中英文文献翻译-新型高压清洗车
高压冲洗车使用方法及操作流程
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一、准备工作。
1. 检查高压水泵、管路和喷嘴是否完好无损。
盘式制动器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：An Experimental Analysis of Brake Efficiency Using fourFluids in a Disc Brake SystemABSTRACTThe paper studies disc brake failure in Mini-buses using an experimental analysis to test the maximum braking force when different brake fluids such as clean, less dirty, dirty and soapy water solution were used in the braking system. The experimental results clearly showed that the soap solution appears to be the best fluid as far as low viscosity and stability of viscosity with increase in temperature are concerned. However, the soap solution is not compatible with other fluid which makes it difficult to be substitute as a clean brake fluid. The result of the Thepra Universal Brake Testing Equipment used for the braking efficiency test indicated that a pedal brake of 117 kN produce a brake force of 0.96 kN for clean brake fluid, 0.91 kN for the less dirty, 0.85 kN for dirty and 1.44 kN forsoap solution. The value of 1.44 kN which was achieved when the soap solution was used indicated a positive braking force and the indicating that soap solution could be used to produce a high pedal force within a very short time (about 10-30 min) and can therefore be used only in case of emergency. The brake efficiency test indicated that under hot conditions the braking efficiency is reduced and the presence of air in the system renders the braking ineffective because higher pedal force was needed to be able to produce a significant braking force which is noted for causing brake failure.Keywords: Brake fade, brake failure, disc brake, efficiency, pedal force INTRODUCTIONWhen a vehicle is accelerated, energy supplied by the engine causes the vehicle’s speed to increase. Part of this energy is instantly used up in overcoming frictional and tractive resistance but a large amount of it remains stored in the vehicle. According to Heinz (1999) this energy of motion is called the kinetic energy and the existence of kinetic energy is observed when a vehicle is moving and neutral gear is selected. The vehicle does not immediately come to rest; instead it travels for a considerable distance before it becomes stationary. In this case the stored energy is used to drive the vehicle against the resistances that oppose the vehicle’s motion. Relying on these r esistances to slow down a vehicle could cause many problems, so an additional resistance called a brake is needed to convert the kinetic energy to heat energy at a faster rate in order to reduce the speed of the vehicle Mcphee and Johnson (2007). This reduces the speed of the vehicle at a faster rate and brings the vehicle to rest within the shortest possibletime when the brakes are applied.From the point of view of Johnson et al. (2003) most automotive systems in use today utilize front disc brakes, but four-wheel disc systems are also common In disc brakes, the rotor rotates with the wheel and the pads move out to rub the rotor when the brakes are applied. Most disc brakes use floating calipers. The caliper slides in and out as the brakes are applied and released. The piston moves the inside pad out and pushes the outside pad into the rotor by sliding the caliper back toward the rotor.The use of disc brakes to reduce speed or bring the vehicle to rest when in motion cannot be over emphasized if the safety of the occupant is to be guaranteed Heinz (1999). To bring a vehicle to a stop, the disc brakes have to absorb all the energy given to thevehicle by the engine and that due to the momentum of the vehicle. This energy must then be dissipated. In most vehicle disc brakes, the energy is absorbed by friction, converted into heat and the heat dissipated to the surrounding air (Thoms, 1988). As the energy is absorbed, the vehicle is slowed down; in other words, its motion is retarded. The brakes must also pull up the vehicle smoothly and in a straight line to bring the vehicle to a stop position.It is therefore very important that the disc brakes of vehicles operate with the highest efficiency. This couldreduce the rate of accidents due to brake failure so that life and property could be preserved and also to ensure that occupants of these commercial vehicles go about their normal lives without any fear of being involved in an accident. Available crash data in Ghana suggests that about 1,900 persons are killed annually in road traffic crashes (Afukaar et al., 2008) and that more than 40% of the road traffic fatalities are occupants of cars, buses and trucks. Most often than not, some of the road accidents involving commercial vehicles, such as the mini-buses have been attributed to the failure of the disc brakes. The reason for testing the viscosity of these brake fluids, especially that of the soap solution was as a result of the practice of most Ghanaian drivers sometimes using the soapy solution as a substitute to the original brake fluid in the braking system and also using dirty brake fluid which has been used for bleeding purposes. The main objective of this study which is part of a larger work seeks to investigate and establish the reasons for the disc brake failure due to brake fluid also check the efficiency of the four different types of fluids used in the transmission of braking forces. The study looked at the maximum braking force when using clean, less dirty, dirty and soapy water solution in the braking system. It also looked at the braking force when the braking system is with or without servo unit and operating under cold or hot condition with air or without air in the braking systemDISC BRAKESThe disc brake consists of an exposed disc which is attached to the hub flange; the two friction pads arepressed on to this disc to give a braking action. Figure 1a, shows the disk brake system of a car and pad that is separated from wheel assembly to better shows the disk and the pad in sliding contact. As it can be seen, typical disk brake system and caliper assembly of a solid disk brake rotor is completely noticeable. Figure 1b shows schematic form of the disk and the pad in sliding contact assembly.(a) (b)Fig. 1: Disc brakeThe pads are moved by hydraulic pistons working in cylinders formed in a caliper that is secured to a fixed part of the axle. When the hydraulic pressure is applied to the two cylinders held in the fixed caliper, the pistons move; this action forces the friction pads into contact with the rotating cast iron disc. The sandwiching action of the pads on the disc gives a retarding action and heat generated from the energy of motion is conducted to the disc.Greater part of the disc is exposed to the air; therefore heat is easily radiated, with the result that the brake can be used continuously for long periods before serious fade occurs. Since the friction pads move at a right angle to the disc, any drop in the friction value does not affect the force applied to the pad. As a result this type of brake is not less sensitive to heat (Mudd, 1972). The disc brake was developed to minimize the fade problems. When fading occurs, the driver has to apply a much larger effort and in extreme cases it becomes impossible to bring the vehicle to rest. No assistance is obtained from the rotating disc to aid the driver in the application of a disc brake to achieve a given retardation. A disc brake requires a greater pedal pressure and toachieve this pressure required the hydraulic braking system using a good quality brake fluid in its operation.The fluid used in the hydraulic braking systems is a vegetable oil with certain additives. According to Nunney et al. (1998) a good brake fluid should have the following requirements, low viscosity, high boiling point, compatibility with rubber components, lubricating properties, resistance to chemical ageing and compatibility with other fluids. However, mostGhanaian drivers sometimes used other fluid such as dirty brake fluid, less dirty fluid and even soapy water sometimes as a substituted to the original brake fluid. This study among other things will also investigate which of these brake fluid, clean, dirty, less dirty and soapy water will have the best viscosity, high boiling point and less braking force.