财政学_哈维罗森_第七版_课后习题答案
罗森财政学第七版（英文版）Chap009
罗森财政学第七版（英文版）Chap009CHAPTER 9 – Social Insurance I:Social Security and Unemployment InsuranceMultiple-Choice Questions1. A pay-as-you-go system meansa) you pay for your dinner as you go to the table to eat.b) current working citizens pay for current retired citizens.c) there is no need for taxes since current workers pay for current retirees.d) retirees are paid from accounts that have accumulated with interest over theirworking lives.e) all of the above.2. Asymmetric information generally impliesa) information between parties is not equal.b) all parties are fully informed.c) information is costless.d) information is too costly to transmit.e) a and c.3. A fully funded plan requiresa) you to pay for your dinner as you go to the table to eat.b) current working citizens to pay for current retired citizens.c) no taxes since current workers pay for current retirees.d) retirees to be paid from accounts that have accumulated with interest over theirworking lives.e) all of the above.4. An actuarially fair return meansa) returns on investments are indexed to the stock market.b) returns on investments have to be positive.c) benefits received, on average, would be equal to the premiums paid.d) premiums for insurance are generally paid by the government.e) none of the above.5. When workers save less during their working lives due to the fact that they have beenpaying Social Security taxes, this is known asa) the Social Security effect.b) the wealth substitution effect.c) the bequest effect.d) the life cycle hypothesis.6. The Social Security earnings testa) applies only to workers between 65 and 69 years of age.b) was redesigned in the 1980s to include foreign workers.c) has a tax rate of no more than 16.9 percent.d) does all of the above.7. Social Security pension benefits area) subject to income taxes for those with certain income levels.b) nontaxable for all retirees.c) subject to state, but not federal, income taxes.d) subject to capital gains taxes.e) all of the above.8. The Social Security Administration has which program(s) to administer?a) disability paymentsb) health benefitsc) pensionsd) survivors' benefitse) all of the above9. The percentage of unemployed Americans that actually collects unemployment insurancebenefits isa) 9 percent.b) 18 percent.c) 25 percent.d) 33 percent.10. An earnings test as it relates to Social Security impliesa) benefits are reduced by some predetermined amount for those who have notreached normal retirement age.b) the amount of money earned during the working life of an individual determinesthe amount of benefits received.c) family earnings determine the amount of benefits received.d) all of the above.11. Social security taxes are projected to fall short of benefits starting ina) 2005.b) 2010.c) 2016.d) 2020.e) 2030.12. Social insurance can be justified on the grounds ofa) adverse selection.b) decision-making costs.c) income distribution.d) paternalism.e) all of the above.13. The retirement effect isa) when people retire later than they normally would have due to Social Security.b) when people decide not to retire at all because of problems with Social Security.c) when people retire earlier than they normally would have due to Social Security.d) when people save less for their retirement due to Social Security.e) none of the above.14. The gross replacement rate isa) the proportion of pretax earnings replaced by unemployment insurance.b) a rate of employment in key sectors of the economy.c) the percentage of each paycheck that is removed for unemployment insurance.d) the rate that tax receipts are used to cover tax expenditures.e) none of the above.15. A current worker may save more towards retirement so that he or she will have more toleave his or her children later. This altruistic motive is known as thea) altruism effect.b) bequest effect.c) income effect.d) savings effect.Discussion Questions1. Suppose in the market for labor that the labor supply curveis perfectly inelastic. Thiswould mean that the supply curve is vertical. Furthermore, suppose that demand is normal and downward sloping. Your textbook has explained that unemployment taxes are paid entirely by the employer (demanders). Who actually pays the tax in the scenario described above?2. Suppose that a fresh college grad gets a new job initially paying $20,000 a year. Theemployee gets a 3 percent raise annually. After 5 years of working, the employee quits and never works again. How much will this worker have earned over her brief working career? How much will she have paid in Social Security and Medicare taxes if the tax rate is 7.45 percent?3. Suppose that the ratio of retirees to working citizens is currently 1 to 5, meaning thatthere are 5 working people for every retiree. Suppose that in thirty years the ratio will change to 1 to 2. If benefits remain the same, what will happen to the tax rate assuming retirees are provided benefits in a pay-as-you-go system? How much would benefits decrease if the tax rate remained the same?4. A worker within the middle-income class is preparing to retire. In the year before heretired, his gross monthly earnings are $2,000. His Social Security benefits will be $1,200 per month. Before he retired, his income was subject to a tax of 25 percent. Find his before-tax and after-tax replacement rates.True/False/Uncertain Questions1. Having unemployment insurance available makes people work less.2. The percentage of retired older workers has decreaseddramatically since the introductionof Social Security.3. Social Security benefits have played an important role in the improved economic statusof the elderly over time.4. Unemployment taxes are collected from both employees and employers.5. A pay-as-you-go system of financing Social Security is not as good as a fully fundedsystem.6. A worker can begin receiving benefits as early as age 62.7. Social Security is used to redistribute income.8. Average indexed monthly earnings are derived from the worker’s earnings history anddetermine the primary insurance amount (PIA).9. Having a Social Security program makes people less inclined to save for their ownretirement.10. The gross replacement rate is typically 95% of pretax earnings.Essay Questions1. Work disincentives in the system of Social Security have seen the number of persons inthe program increase dramatically. What incentives could be put in place to reverse, or at least slow, this trend?2. Why should firms in industries with higher levels of turnover be required to pay more inunemployment insurance payments?3. Do you feel that when you retire there will still be Social Security? If so, do you feel thatbenefits will be at present levels or tax rates will have increased? Finally, has this discussion changed your plans regarding your own personal savings for your retirement?Answers to CHAPTER 9 - Social Insurance I:Social Security and Unemployment InsuranceAnswers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. b2. a3. d4. c5. b6. a7. a8. e9. d10. a11. c12. e13. c14. a15. bAnswers to Discussion Questions1. The suppliers of labor (employees) would be totally responsible for the paying the tax,despite the fact that the tax was levied on employers.2. The worker will have earned a total of approximately $106,182. She will have paidapproximately $7,910.59 in taxes.3. Initially, a worker paid for 20 percent of a retiree’s benefits. In the future, the sameworker would be responsible for paying for half of a current retiree’s benefits. If benefits remained the same, then each worker’s tax burden would increase by approximately30 percent of the cost of benefits. If tax rates remained the same, then benefits wouldneed to fall by approximately 60 percent.4. His before-tax replacement rate would be 1,200/2,000 = 0.6. His after-tax replacementrate would be 1,200/1,500 = 0.8.Answers to True/False/Uncertain Questions1. U2. F3. T4. F5. U6. T7. T8. T9. U10. FAnswers to Essay Questions1. Increasing the retirement age would see fewer people in the program. Other solutionsinclude removing the survivor’s benefits and introducing a more stringent wealth threshold that says that those persons with a certain wealth are not allowed to receive benefits.2. The employees in these industries are more likely to need unemployment benefits in thefuture.3. This is a personal question but, as recently as August 2004,the current chairman of theFederal Reserve, Alan Greenspan, has warned that benefits will need to be reduced for future recipients or that there will need to be increases in taxes. Many working adults today are changing their saving patterns because of this outlook.。
哈维罗森财政学课后答案Chapter_06
Chapter 6 – Political Economy19Chapter 6 – Political Economy1. a. Below, the preferences for Person 1 and Person 2 are drawn. Same procedure isused for the other three people.b. C wins in every pairwise vote. Thus, there is a stable majority outcome, despite thefact that persons 1, 2, and 3 have double-peaked preferences. This demonstrates thatalthough multi-peaked preferences may lead to voting inconsistencies, this is notnecessarily the case.2. The belief that the tax bill will pass because it contains provisions sought by so manydifferent lawmakers is consistent with the logrolling model. It could be the case that each lawmaker has inserted favored provisions with the understanding that other lawmakers will support the overall package provided it contains the provisions they favor.3. Without vote-trading, neither bill would pass. If there is vote-trading, then voter B would agree to support issue X provided voter A supports Issue Y, allowing both bills to pass. The change in net benefits is +3 for Issue X and -2 for Issue Y, so logrolling results in a gain of +1.4. Yes, it is consistent, because the theory says that when unanimity is required, no decisions are likely to be made. A majority system might be more suitable, although it is subject to cycling and other problems.5. Assuming that the preferences of Kuwaiti women differ from the preferences of Kuwaiti men, stronger voter turnout by women could invalidate the median voter theorem. That is, the results of majority voting would not reflect the preferences of the median voter.6.When there is a vote over five options, there is the chance that a potential majority vote is split between four relatively preferred options, and the fifth option wins. The winning option may have been voted down if it had been a two-way vote with any of the other options. Further, if preferences are not single-peaked, cycling and inconsistent public decisions may emerge.Part 2 – Public Expenditure: Public Goods and Externalities7. Given the U.S. experience with the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990, we would expectthe EU deficit li mits to be ineffective. We would expect “accounting tricks” to mask the size of the deficits (such as itemizing various budget items as “unexpected emergencies”), and if that didn’t work, we would expect the deficit rules to be ignored. This is apparently what is happening. When Germany exceeded the deficit target, no moves were taken to levy the required fines.8. Since rents, by definition, are the returns above a normal return, then when the licensesare put on the market, their price will be the value of the rents. Hence, the owner of the peanut license, whoever he or she is, only makes a normal return. Put another way, the license is an asset that earns a normal rate of return. If the peanut license system were eliminated, efficiency would be enhanced. But the elimination would, in effect, confiscate the value of this asset. It is not clear that this is fair. One could also argue that when someone buys this asset, the purchase is with the understanding that there is some probability that its value will be reduced by elimination of the program; hence, it is not unfair to do so.9. a. With the demand curve of Q=100-10P and a perfectly elastic supply curve at P=2,then the milk is sold at a price of $2, and a quantity of 80 units is sold.b. The marginal revenue curve associated with the inverse demand curve P=10-(1/10)Q is MR=10-(1/5)Q, while the marginal cost curve is MC=2. The cartelwould ideally produce a quantity where MR=MC, or 10-(1/5)Q=2, or Q=40. Theprice associated with a cartel quantity of 40 units is P=10-(1/10)*40, or P=6.c. The rent associated with the cartel is the product of the marginal profit per unitand the number of units produced. The marginal profit per unit of milk is $4 (=$6price - $2 marginal cost), while 40 units are produced. Thus, the rents equal $160.d. The most the cartel would be willing to contribute to politicians is the fulleconomic rent of $160. The cartel situation, the quantity of milk produced is toolow from society’s point of view. The deadweig ht loss triangle is computed usingthe difference between the cartel output and competitive output as the “base” ofthe triangle, and the difference between the cartel price and competitive price asthe “height.” Thus, the triangle is equal to (1/2)*(80-40)*($6-$2)=$40.e. As Figure 6.5 in the textbook shows, the deadweight loss could now go as high asthe sum of the conventional deadweight loss and the rents, or $160 rents + $80DWL = $240. This is because, as noted in the text, “rent-seeking can use upresources – lobbyists spend their time influencing legislators, consultants testifybefore regulatory panels, and advertisers conduct public relations campaigns.Such resources, which could have been used to produce new goods and services,are instead consumed in a struggle over the distribution of existing goods andservices. Hence, the rents do not represent a mere lump-sum transfer; it is ameasure of real resources used up to maintain a position of market power.”20Chapter 6 – Political Economy 10. Niskanen’s model of bureaucracy is illustrated in Figure 6.4 of the textbook. In theaftermath of September 11th, the new concerns over food safety would likely shift the V curve upward (that is, the value placed on each level of Q). Assuming that C curve (costs per unit of Q) does not change, then this shift increases the actual number of food inspectors hired. It is also likely that the slope of the V curve changes, with each marginal unit of Q becoming more valuable. Thus, the V curve not only “shifts” upward, but becomes steeper as well. Both of these effects – the shifting of the V curve and the change in the slope –lead to greater values of Q under the bureaucracy model. The change in the slope leads to a greater value of Q*, the efficient level of output. Thus, the optimal number of FDA employees and the actual number of FDA employees are likely to rise.11. a. The outcome of the first election (M vs. H) is M. The outcome of the secondelection (H vs. L) is L. The outcome of the third election (L vs. M) is M.Majority rule leads to a stable outcome since M defeats both H and L. Giving oneperson the ability to set the agenda would not affect the outcome in this case.b. With the change in Eleanor’s preference ordering, majority rule no longergenerates a stable outcome. In a vote between M and H, the outcome is H. In avote between H and L, the outcome is L. In a vote between L and M, the outcomeis M. So, giving one person the ability to set the agenda affects the outcome. Forexample, Abigail prefers H, so she might pit L against M first in order toeliminate L and avoid having L defeat H.21。
财政学课后练习题及答案(doc 29页)
财政学课后练习题及答案(doc 29页)第一章财政学导论第一部分单项选择题1、下述（）研究课题反映了财政学的特点。
A、国民经济中货币与产品之间的关系及其对经济的影响B、国民经济中各产业部门之间的相互关系及其对经济的影响C、国民经济中各地区之间的相互关系及其对经济的影响D、国民经济中公共部门与私人部门之间的相互关系及其对经济的影响2、如果学校是政府办的，但办学的成本全部通过向学生收费来补偿，在这种情况下，教育在提供方式和生产方式上采取了下述哪种组合?( )A、公共提供，公共生产B、公共提供，私人生产C、市场提供，公共生产D、市场提供，私人生产3、下述（）问题不属于财政学实证分析范畴。
A、我国税收的累进度应该多大？B、某项公共支出的主要受益者是哪些群体？3、公共部门与私人部门有哪些区别？政府部门与公共企业部门有哪些区别？4、政府取得收入有哪些方式？这些方式各自有什么特性？5、公共提供与公共生产有何联系？有何区别？参考答案：第一部分单项选择题1、D2、 C3、 A4、 C5、 D第二部分多项选择题1、A、B2、A、D3、A、B、C、D4、A、C5、B、C第四部分名词解释1、财政学：财政学是研究政府经济行为的学科。
它研究政府行为对经济产生的影响，政府适当的职能范围和方式以及政府的决策过程。
2、公共部门经济学：财政学的另一个称呼，解释同财政学。
3、实证分析：以确认事实，弄清因果关系为主题的研究分析。
它要回答的问题“是什么”、“会怎样”以及“为什么”。
实证分析可以分为理论实证分析和经验实证分析。
4、规范分析：以确定评价标准，分清是非和优劣程度为主题的研究分析，它回答的问题是“该怎样”。
规范分析涉及价值判断和伦理观念。
5、公共部门：是政府组织体系的总称。
所有属于政府所有，使用公共财产和公共资金，在一定程度上贯彻和执行政府意图的实体（机关、事业和企业单位）都属于公共部门。
6、政府部门：是指公共部门中不从事产品或服务的生产和销售，主要依靠税收取得收入，免费或部分免费地为社会提供产品或服务的那个子部门。
罗森财政学第七版(英文版)配套习题及答案Chap002
Test Bank to accompany Rosen’s PublicFinance, Seventh Edition Chapter 2CHAPTER 2 - Tools of Positive AnalysisMultiple-Choice Questions1. Positive economicsa) does not depend on market interactions.b) only looks at the best parts of the economy.c) examines how the economy actually works (as opposed to how it should work).d) is very subjective.2. The Law of Demand statesa) that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.b) that the judicial branch of government sets demand schedules.c) that laws can have no effect on market economies.d) none of the above.3. The function Y = f(X,Z) meansa) X multiplied by Y equals f.b) X + Y = Z.c) Y is a function of both X and Z.d) none of the above.4. If there is a function and one component is Y3, then there is a ____ in the function.a) square rootb) cubicc) cosined) circlee) all of the above5. Refer to Question 4 above. The equation containing Y3 would bea) linear.b) quadratic.c) a Nash equilibrium.d) inefficient.e) nonlinear.6. Marginal and average taxes area) calculated using the same methodology.b) not used in modern tax analysis.c) not calculated using the same methodology.d) all of the above.77. The slope of a regression line is calculated by dividinga) the intercept by the change in horizontal distance.b) the change in horizontal distance by the change in vertical distance.c) the change in horizontal distance by the intercept term.d) the change in vertical distance by the change in horizontal distance.e) none of the above.8. Unobserved influences on a regression are captured in thea) error term.b) parameters.c) regression line.d) significance term.e) regression coefficient.9. The following can be analyzed using econometrics:a) labor supply.b) market demand.c) tax-setting behavior.d) poverty.e) all of the above.10. Normative economicsa) does not depend on market interactions.b) only looks at the best parts of the economy.c) examines how the economy actually works (as opposed to how it should work).d) embodies value judgments.11. The Latin phrase ceteris paribus meansa) let the buyer beware.b) other things being the same.c) swim at your own risk.d) whatever will be will be.12. The substitution effecta) is when individuals consume more of one good and less of another.b) is associated with changes in relative prices.c) will have no effect if goods are unrelated.d) is all of the above.13. Self-selection bias affects empirical estimation bya) leading to samples that are not representative of the entire population.b) making estimators improved.c) increasing the accuracy of test results.d) doing none of the above.14. When different bundles of commodities give the same level of satisfaction, you area) said to be indifferent between the bundles.b) said to be confused.c) not able to make a decision.d) unhappy with any combination.e) none of the above.15. The marginal rate of substitution isa) the slope of the utility curve.b) the slope of the contract curve.c) the slope of the utility possibilities curve.d) none of the above.Discussion Questions1. Suppose tha t a competitive firm’s marginal cost of producing output q is given byMC=2+2q. Assume that the market price of the firm’s product is $13.a) What level of output will the firm produce?b) What is the firm’s producer surplus?2. Use the following function for elasticity: = -(1/s)(P/X), wheres is the slope of thedemand curve, P is the price, and X is the quantity demanded, tofind elasticity when demand is X d= 22-(1/4)P when the price of good Xis 20.3. Imagine that the demand for concert tickets can be characterized by the equation X d = 7 –P/5. The supply of tickets can be written as X d = -2 + P/5. Find the equilibrium price and quantity of concert tickets.True/False/Uncertain Questions1. Empirical analysis generally deals with theory and little data.2. Economists attempt, with moderate success, to perform controlled experiments makingpolicy analysis helpful.3. Regression coefficients are indicators of the impact of independent variables ondependent variables.4. Primary data sources include information gathered from interviews and experiments.5. Multiple regression analysis typically requires several computers.6. Econometrics is the statistical analysis of economic data.7. Theory is always necessary for empirical research.8. The demand for a good is not affected by the demand for arelated good.9. Equilibrium in the market is where supply is equal to demand.10. A model is a simplified description of some aspect of the economy.Essay Questions1. “S ince the social sciences are not like the natural sciences, experiments are a waste oftime.” Comment on the above statement.2. Discuss the concept in econometrics that states, “garbagein . . . garbage out.”3. It is possible that two different economists can examine the same situation, such asschool funding, and reach entirely different conclusions. Why is this so?。
罗森 财政学 第七版(英文版) 配套习题及答案Chap002
CHAPTER 2 - Tools of Positive AnalysisMultiple-Choice Questions1. Positive economicsa) does not depend on market interactions.b) only looks at the best parts of the economy.c) examines how the economy actually works (as opposed to how it should work).d) is very subjective.2. The Law of Demand statesa) that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.b) that the judicial branch of government sets demand schedules.c) that laws can have no effect on market economies.d) none of the above.3. The function Y = f(X,Z) meansa) X multiplied by Y equals f.b) X + Y = Z.c) Y is a function of both X and Z.d) none of the above.4. If there is a function and one component is Y3, then there is a ____ in the function.a) square rootb) cubicc) cosined) circlee) all of the above5. Refer to Question 4 above. The equation containing Y3 would bea) linear.b) quadratic.c) a Nash equilibrium.d) inefficient.e) nonlinear.6. Marginal and average taxes area) calculated using the same methodology.b) not used in modern tax analysis.c) not calculated using the same methodology.d) all of the above.7. The slope of a regression line is calculated by dividinga) the intercept by the change in horizontal distance.b) the change in horizontal distance by the change in vertical distance.c) the change in horizontal distance by the intercept term.d) the change in vertical distance by the change in horizontal distance.e) none of the above.8. Unobserved influences on a regression are captured in thea) error term.b) parameters.c) regression line.d) significance term.e) regression coefficient.9. The following can be analyzed using econometrics:a) labor supply.b) market demand.c) tax-setting behavior.d) poverty.e) all of the above.10. Normative economicsa) does not depend on market interactions.b) only looks at the best parts of the economy.c) examines how the economy actually works (as opposed to how it should work).d) embodies value judgments.11. The Latin phrase ceteris paribus meansa) let the buyer beware.b) other things being the same.c) swim at your own risk.d) whatever will be will be.12. The substitution effecta) is when individuals consume more of one good and less of another.b) is associated with changes in relative prices.c) will have no effect if goods are unrelated.d) is all of the above.13. Self-selection bias affects empirical estimation bya) leading to samples that are not representative of the entire population.b) making estimators improved.c) increasing the accuracy of test results.d) doing none of the above.14. When different bundles of commodities give the same level of satisfaction, you area) said to be indifferent between the bundles.b) said to be confused.c) not able to make a decision.d) unhappy with any combination.e) none of the above.15. The marginal rate of substitution isa) the slope of the utility curve.b) the slope of the contract curve.c) the slope of the utility possibilities curve.d) none of the above.Discussion Questions1. Suppose that a competitive firm’s marginal cost of producing output q is given byMC=2+2q. Assume that the market price of the firm’s product is $13.a) What level of output will the firm produce?b) What is the firm’s producer surplus?2. Use the following function for elasticity: = -(1/s)(P/X), where s is the slope of thedemand curve, P is the price, and X is the quantity demanded, to find elasticity when demand is X d= 22-(1/4)P when the price of good X is 20.3. Imagine that the demand for concert tickets can be characterized by the equation X d = 7 –P/5. The supply of tickets can be written as X d = -2 + P/5. Find the equilibrium price and quantity of concert tickets.True/False/Uncertain Questions1. Empirical analysis generally deals with theory and little data.2. Economists attempt, with moderate success, to perform controlled experiments makingpolicy analysis helpful.3. Regression coefficients are indicators of the impact of independent variables ondependent variables.4. Primary data sources include information gathered from interviews and experiments.5. Multiple regression analysis typically requires several computers.6. Econometrics is the statistical analysis of economic data.7. Theory is always necessary for empirical research.8. The demand for a good is not affected by the demand for a related good.9. Equilibrium in the market is where supply is equal to demand.10. A model is a simplified description of some aspect of the economy.Essay Questions1. “Since the social sciences are not like the natural sciences, experiments are a waste oftime.” Comment on the above statement.2. Discuss the concept in econometrics that states, “garbage in . . . garbage out.”3. It is possible that two different economists can examine the same situation, such asschool funding, and reach entirely different conclusions. Why is this so?。
