本科论文英文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院：机械自动化专业：工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师：潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers ＆Industrial Engineering，2013,65：261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽，亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程，2013，65：261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡，并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。
假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。
该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。
基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。
本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外，基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高，因此也更具有实际意义。
此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。
关键字：装配线平衡；不确定性; 鲁棒优化；组合优化；精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。
零部件依次向下移动直到完工。
它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。
在这方面，建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。
生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。
那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。
就生产（绍尔，1999）产品型号的数量来说，装配线可分为三类：单一模型（SALBP）,混合模型(MALBP）和多模式（MMALBP）。
本科毕业论文中英文翻译--Wireless-Communications无线通信【范本模板】
Wireless Communications＊byJoshua S。
Gans，Stephen P。
King and Julian Wright1. IntroductionIn 1895, Guglielmo Marconi opened the way for modern wireless communications by transmitting the three—dot Morse code for the letter ‘S’ over a distance of th ree kilometers using electromagnetic waves。
From this beginning，wireless communications has developed into a key element of modern society. From satellite transmission, radio and television broadcasting to the now ubiquitous mobile telephone，wireless communications has revolutionized the way societies function.This chapter surveys the economics literature on wireless communications。
Wireless communications and the economic goods and services that utilise it have some special characteristics that have motivated specialised studies。
First, wireless communications relies on a scarce resource –namely，radio spectrum –the property rights for which were traditionally vested with the state. In order to foster the development of wireless communications (including telephony and broadcasting）those assets were privatised。
浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译
核准通过，归档资料。
未经允许，请勿外传!浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译The influence of political connections on the firm value of small and medium-sized enterprises in China政治关联在中国对中小型企业价值的影响1摘要中小型企业的价值受很多因素的影响,比如股东、现金流以及政治关联等.这篇文章调查的正是在中国政治关联对中小型企业价值的影响。
通过实验数据来分析政治关联对企业价值效益的影响.结果表明政府关联是关键的因素并且在中国对中小型企业的价值具有负面影响。
2重要内容翻译2。
1引言在商业界,有越来越多关于政治关联的影响的经济研究。
它们发现政治关联能够帮助企业确保有利的规章条件以及成功获得资源，比如能够最终提高企业价值或是提升绩效的银行贷款，这种政治关联的影响在不同的经济条件下呈现不同的效果。
在高腐败和法律制度薄弱的国家，政治关联对企业价值具有决定性因素1的作用.中国由高度集权的计划经济向市场经济转变，政府对市场具有较强的控制作用，而且有大量的上市企业具有政治关联。
中小型企业发展的很迅速，他们已经在全球经济环境中变得越来越重要。
从90年代起, 政治因素对中国的任何规模的企业来说都变得越来越重要,尤其是中小型企业的价值。
和其他的部门相比较，中小型企业只有较小的现金流，不稳定的现金流且高负债率.一方面，中小型企业改变更加灵活；另一方面,中小型企业在由于企业规模以及对银行来说没有可以抵押的资产，在筹资方面较为困难。
企业如何应对微观经济环境和政策去保证正常的企业活动，并且政治关联如何影响企业价值？这篇论文调查政治关联和企业价值之间的联系,并且试图去研究企业是否可以从政治关联中获利提升企业价值。
2.2定义这些中小型企业之所以叫中小型企业，是和管理规模有关。
对这些小企业来说，雇员很少，营业额较低,资金一般由较少的人提供,因此，通常由这些业主直接管理企业。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。
毕业论文摘要英文翻译
毕业论文摘要英文翻译Abstract:This paper examines the effects of exercise on mental health and well-being. As individuals continue to face increasing levels of stress and anxiety, it is important to explore alternative methods of managing and improving mental well-being. Exercise has been widely recognized as a potential solution, and numerous studies have investigated the relationship between physical activity and mental health. This research aims to synthesize and evaluate existing literature to determine the impact of exercise on mental health outcomes. The study also investigates the mechanisms through which exercise influences mental well-being.The literature review confirms the positive relationship between exercise and mental health. Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Furthermore, exercise is associated with improved cognitive function and increased self-esteem. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the beneficial effects of exercise, including the release of endorphins, increased blood flow to the brain, and social interaction.Despite the evidence supporting the positive effects of exercise on mental health, barriers exist that prevent individuals from engaging in regular physical activity. These barriers include lack of time, motivation, and access to exercise facilities. Strategies to overcome these barriers are discussed, such as incorporating exercise intodaily routines, setting realistic goals, and utilizing community resources.In conclusion, exercise has a significant positive impact on mental health and well-being. This research highlights the importance of integrating physical activity into daily life, especially in the face of increasing levels of stress and anxiety. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for individuals, healthcare providers, and policymakers. By promoting the benefits of exercise and addressing the barriers to physical activity, society can strive towards improved mental well-being for all.。
论文英文翻译
论文英文翻译Essay 1 - College EducationIn recent years, college education has become a topic of great debate. Some people argue that a college degree is essential for success in today's society, while others believe that it is not necessary. This essay will argue that college education is indeed important and beneficial for several reasons.Firstly, obtaining a college degree can provide individuals with better career opportunities. In today's competitive job market, employers often prioritize candidates with a higher education background. College graduates are more likely to find stable employment and earn higher salaries compared to those without a degree. Furthermore, many professions require specific knowledge and skills that can only be acquired through a college education. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers must complete several years of study in order to obtain the necessary qualifications for their respective fields.Secondly, college education can help individuals develop important life skills. During their time at college, students are exposed to a variety of subjects and experiences, which enable them to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills. College also provides opportunities for students to engage in extracurricular activities and interact with a diverse group of individuals. This fosters social and cultural awareness, as well as teamwork and leadership skills. These skills are valuable not only in the workplace but also in everyday life.Moreover, college education promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. The college environment encourages students to explore new ideas, challenge their assumptions, and discover their passions. It provides a platform for intellectual development and self-discovery. Students are exposed to a wide range of subjects, perspectives, and cultures, which broadens their knowledge and worldview. College education also instills a sense of curiosity and a desire for continuous learning, which are essential qualities in today's rapidly changing world.In conclusion, college education is important and beneficial for several reasons. It provides better career opportunities, helps individuals develop important life skills, and promotes personal growth and lifelong learning. While it is true that college education may not be necessary for everyone, obtaining a degree can significantly enhance one's chances of success in both personal and professional aspects of life.。
