argument写作范例
Argument模板
开头：In this argument, the author concludes/claims/comes to the conclusion that…To support/justify/strengthen this conclusion/claim/recommendation, the author points out/reasons/cites (the fact that/survey results of)…In addition/Moreover, the author also points out/reasons/provides the evidence that…Close scrutiny of each of these evidence, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the conclusion/A careful examination of these evidence would reveal how groundless the conclusion is/I find this argument logically unconvincing/flawed/problematic in several critical respects/However, the conclusion depends/rests on a series of unsubstantiated/dubious assumptions, which render it wholly unconvincing/and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.当题目中的论据过于复杂冗长时，可分（1）（2）（3）点罗列论据。
另一种开头方式：先罗列论据，后得出结论。
Argument写作模板
In this argument, the arguer concludes that . The arguer bases the argument on . The arguer claims despite this that, . This argument is unconvincing because the arguer ignores several possible reasons other than for these discrepancies.First of all, the survey only . It is possible that . For example, perhaps . A survey that covers only is hardly convincing that.原因Secondly, it is entirely possible that . If . Ignoring further weakens the argument. Simply does not necessarily mean that .时间Furthermore, it is possible that . Failing to address this possibility further weakens the argument.地点In summary, this argument is based on a very narrow study of only . To strengthen the argument, the arguer needs to directly before jumping to the conclusion that .must supply clear and direct evidence other than other factors that ------ was responsible for must also provide evidence thatunadvised imprudent indiscreetunconvincing unpersuasive be not convincingunsubstantiated unsound( unwarranted无根据的)ignore fail to overlookbase on rely on(upon) dependent on according toIt is possible(probable) that It is possible for sb to do sththere are some possibilities that there is some possibilities thatIt is likely that sb is likely to do sth be less inclined to dobe bound to be certain to do definitely be sure of for certain must be mean to be equivalent to+n represent the same asA does not necessarily indicate that Btake into account consider think about account for(对…做出解释)moreover what’s more besides, furthermore make sure that(确认)however，whereas（然而，反之）nonetheless(尽管如此；但是)，support strengthen reinforce bolster(支持) prove testify attest(证明)In this argument, sb concludes that 中间结论and, in turn 最后结论.（sb recommends that 中间结论sb also claims that 最后结论. ）To support these assertions, the author cites the fact that 原因和假设. However, the argument relies on a series of unproven assumptions and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.（However, the argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands.）To begin with, the argument assumes that 第一个假设得到的结论. Yet, the fact that 假设hardly suffices to infer any 结论. The author provides no evidence that this is the case. For that matter, 结论would be undermined.Secondly, even if 上面的假设和结论成立. perhaps ;or perhaps存在其他可能. In either event, the author could not justifiably rely on the mere fact that 假设to support the claim that 结论. (因素过于单一考虑欠佳)【Even assuming that 上面的假设和结论成立. besides, 其他可能性. Without ruling out these and other reasons why 中间结论，sb cannot convince me that 文中的假设和结论, let alone 最后结论.】Furthermore, in asserting that 最后一个假设, the author overlooks the possibilities that 存在的其他可能性.Without ruling out this possible scenario, the author cannot convince me that 最后一个假设得出的结论.In conclusion, the recommendation for (that 结论) is not well supported. To convince me that 结论the author must provide clear evidence that 假设和结论的直接关系. To better evaluate the recommendation, I would need more information about 其他影响因素. (其他影响因素would be useful to know)The fact that 假设accomplishes nothing toward bolstering the recommendation.产品盈利论证——没有考虑人们喜好和市场竞争Even assuming that residents are strongly interested in the products, the recommendation rests on two additional assumptions: (1)that this interest will continue in the foreseeable future; (2) the residents will prefer sth over other merchants that sell similar products. Until the author substantiates both assumptions Iremain unconvinced that 某产品would be profitable.某一现象趋势的因果论证某件事的变化趋势is not necessarily due to 原因. It is entirely possible that 那样变化, but 调查时间内其他原因. Since the article fails to account for this alternative explanation for 变化趋势，the author cannot make any sound recommendations to 某事或人based on that 变化.错误类比论证与结尾——地区差异Nor can the author justify 一个地区状况on the basis of 另一个地区状况or perhaps 区别or perhaps 区别in short, the author cannot defend the recommended course of action on the basis of what might be a false analogy between two (类比两个地方)In sum(summary), the argument relies on what might amount to two analogies between as well as to strengthen the argument, the author should provide better evidence of and clear evidence that even with this additional evidence, in order to properly evaluate the argument I would need to know why what。
Argument非常规写作模板
Argue魔板，建议大家根据自己语言习惯修改，中间有很多重复的地方，修改后就是自己的了Beginning：In this argument the XXX reaches the conclusion that ... The basis for this recommendation is the survey among ... that indicates ... An additional reason given to support this recommendation is that ... while this argument has some merit, further strict scrutiny reveals that the conclusion lacks credibility because of the XXX, XXX, and XXX Survey：Firstly, the author provides no evidence to justify that the procedures of the survey referred to in the argument is through randomly sampling, thus weakening the evidence, I have good reason to doubt whether the respondents of the survey are representative of the overall group of people who… That is to say, it is entirely possible that those who…were more likely to respond the survey or even to be chosen to respond. In addition, no details such as how the poll was conducted and what percentage responded have been indicated. In short, without more specific information about the survey showing its statistical reliability, the author cannot rely on it to draw any convincing conclusion about…The argument also relies on the assumption that customers who did not complain were actually satisfied with… However, the evidence offered is insufficient to support that claim. It is completely possible that people express their discontent simply by not returningFirst, the statistics cited in the editorial may be misleading because the total number ofThe argument depends on the assumption that…. While it is true that…it is not necessarily true of everyone.The most obvious reasoning error in this argument is the author’s use of evidence pertaining to particular/ general group as the basis for a general/ particular group. Without evidence from control experiment, it is equally possible that… or that… If so, these facts’s argument to a large extent.Thirdly, even with the assumption stated above, the forecast that…is still open to uncertainty. The author fails to consider and rule out other criteria for determining the…, such as… Lacking better evidence that… is the only possible factor to influence… it is … was caused by the factors discussed above rather than…The author fails to establish the causal relationship between A and B. The line of reasoning is the passage is that XXX can XXX because XXX. The sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that the former caused the later one. No additional evidence linking the two events is offered in the argument, thus leaving theThe author commits a fallacy of false analogy by simply assuming that if A do as B do, A will have the same result as B. Admittedly, there is certain similarity between A and B,however, without better evidence, the stated similarity between A and B can be insufficient to warrant the conclusion that A will suffer the same fate (achieve the same result) as B’s. It is possible that there exist crucial factors that can differentiate A and B. If true, these differences might cause totally opposite consequences even A adopt the identical’s assertion is seriously flawed.Furthermore, the author presents a false dilemma by imposing an either-or choice between A and B, which in fact are not mutually exclusive alternatives. It is entirely possible that the company could adopt/do A and B at the same time, thus making a better result. In addition, the most effective solution may contain a more complex one of other factors--such as. In any case, the author provides no justification for mutually exclusiveThe author’s conclusion that…will remain its effects in XXX relies on the unjustifiable assumption that all conditions on which their effectiveness depends remain unchanged over space and time. However, sometime is sufficient for a significant change to take place in the overall economy and market condition. Without taking these possibilities intoThe author turns on the questionable assumption that…can…without sacrifices. The argument fails to consider the project might bring not only benefits but also harm (cost) to… Meanwhile, it fails to weigh such benefits against the corresponding cost. Lacking a complete breakeven analysis, the author cannot draw any further conclusion about the …and the projection/decision/ should be reconsidered.T he author unjustifiably relies on the studies that correlate … and… because he does not provide any evidence to confirm the reliability of the studies. While the expr ession “studies suggest” might lend credibility to the statement, this expression is so vague that actually renders the claims worthless, in the absence of any concrete resources about them. conclusion：Based on the reasons I listed above, the argument is logically flawed and therefore unwarranted (not persuasive) as it stands. To bolster it, the author should provide better evidence that (1)… (2)… To better assess the argument, I would also need to know…以下为常考论题的论点Government:1 what are missing in the growth is the good corporate governance and a long-term sustainable business model from an environmental perspective. As the cases of Enron, WorldCom, Andersen and others demonstrate, strong corporate governance is vital for a company’s survival and for the well-being of its stakeholders.2 in this world of bubbles, investors see central banks armed with giant pins they are ready to use. Government assumes the responsibility for tightening monetary policy that helps to fuel the global booms. Since no investors want to see the miserable pop that the NASDAQ Composite Index lost three-quarters if its value from 2000 to 2002.Environment:1 for the long term, if we want to help economy reach newer heights and at the same time minimize the impact on our environment to ensure our survival, every corporation, government, and culture will need to focus very strongly on environment issues.#cooperation governance：One thing is for sure, few managers/entrepreneurs like to face the fact the company has a problem with ethics/corruption. But ethics and corruption matter to most customers and stockholders. In a recent Gallup poll, 44% of those surveyed thought most companies to be lacking inspection. More important, 55% customers claimed business ethics such as its credit standing and environmental concerns takes precedence over the cheap price in deciding which produces to buy.# Pressured from so many angles and under a crush of information from televisions, radios and Internet, can people calm down and pick out what they really want?# In many Internet mailboxes, including some easily accessed by children, what used to be a trickle of unsolicited porn advertisements has turned into a torrent.# Utah passed a law aimed at prosecuting companies that, without being asked, send Internet pornography into Utah homes, where children can view it.# Try to build a culture that focuses on “virtuousness”-institutionalized compassion, forgiveness, and integrity. Studies of 16 different industries show that virtuous organizations enjoy higher levels of productivity, quality, profitability, customer satisfaction, and employee engagement.#although we may not have conclusive scientific evidence of a cause-effect relationship, ample facts establish a significant correlation. Only by way of an international effort, have we made some progress.ISSUE 新题（留出空白供大家写观点）1. The primary responsibility of citizens is to obey their nation's civil and criminal laws.2. Although most people wish to live long lives, attempting to significantly extend the average human life span would be a mistake. If achieved, this would place an enormous burden on resources, lowering the quality of life for everyone.3. Lying should be avoided primarily because it harms people's ability to live togther in society.4.Each generation's culture achievements--such as those in music, art ，or literature--representimprovements on the cultural achievements of previous generations.5. Public figures should avoid expressing opinions about things that they have not personally experienced or been directly affected by.6. The increasing popularity of video games and Internet suggests that consumers now want a more interactive entertainment experience than books, movies, and television can provide.7. Only by traveling outside the country of one's birth can one understand the world and its people.8. Because it is in the best interest of a society to promote integrity and moral behavior, governments should censor television and radio programs for offensive language and behavior.9. Despite the violence and stereotypes present in many popular forms of entertainment created for children (such as books, movies, and video games), we should still allow children to experience this kind of entertainment.10. Portrayals of violence have proven commericially successful in television programs, movies, songs, and other forms of popular entertainment. Therefore, those who create popular entertainment should continue to incorporate violence into their product。