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe design used for this study was experiment which employed the used of viscometer and Thepra Universal Automotive Brake Testing machine to check the efficiency of the four fluids in the transmission of braking forces.Laboratory analysis: The viscosity tests on the four different liquids were carried out at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Thermodynamics laboratory. The liquids were clean brake fluid, less dirty brake fluid, dirty brake fluid and soap solution. It was necessary to find out how the viscosity of different qualities of brake fluid affected braking efficiency and to find out whether there was any correlation between these and the occurrence of brake failure.Viscosity test on the various fluids used: The viscosity test was carried out on a Redwood Viscometer in Fig. 2 on the four different kinds of fluids to determine their viscosities. The apparatus consists of a vertical cylinder containing the fluid under test which was allowed to flow through a calibrated orifice situated at the centre of the cylinder base. The orifice is closed by a ball valve when it is not being used.Fig. 2: Redwood viscometer used to determine the viscosity of the fluidsThe oil cylinder is surrounded by a water jacket which maintains the lubricant under test at a required temperature by means of a Bunsen burner flame applied to the heating tube. The thermometer for the water in the jacket is mounted in a paddle-type stirrer which can be rotated by hand, using the handle (Zammit, 1987).Procedure for testing various viscosities of the fluids: To test the viscosity of a fluid, the water jacket was filled with water with the orifice ball valve in position. Fluid was poured into the cylinder to the level of the pointer. A 50 mL measuring flask was placed centrally under the orifice. The water was stirred gently until the water and fluid thermometers were the same (room temperature, 30ºC). Thetemperature was recorded. The ball valve was then raised and a stopwatch used to record the time (in seconds) for a 50 mL of fluid to flow into the measuring flask. The test was repeated with the fluid temperatures increasing by 10ºC each time up to 90ºC. All the data for the four differentfluids were recorded as shown in Table 1Thepra universal stand automotive brake testing equipment:The ThepraUniversal Stand Automotive brake testing equipment is structured in such a way that the driven part, such as brake disc, was plugged on to the motor shaft. The brake anchor plate and the caliper are fastened to a flange via a linkage of bar which is connected to the flange. The brake force is measured and displayed on a digital indicator. The individualunits are plugged into the two span-frames which are fastened to both sides. All the brake components used in the testing equipment are original vehicle components. The pedalforce is measured at the actuating linkage of the brake master cylinder and displayed on a digital indicator (Technolab, 2009)RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONExperimental results of viscosity test: Table 1 present the results of viscosity test inan experiment for the four fluids, using the Redwood Viscometer.From the test results obtained using Redwood viscometer, Viscosity-Temperature graphs for the fluids were plotted. Figure 3 shows the plot of viscosity againsttemperature of the four fluids.Table 1: Viscosity testValues of the various viscosities werecalculated using the formula:V = hfρgD232hfvwhere,V : The Viscosityhf : The capillary heightρ : The density of the fluidg : Acceleration due to gravityD : The diameter of the orificev : The velocity (Bird et al., 1960) Fig. 3: Viscosity-temperature relationship of the fluidsFrom Fig. 3 the dirty fluid has the highest viscosity followed by the less dirty fluid, clean fluid and soap solution in that order. From the results shown in Fig. 2 and theviscosity test shown in Table 1, the soap solution appear to be the best fluid as far as lowviscosity and stability of viscosity with increase in temperature are concerned. However, it is less compatible with other fluids, difficult to mix easily with other brake fluids and has a low boiling point which will not make it suitable to be substitute as clean brake fluid (Nunney et al., 1998).The clean brake fluid is next as far as viscosity and stability of viscosity with increase in temperature are concerned. On the other hand, it satisfies all the other requirements of a good fluid for the braking system given in Table 1. According to Mudd (1972) and Nunney et al. (1998), a good brake fluid should have properties such as high boiling point, compatibility with rubber components, good lubrication properties, resistance to chemical ageing (long shelf life) and compatibility with other fluids. The less dirty fluid is very unstable as far as viscosity change with temperature increase is concerned. It is therefore not very reliable in a braking system since its behavior changes as the braking system heats up. The viscosity of the dirty fluid is stable with increase in temperature, however, it is very viscous (235-178 kgs/m3 in the temperature range 30 to 90ºC). It will therefore not be good and effective in brake force transmission. From these results and literature, it is obvious that the clean brake fluid is more suitable for the transmission of braking force as it’s possess all the good brake fluid qualities.Experimental results of the disc brake system:These sections present the results and discussion of the experiments using the four fluids in a Disc brake system under different conditions. Test results for hot and cold conditions of the Disc brake system using a servo system and without using a servo system were considered.Disc brake in cold condition with and without servo unit: The result in Table 2 clearly shows the pedal force and the brake force for clean, less dirty, dirty and soap solution when using disc brake in cold condition with servo unit with the Thepra Universal Brake Testing Equipment. A pedal brake of 117 kN produce a brake force of 0.96 kN for a clean brake fluid,Table 2: Results of disc brake in cold condition with servoTable 3: Results of disc brake in hot condition with servo0.91 kN for the less dirty, 0.85 kN for dirty and 1.44 kN for soap solution. Comparatively, a maximum brake force is achieved when the fluid is clean. When there is the presence of dirt,the brake force decreases and therefore more pedal force