本科毕业论文关于英文翻译
本科毕业论文关于英文翻译自改革开放以来，不同国家的人急于了解他国的文化，电影作为跨文化交流的一种方式，为电影界迎来了春天。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于本科英文翻译毕业论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!本科英文翻译毕业论文篇1英文电影片名翻译初探摘要：电影作为一种艺术形式，深受大众喜爱。
国与国之间的文化交流，电影也是一个重要组成部分。
把国内的好影片介绍出去，把国外的好影片引进来，翻译是重要一环，而首先吸引观众的就是片名。
片名的翻译起着重要的作用。
翻译片名，要以传递信息和唤起美感为目的。
在文字转移过程中，应切实保留原作的信息价值和美学价值。
既要忠于原片内容，还要注意文字优美、言简意赅，具有强烈的吸引力和感染力，本文针对目前英文电影片名翻译的现状，对英文电影片名翻译的有关理论展开讨论，同时提出了翻译片名的几种基本方法。
关键词：电影;英文电影;片名翻译;方法电影是人们喜闻乐见的艺术形式，它能传播信息、抒发感情、反映丰富多彩的生活。
给人们带来艺术上的享受。
一部好的影片之所以能吸引成千上万的观众，除了演员的精湛演技、富有哲理的对话以及绚丽多彩的画面外，与其寓意深刻、回味无穷的片名有着直接的联系。
片名，是影视片的品牌商标，看似简单却是作者颇费神思的产物，寥寥数词凝聚着整个作品的精髓。
电影片名翻译是一项重要而富于创造性的工作。
佳译能够为影片锦上添花。
对丰富国内观众业余文化生活，促进国际间文化艺术交流起到不可忽视的作用。
翻译片名大多直译，形式与内容皆相似，朴实明了又贴切。
但是片名的翻译也是语际交流，是不同文化之间的交流。
观众对象不同，文化和欣赏习惯也有差异，原语与译语的表达方式和习惯有同有异。
片名翻译时，也应深入理解影片的内容蕴涵和风格，揣摩措词用语，力求准确把握原语与译语的表层意义和联想意义，既要考虑对等，更要考虑到译名的传意性和可接受性。
一、英文电影片名翻译现状(一)一片多名的问题日前，电影片名翻译中存在着混乱、不规范的现象，一片多名的问题较突出。
法学毕业论文法学外文翻译中英文对照
英文原文：Hｏw Ｒeal Ｉs Chｉna’s Real Estate Bubｂle And ＷhaｔShｏｕld Be Done ａｂｏut ＩtThinｋ U.S. houｓｉｎg priceｓ havｅｇone beｒserk？Ｔry ｔho ｓe in Ｓｈanｇhai aｎd Ｂeijing， where the cost oｆｈoｍeｓ has ｂeeｎ rｉsing an ｅstｉmaｔｅd 25％ａnnually in ｒecent yeaｒs。
Th ａｔ’ｓｔwｉce tｈｅ jｕmｐ in ｔｈe median sale pｒicｅｏf ｅxisti ｎg Ｕ。
S. homes oｖer tｈe pａｓt ｙear, ａnd a sｉｇn ｔhａｔＣh ｉna’ｓ real ｅｓtate mａrｋet iｓ in ｔｈｅ mｉdst oｆｗｈａt ｓome ｏbsｅrveｒs vｉew as ａ potentially exｐlosiｖe ｂubblｅ.The ｂubｂle is ｒoｏted iｎsuｃh fａctｏrs ａｓ Chｉｎa's ｓtrong ecｏnomic growｔh ｓincｅ 1990 and ｉnｖestor ｂets ｔhat Cｈｉｎa’s curreｎcy， the yuaｎ， will ｂe revalｕed uｐwarｄ in tｈe near ｆｕtｕre. Buｔ such spｅculaｔion is heｌｐing push the ｐｒicｅ of homes beyond tｈｅｒｅach of miｄdｌe ｃlaｓs ｃiｔizenｓ in key Ｃhinｅsｅ ciｔｉes and raｉｓinｇ the prospect oｆａｓudｄen marｋet collapｓｅthaｔ could ｔhrｅａten tｈｅｃountrｙ's shａky bank ｉｎg seｃtor aｎd wiｐe out tｈｅｌife ｓaｖｉｎｇs of manｙｆａmilieｓ。
本科论文-细胞工程3000字翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）英文文献翻译学院名称：电气信息工程学院专业：电子信息工程班级：14电子1B学号：201496111姓名：李鹏指导教师姓名：指导教师职称：二〇一六年六月Part1：cell engineeringIn 2007, Li et al. [94] proposed their microfluidic device for single cell analysis. The chip was fabricated by standard 1-photomask with low cost method. The device consists four reservoirs, four channels and one open region which contain a cell retention chamber. Reservoir one was used for cell introduction and washing, whereas reservoir two was used for reagent delivery. Reservoir three and four were used as waste reservoirs. By using this chip, they quantified dynamic Ca2+ mobilization of a single cardiomyocyte during its spontaneous contraction. Also, they monitored successfully dynamic responses from various external stimulation such as daunorubicin (cardiotoxic chemotherapeutic drug), caffeine, and isoliquiritigenin (herbal anticancer). Their results also prove that anticancer drugs have less effect on the Ca2+ of the cardiomyocytes. This device has quantified the cellular response of single cardiomyocytes, discovery of heart diseases drug and cardiotoxicity testing.In 2010, Mellors et al. [95] proposed an electrophoretic and electrospray ionization based microfluidic device for single cell analysis. The device was fabricated on corning borosilicate glass substrate by using standard photolithography and wet chemical etching technique. Figure 12 shows the schematic of the microfluidic device, where A was a cell loading reservoir and B was buffer loading, which intersects with the separation channelThis intersection zone was a cell lysis zone. CS was an electro-osmotic pump which was connected with an electrophoretic separation channel and electrospray orifice. Cells can flow throughhydrodynamically or electrically to the intersection zone, where cells were electrically lysed. Then, cells can migrate to electrospray orifice through the separation channel where cells electrospray ionization occurred. This device successfully lysed human erythrocytes with real-time electrophoretic separation. The heme group, α and β subunits of hemoglobin were detected from erythrocytes when cells were continuously flowed through the device. This device can analyze 12 c/m.Localized single cell membrane electroporation can provide better cell transfectionwith micro/nanofluidic devices compared to single cell electroporation (SCEP) or bulk electroporation (BEP). Because of micro/nanoscale electrode dimension and distance between two electrodes were very small, as a result, electric field can intense in a very small region of the cell membrane compared to single cell dimension. Thus, the local area of the single cell can be affected by a strong electric field, whereas other areas will be unaffected. Due to the effects of small areas of the whole single cell, high cell viability and high transfection rate can be achieved compared to single cell electroporation. However, Boukany et al. show localized single cell electroporation by using nano-channel based ion transportation using electrophoresis method with two large electrodes [30]. By fabricating micro/nano electrodes with a micro/nano scale electrode gap, this device can provide some promising parameters such as low voltage and power requirement, lower toxic effect due to negligible ion generation, small sample volume and negligible heat generation. These parameters are essential to achieve high transfection rate and high cell viability. Thus, microfluidic based LSCMEP process can provide a better understanding to analyze intracellular cytosolic compounds compared to SCEP or the bulk electroporation process. Nawarathna et al., demonstrated the AFM based LSCMEP process. Figure 13 shows localized electroporation of a single cell using atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique [29]. For this experiment, they modified AFM tip to act as a nano-electrode to make an intense high electric field near the localized area of the single cell membrane. A boron doped silicon AFM tips (σ = 0.001 Ω cm, k = 1.5 N/m) was used for LSCMEP process. Before electroporation, the tip was grown with 20 nm SiO2 layer and finally this oxidized tip was sectioned until bare silicon was exposed by focused ion beam (FIB) technique. As a result, a smaller area of bare silicon can cause an intense high electric field on a single cell membrane. They have reduced this bare silicon area down to 0.5 μm in diameter, which was concentrated with an intense electric field on 10 μm diameter of rat fibroblast cell. Figure 13a–h shows the results of LSCMEP technique using AFM tip for electroporation process and Figure 13i demonstrated the AFM tip, which was positioned on top of the single cell for localized single cell membrane electroporation (LSCMEP) process. To make an intense high electric field, 1Vpp with0.5 Hz pulse was used to transfect rat fibroblast cells. The transfection of single cell was completed within 10 s. This device can perform highly localized electroporation of a sigle cell with concentric electric field on local area of single cell membrane. The experiment can be performed in a friendly environment such as cell culture dishes, etc.In recent years, Boukany et al. [30] showed nanochannel based localized single cell electroporation with a precise