GRE作文Argument万能模板
Inthis argument ，the author concludes/recommends that ….To support this conclusion/recommendation,the author points out/cites … .In addition/On the basis of this,the author also cites that … .This argument suffers from several critical/logical flaws,which render it unconvincing as it stands. /PE(paragraph ending)：…,the author cannotexpect us to take seriously the claim/convince me that …contribute to … /ruling out such/other possibilities/explanations/accounting for …,the author cannot justifiably conclude that …/ justify the claim/convince me that …/make any sound recommendation to …… before I can accept theauthor’s final conclusion that …(接Perhaps …)If so,this fact/Either scenario/Any of these scenarios,if ture, would significantly/seriously undermine/weaken (the arguer’s contention /conclusion that) …(1)A threshold problem with the argument invloves the statistical reliability ofthe survey because the size of the sample is too small to be sufficient.Also,the sample might be unrepresentative of … as a whole.Without a sufficiently representative sample,the author cannot draw any conclusion whatsoever on the basis of the study. (小样本、代表性)(2) …are rarely sufficient to establisha general conclusion. From the survey quotedinthis argument,we findnosignof suchprocedures for randomsamplingsand have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general situation as a whole.Besides,…provides no information about what percentage of … responded to the surveys.The lower the percentage,the less reliable the results of the surveys/study ’s conclusion. (随机性、代表性)结尾总结用author’s conclusion depends,I would need more information about the size/randomness of the study ’s sample.The author provides no information concerning/omits to inform us about A,B,C and D.It is impossible to conclude without comparing the two groups subjects.For example, ….Without evidence of the study ’s methodological (and statistical) reliability, the author cannot rely on the study to draw any firm conclusion.(1)A is not necessarily due to B.Perhaps ….Since the argument fails to account for this alternative explanation for …,the author cannot …(2)The author unfairly attributes A to B/assumes that A were attributable tocking evidence to confirm this assumption,it is entirely possible that ….Or,perhaps ….After all,the autho r provides no evidence that ….PE.(1)A does not necessarily indicate that B.Perhaps …., ….PE.(2)The argument relies/depends on the (unsubstantiated) assumption that …/ Based on the fact that A the author infers that B.However,/Yet this is not necessarily the case.Perhaps ….If so,this fact would significantly undermine …(3)The fact that … lends no/little credible/scant support to …(4)A probleminvolves the definitionof ….The author fails todefine this critical term.If … is defined as … ,then … .In short, without a clear definition of … it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.The arguer uses previous experience to illustrate that now …,ignoring t he factor of time which perhaps can change everything including … .Eg:The economic situation becomes worse;The worsening economic situationOne problemwhy I disagree with the argument is that it is unwarranted toinfer from the success of B that A will also succeed by following the same format. Perhaps … .In short,lacking evidence that conditions on the … are relevantly similar,the author cannot convince me on the basis of A’s experience that the action would be effective in B. Eg:economic situation,regionThe argument suffers from “either-or ” reasoning.Based on t he fact that … ,the author unfairly concludes that … .However,the author overlooks the possibility …Another problemwiththe argument is that it overlooks other factors that /the possibility that A is not the only factor affectingB.For instance,perhaps entirely possible that …does in fact serve to ….PE.……/ItisThe author appreciates sb’s strong commitment to sth to some extent. However,we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing,to achieve it is far more difficult.There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise.结尾： In sum,the argument is unconvincing as it stands/not well supported.To bolster it,the author must provide clear evidence that …The author must also show that ….To better assess/evaluate the argument we would need figures …/more information about ….We should also need to know …。
英文作文argument类型
英文作文argument类型I completely disagree with the argument that money is the most important thing in life. While money is undeniably important for survival and comfort, it is not the sole determinant of happiness and fulfillment.Firstly, relationships and connections with other people are crucial for a meaningful and fulfilling life. Money cannot buy love, friendship, or the support of family and friends. These intangible connections provide emotional support, a sense of belonging, and a support system during difficult times. Without these relationships, no amount of money can bring true happiness.Secondly, personal growth and self-fulfillment arevital for a fulfilling life. Money may provideopportunities for education and personal development, but it cannot guarantee a sense of purpose and fulfillment. Pursuing one's passions, honing skills, and achieving personal goals are what truly bring a sense of satisfactionand happiness. Money may facilitate these endeavors, but it is not the ultimate source of fulfillment.Additionally, experiences and memories are invaluablein life. Traveling, exploring new cultures, trying new activities, and creating memories with loved ones are what make life rich and meaningful. These experiences cannot be bought with money alone. While money may provide the means to afford these experiences, it is the actual experiences themselves that bring joy and fulfillment.Furthermore, one's health and well-being should never be overlooked. Without good health, all the money in the world is meaningless. Money cannot buy good physical and mental health, and without these, life becomes a constant struggle. Taking care of one's health, both physically and mentally, should be a top priority in life.In conclusion, while money is undeniably important for survival and comfort, it is not the most important thing in life. Relationships, personal growth, experiences, and health are all essential components of a fulfilling andmeaningful life. Money may facilitate some of these aspects, but it is not the ultimate source of happiness and fulfillment.。
GRE的argument写作万能模板
GRE的argument写作万能模板为了帮助大家备考gre。
了解更多关于gre的知识，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来GRE 的argument写作万能模板，希望大家喜欢。
GRE 的argument写作万能模板一. 背景介绍-----万能123的诞生它的优势在于：让你用最快的时间找出攻击点，不仅解决攻击语言还解决攻击顺序，还能节省你考试时列提纲的时间我刚开始复习时也是很苦恼，但是当我对着北美范文写了十几篇并日日思索之后，发现了一个万能找茬法。
它的精髓就在于教你写一套属于自己的万能123模板，这个模板不仅解决你语言，攻击顺序，更你提高你的效率，即给你一个找茬的火眼金睛，又给你一个呼之欲出的思路。
我考前一天把我自己的模板背了又背了一遍，考的那篇文章我虽没写过，但是我在issue和argument 中场休息的1分钟之内把我的万能123找茬写在草稿纸上，题目出来后仅仅花了1分钟在万能123找茬勾出题目中题目中的错误点，这样连提纲都省了，还非常有条理。
我考之前把这个提纲发给我一同学让她好好背。
现在拿出来和大家分享，还准备发一份给那个作文老师，以提高他的教学质量。
二. 精华部分---万能123找茬1. 从整体来说：开头结尾不是最重点，中间部分才是重中之重2. 就中间部分来说：具体的语言不是最重点，攻击思路才是重中之重结论就是，攻击思路是重中之重，所以万能123找茬才是重中之重，比万能123模板(语言文字)及开头结尾给重要。
三.精华部分的注释这里是注释：(对照序号看)① 一因为此调查或研究没有提到样本sample，所以可以攻击其样本可能不具代表性，例如1。
样本太小不具代表性2。
样本特殊不具代表性二有了样本仍然可攻击样本没有代表性，例如1。
样本太小不具代表性2。
样本的倾向性问题，即某类人群比其他多数人更愿意参加调查或研究三没有论据的声称其实是很万能的，多用于攻击一些不是调查也不是研究的论据(具体可参照我的例文)② 一这个嘛虽然被某些新东方老师分为3大类，其实本质还是一样的，就是一个群体的特征推到另一个群体身上。
Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理
Argument模板和漂亮句型的整理Argument模板和美丽句型的整理,我们一起学习一下吧，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
Argument模板和美丽句型的整理开头试验结论In this argument, the arguer concludes that …doing…will lead to …To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that…In addition, the arguer reasons that…The argument suffers from several critical fallacies.自己应当干吗依据观看和现象自己改正依据因果In this argument, the arguer recommends that … should advise … to …To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that… Thus… should follow the study’s recommendation and … in order to …自己尝试新方法依据猜测和假想The conclusion in this argument is that … can expect to … by doing … In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that … Moreover, the arguer assumes that this attempt has … benefits:1) to; 2)to; 3)to; This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified, and unwarranted assumptions.换一个供应商In this argument, the arguer advocates that … should … This recommendation is based on the observation that … Meanwhile, the arguer assumes … to be a better choice … because … This argument is problematic for … reasons.自己应当干吗依据其他州的状况In this analysis, the arguer claims that … should … To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of … where … In addition, the arguer assumes that … This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.正文：The major problem with this argument is that …Another flaw that weakens this argument is that. …In addition, the arguer ignores several factors that might undermine the argument.… the arguer fails to consider several other relevant factors that might influence …For instance … since … what’s more … etc.样本的问题：When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generation they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidatethe generalization调查survey 的问题：The sample of the survey conducted by the … is vague.But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions..(民意测验)How many people participated?The sample of the survey is not representative.数据的问题：(平均值)The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between(试验的数据不行靠) the data of the research is unconvincing (样本太小)the sample is too small to... (光数字没比例)the ratio of four to sixthere is only figures but no proportion of the survey 还是ratio?Insufficient SampleIf the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]The arguer commits afallacy of hasty generalization.It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is arepresentative market of the whole markets.试验组的人：性别，年龄，生理特征副作用有的病人会对抗生素过敏错误的类比：But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.错误的比较：The comparison in this argument is incomplete and selective. The arguer discovers that …However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding … respectively …别的因素：Furthermore the arguer ignores the possibility that … may … Unless the arguer also takes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing.It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.没有因果：Confusing causal relation with correlationthe arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that 就算怎样，也不怎样Finally, the arguer hints that … but he fails to analyze the causes. Is it because… or because … ?-----------------------------------------------------------其他：The fact that … does not necessarily imply that …First of all, the argument is based on a hasty generalization. According to the cited studies … which is understandable.It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.分析常用：the actual amount of time for doing … respectively …The survey is based on two isolated examples. The arguer should survey more hospitals of both types.How large was the sampleHow many people participated?What extent do this participators improve their …speed?The arguer fails to indicate the attitude of the residents to the ABCs performance.循环假设The arguer commits a fallacy of begging the question in assuming that …-------------------------------------------------------------结尾：To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage of the affected families and their geographical distribution.In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading.In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between …To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that …To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about …As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that … is the only condition that …Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of the …To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands.新GRE写作Argument范文Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University.Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male and female professors are happierliving in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers.For the past five years, consumers in California have been willing to pay twice as much for oysters from the northeastern Atlantic Coast as for Gulf Coast oysters. This trend began shortly after harmful bacteria were found in a few raw Gulf Coast oysters. But scientists have now devised a process for killing the bacteria. Once consumers are made aware of the increased safety of Gulf Coast oysters, they are likely to be willing to pay as much for Gulf Coast as for northeastern Atlantic Coast oysters, and greater profits for Gulf Coast oyster producers will follow.The following appeared in a memo from the marketing director of Bargain Brand Cereals.One year ago we introduced our first product, Bargain Brand breakfast cereal. Our very low prices quickly drew many customers away from the top-selling cereal companies. Although the companiesproducing the top brands have since tried to compete with us by lowering their prices, and although several plan to introduce their own budget brands, not once have we needed to raise our prices to continue making a profit. Given our success selling cereal, Bargain Brand should now expand its business and begin marketing other low-priced food products as quickly as possible.The Mozart School of Music should obviously be the first choice of any music student aware of its reputation. First of all, the Mozart School stresses intensive practice and training, so that students typically begin their training at a very young age. Second, the school has ample facilities and up-to-date professional equipment, and its faculty includes some of the most distinguished music teachers in the world. Finally, many Mozart graduates have gone on to be the best known and most highly paid musicians in the nation.新GRE写作Argument范文Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.The following is a letter that recently appeared in the Oak City Gazette, a local newspaper.Membership in Oak City‘s Civic Club-a club whose primary objective is to discuss local issues-should continue to be restricted to people who live in Oak City. People who work-in Oak City but who live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of the city. It isimportant to restrict membership to city residents because only residents pay city taxes and therefore only residents understand how the money could best be used to improve the city. At any rate, restricting membership in this way is unlikely to disappoint many of the nonresidents employed in Oak City, since neighboring Elm City‘s Civic Club has always had an open membership policy, and only twenty-five nonresidents have joined Elm City‘s Club in the last ten years.The following appeared in the annual report from the president of the National Brush Company.In order to save money, we at the National Brush Company have decided to pay our employees for each brush they produce instead of for the time they spend producing brushes. We believe that this policy will lead to the production of more and better brushes, will allow us to reduce our staff size, and will enable the company factories to operate for fewer hours-resulting in savings on electricity and security costs. These changes will ensure that the best workers keep their jobs and that the company will earn a profit in the coming year.The following is a memorandum written by the director of personnel to the president of the Cedar Corporation.It would be a mistake to rehire the Good-Taste Company to supply the food in our employee cafeteria next year. It is the second most expensive caterer in the city. In addition, its prices have risen in each ofthe last three years, and it refuses to provide meals for people on special diets. Just last month three employees complained to me that they no longer eat in the cafeteria because they find the experience ‘unbearable.‘ Our company should instead hire Discount Foods. Discount is a family-owned local company and it offers a varied menu of fish and poultry. I recently tasted a sample lunch at one of the many companies that Discount serves and it was delicious-an indication that hiring Discount will lead to improved employee satisfaction.The following is a recommendation from the personnel director to the president of Acme Publishing Company.Many other companies have recently stated that having their employees take the Easy Read Speed-Reading Course has greatly improved productivity. One graduate of the course was able to read a five-hundred-page report in only two hours; another graduate rose from an assistant manager to vice president of the company in under a year. Obviously, the faster you can read, the more information you can absorb in a single workday. Moreover, Easy Read costs only $500 per employee-a small price to pay when you consider the benefits to Acme. Included in this fee is a three-week seminar in Spruce City and a lifelong subscription to the Easy Read newsletter. Clearly, Acme would benefit greatly by requiring all of our employees to take the Easy Read course.新GRE写作Argument范文Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.From a letter to the editor of a city newspaper.One recent research study has indicated that many adolescents need more sleep than they are getting, and another study has shown that many high school students in our city are actually dissatisfied with their own academic performance. As a way of combating these problems, the high schools in our city should begin classes at 8:30 A.M. instead of 7:30 A.M., and end the school day an hour later. This arrangement will give students an extra hour of sleep in the morning, thereby making them more alert and more productive. Consequently, the students will perform better on tests and other assignments, and their academic skills will improve significantly.Butter has now been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. Only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who still ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers cannot distinguish margarine from butter, or they use the term butter to refer to either butter or margarine. Thus, to avoid the expense of purchasing butter, the Happy Pancake House should extend this cost-saving change to its restaurants in the southeast andnortheast as well.Many employees of major United States corporations are fearful that they will lose their jobs in the near future, but this fear is largely unfounded. According to a recent study, a majority of companies expected to make new hires in the coming year, while fewer companies expected to lay off employees. In addition, although it is very disturbing to be laid off, the proliferation of programs and of workshops designed to improve job-finding skills has made being laid off far less painful than it once was.In the Bayhead Public Library, books that are rarely borrowed continue to take up shelf space year after year, while people who want to read a recent novel frequently find that the library‘s only copy is checked out. Clearly, the library‘s plan to replace books that are borrowed no more than once a year with sufficient copies of more recent books will solve this problem. The protest we have heard since this plan was made public has come from a small, and thus unrepresentative, group of some thirty people and so should therefore be ignored.Argument模板和美丽句型的整理。
ARGUMENT写作模板
一、经不起推敲的类推The argument relies on what might be a incorrect analogy between (类推的几样事物). In order for ..... the (提建议的那个人) must offer effective evidences that all relevant circumstances including... are essentially the same. However, this assumption is unwarranted. For example, the argument neglects the possibility that (被作者忽略的其它可能性). Perhaps (设想一种未考虑到的可能性) .Or, perhaps....二、将因果关系与单纯的关联关系或者时间关系混淆起来The argument makes the conclusion based on a known correlation between (有关系的两类事物) that the latter/former is attributable, at least partly, to the former/latter. Y et the correlation alone amounts to scant evidence of the asserted cause-and-effect relationship. Perhaps.... can be caused by other factors as well, which are not mentioned in these particular states but present in all others. Moreover, the argument overlooks the fact that (指出被作者忽略的东西). The author has not taken into account the possibility that (提出其它可能性). If this is the case, then the conclusion that (建议) would lack any merit whatsoever.三、认为一个群体的特征适用于该群体的所有成员The argument assumes that ... Yet, the author fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. Absent such evidence, it is just as likely that (指出未被考虑到的可能性); for the matter, perhaps....., in which event the author`s recommendation woul d amount to especially poor advice.四、认为某条件是某结果的必要/充足条件（常出现于采取某种方法以达到某种目的）The recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means of .... are available. Yet, no evidence is offered to substantiate this assumption. Admittedly, the.... is some evidence that no other program/measure is as likely to achieve the desired result. However, it is entirely possible that means other than this or any other .... would also achieve the desired result. Perhaps... Or, perhaps... without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of ...... the author/speaker can out confidently conclude that......（此段攻击要想达到目的，必须采取这种方法的思路）The recommendation depends on the additional unsubstantiated assumption that adopting....... would to the desired extent. Absent evidence that this is the case, it is equally possible that adopting the program would not suffice by itself. （提出其它达到目标所需的条件）:otherwise, the program will not be effective. In short, unless the superintendent can show that the program will be effectively implemented and received, I can not accept the recommendation.五、基于可能不具有代表性的的统计数据One problem with the argument involves the cited statistics about ..... It is unreasonable to draw any conclusions about ...... based on statistics about...... Depending on the.... It is entirely possible that ....are not representative of...... For example, perhaps (提出其它可能性) If so, then the editorial`s recommendation might amount to poor advice for students at other soifeges.六、基于不准确的调查或民意测验结果The survey methodology might be problematic in two respects: First, we are not informed whether the survey required that respondents choose their ..... between alternatives: If it did, then the results might distort the preferences of the respondents, who might very well prefer ......not provided in the survey. Secondly, we are not informed whether survey responses were anonymous, or even confidential. If they were not..... In either event, the survey results would be unreliable for the purpose of drawing any conclusions about ......七、认为一切事物都是永恒不变的The author claims that .....: Absent evidence to support this inference, it is just as likely that the .....or that......: For the matter, perhaps...... Any of these scenarios, if true. would serve to undermine the author`s claim that.......。
argument英文作文范文
argument英文作文范文Here's an example of an argumentative essay in English, written in a conversational and diverse language style, while adhering to the given guidelines:Okay, let's talk about the benefits of remote work. First off, there's no denying that it saves time. No more commuting to the office in rush hour traffic. You wake up, have your coffee, and start work right away. It's like a dream come true for many.And not just that, remote work also offers flexibility. You can work from anywhere, whether it's a cozy coffee shop or your favorite spot in the park. This flexibility allows you to balance work and life more easily, especially for those with family commitments.But some people argue that face-to-face communication is essential for teamwork. Well, sure, it has its advantages. But with today's technology, we have tools likevideo conferencing and instant messaging that can effectively replace in-person meetings. You can still collaborate and brainstorm with your team, even if you're miles apart.Another point is that some employers might worry about productivity when employees work remotely. But studies have shown that, given the right setup and motivation, remote workers tend to be more productive. There's less distraction, and people tend to focus better in an environment they're comfortable with.Lastly, remote work is also environmentally friendly. Think about all the carbon emissions reduced by not having to commute. It's a small.。
新GRE作文argument万能模板
Argument1.1) In this argument the speaker concludes that2) To justify this contusion the speaker cites a recent survey of3) The speaker also points out that4) This argument is unpersuasive for several reasons.2.1) First, the survey must be shown to be reliable before I can accept any contusions based upon it.2) Specifically, the responses must be accurate, and the respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall3) Without evidence of the survey's reliability, it is impossible to draw any firm conclusions about the current dietary habits of3.1) Second, the argument relies on the dubious assumption that following the government's nutrition recommendations2) It is entirely possible that3) Thus without evidence to substantiate this assumption the speaker cannot reasonably conclude that4) Third, the speaker assumes too hastily that…Without ruling out this possibility the speaker cannot reasonably conclude with any confidence that5) Lacking firm evidence that …, the speaker cannot justify any conclusions about the4.1) Finally, even if the …, the speaker overlooks the possibility that2) Unless all other habits affecting health have remained unchanged, the speaker cannot justifiably conclude that the overall5.1) In sum, the argument is unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen it the speaker must show that the survey accurately reflects2) The speaker must also show that3) Finally, to better assess the argument I would need more information about the manner and extent to which。