is needed to take up thewithout servoloss created by the dirt.Hence the greater the dirt, the greater thepedal force required.The value of 1.44kN which wasachieved when the soap solution wasused indicated a positive braking force compared with all the three fluids at the same pedal force. Subsequent pedal forces applied as shown in Table 2 gave a reduction in the brake force when soap solution was used. The implication was that soap solution could be used to produce a high pedal force within a very short time (about 10-30 min) and can therefore be used in case of emergency.From Table 2, it can be observed that for the same pedal force of 117 KN the soap solution transmitted the highest amount of brake force followed by the clean fluid, less dirty fluid and dirty fluid in that order. This implies that in cold condition using servo, the soap solution performs best followed by the clean, less dirty and dirty respectively.Disc brake in hot condition with servo unit: When the experiment was carried out using a disc brake under the hot conditions with the introduction of a servo, a pedal force of 120 kN gave a brake force of 0.95 kN for clean fluid, 0.90 kN for less dirty, 0.85 kN for a dirty fluid and 0.19 KN for soap solution. The result could be explain that, the clean brake fluid gave the highest brake force follow by less dirty, dirty and soap solution. It was observed that the soap solution perform poorly at this time recording a brake force of 0.19 KN as shown in Table 3.Disc brake in hot condition without servo: Figure 4 shows a plot of disc brake inhot condition without servo unit. It can be observed that, under hot conditions for the disc brake without servo, the trend is generally the same. The soap solution performed very badly compare with the other fluids, unlike its performance under cold conditions. This may be due to evaporation of the fluid making the fluid compressible; as if air was in the braking system. Generally, the clean fluid performed best in terms of transmission of brake force followed by the less dirty, dirty and soap solution in that order.Disc brake with air in system under cold condition: Braking force for this experiment was generally low as compared with the case when air was not trapped in the system as shown in Table 4. When the experiment was conducted with a pedal force of 165 kN, braking force ofTable 4: Results of disc brake with air in system under cold condition with servoFig. 5: Results of disc brake with air in system under hot condition with servo0.32 kN soap solution was obtained, for 0.37 KN for dirty, 0.28 KN for less dirty and 0.30 kN for clean fluid. This is in line with literature because according to Mudd (1972) the presence of air in the braking system makes the system ineffective since much of the drivers effort will be used to compress the air leaving very little for the brake application.Again, the soap solution did not give the least braking force because when the system is cold, soap solution is effective and its density is higher since there is nooccurrence of evaporation of the solution.Disc brake with air in system under hot condition: The Fig. 5 shows the plot of a graph indicating disc brake with air in the system under hot condition clearly shows that, when a pedal force of 152 kN was applied, a brake force of 1.11 kN was obtained for clean, 0.37 kN for less dirty, 0.28 kN for dirty and 0.26 kN for soap solution. It was observed that the maximum brake force was attained when the fluid was clean and on the introduction of dirty fluid, the brake force reduced drastically, though the pedal force was very high at 152 kN in the hot condition.Soap solution provides the least brake force because the air content in the system increases due to evaporation and hence the pedal force compresses air rather than transmitting power. As the system heats up, the air in the system expands thereby reducing the braking efficiency which results in brake failure.CONCLUSIONThe study was conducted using an experiment performed on a Thepra Brake Testing Equipment to check the efficiency of the four fluids in the transmission of braking forces. According tothe viscometer test shown that the soap solution appears to be the best fluid as far as low viscosity and stability of viscosity with increase in temperature is concerned. However, it is less compatible with other fluids, difficult to mix easily with other brake fluids and has a low boiling point which will not make it suitable to be substituted as a clean brake fluid.Again, when air is trapped in the braking system, which results in the brake fluid being compressible, higher pedal force was needed to be able to produce a significant braking force.Also, when brakes are operated under hot conditions its efficiency is reduced, a fault known as brake fade occurs as a result of the heating up of the brakes which creates less frictional resistance between rotating disc and the frictional pads.Finally, Soap solution when used at cold condition produces high braking force but becomes less effective after prolong use due to the presence of heat which evaporates the soap solution.REFERENCESAfukaar, F., K. Agyemang, W. Ackaah and I. Mosi, 2008. Road traffic crashes inGhana, statistics 2007. Consultancy Service Report for National Road SafetyCommission of Ghana.Bird, R., S. Wright and E.N. Light, 1960. Transport Phenomena, Gibrine Publishing Company,Heinz, H., 1999. Vehicle and Engine Technology. 2nd Edn.,Butterworth-Heinemann Publications, Nurumberg, pp: 235-291Johnson, D., B. Sperandei and R. Gilbert, 2003. Analysis of the flow through a vented automotive brake rotor. J. Fluids Eng., 125: 979-986.Mcphee, A.D. and D.A. Johnson, 2007. Experimental heat transfer and flow analysis of a vented brake rotor. Int. J. Thermal Sci., 47(4): 458-467.译文：一个使用四个液体系统分析盘式制动器的制动效率的实验摘要当车辆加速时能量由发动机提供使汽车的速度增加。
海洋垃圾清理机器人英文文献
海洋垃圾清理机器人英文文献Scientists are preparing to launch the world's first machine to clean up the planet's largest mass of ocean plastic.The system, originally dreamed up by a teenager, will be shipped out this summer to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, between Hawaii and California, and which contains an estimated 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic. It will be the first ever attempt to tackle the patch since it was discovered in 1997.The experts believe the machine should be able to collect half of the detritus in the patch about 40,000 metric tons within five years.In the past few weeks they have been busy welding together giant tubes that will sit on the surface of the sea and form the skeleton of the machine, creating the largest floating barrier ever made.The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) spans 617,763 sq miles - more than twice the size of France, and contains at least 79,000 tons of plastic, research found last month.Most of it is made up of “ghost gear”parts of abandoned and lost fishing gear, such as nets and ropes often from illegal fishing vessels.Ghost gear kills more than 100,000 whales, dolphins and seals each year, according to scientific surveys. Seabirds and other marine life are increasingly being found dead with stomachs full of small pieces of plastic.Creatures eat plastic discarded in the sea thinking it’s food but then starve to death because they are not feeding properly.Others are trapped and die of starvation or are strangled or suffocated by ghost gear.。