amount of biomolecules delivery. In this device, they positioned a single cell in one microchannel by optical tweezers and transfection agent was loaded to another microchannel. These two microchannels were connected by one nanochannel. To apply a very high electric field in between two microchannels, a transfection agent was delivered through the nanochannel using an electrophoretically driven process and finally drugs were delivered inside a single cell through a very small area of the cell membrane. In 2012, Chen et al. demonstrated another localized single cell membrane electroporation usimg ITO microelectrode based transparent chip [27]. Figure 14 shows microfluidic localized single cell membrane electroporation device. They deposited ITO films on a covered glass substrate and patterend it by standard lithographic process to form as ITO lines. After that, a thin SiO2 layer was deposited as a passivation layer by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique. The final ITO lines were cut by the focused ion beam (FIB) technique. The gap between two electrodes were 1 μm and width of each electrode was 2 μm. When single cell was strongly attached in be tween two electrodes gap, the electric field was intensed in only a 1 μm gap area on single cell membrane. As a result, they demonstrated localized single cell membrane electroporation with microfluidic device. Figure 14a shows localized electroporation process between two micro-electrodes and Figure 14b shows multiple number of electrodes for LSCMEP process. Figure 14 c and d shows the optical microscope image of patterened ITO microelectrodes and scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of ITO microelectrodse with micro-channel. According to their results, they achived 0.93 μm electroporation region with 60% cell viability for 8Vpp 20 ms pulse application. To reduce the gap between two electrodes, a high transfection rate can beachived by this technique. This device not only control the recovery of cell membranes (reversible electroporation) without cell damage but also it provides clear optical view by using an inverted microscope (ITO based transparent chip). Recently, another LSCMEP based device was proposed by Jokilaakso et al. [77] for single cell lysis. They reported a silicon nanowire and nanoribbon based biological field effect transistor for single cell positioning and lysis mechanism. Figure 15a shows the cross sectional view and electric connection with PDMS above the device and Figure 15b shows an array of the transistors with both nanowires and nanoribons. To position the single cell on this device, they used programmable magnetic field for magnetic manipulation of 7.9 μm COOH modified COMPEL magnetic microsphere. After positioning the single cell (HT-29) on top of the transistor, cells were adhered for 30 min prior to electroporation experiment. The applied electric field was 600–900 mVpp (peak to peak) at 10 MHz for 2 ms pulse. This electric field was connected with a shorted source and drain in one terminal and another terminal connected on the gate of the device. The electric field intensity was fringing in nature, which affected the cell membrane integrity leading to cell lysis. This device can perform single cell lysis which is potentially applicable to medical diagnostics and biological cell studies.In summary, this article describes the details about bulk electroporation (BEP), single cell electroporation (SCEP), and localized single cell membrane electroporation (LSCMEP) by using micro/nanofluidic devices with their advantages and disadvantages. All of these processes can deliver drugs, DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides, proteins, etc. However, to analyze cell to cell behavior with their organelles and intracellular biochemical effect, single cell analysis must be executed. Micro/nanofluidic devices are the potential candidates to analyze single cells, because of their dimension reduction to the dimension of single cell level. These devices provide easy performance such as cell handling, lower power consumption, low toxicity, small sample volume, lower contamination rate, high cell viability, and high transfection rate when compared to conventional electroporation. To reduce the electrode area and gap between two electrodes by using micro/nanofluidic devices,selective and localized drug delivery is possible. This new approach is called localized single cell membrane electroporation (LSCMEP). However, until now this technique is in the development stage. In the future, the LSCMEP process can provide selective and specific single cell manipulation from millions of populations of cells together. Micro/nanofluidic devices can approach this level in the near future, which will be potentially beneficial for medical diagnostics, proteomics analysis and biological studies.Part2：Nerve and muscle cells2.1 INTRODUCTIONIn this chapter we consider the structure of nerve and muscle tissue and in particular their membranes(动植物体内的隔膜、薄膜), which are excitable. A qualitative description of the activation process follows. Many new terms and concepts are mentioned only briefly in this chapter but in more detail in the next two chapters, where the same material is dealt with from a quantitative rather than a qualitative point of view.The first documented reference to the nervous system is found in ancient Egyptian records. The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, a copy (dated 1700 B.C.) of a manuscript composed about 3500 B.C., contains the first use of the word "brain", along with a description of the coverings of the brain which was likened to the film （薄层、薄膜）and corrugations（起皱、皱纹）that are seen on the surface of molten copper（熔融铜）as it cooled (Elsberg, 1931; Kandel and Schwartz, 1985).The basic unit of living tissue is the cell. Cells are specialized in their anatomy and physiology to perform different tasks. All cells exhibit a voltage difference across the cell membrane. Nerve cells and muscle cells are excitable. Their cell membrane can produce electrochemical impulses and conduct them along the membrane. In muscle cells, this electric phenomenon is also associated with the contraction of the cell. In other cells, such as gland cells and ciliated cells, it is believed that the membrane voltage is important to the execution of cell function.The basic unit of living tissue is the cell. Cells are specialized in their anatomy and physiology to perform different tasks. All cells exhibit a voltage difference across the cell membrane. Nerve cells and muscle cells are excitable. Their cell membrane can produce electrochemical impulses and conduct them along the membrane. In muscle cells, this electric phenomenon is also associated with the contraction of the cell. In other cells, such as gland cells and ciliated cells, it is believed that the membrane voltage is important to the execution of cell function.The origin of the membrane voltage is the same in nerve cells as in muscle cells. In both cell types, the membrane generates an impulse as a consequence of excitation. This impulse propagates in both cell types in the same manner. What follows is a short introduction to the anatomy and physiology of nerve cells. The reader can find more detailed information about these questions in other sources such as Berne and Levy (1988), Ganong (1991), Guyton (1992), Patton et al. (1989) and Ruch and Patton (1982).2.2 NERVE CELL2.2.1 The Main