GRE作文argument参考范文
GRE作文argument参考范文第1篇：GRE作文argument参考范文discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingwaswrittenasapartofanapplicationforasmallbu sinessloanbyagroupofdevelopersinthecityofmonroe.ajazzmusicclubinmonroewouldbeatremendouslyprofitablee nterprise.currently,thenearestjazzclubis65milesaway;thus,ourpro posedclub,thecnote,wouldhavethelocalmarketalltoitself.plus,jazz isextremelypopularinmonroe:over100,000peopleattendedmonro esjaz*estivallastsummer,severalwell-knownjazzmusiciansliveinmonroe,andthehighest-ratedradioprograminmonroeisjazznightly,whichairseveryweekni ght.finally,anationwidest未完，继续阅读 >第2篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT范文discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditorofabatavianews paper.thedepartmentofagricultureinbataviareportsthatthenumb erofdairyfarmsthroughoutthecountryisnow25percentgreatertha nitwas10yearsago.duringthissametimeperiod,however,thepriceo fmilkatthelocalexcellofoodmarkethasincreasedfrom$1.50toover$ 3.00pergallon.topreventfarmersfromcontinuingtoreceiveexcessiv eprofitsonanapparentlyincreasedsupplyofmilk,thebataviagovern mentshouldbegintoregulateretailmilkprices.suchregulationisnec essarytoensurebothlowerpricesanda未完，继续阅读 >第3篇：GMAT考试：Argument写作范文参考inthiseditorialtheauthorassertsthatopinionpollsarelittlebette rthanrandomguessestopredictingoutesofpresidentialelections.theauthorsbasisforthisassertionisthatopinionpollsmeasureonlythe preferencesofvotersatthetimeofthepollandthatmanyvoterschang etheirpreferencesseveraltimebeforevoting?someremainingunde cideduntilthemomenttheycasttheirvote.theauthorsreasoningisu nconvincingintwocriticalrespects.firstofaltthepredictionsbasedonrandomguessingaresuchthat thegreaterthenumberofcandidates,thelesslikelythepredictionwill becorrect.thereasonforthisisobvious:ran未完，继续阅读 >第4篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT范文赏析discusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.inastudyofreadinghabitsofleevillecitizensconductedbytheuni versityofleeville,mostrespondentssaidtheypreferredliteraryclassi csasreadingmaterial.however,afollow-upstudyconductedbythesameresearchersfoundthatthetypeofbo okmostfrequentlycheckedoutofeachofthepubliclibrariesinleeville wasthemysterynovel.therefore,itcanbeconcludedthattherespond entsinthefirststudyhadmisrepresentedtheirreadinghabits.arecentstudyshowsthatpeoplelivingonthecontinentofnortha mericasuffer9timesmorechronicfatigueand31timesmorechronicd epre未完，继续阅读 >第5篇：GRE作文ARGUMENT真题四４４、thefollowingistakenfromanadvertisementplacedinaweeklybusine ssmagazinebythedickensacademy.wedistributedasurveytoseniormanagementatinternationalm ega-publishing,inc.theresultofthesurveyclearlyindicatesthatmanyemp loyeeswerewellpreparedinbusinessknowledgeandputerskills,butlackedinterpersonalskillstointeractgracefullywithcustomers.intern ationalmega-publishingdecidedtoimprovecustomersatisfactionbysendingthei rnewlyhiredemployeestoourone-dayseminars.sincetakingadvantageofourprogram,internationalm ega-publishinghasseenasharpincreaseinsales,anindicatio 未完，继续阅读 >第6篇：GRE作文精选：Argumentgre作文精选：argumentdiscusshowwellreasonedyoufindthisargument.1.thefollowingappearedinamemorandumwrittenbythevicepr esidentofnature'sway,achainofstoressellinghealthfoodandotherh ealth-relatedproducts."previousexperiencehasshownthatourstoresaremostprofitab leinareaswhereresidentsarehighlyconcernedwithleadinghealthyli ves.weshouldthereforebuildournextnewstoreinpainesville,which hasmanysuchresidents.painesvillemerchantsreportthatsalesofru nningshoesandexerciseclothingareatall-timehighs.thelocalhealthclub,whichnearlyclosedfiveyearsagodue tolackofbusiness,has未完，继续阅读 >第7篇：GMAT Argument作文备考方案范本参考不难看出，gmatargument作文主要考察的是考生的逻辑分析和判断能力，而提高此能力不妨结合cr部分；同时，考生也需要熟悉题库，力求对题目素材预先进行分析从而培养良好的判断和推论能力，并且多对行文结构和切入点有所构思甚至是设计，如此一来，便容易在考场上轻松写出一篇出*的文章了。
argument官方范文
Argument官方主题范文36篇Six months ago the region of Forestville increased the speed limit for vehicles traveling on the region's highways by ten miles per hour. Since that change took effect, the number of automobile accidents in that region has increased by 15 percent. But the speed limit in Elmsford, a region neighboring Forestville, remained unchanged, and automobile accidents declined slightly during the same six-month period. Therefore, if the citizens of Forestville want to reduce the number of automobile accidents on the region's highways, they should campaign to reduce Forestville's speed limit to what it was before the increase.6分：The agrument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned. By making a comparison of the region of Forestville, the town with the higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the region of Elmsford, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing Forestville's speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical.However, the citizens of Forestville are failing to consider other possible alternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit. Such alternatives may include the fact that there are less reliable cars traveling the roads in Forestville, or that the age bracket of those in Elmsford may be more conducive to driving safely. It is possible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafe drivers in Forestville than there are in Elmsford. In addition, the citizens have failed to consider the geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas. Perhaps Forestville's highway is in an area of more dangerous curves, sharp turns, or has many intersections or merging points where accidents are more likely to occur. It appears reasonable, therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce the speed in the entire area. Elmsford may be an area of easier driving conditions where accidents are less likely to occur regardless of the speed limit.A six-month period is not a particularly long time frame for the citizens to determine that speed limit has influenced the number of automobile accidents in the area. It is mentioned in the argument that Elmsford accidents decreased during the time period. This may have been a time, such as during harsh weather conditions, when less people were driving on the road and therefore the number of accidents decreased. However, Forestville citizens, perhaps coerced by employment or other requirements, were unable to avoid driving on the roads. Again, the demographics of the population are important. It is possible that Elmsford citizens do not have to travel far from work or work from their home, or do not work at all. Are there more people in Forestville than there were sic months ago? If so, there may be an increased number of accidents due to more automobiles on the road, and not due to the increased speed limits. Also in reference to the activities of the population, it is possible that Forestville inhabitants were traveling during less safe times of the day, such as early in the morning, or during twilight. Work or family habits may have encouraged citizens to drive during this time when Elmsford residents may not have been forced to do so.Overall, the reasoning behind decreasing Forestville's speed limit back to its original seems logical as presented above since the citizens are acting in their own best interests and want to protect their safety. However, before any final decisions are made about the reduction in speed limit, the citizens and officials of Forestville shouldevaluate all possible alternatives and causes for the increased number of accidents over the six-month period as compared to Elmsford.COMMENTARYThis outstanding essay begins by noting that the argument "seems logical." It then proceeds to discuss possible alternative explanations for the increase in car accidents and provides an impressively full analysis. Alternatives mentioned are that-- the two regions might have drivers of different ages and experience;-- Forestville's topography, geography, cars, and/or roads mightcontribute to accidents;-- six months might be an insufficient amount of time for determining that the speed limit is linked to the accident rate;-- demographics might play a role in auto accidents;-- population and auto density should be considered; and-- the times of day when drivers in the two regions travel might be relevant.The points are cogently developed and are linked in such a way as to create a logically organized essay. Transitions together with interior connections create a smoothly integrated presentation. For the most part, the writer uses language correctly and well and provides excellent variety in syntax. The minor flaws (e.g., using "less" instead of "fewer") do not detract from the overall high quality of the critique. This is an impressive 6 paper.5The argument above presents a sound case for arguing that if the region of Forestville wants to reduce the number of automobile accidents on the region's highways, they should consider reducing the speed limit to what it was before the increase in speed limit took place 6 months previously. However, there are some intermediate steps that one could take before jumping to the conclusion that reducing the speed limit is the only way in which traffic accidents can be reduced.First of all, I would examine the actual number of traffic accidents that occurred before and after the speed limit increase and compare this to the size of the region and its driving population. For example, if the Forestville region's driving population is 1 million people, and the traffic accidents for a 6-month period before the speed increase totaled 100, then the 15% increase would amount to an additional 16 traffic accidents, or 116 total. For a population of 1 million, there may be other solutions to this increase besides reducing the speed limit to what it was. (The comparison to the region of Elmsford would only be helpful if the regions driving demography is comparable in terms of size and scope.) A public education campaign emphasizing driver safety and safe driving techniques may suffice to reduce the number of traffic accidents. Especially considering that if the number of accidents relative to the population is somewhat small, it is a fairly safe driving population anyway.In addition, I would consider lengthening the time of the study. Six months may be a relatively short period of time for which to study the rate of traffic accidents. Upon a closer examination of when the accidents occurred, one might ascertain that most of the driving accidents occurred within a month of raising the speed limit, but that there have been relatively few additional accidents since that first phase-in period. Lengthening the study to a one-year period would help adjust for any untypical statistics and paint a more accurate picture of the long-term affects of the speed limitincrease.I would also examine what else was occurring in the region during the period of the study. For example, was there a major highway construction project happening during this time which would have added to the unsafe nature of raod travel? Are there any alternative explanations for why the increase in traffic accidents could have occurred, or is the increase in speed limit the sole variable? Looking at the type of accidents that occurred, I would examine whether these are the types of car accidents one would expect from traveling at a faster speed to corroborate the cause and effect relationship.COMMENTARYAs in the sample 6 essay, this writer sees some logic in assuming a connection between the higher speed limit in Forestville and the increase in auto accidents. Unlike the sample 6 essay, this response is neither as exhaustive in its analysis nor as impressively developed. The writer makes these points in the critique:-- A statistical analysis might suggest that the 15% increase inaccidents is not as significant as it might seem.-- A car safety education campaign might be a better way to solve the problem.-- A six month period might be too short a time on which to base major conclusions.-- Other factors could have caused the increase in accidents.Although each of these points is developed and sensibly supported, the critique is not sufficiently full to warrant a score of 6. The essay demonstrates good control but not mastery of the elements of writing: it contains good variety in syntax, including effective use of rhetorical questions. The occasional flaws (e.g., the somewhat garbled syntax in paragraph 3: ".??