汽车行业英语翻译
汽车行业术语（下）nondispersive ultraviolet氢火焰离子化检测器flame ionization ditector总碳氢化合物分析仪total hydrocarbon analyzer气相色谱仪gas chromatograph化学发光检测器chemiluminescent detector臭氧发生器ozonator底盘测功机chassis dynamometer惯性模拟系统inertia simulation system功率吸收装置device for power absorption转鼓roller空气阻力aerodynamic resistance滚动阻力rolling resistance当量惯量equivalent inertia滤纸式测试仪filter-type measuring apparatus 转速表tachometer成套分析设备analytical train组合气室stacked cell参比室reference cell滤光室filter cell干扰滤光器interferential filter加热式氢火焰离子化检测器heated flame ionization detector 氮氧化合物转化器Nox converter(No2-NO)反应室reactive cell (chamber)催化燃烧分析仪catalytic combustion analyzer碳氢化合物响应度hydrocarbon response碳数当量carbon equivalent百万分率碳parts per million carbon (ppmC) 氧干扰oxygen interference氧校正oxygen correction湿度较正系数humidity correction (kh)factor拖尾tailing五氧化二碘法iodine penta-oxide method平衡气balance gas零点气zero grade gas (air zero gas)校正气calibrating gas量距气span gas拉格朗日拟合lagrangian fit二氧化碳干扰校正corrected for CO2 extraction袋式分析bag analysis柴油机排烟测定仪器diesel smoke measuring instrument排气烟度opacity of exhaust gas烟度计opacimeter全流式烟度计full flow opacimeter取样烟度计sampling opacimeter光线有效通过长度effective path length of light ray 吸光系数light absorption coefficient峰值储存器peak hold device烟室smoke chamber引进气体incoming gas排出气体outgoing gas色温color temperature人眼的感光曲线photoptic curve of human eye 光谱反应曲线spectral response curve光源light source光束light beam直接光线direct light ray反射光线reflected light rays散射光diffused light光通量light lux中性滤波仪neutral optical filter烟度计物理反应时间physical response time of opacimeter 电气响应时间electrical response time倍频程octave热时常数thermal time-constant烟柱smoke column标定用遮光片calibrating screen示踪气体tracer gas扫气scavenge air冷却装置cooling device膨涨箱expansion tank暗度刻度obscuration scale光学试验台optical bench热电偶thermocouple气密性gas tightness阻尼室dampling chamber烟度计smokemeter光学式烟度计optical smokemeter不透光式烟度计smoke opacimeter比尔-朗伯定律beer-lambert law不透光度opacity (lgiht obscuration )(N)透光度transmittance(t)光吸收系数coefficient of light absorption (k) 光通道有效长度effective optical path length(L) 滤纸式烟度计filter type smokemeter有效长度effective length抽气量swept volume滤纸有效面积effective filter area死区容积dead volume烟度单位smoke unit(index)滤纸式烟度单位filter smoke number (FSN)内装式烟度计built-in (in-line)smokemeter外装式烟度计mounted(end-of line) smokemeter全流式烟度计full-flow smokemeter部分流式烟度计part-flow smokemeter取样探头probe排气收集系统exhaust gas collection equipment稀释空气样气收集袋sample collection bag for dilution air稀释空气取样探头sample probe for dilution air稀释排气混合气收集袋sample collection bag for dilute exhaust mixture 取样方法和设备sampling method and device全流取样法full flow sampling部分流取样法partial flow sampling定容取样法constant volume sampling (CVS) 全量袋式取样法total bag sampling比例取样法proportional smapling直接取样法direct sampling method动态或连续取样法dynamic or continuous sampling 容积式泵positive displacement pump临界流量文杜里管critical flow venturi稀释系数dilution factor稀释用空气dilution air稀释排气diluted exhaust稀释风道dilution ratio取样探管dilution tunnel取样袋sampling bag逆向清洗back flush试验方法和限值testing method and limits 试验循环test cycle行驶循环driving cycle工况mode行驶监视仪driver aid中间转速intermediate speed加权系数weighting coefficient美国烟排放物试验循环US EPA smoke emission test cycle 全负荷法full load method自由加速法free acceleraton method加载减速法lug down method稳定单速法single steady speed method道路试验法road test method滑行法coastdown密闭室测定蒸发排放物法（SHED）sealed housing ofr evaporative emission determination (SHED) 运转损失running losses热浸损失hot soak losses昼间换气损失diurnal breathing losses美国LA-4C法USEQP A-4CH test procedure美国LA-4CH法US EPA 4CH test procedure美国九工况法US EPA 9 -mode test cycle美国十三工况法US EPA 13-mde test cycle美国重型柴油机瞬态法US EPA heavy duty diesel engine transient test cycle日本四工况法Japanese 4-mode test cycle日本十工况法Japanese 10/11-mode test cycle 日本六工况法Japanese 6-mode test cycle欧洲ECE十五工况法ECE 15-mode test cycle排放限值emission limits怠速排放限值idle speed emission limits浓度排放限值emission concentration limits质量排放限值mass rate of emission limits净化purifying净化率purifying rate在用车in-use vehicle无铅汽油unleaded gasoline务化系数（DF）deterioration factor(DF) 车辆类型vehicle type道路车辆road vehicle商用车辆commercial vehicle机动车辆motor vehicle电动车辆electric vehicle摩托车motorcycle轻便摩托车moped轿车passenger car微型轿车minicar普通级轿车subcompact car中级轿车compact car中高级轿车intermediate car高级轿车limousine (pullman saloon)活顶轿车convertible saloon旅行轿车station wagon短头轿车forward control passenger car 小型轿车coupe敞蓬小轿车drop head coupe跑车sports car赛车racer (racing car)单座小客车one-seater七座小客车seven-seater越野车off-road vehicle轻型越野车light-off-road vehicle中型越野车medium off-road vehicle重型越野车heavy off -road vehicle超重型越野车extra heavy off- road vehicle 吉普车jeep硬顶吉普车hard top jeep客车bus微型客车minibus轻型客车light bus中型客车medium bus大型客车large bus客货两用小客车estate car (estate) 多用途客车multipurpose vehicle 厢式小客车closed car出租小客车taxicar城市客车urban bus大客车coach城间大客车intercity bus长途大客车long distance coach旅游客车sightseeing bus(touring bus) 铰接客车articulated bus无轨客车trolley bus双层客车double-deck bus团体客车private coach货车truck(lorry)微型货车mini-truck轻型货车light truck中型货车medium truck重型货车heavy truck公路货车highway vehicle小型货车pick-up平板货车platform truck(flat bed truck) 通用货车general -purpose vehicle短轴距货车short-wheel base truck长轴距货车long-wheelbase truck集装箱运输货车container carrier客货两用车cargo-bus厢式货车van牵引汽车towing vehicle全挂牵引汽车towing vehicle牵杆式牵引车full-trailer towing vehicle 半挂牵引车semi-trailer towing vehicle 道路列车road train客用道路列车passenger road train铰接式道路列车articulated road train双挂式道路列车double road train混合式道路列车composite road train天然气车辆natural gas vehicle(NGV)压缩天然气车辆compressed natural gas vehicle 液化天然气车辆liquid petroleum gas vehicle液化石油气车辆liquid petroleum gas vehicle双燃料车辆duel fuel vehicle单燃料车辆single fuel vehicle专用车special vehicle垃圾车dust car (refuse collector)冷藏车refrigerated van洒水车street sprinkler (street flusher) 囚车prison van殡仪车hearse售货车mobile store(mobile shop)图书馆车mobile library宣传车mobile louderspeaker商业广告车spiel truck展览汽车demonstration car博览会专用车fairground vehicle流动艺术展览车artmobile邮政车mobile post office运油车fuel tanker加油车refueller飞机牵引车aircraft tractor救护车ambulance (medical vehicle) 病院汽车clinic car医疗急救车rescue ambulanceX射线诊断车mobile-x-ray clinic防疫监测车mobile epidemic control vehicle 计划生育车mobile family -planning clinic 伤残者运送车handicapped person carrier炊事车kitchen vehicle餐车mobile canteen沐浴车mobile shower bath保温车insulated van电视转播车TV relaying vehicle电视录像车video recording vehicle摄影车mobile photographic studio电影放映车film projection vehicle邮件运输车mail carrier农用车farm vehicle种子检测车plant seeds inspection van植物保护车plant pest control vehicle计量检测车metrology inspection vehicle环境检测车mobile environment monitor畜禽防疫车mobile animal eqidemic control 交通监理车traffic control car刑事勘察车mobile crime investigation vehicle 气卸散装水泥车bulk-cement pneumatic delivery tanker气卸散装煤粉车bulk-coal powder pneumatic delivery tanker气卸散装电石粉车bulk-calcium carbide pneumatic delivery tanker 气卸散装化学粉粒车bulk-chemicals pneumatic delivery tanker食用植物油运油汽车edible oil tanker食用植物油加油车edible oil pump delivery tanker活鱼运输车life fish carrier气卸散装面粉车bulk-flour pneumatic delivery tanker吸尘车vacuum sweeper高压清洗车high-pressure sewer flushing vehicle吸污车suction -type sewer scavenger 真空吸粪车suction -type tumbrel tanker 自装卸垃圾车refuse collecting truck旋转板自装卸垃圾车compression refuse collector 航空食品装运车aircraft caterer's delivery truck 散装粮食运输车bulk-grain carrier散装饲料运输车bulk-fodder transport truck牲畜运输车livestock carrier家禽运输车poultry carrier养蜂车mobile bee-keeper原木运输车logging transporter管材运输车pole transporter车辆运输车car transporter锅炉车mobile boiler除雪车snow sweeper机场客梯车mobile aircraft landing stairs 消防车fire-fighting vehicle水罐消防车fire-extinguishing water tanker 泡沫消防车fire-extinguishing foam tanker 救火泵车fire pumper消防水罐车fire tanker泡沫灭火车foam vehicle消防指挥车fire service commanding car 