Parts of the Nerve CellThe nerve cell may be divided on the basis of its structure and function into three main parts:(1) the cell body, also called the soma;(2) numerous short processes of the soma, called the dendrites; and,(3) the single long nerve fiber, the axon.Fig. 2.1. The major components of a neuron.The body of a nerve cell (see also (Schad and Ford, 1973)) is similar to that of all other cells. The cell body generally includes the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and other organelles. Since these are not unique to the nerve cell, they are not discussed further here. Nerve cells are about 70 - 80% water; the drymaterial is about 80% protein and 20% lipid. The cell volume varies between 600 and 70,000.The short processes of the cell body, the dendrites, receive impulses from other cells and transfer them to the cell body (afferent signals). The effect of these impulses may be excitatory or inhibitory. A cortical neuron (shown in Figure 2.2) may receive impulses from tens or even hundreds of thousands of neurons (Nunez, 1981).The long nerve fiber, the axon, transfers the signal from the cell body to another nerve or to a muscle cell. Mammalian axons are usually about 1 - 20 in diameter. Some axons in larger animals may be several meters in length. The axon may be covered with an insulating layer called the myelin sheath, which is formed by Schwann cells (named for the German physiologist Theodor Schwann, 1810-1882, who first observed the myelin sheath in 1838). The myelin sheath is not continuous but divided into sections, separated at regular intervals by the nodes of Ranvier (named for the French anatomist Louis Antoine Ranvier, 1834-1922, who observed them in 1878).2.2.2 The Cell MembraneThe cell is enclosed by a cell membrane whose thickness is about 7.5 - 10.0 nm. Its structure and composition resemble a soap-bubble film (Thompson, 1985), since one of its major constituents, fatty acids, has that appearance. The fatty acids that constitute most of the cell membrane are called phosphoglycerides. A phosphoglyceride consists of phosphoric acid and fatty acids called glycerides (see Figure 2.3). The head of this molecule, the phosphoglyceride, is hydrophilic (attracted to water). The fatty acids have tails consisting of hydrocarbon chains which are hydrophobic (repelled by water).Fig. 2.3. A sketch illustrating how the phosphoglyceride (or phospholipid) molecules behave in water. See text for discussion.翻译一：细胞工程在2007年。
毕业论文英文文献翻译
毕业论文英文文献翻译Graduation Thesis: Translation of English LiteratureIntroductionThe process of writing a graduation thesis can be a daunting task, especially when it involves the translation of English literature. Translating literary works requires not only language proficiency but also a deep understanding of the cultural nuances and literary techniques employed by the author. In this article, we will explore the challenges and strategies involved in translating English literature for a graduation thesis.Understanding the Source TextBefore embarking on the translation process, it is crucial to thoroughly understand the source text. This involves a careful reading and analysis of the original work, paying attention to the author's style, tone, and literary devices. By immersing oneself in the source text, the translator gains a deeper understanding of the author's intentions and can effectively convey the essence of the work in the target language.Translating Cultural NuancesOne of the most significant challenges in translating English literature is capturing the cultural nuances embedded in the text. Literature often reflects the social, historical, and cultural context in which it was written. Translating these nuances requires the translator to have a comprehensive knowledge of both the source and target cultures. It is essential to find equivalent expressions, idioms,or metaphors that resonate with the target audience while staying true to the original intent of the author.Maintaining Literary TechniquesEnglish literature is renowned for its rich use of literary techniques such as symbolism, imagery, and wordplay. Translating these techniques poses a considerable challenge as they may not have direct equivalents in the target language. The translator must strive to retain the artistic essence of the original work while adapting it to the linguistic and cultural constraints of the target language. This requires creativity and a keen eye for detail to ensure that the translated work captures the same aesthetic impact as the source text. Adapting to Linguistic DifferencesLanguages differ not only in vocabulary but also in grammatical structures and syntax. Translating English literature into another language often involves adapting the sentence structure and grammar to ensure fluency and coherence in the target language. The translator must strike a delicate balance between staying faithful to the original text and making necessary adjustments to ensure readability and comprehension for the target audience.The Role of the TranslatorA translator of English literature for a graduation thesis is not merely a conduit for transferring words from one language to another. They are responsible for bridging the gap between cultures, enabling readers to experience the essence of the original work in their native language. A successful translator mustpossess a deep appreciation for both the source and target cultures, as well as the literary techniques employed by the author. They must strive to create a translation that captures the spirit of the original work while being accessible and engaging to the target audience.ConclusionTranslating English literature for a graduation thesis is a challenging yet rewarding endeavor. It requires a combination of linguistic proficiency, cultural understanding, and literary sensibility. By carefully analyzing the source text, capturing cultural nuances, maintaining literary techniques, adapting to linguistic differences, and embodying the role of a translator, one can successfully translate English literature for a graduation thesis. Through this process, the translator not only contributes to academic research but also fosters cross-cultural understanding and appreciation for the beauty of literature.。
本科英语作文范文带翻译
Title: Example of Undergraduate English Composition with Translation
In the current age of globalization and intercultural communication, English has become an essential tool for people to connect with the rest of the world. For undergraduate students, the ability to write a well-structured and coherent English composition is not only a requirement for academic success, but also a crucial skill for their future career development. In this article, we will provide an example of an undergraduate English composition along with its translation, in order to assist students in understanding the structure, language use, and overall presentation of a high-quality English essay.
Additiol exchange program can significantly enhance a student's personal and professional development. The challenges of living in a new and unfamiliar environment can foster independence, resilience, and adaptability – qualities that are essential for success in the modern world. Moreover, the experiences gained from cultural exchange programs often inspire students to pursue new academic interests and career paths, as they gain a deeper appreciation for the interconnectedness of the global community.