财政学 哈维罗森 第七版 课后习题答案(英文)(2)
Chapter 7 – Income Redistribution: Conceptual Issues1. Utilitarianism suggests that social welfare is a function of individuals’ utilities. Whetherthe rich are vulgar is irrelevant, so this part of the statement is inconsistent with utilitarianism. O n the other hand, Stein’s assertion that inequality per se is unimportant is inconsistent with utilitarianism.2. a. To maximize W, set marginal utilities equal; the constraint is I s + I c = 100.So,400 - 2I s = 400 - 6I c.substituting I c = 100 - I s gives us 2I s = 6 (100 - I s ).Therefore, I s = 75, I c = 25.b.If only Charity matters, then give money to Charity until MU c = 0 (unless all themoney in the economy is exhausted first).So,400-6 I c = 0; hence, I c = 66.67.Giving any more money to Charity causes her marginal utility to become negative,which is not optimal. Note that we don’t care if the remaining money ($33.33) isgiven to Simon or not.If only Simon matters, then, proceeding as above, MU s. 0 if I s = 100; hence, givingall the money to Simon is optimal. (In fact, we would like to give him up to $200.)c.MU s = MU c for all levels of income. Hence, society is indifferent among alldistributions of income.3. The main conceptual problem with the poverty gap is that it doesn’t account fo r theincome effect on labor force participation rates. The poverty gap is calculated assuming there are no behavioral responses; e.g., that labor income would remain unchanged even after the income was transferred to the poor population, but economic theory predicts that this will not be so. In fact, if the poor household were given enough income to bring it out of poverty, we would believe that the household would work less as a result of receiving this transfer. This complicates the analysis, of course, because once the household works less, then it will generate less labor income, thus lowering its overall income. This means that the poverty gap actually understates the amount of money necessary to alleviate poverty in the United States. In addition, the poverty gap is based on the official poverty line, which is thought to be an ad-hoc measure of the true “needs”of a family.4. A day care center is an example of an in-kind compensation. The figure below is similarto Figure 8.2 in the text. The original budget line is G1 H1 If the employee received $5,000 cash, the budget line moves to G2 H2 . An employee who uses the day care center may not be $5,000 better off. The employee consumes at point A, but would be better off at point B, which represents consumption after a cash transfer of $5,000.5. a. This would increase the incomes of the providers of computer equipment and theindividuals who maintain the equipment. In the long run, this might also increasethe incomes of the students who use the equipment. Moreover, giving a laptop toall seventh graders (rather than poor seventh graders) may simply “crowd-out”computer transfers from parents to children. One could imagine that nowadaysmany children do have a computer at home, paid for by the parents. Thisgovernment transfer may simply result in less parental transfer to the child.b.Providing free after-school programs for children in impoverished families largelyacts as an in-kind transfer for poor, working households. The program is of littlevalue for unemployed households, as the alternative would be childcare at home.For those who are employed, and paying for childcare, this program provides analternative and effectively changes the after-tax, after-working-cost wage. Thisalso may affect work behavior on the extensive margin. The likely “losers” fromsuch a program are childcare providers, who see a reduction in demand for theirservices. In principle, this reduction in demand could lower the hourly childcarecost for all workers with children, though this effect is likely to be modest becausemost impoverished families do not have a very large labor force attachment and,thus, their effect on the childcare market as a whole is likely to be small.6. a. False. Society is indifferent between a util to each individual, not a dollar to eachindividual. Imagine that U L=I and U J=2I. Then each dollar given to Jonathanraises welfare more than the same dollar given to Lynne.b. True. The social welfare function assumes a cardinal interpretation of utility sothat comparisons across people are valid.c. False. Departures from complete equality raise social welfare to the extent thatthey raise the welfare of the person with the minimum level of utility. Forexample, with the utility functions U L=I and U J=2I, the social welfare functionW=min[U L,U J] would allocate twice as much income to Lynne than Jonathan.7. Initially the price of food was $2 and the price of other goods was $1. The black marketfor food stamps changes the price of food sold to $1. In Figure 7.2 of the textbook, as one moves to the “northwest” from point F, the segment will now have a slope (in absolute value) of 1 rather than 2. The black market may make the individual better off if the best point on her budget constraint AFD was initially at the corner solution of point F, and the black market certainly does not make her worse off. It is important to note that the black market does not always make the recipient better off. If the (absolute value) of the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) were between 1 and 2, the indifference curve would not “cut” into the new part of the budget constraint with the black market.If the MRS were less than (or equal to) 1 in absolute value, the person would be made better off and would reduce food consumption by selling the food stamps on the black market.Food StampGuarantee Food8. Pareto efficient redistribution is a reallocation of income that increases (or does notdecrease) the utility of all consumers. With these two consumers, Marsha’s utility increases as Sherry’s utility increases. Thus, it may be possible to reallocate income from Marsha to Sherry and raise both of their utility. With Sherry’s initial utility function of U S=100Y S1/2, her utility with $100 of income is U S=100($100)1/2, or U S=1,000. With Marsha’s initial utility function of U M=100Y M1/2+0.8U S, her utility with $100 of income is U M=100($100)1/2+0.8(1,000), or U M=1,800. If the social welfare function is additive, then initial welfare is W=U S+U M=1,000+1,800=2,800. If $36 is reallocated from Marsha to Sherry, then Sherry’s income is now $136 and Marsha’s is now $64. With Sherry’s utility function, her utility with $136 of income is U S=100($136)1/2, or U S=1,166.190.With Marsha’s utility function, her utility with $64 of income is U M=100($64)1/2+0.8(1,166.190), or U M=800+932.952=1,732.952. In this case, Sherry’s utility increases from 1,000 to 1,166.190, while Marsha’s utility falls from 1,800 to 1,732.952. Social welfare increases with this redistribution, going from 2,800 to 2,899.142. Thus, this redistribution increases social welfare, but is not Pareto efficient redistribution.Chapter 8 – Expenditure Programs for the Poor1. a. Note that the figure below shows the correct shape of the budget constraint, butthe numbers themselves are outdated. With a wage rate of $10 per hour,Elizabeth earns $100. Because the deduction in California is $225, none of herearnings are counted against the $645 welfare benefit. Thus, her total income is$745 (=$100+$645).b.The actual welfare benefits collected by a person equals B=G-t(Earnings-D),where B=actual benefits, G=welfare grant, t=tax rate on earned income, andD=standard deduction. Thus, (Earnings-D) is the net earnings that are taxed awayin the form of reduced benefits. When benefits equal zero (B=0), the expressionbecomes 0=G-t(Earnings-D), which collapses to: Earnings=G/t+D. This is knownas the “breakeven formula.” In the California context here, the expressionbecomes Earnings=$645/0.5 + 225, or Earnings=$1,515. With a wage rate of $10per hour, this corresponds to 151.5 hours of work per month.c.The diagram shows the correct shape of the budget constraint, but the “577” figureshould be r eplaced with “645” and the “9” hours should be replaced with “22.5”.d.The diagram above shows one possibility – in this case, Elizabeth is both workingand on welfare – but she collects a reduced welfare benefit in this case.2. One could gather data on the earnings of those in the program, as well as earnings datafrom nonparticipants. Regress the earnings variable on demographic variables and other factors that determine earnings (such as education and experience), and a variable that indicates whether the individual participated in the training program. Factors that affect local employment conditions, such as unemployment levels, may help explain earnings, but they may also explain participation in the program. The econometric strategy should be chosen carefully to account for this.3. If the quantity of leisure consumed by X appears as an argument in the utility function ofY, then X’s consumption of leisure creates an externality. If the externality is negative(i.e., Y likes X to work), then a wage subsidy of X might induce him to work the efficientnumber of hours. Alternatively, a workfare program might achieve the same goal by simply forcing X to work. However, to the extent that the feasible quantity of labor supply is determined less through market incentives now, workfare would be less efficient.4. He participates in the public housing program as long as P1P2ca cef.5. As illustrated below, the budget constraint with food stamps has a “notch” in it, similar tothe analysis of Medicaid in Figure 8.9 of the textbook. At the notch, the marginal tax rate is greater than 100%. One key difference from the figure in the textbook is that the marginal tax rate on earned income for Medicaid is 0% until the “Medicaid notch,” while the marginal tax rate on earned income for food stamps is 24% until the “food stamp notch.” The reason the food stamp notch exists at all is that there is a “gross income test,” where a recipient is ineligible if income is higher than the limit. The characterization in the Rosen textbook on page 189 that “at some point near the poverty line, food stamps worth about $1,250 are suddenly lost” implicitly assumes that childcare costs are quite high. This is likely to be true for many households. In the year 2004, this monthly (annual) gross income limit was $1,994 per month ($23,928 per year) for a family of four, while the monthly guarantee was $471 ($5,652 per year). Assuming the family had earnings at the limit of $1,994 of earnings during the month, and after applying a 20% earnings deduction and a $134 monthly standard deduction, the household would receive a monthly (annual) benefit of $32 ($384). We arrive at this number using the equation B=G-t(E-.2E-D)=471-.3(.8*1994-134)=$471-$438.36=$32.64, which is then rounded down to $32. In this case, B=actual benefits received, G=food stamp guarantee, t=tax rate, E=earnings, and D=standard deduction. Increasing annualearnings by $1 from $23,928 to $23,929 would reduce food stamp benefits from $384 to $0; hence the “food stamp notch.” This notch would be even higher if the household qualified for a childcare deduction, child support deduction, or shelter deduction. The childcare deduction ranges between $175 and $200 per child per month. Assuming this family of four consisted of a mother and three children, each with $175 of monthly childcare costs, then B=G-t(E-.2E-D-C)=471-.3(.8*1994-134-525)=$471-$280.86=$190.14, which is then rounded down to $190. The modification here is that C=childcare costs. This amount corresponds to an annual food stamp benefit of $2,280. Figure 8.5 below draws the budget constraint using annual levels for the food stamp program, using 2004 rules and assumes no childcare expenses.6. For an individual who is not working while on welfare, in this case the highestindifference curve touches the budget constraint on the right vertical axis. Note that the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) does not necessarily equal the after-tax wage rate at the time endowment – rather, it is possible that the person would want to consume more leisure than the time endowment but is obviously constrained from doing so.Leisure$23,928Leisure7.In all cases, the demand curve for housing slopes downward. a. If the price of low income housing gets bid up but there is no increase in the stock of housing, then the supply curve is perfectly inelastic, e.g., vertical.Q 0Q HOUSINGFIGURE 8.7a – Demand curve shiftsb.If there is no increase in the price of housing, but there is an increase in the stockof housing, then the supply curve is perfectly elastic, e.g., horizontal.Q 0Q HOUSINGFIGURE 8.7b – Demand curve shifts Q 1c.If there is an increase in both the price and quantity of housing, then the supplycurve slopes upward.According to Sinai and Waldfogel, there is partial crowding out, consistent with case cabove. Although the underlying housing