触从而影响局部摩擦条件。
本文的目的是基于混合模式的表面变形开发一种滑动摩擦模型。
该摩擦模型考虑板料和模具的表面粗糙度，以及板料流过凹凸区域的硬化过程。
此外，在正常载荷下，模具还会对板料产生厚向挤压。
为了更加精确的描述载荷与摩擦之间的关系，本文采用一个椭圆抛物面的形状来描述凹凸的几何形状特。
该模型已在旋转摩擦试验机上进行了多载荷条件的实验，并对对数据进行了比较。
关键词：摩擦模型，拉深过程，凹凸平坦化，犁，边界润滑1. 引言1.1 拉深过程中的接触条件拉深过程涉及到金属板材成形为所需形状的模具和冲头。
当金属板材和模具之间的模具圆角区域受弯曲和拉伸力[1]的合力时（如图1所示）复杂的接触状况就会发生。
当压边和模具圆角区域以及金属板材的表面在不同负荷下经历反复的接触时接触压力会不均匀。
例如，当板材滑过模具圆角区（标记如1–3图1）时板材表面局部会被加载到很大的接触压力而其它部位是较低的接触压力。
在微观尺度上，表面之间的接触是离散的。
表面形貌是由微小的不规则形状组成，称为凹凸。
正如Tabor[2]表明的那样微接触的连接形成由于施加的载荷影响摩擦。
连接理论得到了进一步的应用来开发解释表面接触变形过程的模型。
Greenwood，Williamson[3]和pullen，Williamson[4]已使用统计方法来解释表面的变形过程。
金属塑性加工过程中表面变形是复杂的，接触模型已经发展到由Wilson，Sheu[5]和Sutcliffe[6]在平面应力和应变的条件下利用楔状的凹凸解释体积变形的过程。
各种实验技术也已发展到通过模拟拉深过程发生的条件来测量摩擦系数。
实验的选择取决于变形过程怎样控制。
以一个简单的拉深过程（例如拉深试验或U形条拉拔试验）作为测试方法，冲头力可以被测量来量化表面粗糙度和润滑的影响。
一个杯形件拉深过程有限元模拟的接触压力图1.拉深成形过程接触条件的有限元模拟然而对于表面变形的个别因素像正常加载，拉伸和反复接触的影响则不能量化。
带钢拉伸试验已被ter Haar [7]用来测量表面变形（由于正常的加载和预拉伸）和滑动速度对拉深过程的影响并且构建了Stribeck曲线。
摩擦几乎不受体积成形过程影响。
roizard 等人[8]也用带钢拉伸试验测量金属板料成形的摩擦来研究重复接触和温度的影响。
他们发现，在反复接触的条件下摩擦系数因材料粘合剂转的移而增加。
埃蒙斯[9]只在正常载荷条件下用旋转摩擦试验机研究了表面粗糙度，润滑和各种组合材料的影响。
乔纳森等人[10]用拉伸弯曲试验使用不同材质的表面通过复制模具半径的变形区来测量摩擦。
维柯兰德等人[11]也采用弯拉试验验证了在正常载荷和体积变形以及润滑影响的条件下对于不同的表面材质和各种滑动速度的板材的一个摩擦模型。
现今有各种各样的接触模型与已发展的实验被进行来解释拉深过程中的摩擦磨损行为。
模型和实验之间的相关性仍然缺乏对个别影响因素的考虑。
本文着重于提高与正常加载和重加载表面相关的已被发展的摩擦模型的预测能力。
由于表面粗糙度和弯曲力的分别变化，体积变形复杂性增加了带钢拉伸试验以及拉伸弯曲试验的摩擦测量的困难性。
用接触模型来预测摩擦系数在[12-21]中被描述，此部分讨论了在正常负载和体积变形的凹凸平坦化，耕犁，第三体效应，边界润滑和混合润滑条件的影响。
但是板材表面的变形被认为是刚塑性的。
目前的工作重点是改善用于加载和重加载条件下的混合变形模式的接触模式。
1.2.接触模型模具和板材表面名义上是平的。
当两个名义上的平表面接触时，接触仅发生在一定的点，如图2所示。
因此，通常实际接触面积比名义接触面积较小。
接触表面因粗糙度水平的不同而不同。
模具表面通常比板材表面光滑。
在接触模型中，可以假定在工件（板材）光滑粗糙尺度[12]是光滑的。
平滑的模具将使工件表面粗糙度降低。
当遇到加载/卸载表面时凹凸表面将经历变形的混合模式。
Jamari和Schipper[22]的弹塑性接触模型用来解释重新加载接触条件下工件的凹凸变形。
在一个较小的范围内（即，模具表面粗糙度水平），模具凹凸缩进到扁平的工件。
在滑动过程中，收缩的模具凹凸在工件上产生耕犁。
在弹塑性接触条件下梅森等人[23]提出了一种模具压痕模型来计算磨损过程。
摩擦系数的计算是基于由Karupannasamy等人[13]提出的模具凹凸的耕犁模型。
图2.拉深成形过程中模具和板材金属表面之间发生的接触1.3.凹凸表征表面是用一个像素高度的矩阵表示的。