英语本科毕业论文范文
英语本科毕业论文范文As a graduate student majoring in English, writing a thesis is an essential part of the academic journey. The thesis serves as a culmination of the knowledge and skills acquired throughout the undergraduate program, and it is an opportunity to delve deep into a specific topic of interest within the field of English studies. In this sample thesis, we will explore the structure and content of an English undergraduate graduation thesis, providing a comprehensive guide for students embarking on this important academic endeavor.Title: Sample English Undergraduate Graduation Thesis。
Introduction。
The introduction of the thesis should provide an overview of the chosen topic and its significance within the field of English studies. It should also include a clear statement of the research question or thesis statement that will guide the rest of the paper. Additionally, the introduction should outline the scope and structure of the thesis, giving the reader a roadmap of what to expect in the following chapters.Literature Review。
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译
机械设计创造及其自动化毕业论文外文文献翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY译文题目专业机械设计创造及其自动化外文资料翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY（From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development.Key word： integration of machinery ，technology， present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management systemof by machinery for the characteristic integration ofdevelopment phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, of coveringtechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions,like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilsummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity.3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bedis to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from match more, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
毕业论文外文翻译范例
外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。
论客户关系管理在市场营销中的运用中英文互译大学本科毕业论文
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目：论客户关系管理在市场营销中的运用一、外文原文标题：Customer Brand Loyalty原文：AbstractWith the appearance of deceptive sales, poor customer care and crooked promotion, keeping loyal customers becomes even more difficult .Even though pursuing consumer reliability costs time and effort, it is really the most valuable asset of a successful company.Keywords: Customer care, Brand, Customer loyalty, Brand loyalty1. Back ground information of customer brand loyaltySince the world is a global marketing now, competition among diverse corporations has become more drastic. In order to seize hold of the advantaged position in the marketplace, a mass of marketing specialists work out multifarious strategies to insure their triumph for a long time. Among these advanced strategies, developing and maintaining customer brand loyalty is considered to be a preferable option by more and more entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, there are still lots of people who refuse to attempt to this technique. They assert that it is impossible to achieve the ideal target, especially in the developed marketing economy. One can clearly see that even though pursuing consumer reliability costs time and effort, it is really the most valuable asset of a successful company.1.1 The definition of brand loyaltyBrand loyalty is defined as keeping preferable to a specific product or service (BNET Business Dictionary). To rephrase it, faithful purchasers trend to pay money for the same brand of merchandise, and speak highly of its values. What’ more, they believe that their choice is betterthan others.1.2 The development of the conceptThe notion of purchaser trustworthiness came through a long time and changed a lot. In an article by Gonring (2008, p.29), customer brand was given the definition of product quality before the 1980s. During the late 1980s and near the beginning 1990s, its emphasis changed from quality to customers. Still, with the competitors coming into the market in the late 1990s, satisfying and caring much about the clients became a much more significant object of many corporations. Since then, people have paid more and more attention on customer to make more profits.1.3 Four types of loyaltyCustomer brand loyalty has many aspects. Rowley (2005, p.574) concludes that there are four types of loyalty: captive, convenience-seekers, contented and committed. Captive customers prefer repeatedly purchasing the same product, service and brand because of lack of opportunities to substitute for alternatives. Convenience-seekers may not respect the brand itself, but look on the convenience that can carry. Contented consumers however, have a positive attitude to a brand, but they won’t attempt to some extra consumption. The perfect one is the committed, who are active both in attitude and behavior.2. Consumer brand loyalty has a significant position in the marketing.2.1 Regarded as an essential feature of brand valueIt is admittedly true that shopper allegiance for a brand in truth contributes much to marketing. According to the concept of brand loyalty, it is regarded as the essential feature of brand value. The American Marketing Association gives it the explanation as “the situation in which a consumer generally pays money for the same manufacturer-originated product or service repeatedly over time rather than buying from multiple suppliers within the category” or “the degree to which a consumerconsistently purchases