云梯消防车fire-fighting truntable ladder 厢式汽车van厢式零担运输车break bulk cargo carrier罐式汽车tanker酸罐车acid tanker液化气罐车liquified gas tanker奶罐车milk tanker食品液罐车beverage tanker背罐车demountable tanker carrier装卸机械loading (unload)machine叉式装货机fork-type loading (unlaod)machine 刮板式装货机scraper type loading machine单斗式装货机single bucket loading machine带升降塔架车辆tower crane塔式超重机tower crane汽车吊车truck crane移动式起重机mobile crane固定式起重机stationary crane起重举升汽车crane/lift truck特种结构汽车special construction vehicle随车起重运输车truck with loading crane后栏板起重运输车tail-lift truck高空作业车hydraulic aerial cage（公路事故或故障车辆的）急修车breakdown truck修理车mobile workshop救险车recovery vehicle技术服务车service car现场用小车spot dolly工具车tool car故障检修车trouble car勘测工程车recording bus筑路工程用车road machine压路机road roller推土机ball dozer平路机motor grader铲运机wheeled loading shovel 轮式装载车wheeled loader轮式挖掘机wheeled excavator混凝土搅拌车concrete mixer truck焊接工程车mobile welding workshop沥青洒布车asphalt distribution truck沥青路面养护车asphalt pavement maintenance truck 沥青运输车heated bitument tanker建筑大板运输车prfab building panel transporter电信工程车telecommunicatin field service truck 工程机械运输车construction machinery transporter 仓栅式汽车storage/stake truck钻孔立柱车pole drill and erection truck油田试井车oil-well testing vehicle井架运输车derrick transporter修井车well maintenance vehicle地锚车mobile ground anchor vehicle灌注车oil well cracking acid pumping truck 照明车flood lighting vehicle后翻倾式自卸汽车rear dump truck两侧翻倾式自卸汽车side dump truck三面翻倾式自卸汽车three-way dump truck重型自卸汽车heavy duty dump truck 矿用自卸汽车mining dump truck专用自卸汽车special dump truck摆臂式自装卸汽车swept-body dump truck 车厢可卸式汽车roll-off skip loader全挂车full trailer半挂车semi-trailer特种挂车special trailer栏板货厢式挂车cargo trailer平板式挂车flat platform trailer低架式挂车low-loader trailer厢式挂车trailer van自卸式挂车dumper trailer旅居挂车caravan动物集装箱live-stock container 干货集装箱dry cargo container 保温集装箱isothermal container 框架集装箱flat rack container 散货集装箱bulk container罐式集装箱tank container冷藏集装箱refrigerated container质量mass净底盘干质量bare chassis dry mass净底盘整备质量bare chassis kerb mass底盘与驾驶室干质量chassis and cab dry mass底盘与驾驶室整备质量chassis and cab kerb mass整车交运质量complete vehicle shipping mass 整车整备质量complete vehicle kerb mass最大设计总质量maximum design total mass最大允许总质量maximum autohrozed total mass最大设计装载质量maximum design pay mass最大允许装载质量maximum autohorized pay mass厂定最大总质量manufacturer's maxumum total mass 载重量payload车辆自重kerb weight总重量gross weight轴荷axle load最大设计轴荷maximum design axle load最小设计轴荷minimum authorized axle load最大允许轴荷maximum design axle load轮胎最大设计拖挂质量maximum design tyre load最大设计拖挂质量maximum authorized tyre load最大允许拖挂质量maximum authorized towed mass汽车列车最大设计质量maximum design mass of vehicle combination汽车列车最大允许质量maximum authorized mass of vehicle combination铰接车最大设计质量maximum disgn mass of articulated vehicle铰接车最大允许质量maximum authorized amss of articulated vehicle半挂牵引车承受的最大静载荷maximum design static laod borne by semi-trailer towing vehicle 作用在挂接装置上的最大设计静载荷maximum design static laod on coupling device作用在挂接装置上的最大允许静载荷maximum authorized static load on coupling device比功率power/mass ratio比扭矩torque/maximum total mass ratio 重量利用系数factor of weight utilizaton汽车型谱chart of automotive model后驱动汽车rear drive automobile前驱动汽车front drive automobile发动机后置式客车bus with rear engine四轮驱动车辆all wheel drive automobile发动机前置式客车bus with front engine发动机底置式客车bus with underfloor engine计算机辅助设计computer aided deisgn(CAD)有限寿命设计design for finite life累积疲劳损伤原理theory of cumulative damage in fatique优化设计optimum deisgn汽车尺寸控制图sketch on layout ofr dimenshion's control of assembly 汽车总装配图automobile assembly drawing汽车总布置草图sketch for automobile layout汽车设计的技术经济分析technical -economic analysis in automobile design设计任务书design assignment系列化、通用化、标准化seriation ,universalization and standardization总布置设计calculation for layout 运动校核correction of motion 侧视轮廓side outline前视轮廓end outline顶视轮廓plan outline车长vehicle length车宽vehicle width车高vehicle height轴距wheel base轮距track前轮距track front后轮距track rear双胎间距space between twin wheels前悬front overhang后悬rear overhang离地间隙ground clearance纵向通过角ramp angle接近角approach angle离出角departure angle车架高度height of chassis above ground驾驶室后车架最大可用长度maximum usable length of chassis behind cab 车身长度body work length车厢内部最大尺寸maximum internal dimension of body货厢内长loading space length货厢有效长度loading length货厢内宽loading space width货厢有效内宽loading width货厢内高loading space height货厢有效内高loading height货台高度loading surface height车架自由长度frame free length栏板内高inside board hegiht货厢容积loading surface门高door height门宽door width车架有效长度chassis frame useful length货厢全长body length牵引杆长drawbar length牵引装置的位置position of towing attachment 牵引装置的悬伸overhang of towing atachment牵引装置的高度heigth of towing attachment牵引装置牵距distance of towing attachment牵引座前置距fifth wheel lead长度计算用牵引座前置距fifth wheel lead for calculation of length质量分配用牵引座前置距fith wheel lead for calculation of mass distribution牵引座结合面高度height of coupling face牵引装置至车辆前端的距离distance between towing device and front end of towing vehicle 牵引叉销至车辆前端的距离distance between jaw and front end of towing vehicle半挂车间隙半径rear tractor clearance radius of semi-trailer半挂车前回转半径front fitting radius of semi trailer车轮垂直行程vertical clearance of wheel车轮提升高度lift of wheel转弯半径turning circle静止半径static radius碰撞collision (crash,impact)正碰撞frontal collision (frontal impact) 侧碰撞side collision (side impact)后碰撞rear collision (rear impact)擦碰撞sidewipe collision碰撞方向collision direction碰撞角度collision angle倾斜的oblique(tilt)成角度的angled纵向的longitudinal垂直的perpendicular对中centered偏置offset重叠overlap碰撞轴线排列collision axis alignment 纯正撞pure frontal impact。
WASHING MACHINE AND WASHING-DRYING MACHINE
专利名称：WASHING MACHINE AND WASHING-DRYING MACHINE发明人：KOIKE, Toshifumi,OHBAYASHI,Shiro,KAMANO, Toshiyasu,MIYANO,Yuzuru,HIYAMA, Isao,YOSHIDA, Tetsushi 申请号：JP2004013218申请日：20040910公开号：WO05/026426P1公开日：20050324专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：A washing-drying machine with a pulsator, where cleaning power is prevented from being reduced and drying time is prevented from being lengthened, which causes less clothes tangling and less wrinkles in dry finished laundry. A washing-drying machine has a washing-cum-dewatering vessel (2), a pulsator (4) provided on the bottom of the washing-cum-dewatering vessel (2), and a drive device for driving the pulsator (4). The pulsator (4) has a slope where laundry (38) is brought upward while being caused to slide. When the pulsator (4) is rotated, the laundry is moved vertically, and rotated at the same time in the same direction as the pulsator (4) rotates.申请人：KOIKE, Toshifumi,OHBAYASHI, Shiro,KAMANO, Toshiyasu,MIYANO, Yuzuru,HIYAMA, Isao,YOSHIDA, Tetsushi地址：15-12, Nishi Shimbashi 2-chome, Minato-ku Tokyo 1058410 JP,c/o HITACHI, LTD. Mechanical Engineering Research Laboratory, 502, Kandatsu-machi, Tsuchiura-shi Ibaraki 3000013 JP,c/o HITACHI, LTD. Mechanical Engineering Research Laboratory, 502, Kandatsu-machi, Tsuchiura-shi Ibaraki 3000013 JP,c/o Hitachi Home & Life Solutions, Inc.Taga Works, 1-1, Higashi Taga-cho 1-chome, Hitachi-shi Ibaraki 3160004 JP,c/o Hitachi Home & Life Solutions, Inc. Taga Works, 1-1, Higashi Taga-cho 1-chome, Hitachi-shi Ibaraki 3160004 JP,c/o Hitachi Home & Life Solutions, Inc. Taga Works, 1-1, Higashi Taga-cho 1-chome, Hitachi-shi Ibaraki 3160004 JP,c/o Hitachi Home & Life Solutions, Inc. Taga Works, 1-1, Higashi Taga-cho 1-chome, Hitachi-shi Ibaraki 3160004 JP国籍：JP,JP,JP,JP,JP,JP,JP代理机构：OGAWA, Katsuo更多信息请下载全文后查看。
中英文中英文文献翻译-发动机缸盖加工工艺概述
•中文译文•发动机缸盖加工工艺概述•一、发动机缸盖的功用气缸盖是发动机的主要零件之一，位于发动机的上部，其底平面经汽缸衬垫，用螺栓紧固在气缸体上。
主要功用如下：1、封闭气缸上部，并与活塞顶部和汽缸壁一起形成燃烧室。
2、作为定置气门发动机的配气机构、进排气管和出水管的装配基体。
3、气缸盖内部有冷却水套，其底面上的冷却水孔与气缸体冷却水孔相通，以便利用循环水带走发动机的高温。