爐ime for which to study the rate???") do not detract from the overall strong quality of the essay. For all of these reasons, this critique is strong but not outstanding, and thus merits a score of 5.4、At first look, this seems to be a very well presented arguement. A logical path is followed throughout the paragraph and the conclusion is expected. However, upon a second consideration, it is apparent that all possibilities were not considered when the author presented his conclusion (or at least that s/he did not present all of the possibilities). There are numerous potential explanations for why the number of accidents in Elmsford decreased while the number in Forestville increased. Although it seems logical to assume that the difference in the percentage of accidents was due to the difference in whether or not the speed limit had been increased during the specified month, this does not necessarily mean that the speed limit should be reduced back to what it originally was in Forestville. The author does not state two specific pieces of information that are important before a conclusion such as the one the author made is sound. The first is that it is not expressed whether the speed limits in the two neighboring regions had had the same speed limit before Forestville's speed limit had been increased. If they had originally been the same, then it is reasonable to conclude that Forestville's speed limit should be reduced back to what it was before the increase. However, if the two region's speed limits were initially different, then such a conclusion can not be made. The second piece of informationthat is necessary for the present argument is the relative number of accidents in each of the areas prior to the increase in speed limit. For the author to make the presented conclusion, the number of accidents should have been approximately equal prior to the increase in the speed limit in Forestville. If the two missing pieces of information had been presented and were in the author's favor, then the conclusion that the author made would have been much more sound than it currently is. In conclusion, the argument is not entirely well reasoned, but given the information that was expressed in the paragraph, it was presented well, and in a logical order.COMMENTARYThis competent critique claims that there are "numerous potential explanations for why the number of accidents in Elmsford decreased while the number in Forestville increased." However, the author discusses only two points:-- whether the speed limits in the two regions were originally the same;and-- the number of accidents in each region prior to Forestville'sraising the speed limit.Although the essay appears at first to be well developed, there is much less analysis here than the length would suggest. The first third and last third of the essay are relatively insubstantial, consisting mainly of general summary statements (e.g., "A logical path??? conclusion is expected" and "If the two??? more sound than it currently is"). The real heart of the critique consists of minimal development of the two points mentioned above. Therefore, although two important features of the argument are analyzed and the writer handles language and syntax adequately, the lack of substantial development keeps this critique from earning a score higher than 4.Test2The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a local newspaper."Five years ago, we residents of Morganton voted to keep the publicly owned piece of land known as Scott Woods in a natural, undeveloped state. Our thinking was that, if no shopping centers or houses were built there, Scott Woods would continue to benefit our community as a natural parkland. But now that our town planning committee wants to purchase the land and build a school there, we should reconsider this issue. If the land becomes a school site, no shopping centers or houses can be built there, and substantial acreage would probably be devoted to athletic fields. There would be no better use of land in our community than this, since a large majority of our children participate in sports, and Scott Woods would continue to benefit our community as natural parkland."6、This letter to the editor begins by stating the reasons the residents of Morganton voted to keep Scott Woods in an undeveloped state. The letter states that the entire community could benefit from an undeveloped parkland. The residents of the town wanted to ensure that no shopping centers or houses would be built there. This, in turn, would provide everyone in the community with a valuable resource, a natural park.The letter then continues by addressing the issue of building a school on the land.The author reasons that this would also benefit the entire community as a natural parkland since much of the land would be devoted to athletic fields. The author of the letter comes to the conclusion that building a school on the land would be the best thing for everyone in the community.This letter is a one-sided argument about the best use of the land known as Scott Woods. The author may be a parent whose child would benefit from a new school, a teacher who thinks a school would boost the community, or just a resident of Morganton. Regardless of who the author is, there are many aspects of this plan that he or she has overlooked or chosen to ignore.Using a piece of land to build a school is not the same thing as using it for a natural parkland. While all the members of the community could potentially benefit from a parkland, only a percentage of the population would realistically benefit from a new school. The author fails to recognize people like the senior citizens of the community. What interest do they have in a new school? It only means higher taxes for them to pay. They will likely never to and utilize the school for anything. On the other hand, anyone can go to a park and enjoy the natural beauty and peacefulness. The use of the land for a school would destroy the benefit of a park for everyone. In turn, it would supply a school only to groups of people in exactly the right age range, not too young or too old, to reap the benefits.Another point the author stresses is that the use of the land for things like athletic fields somehow rationalizes the destruction of the park. What about children who don't play sports? Without the school, they could enjoy the land for anything. A playing field is a playing field. Children are not going to go out there unless they are into sports. There are many children in schools who are not interested in or are not able to play sports. This is yet another group who will be left out of the grand benefits of a school that the author talks about.The author's conclusion that "there would be no better use of land in our community than this...""is easily arguable. The destruction of Scott Woods for the purpose of building a school would not only affect the ambience of Morganton, it would affect who would and would not be able to utilize the space. If the residents as a whole voted to keep Scott Woods in an undeveloped state, this argument will not sway their decision. The use of the land for a school will probably benefit even less people than a shopping center would. The whole purpose of the vote was to keep the land as an asset for everyone. The only way to do this is to keep it in an undeveloped state. Using the land for a school does not accomplish this.COMMENTARYThis outstanding response begins somewhat hesitantly; the opening paragraphs summarize but do not immediately engage the argument. However, the subsequent paragraphs target the central flaws in the argument and analyze them in almost microscopic detail.The writer's main rebuttal points out that "using a piece of land to build a school is not the same thing as using it for natural parkland." Several subpoints develop this critique, offering perceptive reasons to counter the argument's unsubstantiated assumptions. This is linked to a related discussion that pointedly exposes another piece of faulty reasoning: that using land for athletic fields "rationalizes thedestruction of the park."The extensively developed and organically organized analysis continues into a final paragraph that takes issue with the argument's conclusion that "there would be no better use of land in our community than this."Diction and syntax are varied and sophisticated, and the writer is fully in control of the standard conventions. While there may be stronger papers that merit a score of 6, this essay demonstrates insightful analysis, cogent development, and mastery of writing. It clearly earns a 6.5、The author's argument is weak. Though he believes Scott Woods benefits the community as an undeveloped park, he also thinks a school should be built on it. Obviously the author is not aware of the development that comes with building a school besides the facilities devoted to learning or sports. He does not realize that parking lots will take up a substantial area of property, especially if the school proposed is a high school. We are not given this information, nor the size of the student body that will be attending, nor the population of the city itself, so it is unclear whether the damage will be great or marginal. For a better argument, the author should consider questions like what sort of natural resources are present on the land that will not remain once the school is built? Are there endangered species whose homes will be lost? And what about digging up the land for water lines? It is doubtful whether the integrity of Scott Woods as natural parkland can be maintained once the land has been developed. It is true that a school would probably not cause as much damage as a shopping center or housing development, but the author must consider whether the costs incurred in losing the park-like aspects of the property are worth developing it, when there could be another, more suitable site. He should also consider how the city will pay for the property, whether taxes will be raised to compensate for the expense or whether a shopping center will be built somewhere else to raise funds. He has not given any strong reasons for the idea of building a school, including what kind of land the property is, whether it is swampland that will have to be drained or an arid, scrubby lot that will need extensive maintenance to keep up the athletic greens. The author should also consider the opposition, such as the people without children who have no interest in more athletic fields. He must do a better job of presenting his case, addressing each point named above, for if the land is as much a popular community resource as he implies, he will face a tough time gaining allies to change a park to a school.COMMENTARYAfter describing the argument as "weak," this strong essay goes straight to the heart of the matter: building a school is not (as the argument seems to assume) innocuous; rather, it involves substantial development. The essay identifies several reasons to support this critique. The writer then points to the important questions that must be answered before accepting the proposal. These address-- the costs versus the benefits of developing Scott Woods-- the impact of development on Scott Woods-- the possibility of "another, more suitable site"The generally thoughtful analysis notes still more flaws in the argument:-- whether the school is necessary-- whether the selected site is appropriate-- whether some groups might oppose the planAlthough detailed and comprehensive, the writer's critique is neither as fully developed nor as tightly organized as a 6 essay. The response exhibits good control of language, although there is some awkward phrasing (e.g., ".??爂aining allies to change a park to a school"). Overall, this essay warrants a score of 5 because it is well developed, clearly organized, and shows 5-level facility with language.4、The argument that the writer is trying to make contains several flaws. First of all, the writer needs to be clear on whether or not he or she wishes to keep Scott Woods in a "natural, undeveloped state." To be natural and undeveloped suggest that Scott Woods is free from anything man-made. It has not been infected with man-made buildings of any kind. The author suggests that the building of a school in Scoot Woods would preserve Morganton's "natural parkland" by preventing the construction of shopping centers and houses. Yet, the building of a school would prevent Morganton from preserving this natural parkland just as shopping centers and houses. While the school may provide substantial acreage for athletic fields, it would be still contributing to pollution, the loss of vegetation and overall disruption to the natural ecosystem of Scott Woods. Consequently, the area would not be a "natural parkland" as the author suggests.Furthermore, the author appeals to the sensitivity of the readers through his discussion on the children's participation in sports. He falsely states that the the children's use of the athletic fields that the school would provide is the best way to utilize this natural parkland. Again, the author mistakingly feels that athletic fields constitute a natural parkland. Since the author continuously misuses the word "natural parkland," the validity of the letter is weakened.COMMENTARYAfter acknowledging that the argument "contains several flaws," this adequate response identifies a basic problem in the reasoning -- the letter writer's ambivalence about the desirability of maintaining Scott Woods as natural and undeveloped parkland. The writer recognizes that the argument's confused intentions are indirectly related to a root flaw in the argument: the assumption that construction of new buildings -- even school buildings -- would not impact the preservation of the parkland. Further, the writer does a competent job of explaining how both of these problems are the result of a lack of clarity about what constitutes a "natural parkland."Paragraph 2 identifies an additional weakness in the argument; the writer refuses to be taken in by the emotional appeal of a proposal that promises to benefit children. However, this critique is stated in a confusing way (".??