stock itself is probably quite inelastic in the short-run, the number of rental homes can be more elastic as (potential) landlords convert vacation homes or vacant homes into rental units.8. a.When Eleanor’s hours (earnings) go from 0 to 1,000 ($0 to $8,000), she qualifiesfor an additional earned income tax credit (EITC) worth $3,200 (=0.4*8,000).Thus, her income goes up from $0 to $11,200. Note to instructors – thedistinction between earnings and income may cause confusion in the students’answers. b.When Eleanor’s hours (earnings) go from 1,000 to 1,500 ($8,000 to $12,000), shequalifies for the maximum EITC (according to Figure 8.8 in the textbook). Shereceives the full EITC when her earnings exceed $10,510, at which time the creditequals $4,204 (=0.4*$10,510). The earnings between $10,510 and $12,000 face neither a subsidy nor phase-out from the EITC. Thus, her income goes up from $11,200 to $16,204.c. When Eleanor’s hours (earnings) go from 1,500 to 2,000 ($12,000 to $16,000),she moves into the range where the EITC is phased out. According to Figure 8.8 Q 0Q HOUSINGFIGURE 8.7c – Demand curve shifts outward,Q 1in the textbook, she receives the maximum subsidy of $4,204 until her earningsexceed $14,730. For the marginal earnings between $14,730 and $16,000, theEITC is reduced at a 21.06% tax rate. Thus, her EITC falls by $267.46 from$4,204 to $3,936.54 (=4,204-0.2106*(16,000-14,730)). Her income rises from$16,204 to $19,936.54.Chapter 9 – Social Insurance I: Social Security and Unemployment Insurance1. With adverse selection, insurance contracts with more comprehensive coverage arechosen by people with higher unobserved accident probabilities. To make up for the fact that a benefit is more likely to be paid to such individuals, the insurer charges a higher premium per unit of insurance coverage.2. There are many possible implications of a voluntary Social Security system. Onepossibility is that people would save less for retirement, betting that society would not put up with having great numbers of elderly poor. Part of the effect of the Friedman program, then, would depend on the government's credibility when it promises not to bail out people who do not save enough to survive during retirement.3. Use the basic formula for balance in a pay-as-you-go social security system:t =(N b/N w)*(B/w).Call 1990 year 1 and 2050 year 2. Thent1 = .267*(B/w)1t2 = .458*(B/w)2It follows that to keep (B/w)1=(B/w)2 we require t2/t1=.458/.267=1.71. That is, tax rates would have to increase by 71 percent. Similarly, to keep the initial tax rate constant, we would require (B/w)2/(B/w)1=.267/.458=0.58. Benefits would have to fall almost by half.4. If Social Security benefits are partially taxed for those who have other income over acertain level, then there is an implicit means test in receiving full, untaxed benefits.However, there is no explicit means test for eligibility for the program. Everyone receives benefits, though some recipients must pay some tax on them. Thus, the two statements are somewhat inconsistent with each other.5. Austen’s quote seems like it could relate adverse selection, but perhaps more likely, tomoral hazard. The q uote “If you observe, people always live forever when there is any annuity to be paid them” in a sense sounds like they act differently (e.g., better diet, more exercise, etc.) when an annuity is to be paid –the idea of moral hazard. In contrast, adverse selection suggests that people who expect to live a long time to be the ones who purchase annuities. A recent paper by Finkelstein and Poterba (NBER working paper, December 2000) found that “mortality patterns are consistent with models of asymmetric inf ormation” and that annuity “insurance markets may be characterized by adverse selection.”6. Equation (9.1) relates taxes paid into the Social Security system to the dependency ratioand the replacement ratio, that is, t=(N b/ N w)*(B/w). If the goal of public policy is to maintain a constant level of benefits, B, rather than a constant replacement ratio, (B/w), then taxes may not need to be raised. If there is wage growth (through productivity), then it is possible to maintain B at a constant level, even if the dependency ratio is growing.By rearranging the equation, we can see that B=t*w*(N b/ N w)-1. That is, increases in wage rates (the second term) offset increases in the dependency ratio (the third term).Thus, constant benefits do not necessarily imply higher tax rates.7. The statement about how the different rates of return in the stock market and governmentbond market affect the solvency of the trust fund is false. If the trust fund buys stocks, someone else has to buy the government bonds that it was holding. So, there is no new saving and no new capacity to take care of future retirees.8. Diamond and Gruber’s calculations suggest that the additional year of work (and delayedretirement) lowers the present discounted value of expected Social Security wealth by $4,833. If the adjustment were actuarially fair, Social Security wealth would neither rise nor fall. Since wealth falls, the adjustment is actuarially unfair.9. For those who argue that the scheme for financing Social Security is unfair becausepeople with low earnings are taxed at a higher rate than those with high earnings, the key issue is that the cumulative payroll tax of 12.4 percent is capped for each person, after which the payroll tax is zero (this ignores the 2.9 percent uncapped Medicare tax, however). The earnings ceiling in 2004 is $87,900. Hence, Social Security payroll taxes as a share of earnings fall after the ceiling is passed – thus, the Social Security payroll tax may be thought of as regressive. The opponents to this view note that the above analysis only focuses on taxes paid, not benefits received. As shown in Table 9.3, Social Security redistributes from high earners to low earners, and the formula for the primary insurance amount offers extremely high replacement rates to very low earners, and much lower replacement rates to high earners. Thus, the net tax payment(taxes minus benefits) is likely to be progressive, not regressive. One critical assumption in this kind of analysis is how one computes lifetime benefits –e.g., do we assume that low earners and high earners live the same number of years?10. Let G stand for the individual’s gross earnings. The question assumes that the personfaces a marginal tax rate of 15% and a payroll tax of 7.45%. Thus, the person’s after-tax earnings (denoted by N) are N=(1-t earn-t payroll)G, or N=(1-0.15-0.0745)G, or N=0.7755G.It is assumed that the gross unemployment benefits, U, are equal to 50 percent of before-tax earnings, or U=0.5G. Net unemployment benefits, B, take out income taxes, so B=(1-t earn)U=(1-t earn)0.5G=(1-0.15)0.5G=0.425G. The percentage of the individual’s after-tax income that is replaced by UI is therefore equal to B/N, or 0.425G/0.7755G, which is approximately 54.8%.Unemployment benefits are about 55% of the individual’s previous after-tax income. The effects of unemployment insurance on unemployment area matter of considerable debate. While the high replacement rates from UI may increasethe duration of unemployment, the longer search time may reduce recurrence of unemployment by allowing time for a worker to find a better job match. Empiricalstudies seem to show that the hazard rate into employment spikes up around the time that benefits run out – perhaps suggesting that job matches are not really improving.Chapter 10 – Social Insurance II: Health Care1. The quotation contains several serious errors. First, concern with health care costs doesnot mean that health care is not a “good.” Economists do not care about the cost of health care per se. Rather, the issue is whether there are distortions in the market that lead to more than an efficient amount being consumed. Second, it makes a lot of difference how money is spent. One can create employment by hiring people to dig ditches and then fill them up, but this produces nothing useful in the way of goods and services. Thus, employment in the health care sector is not desirable in itself. It is desirable to the extent that it is associated with the production of an efficient quantity of health care services.2. a. Those who have a relatively high probability of needing the insurance are the oneswho are most likely to buy it. This raises the premium, which in turn, leads toselection by people who have an even higher probability of using it. The cyclecontinues until the price is so high that virtually no one purchases the policy.b.Employer-provided health insurance is deductible to the employer and not taxed tothe employee.c.Because of the tax subsidy, individuals may purchase more than the efficientamount of health insurance. That is, they “over-insure.” An interesting exampleof how the tax system leads to overinsurance is given in a recent Wall StreetJournal (January 19, 2004) article by Martin Feldstein. He gives an example oftwo different California Blue Cross health plans – identical in all respects exceptfor the deductible and annual premiums. The low-deductible plan (the “generous”plan) has a deductible of $500 per family member, up to a maximum of two andan annual premium of $8,460. Thus, the maximum out-of-pocket expense is$1,000. The high-deductible plan (the “less generous” plan) has a deductible of$2,500 per family member, up to a maximum of two, and an annual premium of$3,936. Thus, the maximum out-of-pocket expense is $5,000. Note that thepremium savings of $4,524 actually exceeds the maximum incremental deductiblepayment of $4,000 (which would only occur if the family had very high healthexpenses). In principle, the high deductible plan is unambiguously better. But thetraditional tax rules could lead an employer to choose the low deductible policy.If the employee faced a marginal tax rate of 45% (the sum of federal, state, andpayroll tax rates), then if the $4,524 premium saving was turned into taxablesalary, the individual’s net income would only rise by $2,488. Thus, families withhigh expected medical expenses do better with the “generous” plan, even though itis more costly in terms of premiums.3. a. D d=4.22–(0.044)(50)=2 visits per year.Total expenditure =(2)(50)=$100b.Now the individual pays only $5 per visit.D d = 4.22 – (0.044)(5) = 4 visits, with out-of-pocket costs of $20.Insurance company pays ($45)(4) = $180Total expenditure = $200, double its previous level.4. Examining Figure 10.1, we can see why health care costs increased for the state ofTennessee. As insurance coverage increases, this lowers the cost of medical expenses for those who were previously did not have insurance, which increases the overall amount of medical services they consume. Before receiving insurance, these people demand M o units of medical services, and the amount they pay is represented by the area OP o aM o.But after receiving insurance coverage, they demand M1amounts of medical services, paying only OjhM1, while their insurance pays jP o bh. The increase in insurance payments is sizable for two reasons – first, by providing coverage, it pays for the majority of the already sizable medical expenses incurred by this group, and second, the introduction of insurance makes the group consume even more medical services. In short, if the people who designed the Tennessee program had realized that the demand curve for medical services is downward sloping, they would not have been surprised at the consequences of their program.To explain why HMOs have been unable to contain long-run health care costs, it is necessary to consider the effect of technology on health care costs in the long-term. The inherent problem is that the market for medical care places a large premium on using the latest and most-developed medicines and machinery for treating patients. These technologies tend to be expensive. Hence, while introducing HMOs can lead to a once and for all decrease in the rate of change in health care costs, there is nothing that an HMO can do to lower the cost of continually providing the latest in medical treatments. 5. The goal of making the Medicare prescription drug benefit a one-time, permanentdecision is to reduce the adverse selection problem (no te: the current “Medigap”program operates in this manner to some extent – a senior citizen has choice over all 10 of the Medigap plans for only a short period of time after they turn 65, after which they may be denied based on their health). Imagine a cohort of people turning age 65 and becoming eligible for the Medicare drug benefit. If the decision to enter (or exit) could be made every year, then healthy senior citizens would have a strong incentive to wait until they became unhealthy and needed drugs, and then enter the prescription drug program (presumably resulting in economic losses for the program). Similarly, when people who were collecting the prescription drug benefit became healthy, they would have a strong incentive to “opt-out” of the prog ram. By making the decision opt-in at the beginning or not at all, the healthy younger seniors are likely initially cross-subsidizing the older seniors. Note that this “opt-in at the beginning” works because bad health and older age are positively correlated with each other. If, for example, younger seniors used more drugs (and perhaps older seniors used more inpatient care, etc.), then older seniors could simply stop paying annual premiums and give up their option of being in the program. If this scenario held empirically, this would exacerbate the adverse selection problem and the opt-in scenario would not completely solve the adverse selection problem.6. The budget constraint initially has units of Medigap on the x-axis, and other goods on they-axis. Given initial prices of $1 per unit for each good, and $30,000 of income, the budget constraint has a slope of -1, and the intercepts on both axes are at 30,000 units. It is assumed that the initial utility maximizing bundle consumes 5,000 units of Medigap, hence the indifference curve is tangent at (5000,25000). All of this is illustrated in the figure below.Medigapefficiency units30,000 5,000After the “minimum Medigap” mandate, the consumer can either choose 0 units of Medigap or 8,000 or more units of Medigap. Thus, part of the budget constraint is eliminated (though the overall shape remains the same as before). After the mandate, the point (0,30000) is available, as well as all of the points to the southeast of the point (8000,22000). Clearly, the person’s utility must fall since the preferred choice, (5000,25000) is no longer available. If the person attains a higher level of utility as (0,30000) compared with (8000,22000), the person chooses to not purchase Medigap. In this case, the marginal rate of substitution is no longer equal to the price ratio. This is illustrated below.Medigapefficiency units30,000 5,000 8,000。