随着接触载荷的增加，表面分离减少。
对于一个已知的表面分离，接触斑位于高度矩阵。
接触斑通过连接像素的方法鉴别。
在接触斑确定之后，其以椭圆抛物面为特征，使用由德罗阿等人[24]给出的接触斑的体积和面积。
这提供了一个更好的关于凹凸的描述相对于圆锥形或球形根据[14,23,24]。
该接触斑基底面积是使用半长和半短的椭圆来描述的，a和b相对椭圆滑动方向的方向如图2所示。
椭圆抛物面体在长轴和短轴的方向用R X和R Y表示。
2.单粗糙峰变形模型一种凹凸的接触随着载荷的增加经历三种不同模式的变形，即弹性，弹塑性和塑性变形。
当载荷增加到临界载荷超出弹性范围时，可塑性就会发生。
可塑性发生在表面之下。
然而卸载后凹凸一部分变形区域仍保持弹性，而其余部分的变形得到了恢复。
由于塑性变形导致了凹凸的几何形状的变化。
因此刚性平面的半球状的凹凸变形的有限元模拟模型由Shankar和Mayuram [25]提出。
最初，塑性变形区开始于凹凸中心下方一个小的包含区域。
由于压力是有限的在凹凸的顶端是静水压力状态的条件。
塑性变形区的四周是静压核心和弹性变形区域正如约翰逊[26]所提出那样。
随着负荷进一步增加，静压核心与弹性区域之间的塑性区会有所变化。
当达到一个全塑性变形阶段，静压核心和弹性区被塑性区包围。
大量的努力已经投放到单粗糙峰[27-29]混合变形模式接触模型的研究中。
2.1. 凹凸的加载椭圆抛物面的凹凸负荷模型是在本节根据[30]介绍的。
2.1.2.弹性接触从Hertz弹性理论，弹性接触面积和负载是就其凹凸的干涉及其几何形状来表示的。
弹性接触面积，椭圆抛物面的弹性接触面积A e给出为：（1）平均有效半径R的粗糙被给出为：（2）对于弹性接触的情况下，无量纲参数分别为[30]:(3)(4)(5)椭圆积分E（m)和K（m）近似为:（6)(7)其中:(8)(9)凹凸曲率比被定义为：(10)在弹性条件下椭圆抛物面的凹凸接触负荷被定义为：(11)对于给定的几何形状和材料性质出现塑性时主要的干涉的计算用赫兹接触理论。
平均接触压力给出为：(12)根据Tabor[2]当平均赫兹接触压力超过接触压力因素时全塑性变形发生。
接触压力的因素是与材料的硬度和硬度系数有关的：(13)与冯米塞斯材料的泊松比有关的硬度系数从剪切应变能准则根据[31]给出了相关计算公式：(14)可塑性的临界干涉从(12）-（14）的公式中给出：(15)2.1.2.完全塑性接触在完全塑性区，由凹凸表面造成的接触压力等于材料的硬度。
正如Abbott和Firestone[32]所描述那样对于塑性变形粗糙峰接触载荷和面积是通过简单的截断的粗糙的几何形状获得的。
在全塑性条件下的椭圆抛物面粗糙峰接触面积为：（16）在接触条件下塑性载荷被给出为:（17）对于干涉用一个确切的描述来实现完全塑性变形是人们所不知道的，他是通过采用约翰对于全塑性变形的标准来估计的。
根据约翰逊[26]，在接触载荷等于400倍的第一塑性屈服负荷时全塑性变形发生。
首先通过再一次假设平均接触压力等于该材料的硬度来计算屈服载荷：（18）在求解方程（18）之后，对于全塑性变形的过渡干涉给出为：（19）参数C A为第一塑性屈服接触面积的临界接触面积比。
对于钢，C A = 160由Jackson 和Green[33]给出。
对于球形钢接触（λ= 1），过渡可以进一步简化为：（20）2.1.3. 弹塑性接触Zhao等人[29]通过提供弹性和塑性接触区之间的平滑过渡给出了一种弹塑性接触模型（ZMC-模型）。
在弹塑性变形模式下，接触面积从一个完整的椭圆面积变化为半椭圆面积。
Zhao等人使用了过渡干涉加入两渐近线的接触面积的多项式表达。
相对干涉被定义为:（21）接触区的塑性变形过程在弹性收缩后被给出为：（22）从平均接触压力和弹性–塑性变形过程中的接触面积性得到的弹塑料接触载荷为：（23）2.2.单粗糙峰接触卸载在拉深过程中，摩擦系数不仅受表面的载荷也受到反复作用下的荷载的影响。
当凹凸在一个接触压力变形和在一个较低的接触压力再次进行加载时，凹凸会弹性变形因为塑性变形已在第一次加载阶段发生。
这将影响变形体的接触面积和接触载荷。
在弹性变形模式下，接触载荷小于塑性载荷。
由于摩擦主要受接触面积的影响，它实际上是重加载效应的主要焦点。
卸载后凹凸的几何形状的改变取决于变形模式如图3所示。
凹凸的残余干涉和半径在塑性变形开始后已经改变了。
2.2.1.弹性卸载凹凸弹性变形过程中，根据赫兹接触理论计算了接触面积和负载。