燼ppeals to the sensitivity of the readers through his discussion on the children's participation in sports") and is not sufficiently developed.The writer generally demonstrates adequate control of diction, syntax, grammar, andusage. Ideas are conveyed clearly, if mechanically. Some sentences, though, are awkwardly worded (e.g., ".??爌reserving this natural parkland just as shopping centers and houses"). In sum, both the unevenly developed critique of the argument and the level of control of language warrant a score of 4.Test3A recent survey of dental patients showed that people who use Smile-Bright toothpaste are most likely to have capped teeth -- artificial but natural-looking protective coverings placed by dentists on individual teeth. Those people who had begun using Smile-Bright toothpaste early in life were more likely to have capped teeth than were people who had begun using Smile-Bright later in life. In addition, those who reported brushing their teeth more than twice a day with Smile-Bright toothpaste were more likely to have caps on their teeth than were those who reported brushing with Smile-Bright less frequently. Therefore, people wishing to avoid having their teeth capped should not use Smile-Bright toothpaste.6、The argument contains several facets that are questionable. First, the reliability and generalizability of the survey are open to quesiton. In addition, the argument assumes a correlation amounts to a causal relationship. The argument also fails to examine alternative explanations. I will discuss each of these facets in turn.In evaluating the evidence of the survey, one must consider how the survey was conducted. If the questions were leading or if the survey relied on self reports, the results might be unreliable -- people might just respond with the expected answer. One must also consider how broad the survey was. If the survey was limited to a few patients of a certain dentist, the results might be attributable to those particular individuals and that particular dentist. Hence, the generalization drawn might not apply to most people. In addition, even if the survey was broader, one must consider whether it was limited in certain ways. For example, were the survey respondents old people? Was the survey limited to a certain city or geographic region? Factors such as these could explain the survey results and could undermine the generalizability of the survey results.Even if one accepts the survey results, the argument remains questionable. The argument assumes that the correlation between the use of SMILEBRIGHT and capped teeth means that SMILE BRIGHT causes the need for capped teeth. But the argument fails to provide sufficient evidence to support the conclusion. In addition, the argument fails to consider the possibility that people who already have capped teeth might prefer SMILEBRIGHT as a toothpaste because it works better on capped teeth.Finally, the argument's author fails to rule out alternative explanations. For instance, people who brush their teeth more than twice a day might be those who are prone to the need to have their teeth capped. It might also be the case that starting with SMILEBRIGHT early in life damages the teeth so that capped teeth will be needed later. It also might be the case that SMILEBRIGHT users tend to be the kind of people who are excessively concerned with the appearance of their teeth, perhaps theyre actors, and so are the kind of people who might, sooner or later, want to have their teeth capped anyway.In conclusion, the argument, while it seems logocal at first, has several flaws as discussed above. The argument could be improved by providing evidence that the correlation is indeed a causal relationship -- that using the toothpaste actually causes the need for capped teeth. It could be further improved by ruling out alternative explanations for the supposed causal relationship.COMMENTARYThis outstanding response begins by announcing that the argument "contains several facets that are questionable." The author then develops the critique around three main points:-- the reliability and generalizability of the survey results are open to question;-- the argument assumes that a correlation amounts to a causal relationship; and -- there are alternative explanations for the facts uncovered by the survey.Each of these points is analyzed insightfully and in great detail.The writer demonstrates mastery of the elements of effective writing. The organization is clear and logical; in fact, the organizational plan outlined in the first paragraph is followed to the letter in the second through fourth paragraphs. The writing is fluent -- transitions guide the reader from point to point in each paragraph; sentence structures are varied appropriately; diction is apt. Minor flaws (e.g., the typographical error "quesiton") do not detract from the overall outstanding quality of this critique. For all of these reasons, the essay earns a score of 6.5、The argument above is not sufficiently supported by the evidence given. Arriving at the conclusion that people wishing to avoid having their teeth capped should not use Smile-Bright toothpaste is not valid based on the information above.First, a major flaw in the argument is that no other factors are pointed out that might be causing teeth to be capped other than using Smile-Bright toothpaste. For example, were these dental patients all from the same geographical area? If so, they might all be drinking water that is low in flouride which is causing tooth decay and consequently they will need their teeth to be capped. Another common factor among the patients might be their dietary habits which could be causing tooth decay and capping of teeth rather than using Smile-Bright toothpaste.In addition to looking at other common factors among patients surveyed, the type of data collected in the argument above needs to be more closely examined before a conclusion can be determined. For example, while patients who brushed their teeth more than twice a day with Smile-Bright were more likely to have caps on their teeth than those who brushed less frequently with Smile-Bright, this does not prove that Smile-Bright was the cause of capped teeth. It could be that people who brush their teeth too frequently, no matter what toothpaste they use, are in jeopardy of having to get their teeth capped. Also, the fact that people who began using Smile-Bright early in life were more likely to have capped teeth than those who began using Smile-Bright later in life should be further explored. It could be that using Smile-Bright as a child is harmful to teeth while using it as an adult has no ill effects.Finally, no information is given about how many patients were surveyed or how they。
英语论证作文写作模板及范文
英语论证作文写作模板及范文英文回答：Argument Essay Writing Template。
Introduction。
Hook: Begin with a compelling statement or question to draw the reader's attention.Background information: Provide context to the topic and establish its importance.Thesis statement: State your main argument clearly and succinctly.Body Paragraphs。
Claim: Present one of your main supporting points.Evidence: Provide specific examples, data, or research to support your claim.Explanation: Explain how the evidence supports your claim and strengthens your argument.Counterargument: Acknowledge and refute opposing viewpoints.Conclusion: Summarize the main points of the paragraph and reiterate your claim.Conclusion。
Restate thesis statement: Summarize your main argument and reinforce your position.Call to action: Encourage readers to consider your argument and make informed decisions.Example Argument Essay。
argument英文作文范文
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文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copy excerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!I love traveling. It's so much fun to explore new places and meet new people. You get to see different cultures and try new foods. It's a great way to learn and grow.Another thing I really enjoy is reading. I can get lost in a good book for hours. It's a great way to relax and escape from the real world.Music is also a big part of my life. I love listening to all kinds of music, from rock to pop to classical. It can really set the mood and make me feel happy or sad.Exercise is important too. It keeps me healthy and gives me energy. I like to go for runs or do yoga.Finally, spending time with my friends and family is what makes me the happiest. We have so much fun together and create great memories.。
高分学生自行整理：GRE Argument写作模板
The argument wrongly attributed A to BThe argument simply equates becoming famous and getting highly paid to attaining real musical achievements.A might pose a negative impact on B, as opposed to the benign consequences conceived by the author. Installing the software may actually pose negative effects on the employees ’morale, rather than the bett er work ethic which is conceived by the author.A is not a good indication of B.The sales of recorded music are not a good indication of the popularity of rock and roll.解释他因：1. The author oversimplifies the factors that could …2. The author fails to incorporate other possible causes that can also3. Any of these scenarios, if true would cast considerable doubt on the argument ’s conclusion that..想不出类型的时候可以这么说：1. We may well ask that is A a good indication of B?2. Another question that should be addressed is: can the consumers reliably distinguish products that aremade with CCC’s copper?3. 示例段落模板 :The author suggests that we should apply the same(A’s) method to B. To evaluate this recommendation, we may well ask that are A and B comparable? As we know, A and B might differ/divide in 。
GRE-Argument-满分范文5篇
ArgumentSample 1In this argument the author employs a variety of evidence about Paleans, including their geographical isolation and the discovery of a basket, to argue that Palean baskets could have been made by non-Palean cultures. We may accept part of the author’s claim regarding the Paleans, but in the absence of some critical evidence, we cannot accept the conclusion that the Paleans have no means of transporting one of their baskets to other region.In the first place, the author assumes that the Paleans could not have reached Lithos because no Palean boat has been found. However, the author is treating a lack of proof that the Paleans could have possessed some kind of boat as sufficient proof that they did not possess any such vehicles at all. From the passage we are only informed that Palean boats “were not found〞, but the mere fact that no boat found currently could not fully illustrate that the Paleans did not have boats. We need concrete evidence to show that the Paleans did not master the skill of shipbuilding.Granted that the Paleans did possess no boats, we still need evidence to prove that the basket could not have arrived in Lithos by other means. Although the Brim River is deep and broad at present, it might be shallower and narrower at Palean time, or at least some sections of the river were less deep and broad at that time. If so, the Paleans could have crossed the river without boat. Some archaeological and geological records or documents about the condition of the Brim River at ancient time might be useful for evaluating the argument.Assuming that the river was also deep and broad in ancient time and can be crossed only by boat, there is a possibility that some vehicles were in the possession of a second culture with whom the Palean people kept in contact. The second culture might have brought the discovered basket to Lithos during trading or other activities. Also possibly, the basket may have been brought to Lithos by some other people latterly after the disappearance of the Paleans, or may have drifted to the site due to geological accidents such as a flood. The author should provide evidence to show that Paleans had no significant contact with other cultures who possessed boats, and that the basket could not be carried to the site through other methods such as trading or some accidents. We still cannot rule out the possibility that the