二、气缸盖的结构特点气缸盖应具有足够的强度和刚度，以保证在气体的压力和热应力的作用下，能够可靠的工作。
气缸盖的形状一般为六面体，系多孔薄壁件，其中我们现在481缸盖上，加工的数量多达100个。
铸造最薄处只有4.5毫米。
三、缸盖材料与毛坯制造1、缸盖的材料：缸盖的材料，现在的发动机厂家一般选用铝合金。
因为铝合金导热性能较好，有利于适当提高压压缩比，质量也较轻，可以降低整车、整机的重量。
但是铝合金缸盖的刚度差，使用过程中容易变形。
缸盖附件上，以前气门座材料一般采用耐热合金铸铁，气门导管一般采用铸铁。
现在粉末冶金在气门阀座和导管上运用的越来越多了，而且很多复杂的形状也能铸造成型，不需要再加工了。
但耐磨性不如铸铁。
•裂纹：铸造应力造成；•冷隔：浇注过程中铝水冷却速度不一致造成；•表面疏松：浇注温度不当或铝水成分不当；•气孔：浇注铝水中夹杂了空气；•砂眼：浇注铝水中夹杂了杂质；•沾砂：工件出炉温度不当或没有喷丸等。
四、缸盖的加工难点：1、平面加工工艺•缸盖的顶面、底面和进、排气面都是大面积平面，精度要求高（平面度0.04，垂直度0.05，位置度0.10），而且有可能是全部工艺过程的基础，例如480缸盖就是。
•这就对机床的几何精度和刀具的调整精度要求比较高。
•以前缸盖大平面加工，采用硬质合金刀片加工，并配一个金刚石修光刃。
现在，如果毛坯情况好的话，全部采用金刚石刀片进行加工，可以很好的提高加工后的表面粗糙度。
2、高精度孔的加工•气缸盖上的气门阀座、导管孔、挺杆孔和凸轮轴孔等孔系，有配合关系。
高压清洗机UL1776(doc 150)
高压清洗机UL1776(doc 150)部门： xxx时间： xxx整理范文，仅供参考，可下载自行编辑UL 1776ISBN 1-55989-934-4 高压清洗机美国UL安全检测实验室公司（Underwriters Laboratories Inc.）(UL)伊利诺伊州60062-2096诺斯布罗克市普芬斯腾路333号UL安全标准用于高压清洗机，UL 1776第二版，日期1995年12月27日修订：本标准含有直至1997年6月19日（包括1997年6月19日）作出的修改。
凡改动之处，均在受到影响的项目后面以一个提示标明。
提示的前面和后面都有一个星号。
日期为1997年6月19日的修订稿包括本标准的打印标题页（第1页）。
这份在UL的Northbrook Office的标准的主体是一份正式文件，是关系到一项UL服务，以及一种产品和该产品或服务是否符合要求的正式文件。
或者解答有关于本标准的准确性的问题。
UL的“安全标准”的版权属于UL。
“标准”的复印件也好，“磁盘上的标准”也好以及销售用磁盘上的“标准”文件也好都不得以任何方式予以改动。
与这些标准有关的所有UL的标准和所有版权、所有权，以及权利应始终是UL的独家财产。
版权所有。
未经UL的事先允许，本出版物的任何部分不得被复制、储存在可以取用的系统中，或用任何方式，不论是电子的、机械复印的，记录的方式，或其它手段进行传输。
“UL安全标准”的修订本经常会发布。
“UL安全标准”只有在包含最新的修订本的情况下，这个安全标准才是现行的。
UL“按原样”提供本“标准”，不作出任何种类的、明确的或隐含的保证，包括但不限于为了任何目的的适销性或合适性的保证。
不论在什么情况下，UL都不对由于使用本标准或不能使用本标准而造成的任何特殊的、偶发的、间接发生的、间接的或类似的损失，包括利润的损失、节蓄的损失、数据损失，或任何其它损失负责，即使UL或授权的UL代表已被通知了这种损失的可能性。
机械设计毕业设计说明书马路护栏清洗机的设计
湖北工业大学毕业设计说明书题目：马路护栏清洗机学院：机械学院专业：机电一体化学号： 1010100406姓名：熊飞指导教师：王海涛完成日期：2014年5月湖北工业大学毕业论文（设计）任务书论文（设计）题目：马路护栏清洗机学号：1010100406姓名：熊飞专业：机电一体化指导教师：王海涛系主任：李奕一、主要内容及基本要求1：了解城市街道护栏清洗机的原理及其设计：2：CAD绘图设计，要求A0图纸一张，总共达到两张A0。
3：说明书，要求8000字以上，要求内容完整，计算准确：4：外文翻译3000字以上，要求语句通顺。
二、重点研究的问题1：马路街道护栏清洗机结构的设计：2：马路街道护栏清洗机工作原理的选型四、应收集的资料及主要参考文献[1]任伯森.中国机械式清洗设备发展概况[J].中外清洗设备及配套产品重点厂商名录.1999,1 :5 -7[2]喻乐康，左东晓.机械清洗的技术发展[J]建设机械技术与管理.1999,1: 30 -32[3]张福恩、吴乃优.交流调速电梯原理、设计及安装维修[M].北京:机械工业出社.1999[4]余锡存、曹国华.单片机原理及接口技术[M].西安:西安电子科技大学，2000[5]刘竞成.交流调速系统[N].上海:上海交通大学出版社，1984[6] ELEVATER WORLD[J], U.S.A: ELEVATER WORLD. INC. 1981^1989[7]B .K.博瑟.交流调速系统[Nu].姚承三等译.北京;煤炭工业出版社.1986[9]PhilipsRS ,ElectricL ifts[M].London:Sir LsaacP itman&SonsLtd,1996[10]高健.机械优化设计基础[M].北京:科学出版社，2000.湖北工业大学毕业论文（设计）评阅表学号1010100406 姓名熊飞专业机电一体化毕业论文（设计）题目：马路护栏清洗机湖北工业大学毕业论文（设计）鉴定意见学号：1010100406 姓名：熊飞专业：机电一体化毕业论文（设计说明书）27 页图表 6 张目录第一章研究背景及发展概况‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1一研究背景‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1二发展概况‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 21 成型产品介绍‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 22 技术差距‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 6第二章结构设计‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8一工作原理及主要机构‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8二设计要求‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 12三方案讨论‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 13第三章设计计算‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 14一刷子的设计计算‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 14二电动机的选定‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 16三支撑导槽的设计‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 18四液压泵的选择‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 20五带轮传动设计计算‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 22结论‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 24设计体会‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 24致谢‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 25参考文献‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 26第一章城市道路护栏清洗车的研究背景发展概况一研究背景管理设施作为交通管理工作的重要组成部分，是一个城市的经济、文化、市容、市貌等方面综合体现的窗口，它标志着一个城市管理水平的高低。
液压系统设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
附录A液压系统设计液压技术被引入工业领域已经有一百多年的历史了，随着工业的迅猛发展，液压技术更日新月异。
伴随着数学、控制理论、计算机、电子器件和液压流体学的发展，出现了液压伺服系统，并作为一门应用科学已经发展成熟，形成自己的体系和一套行之有效的分析和设计方法。
好了，不多说了，现在我和大家来说说液压系统设计的方法和注意问题。
举个液压系统在机床运用的例子来和大家聊，并欢迎大家提出意见。
1 设计机床液压传动系统的依据1.机床的总体布局和工艺要求，包括采用液压传动所完成的机床运动种类、机械设计时提出可能用的液压执行元件的种类和型号、执行元件的位置及其空间的尺寸范围、要求的自动化程度等。
2.机床的工作循环、执行机构的运动方式（移动、转动或摆动），以及完成的工作范围。
3.液压执行元件的运动速度、调速范围、工作行程、载荷性质和变化范围。
4.机床各部件的动作顺序和互锁要求，以及各部件的工作环境与占地面积等。
5.液压系统的工作性能，如工作平稳性、可靠性、换向精度、停留时间和冲出量等方面的要求。
6.其它要求，如污染、腐蚀性、易燃性以及液压装置的质量、外形尺寸和经济性等。
2 设计液压传动系统的步骤1.明确对液压传动系统的工作要求，是设计液压传动系统的依据，由使用部门以技术任务书的形式提出。
2. 拟定液压传动系统图。
(1) 根据工作部件的运动形式，合理地选择液压执行元件；(2) 根据工作部件的性能要求和动作顺序，列出可能实现的各种基本回路。
此时应注意选择合适的调速方案、速度换接方案，确定安全措施和卸荷措施，保证自动工作循环的完成和顺序动作和可靠。
液压传动方案拟定后，应按国家标准规定的图形符号绘制正式原理图。
图中应标注出各液压元件的型号规格，还应有执行元件的动作循环图和电气元件的动作循环表。
3. 计算液压系统的主要参数和选择液压元件。
(1) 计算液压缸的主要参数；(2) 计算液压缸所需的流量并选用液压泵；(3) 选用油管；(4) 选取元件规格；(5) 计算系统实际工作压力；(6) 计算功率，选用电动机；(7) 发热和油箱容积计算；4.进行必要的液压系统验算。
(全篇版)曲臂式高处操作车的安全技术介绍英文版
(全篇版)曲臂式高处操作车的安全技术介绍英文版Title: Introduction to the Safety Technology of Articulated Boom Lifts (Full Version)Articulated boom lifts, also known as cherry pickers, are versatile pieces of equipment commonly used in construction, maintenance, and other industries for working at heights. These machines offer great flexibility and reach, but it is crucial to prioritize safety when operating them.One of the key safety features of articulated boom lifts is the platform control system, which allows operators to maneuver the lift smoothly and precisely. It is important for operators to be trained in using this system effectively to avoid accidents.Another important aspect of safety technology in articulated boom lifts is the emergency lowering system. In case of power failure or otheremergencies, this system allows the platform to be lowered safely to the ground, preventing any potential injuries to the operator.Furthermore, regular maintenance and inspection of the lift are essential to ensure its safe operation. Operators should always check for any signs of wear and tear, as well as ensure that all safety mechanisms are functioning properly before each use.In addition, operators must be properly trained in fall protection techniques and equipment when working at heights. This includes wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment and following proper procedures to prevent falls.Overall, the safety technology of articulated boom lifts plays a crucial role in ensuring the well-being of operators and preventing accidents. By following proper safety protocols and staying vigilant while operating these machines, operators can maximize efficiency and productivity while minimizing risks.。
毕业设计汽车自动清洗装置
分类号：职业技术学院毕业设计〔论文〕题目基于PLC的汽车自动清洗装置英文并列题目The automatic cleaning device based on PLC bus 院系自控系班级电气21101学生肖晋学号2010110127所在团队指导教师〔1〕翱东职称讲师指导教师〔2〕黄堃职称讲师辩论委员会主任主辩论人二零年月毕业设计〔论文〕任务书汽车自动清洗装置PLC控制摘要：本研究主要是针对汽车的自动清洗，现在人们生活的不断改善越来越多的人拥有了私家车，现在洗车对于我们的车主来说已经成为日常生活中不可缺少的局部了，考虑到洗车设备的各种优点以与洗车设备PLC控制的优缺点，所以就选择PLC作为控制系统的核心。
现如今各国都在流行一种隧道式洗车的方式，在如今的各大城市已经取代了传统的人工洗车，这是与PLC技术的支持分不开的。
节水和环保，提高技术含量，是提高服务质量将成为洗车行业的唯一途径。