the same brand within a product class”(2006, qtd in Moisescu).The author draws attention to the fact that since other descriptive aspects of brand equity, such as considerable quality, associations and awareness, all have consanguineous relationship with purchase and appreciation, they can guarantee the level of brand loyalty. It follows that brand fidelity may add the satisfaction of other dimensions of brand value. For example, brand devotion always leads the payers to believe the perceived quality of the brand is better than others.2.2 Cut down costsThis strategy may facilitate vendors expend less but attain utmost money in the marketing. The work of Reichheld (2000, qtd in Banasiewicz) reveals that sellers have to waste as much as four times money to attract new clients than to continue the loyal customer. On account of this, the author turned to a perfect statistic to prove this contention. He goes on to indicate that for an individual customer, you have to just spend 5 percent of wealth for keeping his loyalty; alternatively, you will receive 75% of profits that he will bring in. It can be comprehended as acquiring new purchasers expend more money to advertising, giveaway and industry discount.2.3 Less sensitive to priceTypical loyal purchasers are less sensitive to price. Because of this, when a product mark up, they won’t lessen the quantity of they buy. It is the view of Reilly (2008) that loyal customers deem the assessment of the product. As a consequence, they strong believe their choices. In that case, they trend to center less on the price.2.4 Bring in new potential faithful consumersThe potential benefit that the loyal customers are able to add is that they may bring in more new consumers. At the same time, these potentialconsumers are also possible to become the future loyal customers. A good example of this is that when one repeatedly buy the same brand cosmetic, and consider it convenient to use, he will recommend it to his classmates and girl friend. Hence, there is no wonder that people around always own the same brand of clothes as well as other commodity. In contrast, if people around me complain the poor quality of a brand to me frequently,I won’t think of owning it as well.2.5 Benefit in global marketplaceMost of all, in the global economy, client brand dependability stands out as an important competitive weapon. Kust (2008, p.24) correctly argues that the world has switched into a global business in the last 10 decades; developing the brand loyalty globally is essential to enter the market. He goes on to indicate that in order to keep a trust relationship with their consumer, corporations should create a customer brand loyalty program among customers.3. Difficulties sometimes stop businessmen from working out the technology.3.1 Purchasers refuse loyalty programsIt is a popular belief, however, that we may find certain difficulties to face with consumer loyalty. First of all, Consumers are less willing to participate to customer loyalty program for several reasons. The excellent consumer loyalty program concludes both rewards and recognition; nevertheless, notwithstanding, the target doesn’t make sense in th e modern society. Thomas (2009, qtd in Silverstein) draws attention to the fact that with customers facing an array of choices, they will be particular about what they buy; as a consequence, we are paying more attention on the rewards of a product. It mean s that little rewards won’t satisfy us any more. In other words , it is the modern economy environment that makes it more difficult for the sellers to remunerate people.3.2 Loyal programs is incompleteYet another primary reason for non-participation is that customers have more requirements on loyalty program .According to Silverstein (2009), more than 50% of audiences complain that most loyalty programs look the same, so they lose interest to belong to any program. Worse still, some people who once took part in any loyalty program even drop out because of these two reasons. At the same time, some people content that companies entrepreneurs shouldn’t rely absolutely on customer fidelity. A good example of this is that current loyalty program exists some drawbacks which make its function incomplete (2003, Uncles, p.294). The author examines that most people trend to pay money for the product they require. In simpler terms, customers choose only one category of brands is an ideal condition.4. There are sever al infections of purchasers’ loyalty.While it is true that retaining loyalty meets a lot of trouble, there is something can be done to reduce the risks. It can be clearly be maintained that finding the complication of brand loyalty can aid us solve the problems. To begin with, they should have a deep analysis of the customers’ purchase inclination. For instance, what they would like to pay, how much they prefer to spent on the particular kind of good, and how often they go on shopping (Neuberger, 2008).4.1 Brand reputationEnterprisers should pay more attention on the relationship of brand loyalty and brand reputation. Reference to Selnes (1996, p.19) reveals that, brand reputation is one of the most significant driver of brand loyalty, so it is efficient to pursue reputation for better consumer reliability. To put it briefly, having a good reputation means that customers are preferable for this product on attitude; hence, they will take action to buy this products. That is to say, brand reputationcontributes to brand loyalty by increasing willingness and belief