baskets were unique to Palean culture without such information.In sum, the conclusion is hastily reached. Before the claim that other cultures could have produced so-called Palean baskets is accepted, the author should provide concrete evidence to show that Paleans were never capable of building boats. The author also needs to rule out other possible ways by which the basket could travel to other places.In the argument the arguer points out that Crust Copper Company (CCC) has purchased a vast of land in West Fredonia and that mining here will inevitably lead to tremendous pollution. To avoid such environmental problems, the arguer suggests that boycott towards products produced by CCC will be an effective measure. Well-intentioned the arguer may be, several unwarranted assumptions may render the boycott unnecessary or ineffective.First, the underlying assumption that the deterioration of environment and disturbance to endangered animals will inevitably occur is open to doubt. Ten thousand square miles are, without any doubt, so large an area that almost make up the total territory of New York City, there is likelihood that only a very small proportion of the land is used for mining. Furthermore, with the advanced technology of waste disposal and environmental-friendly recycling, the pollution, if any, can be so insignificant that almost has no negative effect to the environment. Even if the exploration is heavy, the arguer does not inform us to what extent the mining areas and the habitat of endangered species overlap. If they locate far away from each other, the mining would have little effect to local animals. Without taking these factors into consideration, the arguer could not successfully convince us that CCC’s mining process will bring about horrible results, and the boycott would be totally unnecessary in this case.Second, the feasibility of the arguer’s pro posal can also be cast doubt on. The proposal could be smoothly carried out only if the consumers can reliably distinguish products that are made with CCC’s copper. We all know that only the brand of the final producer will be engraved to a product. For instance, if a copper lock is manufactured, consumers can only identify the brand of the lock company. It is unlikely that a nonprofessional consumer can tell the material supplier of a certain product. Even assuming that consumers can effectively recognize copper products made with CCC’s copper, and that the vast majority of such consumers can be gathered by certain means, whether all of them are willing to cooperate in the boycott is still not guaranteed. It is highly possible that most consumers care more about the quality and cost of a product while little about environmental problems. If the consumers cannot distinguish products using CCC’s copper, or they have no interest in the boycott, the proposal would be meaningless at all, let alone prevent environmental problems.In conclusion, the argument is unpersuasive and the arguer should provide additional information to demonstrate that CCC will cause a disastrous effect on the environment of West Fredonia once its mining plan is carried out. The arguer also needs to prove that the proposed boycott is not only practically feasible, but also sufficient and necessary for the arguer’s purpose.In this argument the manager suggests that Rialto must offer same features as Apex, a newly opened theater, to attract moviegoers. The manager describes many fancy functions featured by Apex and the dissatisfaction of moviegoers about the high price of new movies. However, merely these facts could not prove that the proposed action will guarantee Rialto’s share of the market.A foremost question is: whether Apex was really a great success? We are not informed about the actual profit and the number of moviegoers of Apex. It is possible that the costs of these fashionable features are so high that the ticket prices of Apex are higher than other theaters, which will further prevent moviegoers on a tight budget from going to it, or that the ticket income of Apex remains low although it had featured those functions.Granted that Apex has gained great profits, we may still ask that whether the success resulted from those new features. Many other factors would also influence people’s choice on a theater. For example, people would be concerned more about the distance of the theater from their houses. Meanwhile, whether the lack of these features has caused a decreased share of moviegoers for Rialto is open to doubt. Perhaps the total number of residents in down town area was decreasing recently, and therefore Rialto could not attract as many people as before.Another question that should be addressed is the comparability of the two theaters. As we know, many factors would make them quite different from each other: their locations, the types of movie they mainly feature, the ticket price, etc. Any one of these factors would make the measures less effective in Rialto as in Apex. The manager cannot convince us that Rialto could gain profits by simply copying the features of Apex.Furthermore, we may question the reliability of the survey. We could not be sure if the respondents of the survey are representative of the overall population of the city and constitute a large number of people. Besides, granted that the respondents’ opinion could represent that of our general residents, Rialto could take other actions as response, such as featuring some formerly-released movies with lower price.It is understandable that a theater should struggle for its survival. But before the manager could provide complete information about the actual profits of Apex, and show clear evidence that Apex has attracted many moviegoers because of its new features, we could not hastily conclude that providing these features at Rialto would secure its future prosper.Basing on the assumption that farmers are receiving excessive profits on increased supply of milk, the author recommends Batavia government to regulate retail milk prices. Admittedly, it is the responsibility of the government to ensure the stability of the market, however, several questions must be addressed before we could determine whether the regulation will be necessary and effective for lowering milk price.A critical assumption of the argument is that the farmers are receiving unreasonable profits, which is unwarranted before several factors have been considered. A foremost question is that whether the number of dairy farms could accurately reflect the supply of milk, for there is no necessary relationship between them. It is possible that the average milk supply of each single farm has dropped and therefore the total supply would not increase. It is also possible that a great proportion of milk produced has been processed to other dairy products or has been exported. The milk supply on market will decrease in these cases.Granted that the supply of milk did increase during the past decade, we may well ask that whether the prices of milk are increasing all over the country. The author provides only one sample----the Excello market to illustrate the variation of milk price, but many factors may render the situation at the market unrepresentative of the national trends. Perhaps the supply of milk in the region where the market locates was relatively lower than national average, or the milk production is much more costly here due to some geographic factors. Any one of these possibilities would make the higher milk price in Excllo totally a normal phenomenon.Even if the prices of milk were also doubled throughout the country, just as happened in Excello, the author overlooks a myriad of economic factors that would result in the increase. Consider, for example, the cost of milk production and transportation might have increased as well during the same period, or perhaps the supply of milk could not meet the demand in spite of an increased supply. The author also needs to inform us how much did the price of milk actually increase after adjustment for inflation. Without accounting for these factors, the author could not convince us that farmers have received excessive profits and that the regulation is indeed necessary.Finally, even if the author can successfully address all the questions foregoing, it is unjustifiable to conclude that the regulation of retail milk prices could ensure an adequate supply of milk and therefore, a fair price. It is likely that the regulation would reduce the profits of farmers; they might be less interested in producing milk, or will produce less milk as a response. If so, adopting the author’s recommend ation will actually lead to inadequate supply of milk rather than the optimistic result expected by the author.Undoubtedly, the author’s intention of keeping the market stable and ensuring fair price of milk is justified. But to convince us that the regulation is necessary to ensure a reasonable milk price and adequate supply, the author must substantiate the assumption that the profits received by farmers are undeserved and that the regulation is sufficient for ensuring lower price. Hastily carrying out such regulation would actually pose negative effects on the supply of milk.The fewer sick days and lower diagnosis of stress-related illness in Leeville may, to some extent, indicate better health status of residents. But the situation could also be explained by many other factors. It is too hasty for the Chamber of Commerce to conclude that it is the relaxed pace of life that brings those health benefits.First of all, the Chamber implies that Leeville residents are in satisfying health condition, which serves as a foremost premise of the argument. However, the number of sick days and the diagnosis of stress-related illness do not necessarily indicate the health condition of residents. The fewer sick days may result from strict restrictions on sick leaves at Leeville factories; or perhaps the workers will receive harsher punishment once they take too many sick leaves, thus they will be unable to take more sick leaves as a result. Another explanation is that the workers might be unwilling to be absent from work for certain reasons. Similarly, the fewer diagnosis of stress-related illness could also be explained by other reasons. It is possible that people in Leeville are not willing to visit doctors for these diseases, or maybe there are some differences in the diagnostic criteria of the disease in the two cities. If the criterion or definition of the disease is more rigorous in Leeville than in Masonton, then it is conceivable that the incidence of such disease in Masonton will be higher. In this case, the diagnosis of this illness could not accurately reflect the actual level of stress of residents, let alone their actual level health.Granted that Leeville residents are living healthier lives, physically and mentally, there are still many other factors, rather than the relaxed pace of life suggested by the Chamber, that could contribute to the situation. The myriad factors might include better environment and weather, healthier life style in Leeville, which will lead to good health condition and less illness. It is also possible that the working condition and work ethic in Leeville factories are better than those in Masonton, or Leeville has harmonious neighborhoods, which could explain the lower level of mental stress.As commonly known, a relaxed pa ce of life often promotes people’s health status, but we cannot conclude that the better health of Leeville residents is also the result of their pace of life. The Chamber should consider and rule out all other possibilities before we could be convinced that the relaxed lifestyle is the actual and only explanation for the health condition of Leeville residents.。
【御用】Argument模板