哈维罗森财政学课后答案Chapter_03
Chapter 3 – Tools of Normative Analysis1. a. In this particular insurance market, one would not expect asymmetric informationto be much of a problem –the probability of a flood is common knowledge.Moral hazard could be an issue – people are more likely to build near a beach ifthey have flood insurance. Still, one would expect the market for flood insuranceto operate fairly efficiently.b.There is substantial asymmetric information in the markets for medical insurancefor consumers and also malpractice insurance for physicians. For efficientconsumption, the price must be equal to the marginal cost, and the effect ofinsurance may be to reduce the perceived price of medical care consumption.That would lead to consumption above the efficient level. Because of the roles ofregulation, insurance, taxes, and the shifting of costs from the uninsured to theinsured, there is little reason to expect the market to be efficient.c.In the stock market, there is good information and thousands of buyers and sellers.We expect, in general, efficient outcomes.d.From a national standpoint, there is a good deal of competition and informationwith regards to personal computers. The outcome will likely be efficient forcomputer hardware. However, some firms might exercise some market power,especially in the software market; in these markets “network externalities” may bepresent where the value of a programming language or piece of software isdependent on the number of others who also use that software.e.The private market allocation is likely inefficient without government intervention.Student loan markets may suffer from asymmetric information –the studentknows better than the lender whether he will repay the loan or default on it, a formof adverse selection. Government intervention does not “solve” the adverseselection problem in this case (because participation in the student loan program isnot compulsory), but it may create a market that would not exist withoutintervention.f.There are several reasons why automobile insurance provision is likely to beinefficient without government intervention. As with other insurance markets, theautomobile insurance market suffers from asymmetric information. Drivers whoknow they are particularly accident prone will be particularly likely to want carinsurance (or policies with greater coverage), while drivers who are less accidentprone (or able to self-insure) might choose to go without insurance. By mandatingthat people purchase auto insurance if they choose to drive, the adverse selectionproblem is mitigated to some extent (but, again, more accident prone drivers couldstill by more generous plans). Another market imperfection, related to“underinsurance” has to do with the financial externalities from an aut omobileaccident. An uninsured motorist who is at fault may not have sufficient income tocover the costs of the other driver’s bills, and instead default on the obligation byg.declaring bankruptcy. The bankruptcy “floor” on costs creates various moralhazard problems.2. Point a represents an equal allocation of water, but it is not efficient because there is notangency. Point b is one of many Pareto efficient allocations, representing a case where Catherine benefits enormously by trade, and Henry’s utility is unchanged from the initial endowment.AD: 1) The dashed line is positioned at the halfway point on the horizontal axis.2) Point b is a tangency3. If insurers in California could no longer use location to determine automobile insurancerates, some of the higher costs incurred by urban residents would be shifted to rural and suburban residents. This change would reduce efficiency, but the purpose of the policy is to improve equity, based on an argument that it is unfair that urban residents should have to pay more for insurance because they are more likely to be involved in accidents.Social welfare increases if the additional utility enjoyed by urban residents offsets the loss in utility to rural and suburban residents.4. a. Social indifference curves are straight lines with slope of –1. As far as society isconcerned, the “util” to Augustus is equivalent to the “util” to Livia.b. Social indifference curves are straight lines with slope of –2. This reflects the factthat society values a “util” to Augustus twice as much as a “util” to Livia.5. Musgrave (1959) developed the concept of merit goods to describe commodities thatought to be provided even if the members of society do not demand them. “Sin taxes”work the opposite way and apply to commodities that members of society might demand, but ought not to have.6. a. There is no obvious reason why there is a market failure with burglar alarm calls;the Los Angeles police could set a response fee equal to the marginal cost.b. Welfare economics provides little basis for such a subsidy of wool and mohairproduction.c. There is no economic reason why cherry pies should be regulated, especiallysince there are no such regulations for apple, blueberry, or peach frozen pies.d. It is hard to imagine a basis in welfare economics for this regulation forhairdressers.e. This is not an efficient policy. If the problem is that too much water is beingconsumed, then the answer is to increase the price of water. On that basis, peoplecan decide whether or not they want to buy toilets that require less water. Water,like most other resources, is a private good.f. There is no economic reason why the federal government should subsidize theproduction of electricity, whether the electricity comes from coal, nuclear power,or chicken manure. One can assume the question that the R&D process ofcreating electricity from chicken manure is already developed, so there is not apositive externality argument. Since the production of electricity is a private good,with no obvious violations of the fundamental welfare theorem, there is nojustification.7. In this case, the “Edgeworth box” is actually a line because there is only one good on theisland. The set of possible allocations is a straight line, 100 units long. Every allocation is Pareto efficient, because the only way to make one person better off is to make another person worse off. There is no theory in the text to help us decide whether an allocation is fair. Although splitting the peanuts even between the people may be fair, it may not be fair if the calorie “needs” of the people are different. With a social welfare function, we can make assessments on whether redistribution for society as a whole is a good thing. 8. Social welfare is maximized when Mark’s marginal utility of income is equal to Judy’smarginal utility of income. Taking the derivative of Mark’s utility function to find his marginal utility function yields MU M= 50/(I M1/2) and taking the der ivative of Judy’s utility function yields MU J = 100/(I J1/2). If we set MU M equal to MU J, the condition for maximization becomes I J= 4I M and, since the fixed amount of income is $300, this means that Mark should have $60 and Judy should have $240 if the goal is to maximize social welfare = U M + U J.9. Although Victoria’s marginal rate of substitution is equal to Albert’s, these are not equalto the marginal rate of transformation and the allocation is, therefore, Pareto inefficient.Both people would give up 2 cups of tea for 1 crumpet but, according to the production function, could actually get 6 crumpets by giving up 2 cups of tea. By giving up tea and getting crumpets through the production function, both utilities are raised.10. a. False. As shown in the text, equality of the marginal rates of substitution is anecessary, but not sufficient, condition. The MRS for each individual must alsoequal the MRT.b. Uncertain. As long as the allocation is an interior solution in the Edgeworth box,the marginal rates of substitution must be equal across individuals. This need notbe true, however, at the corners where one consumer has all the goods in theeconomy.c. False. A policy that leads to a Pareto improvement results in greater efficiency,but social welfare depends on equity as well as efficiency. A policy that improvesefficiency but creates a loss in equity might reduce social welfare.d. Uncertain. The tax reduces efficiency, but if education creates positiveexternalities, then increased funding for education improves efficiency. This is aPareto-improving policy if the increased efficiency in the education market morethan offsets the reduced efficiency in the market for cigarettes.。
哈维罗森财政学题库
哈维罗森财政学题库一、选择题（每题3分，共30分）1. 在财政学中，以下哪个概念与政府支出的分配有关？（）A. 税收B. 预算C. 转移支付D. 国债答案：C。
解析：转移支付是政府支出的一种重要形式，主要用于将资金从一部分人群或地区转移到另一部分，涉及政府支出的分配。
2. 财政政策的目标不包括以下哪项？（）A. 经济增长B. 物价稳定C. 国际收支平衡D. 企业利润最大化答案：D。
解析：财政政策主要着眼于宏观经济目标，如经济增长、物价稳定、国际收支平衡等，企业利润最大化是企业自身的经营目标，不属于财政政策目标。
3. 税收的基本特征不包括（）A. 强制性B. 自愿性C. 无偿性D. 固定性答案：B。
解析：税收是凭借国家政治权力征收的，具有强制性、无偿性和固定性，而不是自愿性。
4. 以下哪种税属于直接税？（）A. 增值税B. 消费税C. 所得税D. 营业税答案：C。
解析：所得税是直接对纳税人的所得征收的税，纳税人就是负税人，属于直接税；而增值税、消费税、营业税属于间接税。
5. 政府公债的最主要用途通常是（）A. 弥补财政赤字B. 进行公共投资C. 调节经济结构D. 发放福利答案：A。
解析：政府发行公债最常见的目的是弥补财政赤字，当政府财政收入不足以支付财政支出时，通过发行公债来筹集资金。
6. 财政支出按照经济性质分类，可分为（）A. 购买性支出和转移性支出B. 经常性支出和资本性支出C. 生产性支出和非生产性支出D. 中央支出和地方支出答案：A。
解析：按照经济性质，财政支出分为购买性支出（如政府购买办公用品等）和转移性支出（如对贫困家庭的补贴等）。
7. 以下哪个不是财政收入的来源？（）A. 税收收入B. 国有资产收益C. 罚款收入D. 个人储蓄答案：D。
解析：税收收入、国有资产收益、罚款收入都是财政收入的来源，而个人储蓄属于个人财产，与财政收入无关。
8. 在宏观经济中，财政政策的挤出效应是指（）A. 政府支出增加导致私人投资减少B. 政府税收增加导致私人消费减少C. 政府债务增加导致通货膨胀D. 政府补贴增加导致市场竞争加剧答案：A。
哈维罗森财政学课后答案Chapter_05