so that the attitude may change to behavior.4.2 Brand imageBrand image play an important role in brand building, especially in customer dependability. As Reichheld (2001,qtd in Hsieh and Li, p.529) perceptively state that preferable brand image will lead consumers to conceive a perception of an organization’s public relationship practice, which matches the corporate reputation better. With this in mind, customers are more likely to retain optimistic faith, attitude, and action. It must be therefore be acknowledged that customer loyalty grows fast through approving brand image.4.3 Consumers’ satisfaction4.3.1 Positive effect on a single productThe evidence seems to be strong that when we talk about loyalty, we can’t forget to mention customer satisfaction. Ha (2009, p.198) has expressed the view that satisfaction is a crucial factor of the customer performance and attitude. In the example, the researcher gets the data from different countries. Even though the culture is different, the result of the conclusion is the same.4.3.2 Weaker influence on brand aloneIt is a popular belief, however, that some people content that the condition of the effect of satisfaction depends. A good example of this is that when checking product singly, satisfaction is more indispensable. Conversely, its function becomes weaker in case of applying brand alone (2008, Torres-Moraga, p.302).4.4 Internal brandingInternal branding is also a valuable outcome of brand loyalty. Internal branding affects mostly the employee’s identification. What’s more, empolyee’s identification makes an positive effect on customer loyalty.It must therefore be recognized that internal branding contributes to customer loyalty (2009, Punjaisri, p.206).5. Corporations can do some effort to build and improve loyalty According to the author, in order to achieve this goal, managers should use the street teams, brand reps, and brand Ambassadors. And yet, street teams will work well, only by the audience fit the target.5.1 Pay more attention on customer careCustomer care is considered a good point to building customer loyalty. As Webb (1999, p.72) has indicated that companies should think much about what the customers care. They can know much about the customers by asking a series of open-mind question. To be sure, the customer would like to talk deeply about their situation.5.2 Keep honest to customersNot only that, but also keeping honest to customers may retain customers’ trust. As an illustrati on, online travel agency Orbitz Worldwide displays the actual price on the internet on the purpose of winning customers trust. On the contrary, numerous companies only show the basic rate on the internet. Actually, the price is a 15% higher (2009, Peterson). If we customers are treated fairly on the price, we would like to give out our trust.5.3 Measurement of loyaltyMost of all, the measurement of the customer loyalty is another point that we need focus on. Turning to Terry,one finds that the good method to do measure is to separate 3 groups of the consumers according to the sore they receive. If they get the score 1-6, they are called detractors. The passives are those who have the score 7-8, and the promoters ‘achieve are 9-10. Next, divide the total people who take part in the test with the promoters, and then you will get a percentage, which represents the level of your customer loyalty. He goes on to indicate that most companiesget 10%-20% loyal clients.出处：Junjun Mao, International Journal of Business and Management [J]. Science and Education :July 2010. Vol. 5, No. 7出处：616 International Journal of Management Vol. 27 No. 3 Part 2 Dec 2010二、翻译文章标题：顾客品牌忠诚度译文：摘要：随着销售欺诈、顾客关注度降低、非法促销这些现象的出现，维持客户忠诚变得越来越困难。
论文英文翻译最终版
序号（学号）：040940131长春光华学院毕业设计（论文）译文Electronic technique电子技术姓名盛遵义教学院电气信息学院专业电子信息工程班级电信09401指导教师张淑艳（讲师）2013 年04 月10 日┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊Electronic techniqueFrom the world of radio in the world to a single chip， modern computer technology， industrial revolution， the world economy from the capital into the economy to knowledge economy。
Field in the electronic world， from the 20th century into the era of radio to computer technology in the 21st century as the center of the intelligent modern era of electronic systems。
The basic core of modern electronic systems are embedded computer systems (referred to as embedded systems)， while the microcontroller is the most typical and most extensive and most popular embedded systems。
radio has created generations of excellence in the world Fifties and sixties in the 20th century，the most representative of the advanced electronic technology is wireless technology， including radio broadcasting， radio，wireless communications (telegraph)，Amateur Radio， radio positioning，navigation and other telemetry， remote control， remote technology。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译译文学生姓名：院（系）：油气资源学院专业班级：物探0502指导教师：完成日期：年月日地震驱动评价与发展：以玻利维亚冲积盆地的研究为例起止页码：1099——1108出版日期：NOVEMBER 2005THE LEADING EDGE出版单位：PanYAmericanYEnergyvBuenosYAiresvYArgentinaJPYBLANGYvYBPYExplorationvYHoustonvYUSAJ.C.YCORDOVAandYE.YMARTINEZvYChacoYS.A.vYSantaYCruzvYBolivia 通过整合多种地球物理地质技术，在玻利维亚冲积盆地，我们可以减少许多与白垩纪储集层勘探有关的地质技术风险。
通过对这些远景区进行成功钻探我们可以验证我们的解释。
这些方法包括盆地模拟，联井及地震叠前同时反演，岩石性质及地震属性解释，A VO/A V A,水平地震同相轴，光谱分解。
联合解释能够得到构造和沉积模式的微笑校正。
迄今为止，在新区有七口井已经进行了成功钻探。
基质和区域地质。
Tarija/Chaco盆地的subandean 褶皱和冲断带山麓的中部和南部，部分扩展到玻利维亚的Boomerange地区经历了集中的成功的开采。
许多深大的泥盆纪气田已经被发现，目前正在生产。
另外在山麓发现的规模较小较浅的天然气和凝析气田和大的油田进行价格竞争，如果他们能产出较快的油流而且成本低。
最近发现气田就是这种情况。
接下来，我们赋予Aguja的虚假名字就是为了讲述这些油田的成功例子。
