翻译的语言学方法

Albrecht Neubert (German translat Text (语篇翻译理论).
Eugene A. Nida (1914-)
(尤金· 奈达)
A distinguished American translation theorist
4) Functional equivalence is further divided into categories on two levels: the minimal level and the maximal level in Language, Culture and Translating (1993). The minimal level of the functional equivalence: “The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it.” The maximal level of the functional equivalence: “The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did.” (Nida, 1993: 118).
Current controversies on the theory of
“translation equivalence” Criticisms: Snell-Hornby: “Equivalence is unsuitable as a basic concept in translation theory” because it is “imprecise and ill-defined” (1988:22) Supports: Peter Fawcett: translation equivalence “continues to be used in the everyday language of translation because they represent translation reality” (2007:62)
and linguist. “ The patriarch (元老) of translation study and a founder of the discipline”. Working for the American Bible Society (ABS) after receiving his PhD in linguistics in 1943, to check and evaluate the publications of Bibles.
Reference: 马慧娟，苗菊 (ed.) Selected Readings of Contemporary Western Translation Theories （当代西方翻译理论选读) [C]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Representatives
Eugene Nida: Dynamic Equivalence and Formal
Equivalence (动态对等翻译理论).
Peter Newmark (British translation theorist):
Semantic and Communicative Translation (语义 翻译与交际翻译理论).
2) Nida’s Definition of dynamic equivalence translation:
“In terms of the degree to which the receptors
of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language.”
Nida’s Theory
Dynamic equivalence translation theory:
his major contribution to translation studies.
Theory of dynamic equivalence:
1) proposed in Toward a Science of Translating (《翻译科学探索》)(1964);
(《翻译的语言学理论》1965).
Based on M.A.K. Halliday (British linguist):
systemic functional grammar (系统功能语法).
Wolfram Wills (German linguist and
translation theorist): The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods (《翻译科学： 问题与方法》1977，1982). Influenced by Nida’s theory.
translation theorist): Toward a Science of Translating (《翻译科学探索》1964). Based on Noam Chomsky’s generativetransformational grammar: Syntactic Structures (1957), Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965)：
Contemporary Western Translation Theories (1960s-Present)
Contents
1. Linguistic/Scientific Approaches to Translation/ The Science of Translation 语言学派/科学派翻译理论/翻译科学派 2. Functionalist Approaches to Translation 功能学派翻译理论 3. Descriptive Approaches to Translation 描写学派翻译理论 4. Cultural Studies Approaches to Translation 文化学派翻译理论 5. Philosophical Approaches to Translation 哲学派翻译理论 6. Congnitive Approaches to Translation 认知学派翻译理论 7. Empirical Research in Translation Studies
Linguistically-oriented translation theories:
focus on “translation equivalence” (翻译对等): Examples: Nida’s translation model is closely related to dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence. Catford’s translation model distinguishes between formal correspondence (形式对应) and textual equivalence (文本等值). Wills’s translation model: text-pragmatic equivalence (文本语用等效).
Base component – a deep structure – a surface
structure.
John Catford (British linguist and translation
theorist): A Linguistic Theory of Translation
(Nida, The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969: 24)
3) “Dynamic equivalence” was replaced by “functional equivalence” in From One Language to Another: Functional Equivalence in Bible Translating (1986). Just to stress the concept of function and to avoid misunderstandings of the term.
General Introduction
Translation was not investigated scientifically until
the 1960s in the Western history of translation as a great number of scholars and translators believed that translation was an art or a skill.
Werner Koller (German translation theorist) ’s
translation model: Koller classifies equivalence into denotative equivalence (外延/所指等值), connotative equivalence (内涵对等), text-normative equivalence (文本规范等值), pragmatic equivalence (语用对等).