关键词：汽车自动清洗；PLC控制系统；洗车业The automatic cleaning device PLC control carAbstract:This study focuses on self-cleaning vehicles, continuous improvement of people's lives more and more people now have a private car, and now the owners of the car wash for our daily lives, it has bee an indispensable part of, taking into account the car wash equipment the advantages and disadvantages of various car wash equipment PLC control, so we chose PLC as the core control system. Today countries are a popular way of tunnel car wash, in today's major cities have replaced the traditional manual car wash, which is inseparable from the support of PLC technology. Water conservation and environmental protection, improve the technological content, is to improve the quality of service will be the only way to the car wash industry.Keywords: automatic car washing car washing industry; PLC control system;The car wash industry目录第一章概述1.1绪论 (1)1.2背景与意义 (3)1.3PLC控制系统设计的根本容 (4)第二章硬件设计2.1控制系统的功能要求 (6)2.2输入和输出点分别配表 (8)2.3元器件选型与明细表 (8)2.4接线图、原理图、布局图 (9)第三章软件设计3.1系统设计顺序功能图 (13)3.2系统设计梯形图 (15)第四章系统调试4.1硬件调试 (18)4.2软件调试 (18)4.3运行调试 (20)总结 (21)参考文献 (23)致 (24)第一章：概述1.1、绪论正如大家所知，伴随着计算机微处理器以与数字通信技术的大跨步前进，计算机应用的控制已经在很多控制领域已经得到了应用与开展。
有关智能小车的外文文献翻译(原文+中文)-英文文献翻译
Intelligent VehicleOur society is awash in “machine intelligence” of various kinds.Over the last century, we have witnessed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living being replaced by devices such as washing machines.One remaining area of both drudgery and danger, however, is the daily act ofdriving automobiles. 1.2million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002, which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of death . If this trend continues, an estimated 8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashes by 2020. in fact, the U.S. Department of Transportation has estimated the overall societal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than $230 billion .when hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the same time, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic. Traffic congestion undermines our quality of life in the same way air pollution undermines public health.Around 1990, road transportation professionals began to apply them to traffic and road management. Thus was born the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems were developed and deployed。
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附录The new high pressure cleaning the carWith the rapid development of industry, environment pollution is becoming more and more serious, the environmental protection question is already a global strategy. In order to adapt to the needs of the construction of urban environmental sanitation, clear in time the city, improve air quality, sanitation vehicles of development and development, has become an important topic of the set before us. The development of urbanization in our country, the increase of the road to the requirements of environmental protection and improve, which makes the sanitation car requirement increasingly, high pressure cleaning the car as a sanitation in vehicles, having to clean the road, guardrail and purify airy action, is one of the important urban environmental protection equipment. The current domestic production of high pressure cleaning car backward in technology, there are many problems; Foreign cleaning vehicle performance while is superior, but the price is expensive, need a lot of foreign exchange, it is not the solution to the problem. Therefore, the development of new high pressure cleaning cars has become China's urban environmental protection work important problem to be solved. It not only with independent intellectual property rights, and can improve the design level of our country special automobile, driving the sanitation vehicles in China to develop and manufacture independent design ability.1 a general introductionHigh pressure cleaning cars mainly by the power system, water system and hydraulic system, electronic control and manipulate system components. Power system for cleaning the car to walk and water pumps provide motivation. Water system mainly by the high pressure pump, water tank, valve, nozzle and other components, water through the pump pressure can improve after to 8 MP, form high pressure jet spraying to road, effectively flush the sand dust. Hydraulic system mainly by the hydraulic pump and motor and and valve set and other components, control vehicle to walk and injection action. Electric control part by sensors, SCM and maindisplay control panel etc. In this paper the development of high pressure cleaning car main technical parameters are as follows:The rating capacity; Engine output power 45 KW; The biggest water spray width is not less than 3 m; Spray work for vehicle speed 5 km/h; Spray water pressure is not less than 8 MP; Total number of nozzle 21; Water pump water largest amount 65km/h.2 power distribution and switching system2.1 the basic principle of the power transmission and scheme selectionHigh pressure cleaning car according to the function of the realization of the divided into two kinds of state: a normal work is driving condition, high pressure cleaning the car and general at the same car, realize the transfer function; vehicle 2 it is watering operations state, the state in the vehicle with very low, the speed of the high pressure water spray homework, cleaning the road. Due to the high pressure cleaning the car need driving and driven two aspects of the pump power, so the dynamic how to provide design is to consider when the primary issue.At home and abroad and usually use the power distribution solutions has two, one is to adopt double configuration of the engine power transmission system, is main engine vehicles not alter, transmission system will not do change, use a Taiwan independence in vehicles outside the system of power auxiliary engine drive hydraulic system for high pressure pump provide motivation.The advantages of this scheme is simple in structure, the price is low, the disadvantage is as the vehicle in the water spray work driving the speed, low speed less than 10 km/h, this time the main engine can't work in the best working point, that power allocation is not reasonable, can produce fuel and power waste, and occupy the space of vice engine body, less the water storage volume, vice vehicle engine installation added new vibration noise sources, the influence the stability of the vehicle.Another plan is to use the vehicle engine vehicle transmission system and hydraulic system provide the power, through the points with FenDongXiang action, in the transfer road, driven by the main engine FenDongXiang to driving axledifferentials, high speed movement; vehicle In injection homework road, driven by the main engine FenDongXiang to hydraulic system, on the one hand, control operation speed, on the other hand, the drive pump water spray.The scheme with the foregoing scheme, its advantage is compared, giving full play to the engine power, make the vehicle in the water spray operations can still working at high speed rating of the work of the state, not only save one engine, reduce the fuel consumption, and engine exhaust emission index is more advantageous to achieve urban environmental protection requirement. The vehicle structure more reasonable, vehicle weight of low, water storage space increases. To sum up, single engine configuration is a more reasonable configuration, so this paper power in the new, high pressure cleaning vehicle design, using a single engine design scheme.2.2 power distributionTo ensure the high pressure pump provide of the injection pressure is constant, drive the hydraulic loop quantitative hydraulic pump must work in constant speed rating of the work of the state, water spray operations vehicle of the speed and the road of injection effect is also not to change about the amount of driving, so drive the variable pump will work in constant speed