图1 Aguja油田位于玻利维亚中部Chaco盆地的西北角。
基底构造图显示了Isarzama背斜的相对位置。
地层柱状图显示了主要的储集层和源岩。
该油田在Trija和冲积盆地附近的益背斜基底上，该背斜将油田和Ben i盆地分开（图1），圈闭类型是上盘背斜，它存在于连续冲断层上，Aguja有两个主要结构：Aguja中部和Aguja Norte,通过重要的转换压缩断层将较早开发的“Sur”油田分开Yantata Centro结构是一个三路闭合对低角度逆冲断层并伴随有小的摆幅。
本科毕业设计(论文)英文翻译模板
本科毕业设计（论文）英文翻译论文标题(中文)学院******姓名***专业*******班级**********大气探测2班学号*************** 大气探测、信处、两个专业填写电子信息工程。
生物医学工程、电子信息科学与技术、雷电防护科学与技术As its name implies, region growing is a procedure that groups pixels or subregions into larger regions based on predefined criteria. The basic approach is to start with a set of “seed ” points and from these grow regions by appending to each seed those gray level or color).be used to assignpixels to regions during the centroid of these clusters can be used as seeds.… … …左右手共面波导的建模与带通滤波器设计速发展之势，而它的出现却是源于上世纪本研究提出了一种新型混合左右手（CPW ）的独特功能。
目前这种有效电长度为0°的新型混合左右手共面波导（CRLH CPW ）谐振器正在兴起，这种谐振器工作在5GHz 时的体积比常规结构的谐振器缩减小49.1%。
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本科论文英文翻译浅谈商务英语翻译与文化关联[摘要] 在商务英语翻译中，一般追求深层次的对等,但文化差异往往导致商务英语翻译中一些文化关联信息的改变乃至丢失，造成一些信息变化与误解。
加强文化与翻译工作的关联研究显得十分重要。
本文以此为切入点进行重点探讨。
[关键词] 商务英语翻译文化信息关联研究国际商务英语以国际商务为语言背景，涵盖经贸英语、金融英语、经济学英语、会计英语、法律英语、广告英语等。
国际商务英语的研究对象是在有关特定语言环境下使用专门用途英语。
一、跨文化商务交际与商务英语翻译国际商业活动使生活在不同文化的人们用不同的语言频繁接触。
不同文化之间的交往需要在交流时克服异国文化的障碍,达到交流沟通的目的。
作为全球商务语言,英语以它的多样性和易变性而著称，导致英语以多种形式存在并具有文化背景的多样性。
国际商务翻译人员要特别注意本国文化与异国的文化差异,以及英语在不同文化背景下的语义信息、文化信息差异,尽量做到文化信息等值或对等。
加拿大翻译家让・德利尔教授曾指出:“代码转译是确立词的一致关系;翻译是寻求信息等值。
”他指出，“词义等值”、“语言等值”等是“代码等值”的同义词。
“意义等值”、“语境等值”、“信息等值”等是“翻译等值”的同义词。
国际商务英语涵盖面广,涉及众多不同领域，翻译标准有其特殊性。
由于文体不同,其侧重点也有所不同。
语义信息对等和风格信息对等是国际商务英语翻译中最基本层面的对等。
原文的文化信息与译文的文化信息等值是国际商务英语翻译中深层面的对等,因此十分隐形。
在国际商务英语翻译实践中,语言转换过程中文化信息的丢失、扭曲常常发生。
二、国际商务英语翻译中文化差异分析综合来看，一般导致文化差异有以下因素:地理位置、对事物认识的文化差异，颜色的文化差异等。
全世界每年有多达4万种产品被介绍到全球市场一半以上传到美国。
这些产品中大约85%都失败了。
国际营销的成功之路是建立在错误营销和广告战役中失败的废墟之上。
他们中大多数失败是由于跨文化交流的错误。
这些交流失败要么是忽视文化差异,要么是对文化差异的无知所造成的。
国际商务英语翻译者需要了解这些差异的起因,以便在翻译过程中处理好文化上的差异。
由于文化差异的客观存在,原文中的文化信息有时很难翻译到译入语中去。
因而,等值的标准就不能完全做到。
文化差异会引起几种不对应的情况:现代科学技术发展日新月异,翻译工作者常常感觉到跟不上步伐。
一个比较明显的例子是，美国运动系列商品Nike,本意是希腊神话中胜利女神的芳名,因此商标Nike能使英语国家的人联想到胜利和吉祥。
但若按音译为“奈姬”或是“娜基”之类,中国消费者便会十分费解,不知其意。
模仿其音节,并考虑运动服装应该具有经久耐磨的特点,译成“耐克”,既有坚固耐穿的含义，又包含了克敌之含义。
虽然如此,Nike 所蕴涵的西方文化信息对中国人来说,不可能像英语国家的人那样想起Nike 女神,翻译中的文化信息被丢失。
2021年10月15日,中国“神舟五号”成功把首位中国太空人杨利伟送入太空,使中国继前苏联和美国之后,成为第三个可以送人上太空的国家。
也许,人们为了纪念中国航天事业这一新里程, 在英语词汇中, 便将“太空”的汉语拼音“taikong”与前两个单词的同一后缀“ - naut”组合成复合词taikongnaut。
三、国际商务英语文化差异的翻译处理在两种语言文化对比过程中,必须在翻译中对文化差异进行合理调整。
原文指称对象似乎毫无意义，原文指称对象可能引起读者误解，译入语“语义过载”而让读者费解。
作为文化载体的语言,必定有着丰富的文化底蕴，这使汉语中的某些词语在英语中只能找到部分对应的词语,甚至根本就没有对应语,出现词语空缺。
三资企业、精神文明等汉语词语在英语中意义空缺,其文化负载最重,翻译时须进行文化调整。
汉英词语的指称意义翻译一般有四种方法,即直译法、意译法、音译法、音译和意译结合法。
直译法是指在不违背译入语文化背景的前提下,在译入语中完全保留原文语言词语的指称意义。
直译法是一种常用的翻译法,当译入语有多个同义词时,译者要进行优选。
如: 中国服装“七匹狼”根据西方文化译成7-wolves ,便能够契合西方人的理念，受到人们的欢迎。
有时,为了保持原文符号意义的完整,译者可采用直译加注的方法。
通过直译加注的方法,既对词语的指称意义做了说明,又巧妙地保持了原文的语言风格,传递了相似的文化信息。
意译法是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时,不得不舍弃原文的字面意义,以求译文与原文内容相符。
意译法是国际商务英语翻译常用的方法,它保留了原名的特点和形式。
意译可分为两种:直接意译和转换意译。
音译法是指用音位为单位在译文中保留源语言的发音以便突出原文主要语言功能的翻译方法。
著名的范例如美国的Cocacola,它被译成“可口可乐”,既保持了原词的音节和响亮,又使人―听便知是饮料商标。
音译商标字母的组合应按照英文的特点,译文要书写连贯,朗朗上口,形意协和,在音似的基础上灵活翻译。
如“鄂尔多斯”羊毛衫的原英文商标Eerduosi就是纯粹的汉语拼音,后经广泛征求意见并向外商讨教,改译为Er2dos注册,为企业创造了良好的企业形象,产品远销美国、德国、英国等地。
同样,我们可否建议将四川的“沱牌”酒商标Tuopai 改译为Tobuy ,将“三笑”牙膏商标San xiao 改译成Trismile?不过,使用音译时要特别注意词的语用意义,别为一时方便而犯忌或闹笑话。
音译和意译结合是指在英译中既保留原文的发音又能体现原文的指称意义,以谐音又谐意的方式达到功能相似。
总之，商务英语翻译中需要考虑多种因素，特别是文化和社会环境等方面，契合实际，整体把握，才能把翻译工作做得更加完美。
参考文献:[1]Hatim B:跨文化交际[M].上海:上海外语教学与研究出版社,2001[2]Charles Mitchell:国际商业文化[M].上海:上海外语教学与研究出版社,2001[3]包惠南:文化语境与语言翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001[4]Eugene A1Nida:语言与文化――翻译中的语境[M].上海:外语教育出版社,2002浅谈商务英语翻译中的文化因素【摘要】世界经济全球化发展，促使中西方文化交流逐渐频繁，注重对商务英语翻译的差异性的分析，有助于促进中西方经济贸易往来逐步扩大，形成广阔的经济发展市场，同时也促进中西方文化的进一步交流，促进世界文化的交流与融合。
【关键词】商务英语英语翻译文化差异影响因素引言翻译不仅仅是两种语言之间的转换，同时还包含也语言交流中深厚的文化底蕴。
随着世界经济水平不断发展，世界各过之间的贸易往来和文化交流逐渐频繁起来，英语作为世界交流运用最管饭的语言形式之一，形成精湛的英语翻译是促进中西方文化交流的重要手段，对商务英语翻译的文化因素深入研究为商务英语翻译的准确度提供重要保障。
一、中西方物质生活条件造成商务英语翻译的文化差异中西方物质生活条件不同造成商务英语翻译的文化差异，中国社会发展模式以“男耕女织”的小农经济作为主要生产模式，农耕文明思想根深蒂固，因此中国文化对农耕中“牛”、“马”等动物拥有特殊的喜爱，语言使用中表现为“龙马精神”“马到成功”等成语的应用多有喜悦、喜爱之意的蕴含;西方的经济发展主要以工业发展为主，更加注重生产的方式和生产效率。
因此语言的使用中对于动物名称的使用则不会像中国人使用的那么频繁。
物质生活条件的不同形成商务英语翻译中文化翻译的侧重点不同，形成文化差异。
二、中西方自然生活环境不同造成商务英语翻译的文化差异中西方的自然生活环境不同也是造成商务英语中英文翻译中存在文化差异的重要原因所在。
例如：英国单词“zephyr西风”。
由于英国西邻大西洋，东面面对欧洲大陆，西风从大西洋吹来，形成英国和煦的气候条件，因此在英国人的语言使用中“zephyr”形成独特的文化含义，具有“和煦、温暖”的意思。
而中国地大物博，与英国的大西洋气候不同，中国大部分处于温带季风气候，汉语语言中“东风”表示“和煦、温暖”的意思。
因此在进行中英两国语言翻译时应当注重商务英语翻译由于自然生活环境不同造成的文化差异性。
三、中西方思维方式不同造成商务英语翻译中的文化差异其三，中西人们思维方式的不同也是造成商务英语翻译中重要的文化差异因素。
中国以农耕经济为主，思想经济发展中拥有深厚的“小农意识”，因此在思维方式上以农业生产为主的思维方式，例如在颜色运用中，中国人认为“红色”“黄色”都是农业收获的颜色，汉语中通常用“红色”“黄色”表示喜庆的颜色，常见的汉语形式“红白喜事”，“红色”表示喜庆，喜悦，中国人举行婚礼时通常在婚礼中使用大量的红色表达喜悦之意;汉语中“白色”表示“悲伤、死亡”，因此中国人通常会把“白色”与悲伤联系在一起。
而西方文明中以人文自由为主，注重对自然的追求与向往，在西方的语言运用中，“白色”是纯净的、神圣的，西方人举行婚礼时，新娘通常身着洁白的婚纱，表示对婚姻崇高的尊重和生活美好的向往。
西方人认为“白色”代表“喜事”，当英语中出现“红白喜事”这样的情况即“weddings and funerals”时，通常会引起西方人的反感。
类似“白色”这样的词语应用在中英语言使用中的意义截然相反，因此商务英语在翻译过程中应当注重对中西方文化应用上存在着较大的差异，形成准确的翻译，避免不必要的麻烦和误会产生，影响中西方的经济发展和文化交流。
四、中西方民俗信仰不同造成商务英语翻译中的文化差异中国是一个多神崇拜的国家，人们对崇拜物也有众多禁忌。
比如中国的传统文化中“龙dragon”是神圣的象征，也是皇权的象征，“龙dragon”在中国封建文化中代表着至高无上的皇权，“龙”象征着高贵，是雍容华贵的代名词。
因此在平民百姓的人常生活中一方面“龙”字的使用是避讳的，同时也被赋予“吉祥富贵”的含义。
西方以上帝作为主要的精神信仰，西方人认为“龙”狰狞恐怖，在西方的文化发展中，龙是邪恶的代表，因此西方人对于“龙”的喜爱程度与中国则正好相反。
此外，中西方民的文化差异还体现在中国的儒家思想中要求人们应该“长幼有序”，为表示对长辈的尊重，避免对长辈直呼姓名，而是以不同的“称呼”代替，而西方人经常以长者的名字作为自己孩子的名字以表达对长辈的尊敬和怀念之意。
结论对商务英语翻译中文化影响因素的深度研究，有助于促进商务英语在实际应用中对中西方语言进行翻译时的准确度的提升，保障了语言翻译过程中的准确程度，为双方的贸易交流形成更加完备的语言交流途径，促进双方经济交流向着更加广阔的方向发展，同时注重对商务英语翻译文化影响因素的研究能够形成良好的文化交流环境，促进中西方文化的深度交流与发展。
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