Chapter 5 - Externalities1. Classical economics explicitly requires that all costs and benefits be taken into accountwhen assessing the desirability of a given set of resources, so Gore’s statement is false.The notion that rescuing the environment sho uld be “the central organizing principle for civilization” provides no practical basis for deciding what to do about automobile emissions (or any other environmental problem), because it provides no framework for evaluating the tradeoffs that inevitably must be made.2.a.The number of parties per month that would be provided privately is P.b.See schedule MSB p.c.P*. Give a per-unit subsidy of $b per party.d.The total subsidy=abcd. “Society” comes out ahead by ghc, assuming the subsidycan be raised w ithout any efficiency costs. (Cassanova’s friends gain gchd;Cassanova loses chd but gains abcd, which is a subsidy cost to government.)3. a. It is very likely that the farmer could negotiate with the neighbors, providedproperty rights are clearly defined. The Coase Theorem is therefore applicable.b. It is unlikely that property rights could be enforced in terms of catching tropicalfish on the Amazon River. The question states that hundreds of divers illegallycatch these fish and sell them on the black market. If the property rights weregiven to the divers, it is not clear who is actually harmed (perhaps “society as awhole”) by the depletion of exotic fish. Given the large number of people who areharmed (in a small amount), and the large number of people who are engaging inthis activity, it is not clear how bribes would flow from “society” to the “divers.”c. There are too many farmers and too many city-dwellers for a private negotiation.d. Too many people are involved for private negotiation and impossible to figure outhow to transfer bribes.4.a. The price of imported oil does not reflect the increased political risk byeffectively subsidizing authoritarian regimes like those in Saudi Arabia. b. The tax would estimate the marginal damage (e.g., the increased instability in theMiddle East, etc.) by importing oil from Saudi Arabia.c.The supply of TGRs is vertical at 104.5 billion if government seeks to reduceconsumption of gasoline to 104.5 billion. Consumers must have one TGR inorder to buy one gallon of gasoline, plus they must pay the price at the pump.Limiting TGRs effectively limits the demand for gasoline, so the price per gallonwill fall, but consumers must have TGRs in order to purchase gasoline. If themarket price of one TGR is $0.75, this means that supply and demand intersect at$0.75, as shown in the graph. This kind of program curbs consumption withoutgiving government more revenue because consumers are purchasing the TGRsfrom each other. However, the total amount of TGRs is limited by government.Those consumers seeking to purchase more gasoline than allowed by the initialallocation of TGRs can purchase additional TGRs from other consumers at themarket price of $0.75. By choosing to use a TGR to purchase gasoline, aconsumer incurs an opportunity cost equal to $0.75 since they cannot sell theTGR once it has been used.5. The use of the drug to treat sick cows leads to a positive externality (the benefit enjoyedby air travelers) as well as a negative externality (the costs created by a larger number of rats and feral dogs). Banning the drug might raise or lower efficiency, depending on whether the positive externality is larger or whether the negative externality is larger.TGRs$ 104.5 billion Supply of TGRsDemand for TGRs$0.75There are many ways to design incentive-based regulations. Policymakers could determine the efficient level of drug usage and then either allocate or sell the right to use the drug for sick cows.6. There are many policy alternatives for addressing problems with traffic congestion. Mostof these focus on reducing the number of vehicles on the road during high-traffic times, whether through regulation or through incentive-based programs.7. a. When the Little Pigs hog farm produces on its own, it sets marginal benefitequal to marginal cost. This occurs at 4 units.b. The efficient number of hogs sets marginal benefit equal to marginal social cost,which is the sum of MC and MD. At 2 units, MB=MSC=13.c. The merger internalizes the externality. The combined firm worries about thejoint profit maximization problem, not the profit maximization problem at eitherfirm alone. Thus, the LP farm produces 2 units, the socially efficient amount.d. Before the merger, the LP farm produced 4 units. By cutting back to 2 units, itloses marginal profit of $3. On the other hand, the Tipsy Vineyard’s profitsincrease by $20. Thus, profits increase by $17 altogether.8. Private Marginal Benefit = 10 - XPrivate Marginal Cost = $5External Cost = $2Without government intervention, PMB = PMC; X = 5 units.Social efficiency implies PMB = Social Marginal Costs = $5 + $2 = $7; X = 3 units.Gain to society is the area of the triangle whose base is the distance between the efficient and actual output levels, and whose height is the difference between private and social marginal cost. Hence, the efficiency gain is ½ (5 - 3)(7 - 5) = 2.A Pigouvian tax adds to the private marginal cost the amount of the external cost at thesocially optimal level of production. Here a simple tax of $2 per unit will lead to efficient production. This tax would raise ($2) (3 units) = $6 in revenue.9. In the absence of persuasive evidence on positive externalities for higher education, thereis no efficiency reason for the government to provide a free university education. Society may decide that a more equitable distribution of income is achieved by subsidizing higher education, but this is a debate involving value judgments.10. a. The total cost of emissions reduction is minimized only when the marginal costsare equal across all polluters, therefore a cost-effective solution requires that MC1= MC2 or that 300e1 = 100e2. Substituting 3e1 for e2 in the formula e1 + e2 = 40(since the policy goal is to reduce emissions by 40 units) yields the solution. It iscost-effective for Firm 1 to reduce emissions by 10 units and for Firm 2 to reduceemissions by 30 units.b. In order to achieve cost-effective emission reductions, the emissions fee should beset equal to $3,000. With this emissions fee, Firm 1 reduces 10 units and Firm 2reduces 30 units, but Firm 1 has to pay $3,000 for each unit of pollution theycontinue to produce, which gives them a tax burden of $3,000 x 90 (Firm 1generated 100 units in the absence of government intervention) or $270,000.Firm 2 has a lower tax burden because it is reducing emissions from 80 units to 50units. Firm 2 pays $3,000 x 50 = $150,000. As the text concludes, the firm thatcuts back poll ution less isn’t really getting away with anything because it has alarger tax liability than if it were to cut back more.c. From an efficiency standpoint, the initial allocation of permits does not matter. Ifthe two firms could not trade permits, then Firm 2 would have to undertake all ofthe emissions reduction. Initially, Firm 1’s MC is zero, while Firm 2’s MC is$4,000, so there is a strong incentive for Firm 2 to purchase permits from Firm 1.Trading should continue until MC1 = MC2, which is the cost-effective solution.This means that the market price for permits will equal $3,000, the same as theemissions fee. At this price, Firm 2 will purchase 10 permits from Firm 2,allowing Firm 2 to reduce emissions by 30 rather than 40 and requiring Firm 1 toreduce emissions by 10. This solution is the same as the solution achieved withthe emissions fee. However, Firm 1 is better off because instead of having to paytaxes, it will receive a payment of $30,000 for its permits. Firm 2 must pay$30,000 for the extra permits, but it also avoids the payment of taxes. Thegovernment lost $420,000 in tax revenue. The firms must still pay the cost ofemissions reduction, plus Firm 2 must pay for the permits purchased from Firm 1.11. If marginal costs turn out to be lower than anticipated, cap-and-trade achieves too littlepollution reduction and an emissions fee achieves too much pollution reduction. With an inelastic marginal social benefit function, cap-and-trade is not too bad from an efficiency standpoint, while an emissions fee causes pollution reduction to be much greater than the efficient level when marginal cost is lower than anticipated. When marginal social benefits are elastic, the opposite is true.。
财政学_哈维罗森_第七版_课后习题答案
第一章P.164.a.政府对经济的影响增加了。
如果政府规模是由其直接支出来衡量，这项法规不会直接导致政府支出的增加。
然而，这可能会导致较高的遵从成本，并在“规制预算”中得到体现。
b.这项法律可能不会增加政府支出，但遵从这些管制的高昂代价将会增加管制预算。
c.很难说政府对经济的影响是增加了还是减少了，因为难以确定这一现象是反映了政府规模的扩大还是缩小。
一种可能是，GDP保持不变，而政府对商品和服务的购买减少；另一种可能是，政府对商品和服务的购买增加，但增长的比率低于GDP同期增加的比率。
同时还应考虑同期联邦政府的信贷、规制活动以及州和地方的预算等。
d.政府对经济的影响总体上可能并不改变。
如果联邦减少向州和地方政府的补助，联邦预算将要缩减。
然而，如果州和地方政府通过增加税收来抵消这一影响，把各级政府作为一个整体来看，其规模并不会以想象的幅度缩减。
第二章P.327.利用相关软件可以得出结论：赤字和利率之间存在着微弱的负相关关系。
但仅仅5年的数据得到的检验结果并不可靠。
因为货币政策、经济活动的水平等因素都会影响利率。
第三章P.494.a.当社会福利函数为W= UL+UA时，社会无差异曲线是斜率为-1的直线。
就整个社会而言，两人的效用对社会福利的边际贡献是相等的，即社会对二者的效用同等重视。
b. 当社会福利函数为W= UL+2UA时，社会无差异曲线是斜率为-2的直线。
这表明，与利维亚相比，社会两倍重视于奥古斯塔斯的效用。
c．结合效用可能性边界与社会无差异曲线，该种社会福利函数下的两种可能的最优解如下图所示。
ULUL8.当马克的收入的边际效用等于朱迪收入的边际效用时，社会福利最大化。
对已知条件中的两个效用函数求一阶导数，使MU M=MU J，则最大化条件为I J=4I M，因为固定收入是300美元，这意味着马克应该有60美元，朱迪应该有240美元，此时社会福利达到最大化。
10.a.错误。
帕累托效率的必要条件是，两种商品的边际替代率要等于其边际转换率。
(完整版)罗森财政学第七版(英文版)配套习题及答案Chap005
CHAPTER 5 - ExternalitiesMultiple-Choice Questions1.Reducing output from the privately optimal level to the socially optimal level willa)cause a loss of consumption to consumers.b)reduce marginal damages.c)reduce the production costs.d)cause all of the above.2.Marginal damages are hard to measure becausea)they can be generated from multiple sources.b)they are hard to graph.c)they happen over time.d)no one cares about them.3.In Figure 5.4, if the marginal damages line did not originate at 0,a)it would mean that marginal damages did not exist.b)there is no way to find MSC.c)MSC would not originate at the same intercept as MPC.d)then all of the above.4.Externalities can be positive becausea)marginal damages do not last over time.b)utility can be impacted positively as well as negatively.c)there is no concept for marginal benefit.d)positive externalities are subsidies.5.Refer to the graphs below. Which graph(s) represent(s) an externality?a)graph Ab)graphs A and Bc)graph Bd)neither graph A nor graph BA B6.Refer to Figure 5.7 in the textbook. What does it mean if all firms have to reduce to a point ?2*)*(X Z a)Firm X will reduce more than optimal.b)Firm Z will reduce less than optimal.c)The new point is between X* and Z*.d)All of the above.7.The Coase theorem has problems becausea)generally, bargaining costs are not zero.b)individuals are not concerned with others.c)markets always exist.d)all of the above.8.Pollution rights may be traded ifa)polluters try to hide pollution.b)administrators are uncertain about Pigouvian taxes.c)there is no market for pollution.d)pollution is harmless.9.Externalities can be produced by ____________, as well as ____________.a)individuals; firmsb)market prices; market incomesc)oceans; streamsd)none of the above10. A Pigouvian tax corrects fora)market congestion.b)market losses.c)inefficient sales.d)low market prices.11.Which of the following is correct?a)SMC = PMC - MDb)MPB = MSB + MEBc)SMC = PMC + MDd)MSC = MPBe)MSB =MSC + MPB12.Marginal benefits are downward sloping whena)there are no total benefits.b)the slope of the marginal benefits curve is negative.c)total benefits are increasing at a decreasing rate.d)marginal costs are upward sloping.13. A Pigouvian subsidya)can not exist with externalities.b)is the same thing as a Pigouvian tax.c)is measured in terms of Pigouvian dollars.d)moves production to the socially optimal level of output.14.As a general rule, zero pollution is not socially desirable becausea)there would be no production.b)the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) needs to have something to do.c)no pollution would lead to global warming.d)all of the above.15.Externalities require government intervention whena)violence will result between disputing parties.b)there are only a few sellers in the market.c)property rights are not clearly established.d)the government imposes sales taxes.e)all of the above.16.Which method helps in obtaining the socially optimal level of output?a)Pigouvian taxesb)regulationc)property rights and bargainingd)all of the above17.Marginal damagesa)must always be considered in social marginal costs.b)must not be considered in social marginal costs.c)must sometimes be considered in social marginal costs.d)have nothing to do with social marginal costs.Discussion Questions1.Suppose the factory Afro-Puffs Inc. produces wigs. As a by-product of this wigproduction, they also produce dangerous emissions of toxic gases (as a result of the strong glue used to hold the hair in place). The De-Lite car factory, down the road, experiences a negative externality from this production process. Suppose that the supply curve (private marginal costs) for the wig factory is X=(2/5)P- 2, and it faces a market demand of X d=15 - P/2. The marginal damages caused by the production of wigs can be written as X=P – 1/2.a.Find the equilibrium price and quantity in the market for wigs.b.Find the socially optimal level of wigs and the corresponding price.c.How much should the wig factory be taxed per wig?2. A steel factory has the right to discharge waste into a river. The waste reduces thenumber of fish, causing damage for swimmers. Let X denote the quantity of waste dumped. The marginal damage, denoted MD, is given by the equation MD = 2 + 5X.The marginal benefit (MB) of dumping waste is given by the equation MB = 34 – 3X.a.Calculate the efficient quantity of waste.b.What is the efficient fee, in dollars per unit of waste, that would cause the firm todump only an efficient quantity of waste?c.What would be the quantity dumped if the firm did not care about the fishery?3.The private marginal benefit for commodity X is given by 15 – X, where X is the numberof units consumed. The private marginal cost of producing X is constant at 10. In the absence of any government intervention, how much X is produced? What is the gain to society involved in moving from the inefficient to the efficient level of production?4.Consider the case of two farmers, Tony and Hakim, depicted in the figure below. Bothuse DDT (a chemical pesticide) for their crops. The use of DDT causes an externality for swimmers down river from the farms.a.Show the amount of pesticides used if each uses the privately optimal level ofpesticides.b.Show the amount of pesticides used if they are socially concerned.c.Why is a reduction back to X H = H T not socially desired?T H SMC(PMC+MB)PMCMB HMB/MCPesticidesMB T5.Redo discussion question 10, part a, from Chapter 5 in your book. Suppose emissions arelimited to 25 units per year instead of 50. How does your answer change?True/False/Uncertain Questions1.Externalities always work themselves out.2.Negative externalities cause loss of welfare not transmitted by market factors.3.Externalities can be positive, as well as negative.4. A subsidy for pollution not produced can induce producers to pollute at the efficientlevel.5.Pollution rights can be traded and are always efficient.6.Regulation helps to correct for externalities.7.Any commodity market has the potential to have an externality.8.Market-oriented solutions to externalities rarely work.9.For market efficiency, MSC must be equated to MSB.10.College education is an example of a positive externality.Essay Questions1.How do social conventions help in alleviating externalities without governmentintervention?2.How do you feel the U.S. has fared in its attempt to impose market forces to correctexternalities?3.List and discuss three problems that might arise when using the Coase theorem.。