rating of the work of the state, the consumption of driving power also for setting value. Thus, when the engine power to homework for setting value.2.3 new single axis FenDongXiang designFenDongXiang power distribution is the core of the system, the traditional thought of design FenDongXiang usually adopts two to three axis structure of power distribution. This paper introduces the design of new light high-pressure cleaning vehicle USES the chassis is isuzu NKR55LLA light chassis, with traditional structure of the FenDongXiang sizes too large, can't meet the size requirement. According to the characteristics of the power distribution system, independent design and development of the single shaft driving, the FenDongXiang greatly reduced the FenDongXiang size, make body structure more compact.3 hydraulic systemThe hydraulic control system is watering operations every action when the key to meeting, and the main variable pump, the quantitative pump, the drive motors, hydraulic cylinder, cooler, integrated control valves piece, filter etc. From the function of the realization of the perspective, hydraulic system by hydraulic motor drive travel system and hydraulic pressure motor drive water spray system twosub-systems.3.1 hydraulic motor drive driving systemThe variable pump, hydraulic motor and the corresponding hydraulic loop hydraulic subsystem, a walk for the system for oil pump, and quantitative pump coaxial connected. This system consists of integrated control valves to realize the control of hydraulic pump and hydraulic system. The variable pump and motor selection, according to the basic power to determine the value.3.2 hydraulic motor drive water spray systemHydraulic motor drive water spray system by quantitative pump, quantitative hydraulic motor, water pump, relief valve, cooler, filter and hydraulic cylinder and stacked valves group etc. For the hydraulic cylinder and stacked valves group together, for the control of water spray frame lift, extendable such action. The hydraulic oil tank, passes through to return to cooler water.4 water injection systemThe water system is high pressure cleaning the car mainly by the core part high pressure water pump, water spray nozzle, frame, the spray gun and valve etc. Water tank flow of water out of the pump will improve after water pressure to 8 MP, form high pressure jet spraying to the road. The high pressure pump rational selection of engine efficiency, the best utilization, best flush efficiency have important influence, need according to the design requirements and engine parameters, such as to determine the high-pressure pump power, speed and the parameters such as pump pressure at work. Water system design of the main problems including the following two aspects.4.1 the telescopic multi-degree-of-freedom water spray frameWater spray frame is injection system of actuators, installed in high pressure cleaning car head, high pressure water spray nozzle in the frame. To increase the width of the jet wash, design the new hydraulic control expansion institutions. Work, install a nozzle two of the rear protruding from the front of the car, and the nozzle into a straight line, and the high pressure water jet to; After completion of work, back to the nozzle tube retract side. Water spray frame from ground level also controlled by hydraulic system, also designs of the mechanical structure, highly fine-tuning height adjustment to trace.4.2 water spray system parameters optimizationHigh pressure cleaning the car is the purpose of the quality of the road surface cleaning out clean, so, how to improve the cleaning effect, water conservation is design to consider when important question, also is the past studies the problem of no point to consider. The effect of road surface cleaning and many parameters. Including injection height, the shape of the nozzle, injection pressure, injection Angle, jet width, nozzle diffusion Angle, distance of the nozzle. Through a lot of the theoretical and experimental research, to determine the height of the injection pressure injection, jet Angle, the width of the jet, the nozzle of the diffusion Angle of pavement, wash the best results, the wash rate in above, clean unit area of the pavement, the consumption of water and energy, reached the best matching value.5 electronic control and operation system designElectronic control system to realize the working state of the vehicle display, monitoring, alarm and control etc. Function. Mainly includes the instrument shows system, dashboard, the hydraulic oil drive speed dial, hydraulic oil temperature display, hydraulic display, water tank water of the display and alarm, PenShuiGuan working status display, hydraulic system running time records, and other functions, the whole system USES modular design, the control panel integrated in driving indoor proper place, facilitate the operator control operation.The water tank of the monitoring and forecast of electric control system is the important link, must be strictly controlled. Tank water after cooler for hydraulic oil after cooling to enter high pressure pump and so have a water tank must be reserved to the amount of water. In the the design of the magnetic levitation type level sensor,accurately measure the level of height. Control system mainly including operation box, the power switch handle, oil, left, pedal drove speed, PenShuiGuan right control handle, water spray handle adjustable control handle to and fro and speed of the pedals. The design of the control system, the arrangement of the operation box, structure, the handle position, fully considered the man-machine engineering requirements, easy to control.6 general structure designOn the structure, the vehicle including chassis (with cab), water tank, hydraulic oil tank, water pump, FenDongXiang, water spray rack large components. Water pump and hydraulic pressure tank parallel is decorated in the cabin and water tank, or so between both sides put hinged door outside using, open convenient, convenient in maintenance inspection. Water tank use stainless steel structure, outside the oval with decoration side wai and skirt edge. FenDongXiang arrangement in the chassis and the hydraulic oil tank in water pump, transmission and the second transmission shaft between. Vehicle used Unigraphics software for 3 d software entities, and USES the design of the vehicle assembly function of virtual assembly.7 conclusionThe development of new high pressure cleaning car, in order to improve the effect of washing and energy saving as the core, using a single engine the configuration of the power distribution way, give full play to the water spray operations of engine power, improving the pressure of spray water; And the pavement flush the influence on the effect of parameters are optimized. The power distribution system, hydraulic system, water system, electronic control and control system, overall structure are studied. In the bodywork, single axis FenDongXiang development and research aspects such as road flush effect for several patents. This paper developed new high pressure cleaning car, prototype test each index, through to reserve requirements. High pressure cleaning the development of the new car, for the country's high performance high-pressure cleaning the car independent development and played a good role.新型高压清洗车随着工业的迅猛发展，环境污染显得越来越严重，环保问题已是一个全球的战略问题。