***开头段Merely based on the unfounded assumption and dubious evidence, the statement draws a conclusion that 结论.In support of the conclusion, the author pointes out that 论据1.To justify this conclusion, the arguer cites that 论据2.Furthermore, he indicates that 论据3.In addition, he cites the result of a (recent) survey in support of his recommendation. At first glance, this argument seems to be somewhat convincing, nonetheless, further reflection reveals that it omits amount of vital concerning that should have been addressed in the statement.As far as I concerned, this argument suffers from at least three logical flaws.***论述段1. First and foremost, the threshold problem with this argument is that 反驳点1.…………Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.2. Another fundamental problem pointed worth considering which serious weakens the logic of this argument is that 反驳点2.…………Lacking evidence that 反驳点2的证明, the arguer’s conclusion that 结论is unjustified.3. Before I come to my final judgment, it is necessary to indicate another flaw involved in the argument, 反驳点3.…………In short, without better evidence that 反驳点3的证明, the author cannot justifiablely draw any conclusion about 结论.***结尾段To sum up, the author fail to substantiate his claim that 结论, because the evidence cited here could not led strong support to what the arguer maintains.To make this argument more appealing, the author should have to offer more information with regard to建议.Therefore, if the argument hand included the given factors discussed about, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.◆无理假设unwarranted assumptionThe author falsely depends on unwarranted assumption that错误的假设.In fact, it is not a necessary case. The mere fact hardly suffices to prove由错误的假设引出的结果. For example, it is highly possible that造成该结果的其它可能原因.Even if the author can substantiate all of the foregoing assumption, his assertion that 由错误的假设引出的结果is still unreasonable, because he unfairly equates目前未知的情况with 目前已知的情况.◆概念差异The author simply equates A with B.Even assuming B是对的, it is nevertheless impossible to assess the author’s broader contention that A也是对的◆无效调查The argument relies on a survey调查的内容, however, the survey cited here is toovague to be informative.The arguer provides no assurance that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable.#样本数量Unless the surveyor sampled a sufficient number of 样本and did so randomly across the entire样本spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge调查结果. Moreover, the number of samples not ensure represent the overall group. For example, if the samples includes不合适的样本, or if 样本没有代表意义, the number of respondents would account for only a little percentage.#参与者诚实，调查者无倾向We are not informed whether the survey responses are anonymous or even confidential, what is more, there is no assurance that the survey not required people who anticipated choose their preference between alternative.#总数和比例The argument tells us that a great number of 样本, nevertheless, the arguer fails to indicate the percentage of支持其结论的样本.The argument tells us that more than ** percent支持其结论. Nevertheless, it fails to provide information regarding the absolute number of 样本.◆错误类比 false analogyThe arguer’s recommendation relies on a poor analogy between 一个情况and 另一个情况.This analogy falsely depends on the assumption that情况in both 一个and 另一个are similar.However, it is entirely possible that 其它造成已知情况的可能原因1.In addition, 其它造成已知情况的可能原因2, without accounting far some essential difference between一个情况and 另一个情况.The author can not prove that the method will also help 另一个情况.To strength this argument, instead of relying on a dubious analogy, the argument should provide evidence, perhaps by way of a survey or a pilot program at另一个的目前实际情况, so that this method will lead to the success of 论者期望达到的目标.◆急于概括 hasty generalizationThe auger commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.Even if 作者所讲的假设是成立的, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that作者所期待的结果.It is highly possible that other factors may have contribution to 结果, that作者认为正确的未必是唯一的.Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning 论据中的疑点. Unless其它可能的原因which is unknown from this argument, there is no guarantee that结论.Without ruling out this and other possible factors that given rise to 目前的情况, the author cannot confidently conclude that结论◆因果关系简单化 causal oversimplizationThe author’s recommendation depends on the assumption that on factors other than作者认为正确的原因caused 结果.However, commonsense informs me that these factors, including 其它可能的原因1 or 其它可能的原因2, might just as likely be the cause of 结果.Without ruling out these and other possible factors, the author cannot justifiablely conclude that only by doing 作者认为正确的方法◆两难处境 false dilemmaBy concluding that sb should do 一项措施or should do另一项与之矛盾的措施, the author commits a fallacy of false dilemma.The author assumes that 一种解决方案and 另一种解决方案are only available solution to the problem.However, it is possible that other proposal might also contribute to this problem.For example, 其他可能的解决方案.If so, just doing 一种解决方案or另一种解决方案would not solve the problem.◆Profit 类_____ (company)will not possibly earn a substantial profit by 作者认为正确的措施. The author provides no information about the cost involved in作者认为正确的措施.If so, then the costs of 作者认为正确的措施might prevent _____ (company) from earning a profit.In short, without more information about supply、demand、and production costs, without weighting revenue against expenses the author’s notion is premature at best.◆外推类The author claims that 结果, because 作者认为正确的原因.The argument assumes without justified that the background conditions have remained (will remain) the same at different time.The assumption is unwarranted because thing rarely remain the same over the extended periods of the time.There are likely all kinds of differences between 一种情况and 另一种情况.For example,可能影响结果的因素.Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the author’s claim that结论.。
ARGUMENT模板
开头：In this argument, the author concludes/recommends that… To support this argument the author bases this conclusion/recommendation on N facts:…Nonetheless, merely based upon a sequence of ungrounded assumptions and dubitable evidence which seems plausible at first glance, the argument actually fails to take into account alternative explanations and compelling support, thus unconvincing.结尾：In sum, the evidence cited in this excerpt does not permit any reliable inference or conclusions about… To further bolster the argument/to better assess the problem, I would also need…/the author must rule out the possibility that…Only with more persuasive evidence could this argument be more than just an emotional appeal.中间段开头：1.The first problem with which I would like to deal is that…2.Another weakness that may undermine the logic of this argument is that…3.We cannot safely come to a conclusion without considering another possible flaw which mighthave gone unnoticed:Statistic:⑴The author provides no assurance that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable. ⑵First, the author fails to provide any information about the survey population, namely, the number of respondents; ⑶In addition, we are not informed how many Xs were surveyed but did not respond---the greater this number, the less reliable the survey. ⑷The author must show that Xs polled constitute an adequately large sample which is representative of all such Xs. ⑸Otherwise, the statistic the author cites amounts to scant evidence that…⑹Aside from the survey’s statistically unreliability, in citing the survey the author assumes that…Cause and effect：Disregarding a host of other possible explanations for…the author observes a correlation between A and B, then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter. While a high correlation is strong evidence of a causal relationship, in itself it is not sufficient. For instance, it is entirely possible that… or perhaps that… Only when the author considers and eliminates all these scenarios am I fully convinced that the author’s conclusion/recommendation is warranted. All things are equal:⑴It is unfair to infer that A is better than B based solely on the comparison between… The inference rests on the poor assumption that…, rather than other phenomenon, was responsible for…⑵Yet in all likelihood this is simply not the case. ⑶The disparity in…can readily be explained by factors other than…⑷such as…/For example…⑸In short, in order to properly conclude that……, the author must first rule out all other feasible explanations for the disparity in… between A and B. ⑹Otherwise, I simply cannot accept the author’s implicit claim.False analogy:The mere fact that B benefits greatly from…does not necessarily mean that A will benefit similarly from it. The author fails to consider potential distinctions between A and B that might contribute to a different result for X. For instance…Without accounting for these and other possible dissimilarities, I cannot accept the author’s recommendation that B follows A’s example.Report and Complaint:⑴The author provides no assurance that the reports/complaints in which the survey cites is statistically reliable. ⑵Even though the number of complaints is smaller, the percentage of people complaining might be higher. ⑶What is more, perhaps many such people express their displeasure/discontent simply by not…⑷Having failed to address this distinct possibility, the argument is wholly unconvincing.Respondents:⑴The author provides no assurance that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable. ⑵The excerpt fails to assure me that the survey results accurately reflect the desires of most Xs, or that the results precisely predict the X’s behavior. ⑶Common sense informs me that Xs do not necessarily make decisions in strict accordance with their expressed desires. ⑷Absent any explanation of how the survey is conducted, the author cannot reasonably conclude on this basis.Competitors:The author concludes without adequate evidence that if…… had done, A will be undoubtedly more competitive and see its dramatic profitability. Yet this amounts to fallacious reasoning. Perhaps A’s competitors/B has also acquired the same type of Xs/are introducing similar Xs which is of higher quality and at lower prices which render them more attractive to people than A’s Xs. ⑵I and II are only two of many factors affecting…, other factors, including III and IV, are also alternatively responsible for it. ⑶Without ruling out all other such factors, it is impossible to determine with certainty that…Other logical flaws:1.Although… might be attractive to many Xs, these features are probably not indispensable toall Xs.2.For wealthier Xs/Xs who are well-off …is not likely to be a factor in choosing…/a significantconcern in…3.⑴The author relies on statistics from only two…⑵The survey involved only…4.In all likelihood this is simply not the case/yet this might not always be the case, for a varietyof possible reasons.5.Without considering such potential benefits, the author cannot reasonably conclude that thedisadvantages of… outweigh the advantages.6.⑴Even if the author can substantiate the foregoing assumptions, I remain unconvinced thatthe impending increase in sales will occur within the next few months. ⑵Perhaps X sales are highly seasonal or temporarily unaccepted by people in general, thus C need to wait longer than two months to see the dramatic increase it expects.7.⑴The argument rests on the poor assumption that the decline in sales is attributable to aproblem that…… will solve. ⑵Yet it is entirely possible that the decline is due to such factors as inadequate planning, imprudent pricing and distribution strategies, inadvisable marketing, or poor management, and that these problems have not been remedied.8.The author’s recommendation rests on the questionable supposition that X has only twoalternatives---A and B. In all likelihood X can engage one of many other contractors instead/adopt one of many other means instead.9.Although overall X sales are in decline, perhaps sales of A are actually increasing while salesof all other types of X are decreasing.10.The author points out that B is not experiencing similar problems.11.Perhaps it was the only feasible plan, and that X had no choice.12.The author concludes too hastily that… will continue to…。
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推理错误
21. The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.
"Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research of mine proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is invalid and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid as well. The interview-centered method that my team of graduate students is currently using in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."
“This research of mine proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is invalid”这句话当中包含的推理结构是什么？
第一步：描述推理
The author claims that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid, based on the assertion that Dr. Field’s conclusion is wrong.
The author claims that (premise), and then infers that (conclusion). 第二步：构造反例
As we all know, one research is far from enough to systematically disprove a methodology. Perhaps Dr. Karp did not use the observation-centered method well, but that does not mean that the whole observation-centered approach is wrong.
第三步：讨论反例的作用
If this is true, then the author cannot rashly claim the downfall of the observation-centered method.
第四步：指出错误的影响
This in turn probably renders unfounded the author’s prediction about her graduate students’ research.
Even if the children are indeed are raised by their parents, it does
not entail/necessarily mean that Dr. Field’s conclusion was wrong. Have the customs and conventions on Tertia Island changed during the past twenty years?
Perhaps the customs and conventions on Tertia Island have changed significantly within the past twenty years.
If yes, perhaps children were actually raised by a whole village twenty years ago, while it was during the last two decades that the convention was abandoned. Therefore, the author needs to provide further evidence to rule out such alternative possibility, such as the information regarding custom changes in the past years on the island, or else she cannot legitimately assume that Dr. Field was wrong.
This in turn probably means that the author’s claim about the invalidity of the observation-centered approach is unwarranted.
适合四类要求的方式
其它可能性：
指出假设：
找出证据：
提出问题：
描述推理的常用句型：
引导反例的常用词：
讨论反例作用及错误影响的常用句型：。