罗森 财政学 第七版(英文版) 配套习题及答案Chap012
CHAPTER 12 - Taxation and Income DistributionMultiple-Choice Questions1. Statutory incidence of a tax deals witha) the amount of revenue left over after taxes.b) the amount of taxes paid after accounting for inflation.c) the person(s) legally responsible for paying the tax.d) the amount of tax revenue generated after a tax is imposed.e) none of the above.2. Taxesa) are mandatory payments.b) are necessary for financing government expenditures.c) do not directly relate to the benefit of government goods and services received.d) are all of the above.3. General equilibrium refers toa) examining markets without specific information.b) finding equilibrium from general information.c) pricing goods at their shadow price.d) all of the above.e) none of the above.4. A demand curve that is perfectly inelastic isa) horizontal.b) vertical.c) at a 45 degree angle.d) parallel to the X-axis.5. In 2002, the top 1% of all income earners paid _________ percent of federal taxes.a) 1.0b) 4.1c) 20.6d) 24.9e) 33.36. A tax on suppliers will cause the supply curve to shifta) up.b) down.c) right.d) left.e) in none of the above directions.7. A monopoly has ______ seller(s) in the market.a) 0b) 1c) 3d) manye) all of the above8. An ad valorem tax isa) given as a proportion of the price.b) Latin for “buyer beware.”c) identical to a unit tax.d) computed using the “inverse taxation rule.”9. An industry where the capital-labor ratio is relatively high is characterized asa) capital intensive.b) labor intensive.c) income intensive.d) market intensive.e) none of the above.10. Demand for cigarettes isa) relatively elastic.b) relatively inelastic.c) constant over time.d) greater among wealthier people.11. When marginal tax rates are constant,a) the change in taxes paid is the same as the change in income.b) the change in taxes paid is greater than the change in income.c) the change in taxes paid is less than the change in income.d) there are no taxes.e) none of the above.12. The tax-induced difference between the price paid by consumers and the price receivedby producers isa) the tax difference.b) the tax wedge.c) the statutory incidence.d) the supply side effect.e) the substitution effect.13. An oligopoly has ______ sellers in the market.a) 0b) 1c) 3d) manye) all of the above14. A tax on consumers will cause the demand curve to shifta) right.b) left.c) up.d) down.e) in none of the above directions.15. Partial equilibrium isa) exactly like general equilibrium.b) studying only the supply side of the market.c) studying individual markets.d) examining the demand side of the market.Discussion Questions1. Consider a monopolist who has a total cost curve of: TC=7X+(1/2)X2. The marketdemand equation is X d=386-(1/2)P.a) What are the equilibrium quantity, equilibrium price, and profits in this market?b) Suppose that a unit tax of $1 is placed on the monopolist. What happens to theequilibrium quantity, equilibrium price, and profits? How much tax revenue doesthe government generate?c) Suppose that the same unit tax of $1 is placed on consumers. What happens tothe equilibrium quantity, equilibrium price, and profits? How much tax revenuedoes the government generate?d) What can be said about the taxes?2. Refer to Figure 12.2 in your textbook. Suppose the original before-tax demand curve isX d = 49 – P/2. Suppose further that supply is X = P/2 – 1. Now suppose a $3 unit tax is imposed on consumers.a) What is the before-tax equilibrium price and quantity?b) What is the after-tax equilibrium quantity?c) How much tax revenue is raised?3. From Question 2 above, calculate the economic incidence incurred by producers and theeconomic incidence incurred by consumers.4. Suppose that demand is perfectly elastic. Supply is normal and upward sloping. What isthe economic incidence of a unit tax placed on suppliers?5. Suppose there is a market that has market demand characterized as X = 30 –P/3.Suppose further that market supply can be written as X = P/2 – 2.a) Find the equilibrium price and quantity in this market.b) If a unit tax of $16 is imposed on good X, what are the equilibrium price, quantity,and tax revenue in the market?c) Suppose an ad valorem tax of 30 percent is imposed on good X. The after-taxdemand equation would be X = 30 –P/2. Now find the equilibrium price,quantity, and tax revenue in the market.d) What can be said about the amount of tax revenue generated under each taxingscheme, and why?True/False/Uncertain Questions1. A unit tax is a fixed amount per unit of a commodity sold.2. Regressive tax systems are bad.3. In a general equilibrium model, a tax on a single factor in its use only in a particularsector can affect returns to all factors in all sectors.4. Due to capitalization, the burden of future taxes may be borne by current owners of aninelastically-supplied, durable commodity such as land.5. Even with a tax, the price that consumers pay will be higher than what producers receive.6. Ad valorem taxes create tax wedges just like unit taxes.7. After a price change, the substitution effect will be the same as the income effect.8. Marginal tax rates supply reliable measures of tax progressiveness.9. Unit taxes cause shifts, while ad valorem taxes cause pivots.10. A lump sum tax is one for which the individual’s liability does not depend on behavior. Essay Questions1. In the press, there has been a considerable amount of attention given to the notion ofcorporations being taxed. Explain how it is that a tax on a business could be borne entirely by consumers.2. Why is it the case that a commodity tax on goods like food and shelter is sometimes seenas being regressive?3. What types of goods might have demand curves that are vertical, and why?Answers to CHAPTER 12 - Taxation and Income DistributionAnswers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. c2. a3. e4. b5. d6. d7. b8. a9. a10. b11. e12. b13. c14. b15. cAnswers to Discussion Questions1. a) X* = 153, P* = $466, π = $58522.5b) X* = 152.8, P* = $466.4, π = $58,369.6, Tax Rev. = $152.8c) X* = 152.8, P* = $465.4, π = $58,369.6, Tax Rev. = $152.8d) The tax revenue generated is the same, whether it is levied on the buyers or sellers.2. a) Setting before-tax demand equal to supply gives X* = 24, with P* = $50.b) The after-tax demand curve is now P = 95 –2X. Setting the after-tax demandcurve equal to supply gives X* = 23 ¼.c) Tax revenue is the after-tax equilibrium quantity multiplied by the tax rate.Therefore, 3(23 ¼) = 69 ¾.3. The after-tax consumer price is now $51.5. The after-tax producer price is now $48.5.The before-tax price was $50. The economic incidence for consumers is 1.5(23.25) = $34.875. For producers, it is 1.5(23.25) = $34.875.4. The economic incidence of the tax is paid entirely by the suppliers.5. a) Setting supply equal to demand and solving yields P* = $38.4 and X* = 17.2.b) The after-tax demand curve is now P = 74 –3X. Setting after-tax demand equal tosupply yields X* = 14, P* = $32 for suppliers, and P* = $48 for consumers. Tax revenue is $224.c) Setting the given after-tax demand equal to supply yields P* = $32 for suppliersand P* = $48 for consumers. Tax revenue is $224.d) The tax revenue and prices are the same using either taxing scheme.Answers to True/False/Uncertain Questions1. T2. U3. T4. T5. F6. T7. U8. F9. T10. TAnswers to Essay Questions1. Elasticities play a key role in determining exactly how much of a tax is borne byconsumers and producers.2. Items like food and shelter require a larger percentage of discretionary income for thosein the lower income brackets than for those in higher brackets.3. A demand curve that is vertical is one that is perfectly inelastic. This means that changesin the price do not affect the quantity demanded. Examples of this are certain medical supplies and, to a lesser extent, cigarettes, which have demand curves that are nearly inelastic.。
财政学课后练习题及答案
财政学课后练习题及答案第一章财政学导论第一部分单项选择题1、下述（）研究课题反映了财政学的特点。
A、国民经济中货币与产品之间的关系及其对经济的影响B、国民经济中各产业部门之间的相互关系及其对经济的影响C、国民经济中各地区之间的相互关系及其对经济的影响D、国民经济中公共部门与私人部门之间的相互关系及其对经济的影响2、如果学校是政府办的，但办学的成本全部通过向学生收费来补偿，在这种情况下，教育在提供方式和生产方式上采取了下述哪种组合?()A、公共提供，公共生产B、公共提供，私人生产C、市场提供，公共生产D、市场提供，私人生产3、下述（）问题不属于财政学实证分析范畴。
A、我国税收的累进度应该多大？B、项公共支出的主要受益者是哪些群体？C、降低关税之后我国进出口结构会出现怎样的变化？D、发行一定规模的国债能在多大程度上拉动经济？4、下述（）研究不属于财政学中的规范分析。
A、我国公共部门或财政的规模是过大了还是过小了？B、对电讯行业是否需要政府规定价格？C、若用消费型增值税取代生产型增值税会使社会的产出结构发生怎样的变化？D、税收的累进程度多大为宜?5、下列哪项不属于政府的隐性支出？A、税式支出B、公共定价C、政府担保D、转移支出第二部分多项选择题1、下述财政学中的理论，（AB）属于实证分析？A、税负归宿理论B、公共选择理论C、最优税制理论D、公共定价理论2、下述财政学中的理论（AD）属于规范分析？A、公共产品有效配置理论B、公共支出不断增长理论C、税收对劳动、储蓄及投资行为影响的理论D、最优税制理论3、下述（ABCD）单位属于公共部门？A、政府机关B、公立大学C、国有企业D、有银行4、下述（AC）单位属于政府部门？A、卫生部B、国有企业C、军队D、国有银行5、下述哪些政府行为包含着隐性的收支？BCA、间接税B、为企业提供贷款担保C、税收优惠D、通过罚款、没收取得收入第四部分名词解释财政学政府经济学公共部门经济学公共经济学实证分析规范分析公共部门政府部门公共企业部门税收价格或使用费公债购买支出转移支出税式支出政府担保公共定价公共管制预算外收支体制外收支公共提供市场提供公共生产私人生产收入再分配第五部分问答题1、政府作为一个经济实体，它与社会上其他经济实体个人、家庭、企业有哪些主要区别？2、财政学研究哪些基本问题？如何对这些问题进行分类？参考答案：第一部分单项选择题1、D2、C3、A4、C5、D第二部分多项选择题1、A、B2、A、D3、A、B、C、D4、A、C5、B、C第四部分名词解释1、财政学：财政学是研究政府经济行为的学科。
罗森 财政学 第七版(英文版) 配套习题及答案Chap008
CHAPTER 8 – Expenditure Programs for the Poor Multiple-Choice Questions1. The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)a) provides more income to those people on welfare.b) is a tax on low income workers.c) provides additional tax credits to low income workers.d) is a tax break for the wealthiest Americans.e) was eliminated by the Bush administration.2. The switch from AFDC to TANF took place ina) 1937.b) 1986.c) 1996.d) 1998.e) 2003.3. Social Security Income(SSI) is available for all, excepta) aged.b) immigrants.c) blind.d) disabled.4. A dollar reduction in benefits as a result of a dollar income from working is aa) 50% tax rate.b) 75% tax rate.c) 0% tax rate.d) 100% tax rate.5. Who is eligible to receive food stamps?a) poor families without childrenb) childless single menc) childless single womend) all of the abovee) a and c6. Voucher programs for housinga) provide rent vouchers for existing housing stock.b) are under utilized with a surplus of housing stock.c) provide down payment assistance to purchase homes.d) are known as Section 8.e) do none of the above.7. The Head Start programa) has been successful in fostering better levels of school attainment.b) began in 1965.c) provides preschool activities for 4 and 5 year old disadvantaged students.d) does all of the above.e) does none of the above.8. Enrollment in the Medicaid programa) is designed for those persons 65 years of age and older.b) has increased due to expanded eligibility.c) covers all medical expenses that a poor person may incur.d) requires a substantial co-payment that has not been helpful to poor families.9. Federal job training programsa) help provide job market skills to those in poverty.b) have been overwhelmingly effective in helping those in poverty.c) cost very little money per person participating.d) do all of the above.e) do none of the above.10. The group comprising the highest percentage of the poor isa) the disabled.b) elderly.c) male heads of households.d) children.11. The U nited States’ official measure of poverty is measured bya) only cash income.b) cash income and capital gains.c) only in-kind income.d) the imputed value of rent payments.12. Which is the largest cash transfer program for the poor?a) TANFb) Medicarec) SSId) Medicaide) Section 813. Under TANF, the time limit for receiving benefits during a lifetime isa) 12 years.b) 13 weeks.c) 60 months.d) 5 months.e) unlimited.14. Which group is not provided aid by Medicaid?a) elderlyb) blindc) disabledd) poore) none of the above15. All of the following are in-kind benefit programs, excepta) food stamps.b) Medicaid.c) energy assistance.d) SSI.Discussion Questions1. Consider a negative income tax. As discussed in your textbook, under the negativeincome tax, each person is entitled to a grant of G dollars per month. For every dollar the person earns, the grant is reduced by t dollars.a) Suppose G = 200 and t = 0.40. Consider an individual whose hourly wage is $10.There are 30 days in a month (so T is 720). Sketch the budget constraint beforeand after the introduction of a negative income tax.2. This question is similar to Question 1 of Chapter 8 in your textbook. In New York, awelfare recipient can earn $90 per month without having her benefits reduced. Beyond $90, benefits are reduced by 57 cents for every dollar of earnings. Consider Jackie, a resident of New York, who can earn $10 per hour. If she does not work at all, she is eligible for welfare benefits of $577.a) If she works 10 hours, how much are her work earnings, how much is her welfarebenefits, and how much is her total income?b) After Jackie works a certain number of hours, she does not receive any benefits atall. What is that number of hours?3. Suppose in a certain city the demand for low-cost housing can be characterized by theequation Q = 165 – P/2, where Q is housing measured in square feet. Further, suppose that supply is characterized by the equation: Q = P/2 – 1.a) How much consumer surplus is there?b) Suppose that a grant is given so that the supply of housing is increased. Thisincrease changes the supply curve to Q = P/2. How much does consumer surpluschange because of the grant?4. Return to Question 3 above. Suppose that the government feels that the grant is notenough and, in addition, imposes a price ceiling of $125. What will happen to consumer surplus? What are the drawbacks?5. A needy family consisting of a mother and three children currently receives cash benefitsthat average $12 per day. The mother of this family is allowed to earn an average of $4 per day before her benefits begin to decline. After that, for each dollar earned, cash benefits decline by 67 cents for each dollar earned. Assume that she can find work at $4 per hour.a) How many hours will she have to work per day before her benefits are eliminated? True/False/Uncertain Questions1. Under TANF, at least 50% of single mother recipients and 90% of two-parent familiesmust be working or in work preparation programs.2. Poor people who participate in job training programs are more successful in leavingpoverty.3. In 1990, 29% of the United States’ population was in poverty.4. Increasing the wage rate will cause people to work more.5. Crowding out can occur when public insurance crowds out private insurance.6. In 2002, 20.7% of blacks were classified as being in poverty.7. Medicaid is the most expensive program that the government runs that provides benefitsto the poor.8. The majority of government programs designed to help poor families consists of directcash payments.9. Workfare requires able-bodied individuals to participate in work-related activities inorder to receive transfer payments.10. Only about a quarter of the population eligible for housing subsidies actually receivesthem.Essay Questions1. Over the years, there have been many programs designed to help the poor. One of themore popular ones has been the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). What makes this program so popular?2. What are some of the drawbacks, as you see them, to a program like Workfare?3. One of the changes in the welfare system of the United States that occurred in 1996 was amove to block grants for states. What advantage(s) might a block grant system allow?Answers to CHAPTER 8 – Expenditure Programs for the PoorAnswers to Multiple-Choice Questions1. c2. c3. b4. d5. d6. a7. d8. b9. a10. d11. a12. a13. c14. a15. dAnswers to Discussion Questions1.Consumption 200 670 7200 Wage=$10 720 Hours2. a) If Jackie works 10 hours at $10 per hour, she will have earned $100 fromworking. She gets to earn $90 before her benefits are reduced. She earned $10over that limit, so her benefits will be reduced to 577 – (0.57 * 10) = 571.3. Shewill have received in total $671.3.b) She would need to work 110.228 hours before benefits are completely eliminated.3. a) Setting supply equal to demand gives that Q* = 82 and P* = 166. Therefore,consumer surplus is (1/2)(164)(82) = 6,724.b) Setting the new supply curve equal to the original demand curve gives Q* = 82.5with P* = 165. Now consumer surplus is (1/2)(165)(82.5) = 6,806.25.4. Under the price ceiling scheme, consumer surplus is now found by 80(62.5) +(1/2)(125(62.5) = 8,906.25. The drawback is that there is a shortage now, as Q* supplied is only 62.5 instead of 82.5. Cash benefits decline by $0.67 per dollar earned after she earns $4. Benefits decline$.067 * $4 = $2.68 per hour worked after her first hour. Given that it would take 5.4776 hours, then her cash benefits will be eliminated.Answers to True/False/Uncertain Questions1. T2. U3. F4. U5. T6. T7. T8. F9. T10. TAnswers to Essay Questions1. Unlike other programs, participants in EITC are working and contributing to society.The skills and contacts made through working helps in the efforts to keep these people from slipping further into poverty.2. Workfare requires a good deal of monitoring to ensure that participants are gaining skills.In addition, there have to be jobs available, which may not be the case. Some participants do not have the necessary education required for certain jobs and first need to concentrate on increasing their human capital regarding education.3. Since participants in different states face varying needs to help them escape poverty, anational program may be too restricting, and local control can design a program more suitable to their constituents.。
财政学课后练习题及答案
第一章财政学导论第一部分单项选择题1、下述（）研究课题反映了财政学的特点。
A、国民经济中货币与产品之间的关系及其对经济的影响B、国民经济中各产业部门之间的相互关系及其对经济的影响C、国民经济中各地区之间的相互关系及其对经济的影响D、国民经济中公共部门与私人部门之间的相互关系及其对经济的影响2、如果学校是政府办的，但办学的成本全部通过向学生收费来补偿，在这种情况下，教育在提供方式和生产方式上采取了下述哪种组合?( )A、公共提供，公共生产B、公共提供，私人生产C、市场提供，公共生产D、市场提供，私人生产3、下述（）问题不属于财政学实证分析范畴。
A、我国税收的累进度应该多大？B、某项公共支出的主要受益者是哪些群体？C、降低关税之后我国进出口结构会出现怎样的变化？D、发行一定规模的国债能在多大程度上拉动经济？4、下述（）研究不属于财政学中的规范分析。
A、我国公共部门或财政的规模是过大了还是过小了？B、对电讯行业是否需要政府规定价格？C、若用消费型增值税取代生产型增值税会使社会的产出结构发生怎样的变化？D、税收的累进程度多大为宜?5、下列哪项不属于政府的隐性支出？A、税式支出B、公共定价C、政府担保D、转移支出第二部分多项选择题1、下述财政学中的理论，（ AB ）属于实证分析？A、税负归宿理论B、公共选择理论C、最优税制理论D、公共定价理论2、下述财政学中的理论（AD ）属于规范分析？A、公共产品有效配置理论B、公共支出不断增长理论C、税收对劳动、储蓄及投资行为影响的理论D、最优税制理论3、下述（ ABCD ）单位属于公共部门？A、政府机关B、公立大学C、国有企业D、有银行4、下述（ AC ）单位属于政府部门？A、卫生部B、国有企业C、军队D、国有银行5、下述哪些政府行为包含着隐性的收支？BCA、间接税B、为企业提供贷款担保C、税收优惠D、通过罚款、没收取得收入第四部分名词解释财政学政府经济学公共部门经济学公共经济学实证分析规范分析公共部门政府部门公共企业部门税收价格或使用费公债购买支出转移支出税式支出政府担保公共定价公共管制预算外收支体制外收支公共提供市场提供公共生产私人生产收入再分配第五部分问答题1、政府作为一个经济实体，它与社会上其他经济实体个人、家庭、企业有哪些主要区别？2、财政学研究哪些基本问题？如何对这些问题进行分类？3、公共部门与私人部门有哪些区别？政府部门与公共企业部门有哪些区别？4、政府取得收入有哪些方式？这些方式各自有什么特性？5、公共提供与公共生产有何联系？有何区别？参考答案：第一部分单项选择题1、D2、 C3、 A4、 C5、 D第二部分多项选择题1、A、B2、A、D3、A、B、C、D4、A、C5、B、C第四部分名词解释1、财政学：财政学是研究政府经济行为的学科。
财政学(第七版)习题参考答案(学生用)
财政学(第七版)习题参考答案(学生用)第一章财政概念和财政职能复习与思考1.学习财政学为什么要从政府与市场的关系说起？答：在市场经济体制下，市场是一种资源配置系统，政府也是一种资源配置系统，二者共同构成社会资源配置体系。
而财政是一种政府的经济行为，是一种政府配置资源的经济活动，所以明确政府与市场的关系是学习财政学和研究财政问题的基本理论前提。
不明确政府与市场的关系，就难以说明为什么有市场配置还要有政府配置，政府配置有什么特殊作用，政府配置的规模多大为宜，政府采取什么方式配置资源等。
什么是市场？完整的市场系统是由家庭、企业和政府三个相对独立的主体组成的。
在市场经济下，政府构成市场系统的一个主体，这是毋庸置疑的。
比如，政府为市场提供诸如基础实施、教育和社会保障之类的公共物品和准公共物品，同时从市场采购大量的投入品和办公用品。
但政府又是一个公共服务和政治权力机构，具有与市场不同的运行机制，因而在市场中又具有特殊功能和特殊的地位，可以通过法律、行政和经济等衡。
市场是一种结构精巧而且具有效率的商品交易机制，这已经为经济发达国家几百年的经济发展史所证实，而且为各种经济学说所论证和肯定。
亚当·斯密将市场规律形容为“看不见的手”，认为不需要任何组织以任何方式的干预，市场就可以自动地达到供给与需求的均衡，而且宣称当每个人在追求私人利益的同时，就会被这只手牵动着去实现社会福利。
马克思同样赞叹市场机制的效率，并将价格规律提升为价值规律，认为商品的价值是由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定的，而价格围绕价值上下波动来调节生产和流通，并促进技术进步和经济发展，马克思同时也指出了市场波动是导致经济危机的可能性因素。
福利经济学的代表人物——意大利的经济学家帕累托，提出了一个在学习西方经济学和学习财政学时经常提到的帕累托经济效率标准，又称为帕累托最优状态。
简而言之，帕累托最优状态是指这样一种状态：任何一种改变都不可能使一个人的境况变好而又不使别人的境况变坏。
财政学课后答案(完整版)
财政学课后题答案（完整版）第一章导论1.结合实际谈谈生活中的财政现象。
答案：本题的答案有很多种，但是只要从财政学的定义出发，所举例子为政府的收入、支出等财政现象均为正确答案。
比如税收、政府补助等等。
2.如何学习财政学，财政学的学习有哪些方法？答案：（1）学习财政学的基本方法为唯物辩证法。
首先首先应当正确理解掌握财政学中的一些基本概念、基本范畴，这是理解财政学一般原理的前提条件；其次，学习财政学、研究财政学应当理论联系实际。
（2）学习财政学的具体方法为实证分析法和规范分析法相结合。
（3）学习财政学应该主要比较学习，即进行中外的比较，注意辨别学习西方的财政理论知识。
第二章财政与财政职能1. 简略的财政概念。
答：财政作为一个经济范畴，是以国家（或政府）为主体的分配活动，是国家（或政府）在社会再生产过程中，通过多种收入形式，集中一部分国民生产总值或国民收入，用于满足实现其职能需要的收支活动。
2. 市场失效的主要表现。
答：（1）市场低效，它是指现实市场中存在不符合完全竞争假定条件的方面，而由于这些方面的存在，使市场机制无法实现对资源的高效配置。
主要表现在竞争失灵或垄断、公共产品的供给方面、外部效应和信息不对称等方面。
（2）市场无效，即市场配置资源的功能失效。
主要表现在偏好不合理、收入分配不公、宏观经济失调等方面。
3. 如何辨别公共产品与私人产品？并举例说明。
答：区分或辨别公共产品与私人产品的标准通常是受益的排他性或非排他性，消费的竞争性或非竞争性。
纯粹的私人产品具有排他性和竞争性，纯粹的公共产品具有非排他性和非竞争性。
公共产品的例子，只要从定义出发举例就可以，比如国防、天气预报、普通公路等；私人产品的例子，私人产品的例子不胜枚举，只要是符合定义的就好了，比如苹果、梨子等。
4. 举例说明负外部效应及其主要治理方式。
答：负外部效应（外部成本），指产品或服务给所有者以外的其他人带来了损害，但受损者同样得不到应有的损失补偿。
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第一章P.164.a.政府对经济的影响增加了。
如果政府规模是由其直接支出来衡量，这项法规不会直接导致政府支出的增加。
然而，这可能会导致较高的遵从成本，并在“规制预算”中得到体现。
b.这项法律可能不会增加政府支出，但遵从这些管制的高昂代价将会增加管制预算。
c.很难说政府对经济的影响是增加了还是减少了，因为难以确定这一现象是反映了政府规模的扩大还是缩小。
一种可能是，GDP保持不变，而政府对商品和服务的购买减少；另一种可能是，政府对商品和服务的购买增加，但增长的比率低于GDP同期增加的比率。
同时还应考虑同期联邦政府的信贷、规制活动以及州和地方的预算等。
d.政府对经济的影响总体上可能并不改变。
如果联邦减少向州和地方政府的补助，联邦预算将要缩减。
然而，如果州和地方政府通过增加税收来抵消这一影响，把各级政府作为一个整体来看，其规模并不会以想象的幅度缩减。
第二章P.327.利用相关软件可以得出结论：赤字和利率之间存在着微弱的负相关关系。
但仅仅5年的数据得到的检验结果并不可靠。
因为货币政策、经济活动的水平等因素都会影响利率。
第三章P.494.a.当社会福利函数为W= UL+UA时，社会无差异曲线是斜率为-1的直线。
就整个社会而言，两人的效用对社会福利的边际贡献是相等的，即社会对二者的效用同等重视。
b. 当社会福利函数为W= UL+2UA时，社会无差异曲线是斜率为-2的直线。
这表明，与利维亚相比，社会两倍重视于奥古斯塔斯的效用。
c．结合效用可能性边界与社会无差异曲线，该种社会福利函数下的两种可能的最优解如下图所示。
ULUL8.当马克的收入的边际效用等于朱迪收入的边际效用时，社会福利最大化。
对已知条件中的两个效用函数求一阶导数，使MU M=MU J，则最大化条件为I J=4I M，因为固定收入是300美元，这意味着马克应该有60美元，朱迪应该有240美元，此时社会福利达到最大化。
10.a.错误。
帕累托效率的必要条件是，两种商品的边际替代率要等于其边际转换率。
仅边际替代率相等并不能保证帕累托效率。
b.正确，每个人的边际替代率相等时帕累托效率的必要条件。
c.错误。
表现出帕累托改进的政策能够提高效率，但社会福利取决于公平和效率。
这一政策提高了效率，却导致了公平的损失也可能会减少社会福利。
d.不确定。
税收将降低效率，但如果交易产生正的外部性，那么增加教育经费将提高效率。
如果教育市场提高的效率能够抵消且大于卷烟市场减少的效率，那么这将是一个帕累托改进政策。
第四章P.673.假设印度豹的效用不算入社会福利函数，因此它在不同活动之间劳动供给的分配与社会福利函数无关。
a.在这个例子中，巡逻是公共物品，果子是私人物品。
b.根据效率条件，下列等式成立：MRS1=MRS2=2，而MRT=3，所以MRS1+MRS2>MRT。
这说明印度豹的时间安排并未达到帕累托最有水平。
为了达到有效率的水平，印度豹应该巡逻更长时间，因为如果印度豹巡逻更长时间，生产巡逻这一公共品的边际成本将增加，如果边际成本用果子这一私人物品来表示的话，当边际成本为4个果子时，达到帕累托最优。
9.a.扎克的边际收益曲线表明，灯塔对于扎克来说，边际收益的起点是90美元，随后，随着灯塔数量的增加而下降；对于雅各布来说，边际收益的起点是40美元，然后随着灯塔数量的增加而下降。
而建造第一座灯塔的边际成本是100美元，所以没有人愿意单独去支付一座灯塔的边际成本。
b．扎克的边际收益是MB ZACH=90-Q，雅各布的边际收益是MB JACOB=40-Q。
对于整个社会而言，当Q≤40时，MB=130-2Q；当Q>40时，社会边际收益曲线就是扎克的边际收益曲线。
边际成本恒定为100，所以，当总的边际收益曲线和边际成本曲线相交时，MB=MC，Q=15.净收益可以用需求曲线和在第15个单位时的边际收益之间所形成的面积（三角形ABC的面积）来衡量。
则每个人的净收益是112.5美元，总收益（ACDO的面积）是1725美元。
（这个数字和标准答案不同，我认为标准答案错了）注：对于上面划线这句话的理解是，效率数量的灯塔带来的净收益总共为225美元，因为灯塔是两人的公共品，所以对于每人来说，应获得净收益的1/2.10.边际收益曲线、总边际收益曲线和边际成本曲线如下图所示，根据公共品的效率条件MB1+MB2=MC ，即12-Z+8-2Z=16，可解得效率供给水平Z=4/3第五章 P.1002.a.当每月举办聚会的私人边际收益和边际成本相等时，卡萨诺娃将获得举办聚会的收益最大化。
b.如下图所示，MSB 与MB 的距离即边际外部收益b.c.如下图所示，MSB 与MC 的交点c 点，决定了社会最优聚会水平为P*，社会委员会对每场聚会提供b 美元的补贴即可实现这一效率水平。
90d.如下图所示，补贴总额为abcd。
假设补贴不会带来任何效率损失，则社会总福利增加ghc(卡萨诺娃的朋友得到gchd，卡萨诺娃失去chd，但得到政府补贴abcd)。
7.a.MC=MB=13时，养猪场主将获得收益最大化，此时养猪数量为4头。
b.对于社会而言，最优养猪数量将由社会边际收益和社会边际成本决定。
当MC+MD=6+7=13=MB时，社会将达到最优，此时，猪的效率数量是2头。
c．两企业合并后，将使外部性内部化，从而使养猪数量达到效率水平，即养猪数量为2头。
d.合并前，利润总额为：13*4-(3+6 + 10 + 13) –(5 +7+9 + 11)= -12；合并后，利润总额为：13 *2 –（3+6）- (5+7)=5。
因此，两企业在合并后利润增加了 17。
8.答：私人边际收益MBp = 10-X，私人边际成本MCp=5，单位外部成本EC=2。
(1)在不存在政府干预的情况下，生产者根据其私人边际收益和边际成本决定最优产量。
令MBp=MCp解得X=5 ，即会有5单位X产品生产出来。
(2)社会边际成本=MC+EC=7，令MBp=7，解得X= 3，即效率产量为3。
(3)社会福利的增加量为三角形区域的面积，这一三角形的底恰好等于实际产量和效率产量的差额，高等于社会边际成本和私人边际成本之差。
因此，社会收益=0.5*（5-3）*（7-5）=2 （图参见第三讲PPT第11页）(4)对每单位产品课征的庇古税额等于私人边际成本和社会边际成本之差。
由于效率产量为3，而私人边际成本和社会边际成本之差为2，因此课征的庇古税总额为6美元(=2美元*3)。
9.答：a.只有当所有污染排放企业的边际成本相等时，总排放成本降低至最小。
因此，实现成本有效的解决方案要求MC1=MC2,即300e1=100 e2。
把3 e1= e2代入公式e1+ e2=40 (因为政策的目标是减少40个单位的污染排放量)，得到实现成本有效的结果，此时，企业1减少10个单位的排放，企业2减少30个单位的排放。
b.为了实现成本有效的污染排放减少量，排污费应设置等于3000美元。
企业1减少 10个单位和企业2减少30不单位，有了这个排污费，企业1需要每单位3000美元总共达 270000美元的税务负担；企业2的税务负担150000美元，因为它的排放量从80个减少到50个单位。
得出的结论是，污染排放量减少较少的企业，因为具备更大的税务能力，实际的付出较大。
C．从效率的角度来看，初始许可证如何分配并不重要。
如果两家企业不能交易许可证的话，企业2将不得不承担所有的排放减少量。
起初企业1的边际成本是0，而企业2的边际成本是4000美元，所以企业2有很强的动力去购买企业1的许可证。
交易会继续下去直到两家企业的边际成本相等，这是符合成本有效的解决方案。
这意味着，许可证的市场价格将等于3000美元，和排污费相等。
在这个价格下，企业2将从企业1购买10个单位许可证，此时，企业2排放量减少30单位而不是40单位，企业1排放量减少10单位。
这个解决方案与收取排放费所取得的解决方案相同。
然而，这种情况对企业1更有利，因为它无需纳税而且将获得30000美元的许可证交易费，企业2虽然也避免了纳税但必须支付额外30000美元的许可证交易费。
政府损失了420000元的税收收人。
这些企业还必须承握降低排放量导致的成本，企业2还必须向企业1支付许可证交易费。
第六章P.1271.a.如下图所示，显示了第一个人和第二个人的偏好，其他依次类推。
b.在两两选择中，C胜出。
尽管此例中第一个人，第二个人和第三个人都是双峰偏好，但这并不意味着在多数票规则下，多峰偏好就一定不会产生稳定结果。
9.a.市场需求曲线为：Q=100-10P，而市场供给曲线为：P=2.市场需求曲线和供给曲线的交点决定了市场均衡价格：P=2，市场均衡产量为：Q=80.b.卡特尔将根据MR=MC的原则来决定产量，从而使利润最大化。
MR=10-Q/5，MC=2，所以被购买的牛奶为Q=40，卡特尔的价格为：P=10-0.1Q=6c.卡特尔产生的租金=（6-2）x 40=160d.他们愿意支付的最大捐款额就是租金额160.寻租行为产生的无谓损失为：0.5x40x4=80e.无谓损失最高可以达到通常垄断造成的无谓损失和租金额之和：160+80=24011.a.两两排序选择：M_H的选择结果是M，H_L的选择结果是L，L_M的选择结果是M。
多数票规则会导致公园支出的稳定结果，因为M淘汰了H和L。
如果让某一个人来决定议程，选择结果将不受影响。
b.如果埃莉诺的偏好排序改变，多数票规则将不会产生公园支出的稳定结果。
此时，M和H 排序的选择结果是H，H和L的选择结果是L，L和M的排序的选择结果是M。
因此，如果让某一个人来规定议程，将影响结果。
例如，艾比盖尔的偏好是H，她会首先在L和M 排序中淘汰L，以避免H在H和L排序中被淘汰。
第七章P.143.5.a.如果两州之间有其他方面的差异，那结果可能是有偏的。
例如，教师拥有硕士学位的州的学生考试成绩明显较高，可能是因为他们的父母受到了较高的教育水平，而不是因为教师受教育程度的差异。
b.实验研究中学生被随机处理组和控制组进行测试，因此，它提供了有力证据表明教师拥有硕士学位的课堂的学生考试成绩明显较高。
第八章见第五讲课件最后第九章P.1955.a.P=100-25Q=50,Q=2;所以，每年看2次病是有效率的；此时，总成本是100美元。
b.当共同保险率是50%时，看病需求是每年3次，个人的自付成本是75美元（25美元每次）。
保险公司为此人看病支付75美元（25美元每次，每年3次）c.这种保单使个人的有效看病价格从每次50美元下降到25美元，而边际成本仍然是每次50美元，从而使看病需求量从每年2次增加到3次。
此时，个人医疗服务的需求超过边际收益等于边际成本的均衡点，引起无谓损失。
第3次看病的边际成本是50美元，而边际收益是25美元，所以无谓损失是25美元。