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Introduction to Architecture
“Reading” architecture requires us to allow buildings to “speak” to us.
But how can inanimate objects speak to us?
Especially if those objects are not representational?
Utilitas by Division:
Urge towards symmetry:
Firmitas/Stucture will always be a function of:
•Advances in engineering •Availability and strength of materials •Cost available for materials •Other historical and geographical factors
Venustas art beauty elevation
Utilitas as Message:
Transamerica Bldg. SF, CA TWA Terminal, JFK
Utilitas by Addition:
Louis Kahn’s Richards Medical Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania
Trabeated Structures
CANTILEVER
Milstein Hall, Cornell University (Rem Kolhaas)
Gale House, Oak Partk, IL (Frank Lloyd Wright)
Villa Savoye, Poissy, France. LeCorbusier.
“Architecture is the adaptation of form to resist force.” John Ruskin (19th c.)
All structures seek a balance between tension and compression.
Traditionally there were two ways to handle this: through trabeated structures or through arcuated structures.
Basic Elements
• • • • • Roof Walls Windows Doorways Orientation
Symmetry
Asymmetry
Analyzing a Building:
• Weight & Mass:
– – – – – – – – – Materials Massing for Weight Relationship to Ground (high or low?) Texture Color Ornamentation Light Acoustics Context
ARCUATED STRUCTURES
Hagia Sophia, Instanbul
Colosseum, Rome.
Venustas
art
beauty elevation
Hertziana, Rome
Gugenheim Museum, Bilbao
What makes architecture good?
Analyzing a Building:
• • • • Space: Solids and Voids Scale and Proportion Weight & Mass Basic Design Elements
Analyzing a Building:
• Space: Solids and Voids – Symmetry – Asymmetry
According to Vitruvius (Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, 1st cent. BCE), in De Architectura a building must be considered in terms of three elements:
Utilitas Firmitas
• Does it express its function in a meaningful, interesting, and appealing way? • Does it seem to “fit” its surroundings (by complementing or contrasting with it in an interesting and meaningful way)? • Is its design and execution structurally sound? • Does it create a meaningful (interesting, surprising, enjoyable, delightful, disturbing etc.) space? • Will it endure? Has it endured?
Venustas
Utilitas
need function plan
Firmitasቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ means structure section Venustas art beauty elevation
Utilitas
need function plan
Firmitas means structure section
Pentre Ifan Burial Chamber, 2000 BCE
John Portman, Bonaventure Hotel, Los Angeles. 1976.
Richard Neutra, Edgar J. Kaufmann House, Palm Springs, 1946.
“Reading” architecture requires us to allow buildings to “speak” to us.
But how can inanimate objects speak to us?
Especially if those objects are not representational?
Utilitas by Division:
Urge towards symmetry:
Firmitas/Stucture will always be a function of:
•Advances in engineering •Availability and strength of materials •Cost available for materials •Other historical and geographical factors
Venustas art beauty elevation
Utilitas as Message:
Transamerica Bldg. SF, CA TWA Terminal, JFK
Utilitas by Addition:
Louis Kahn’s Richards Medical Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania
Trabeated Structures
CANTILEVER
Milstein Hall, Cornell University (Rem Kolhaas)
Gale House, Oak Partk, IL (Frank Lloyd Wright)
Villa Savoye, Poissy, France. LeCorbusier.
“Architecture is the adaptation of form to resist force.” John Ruskin (19th c.)
All structures seek a balance between tension and compression.
Traditionally there were two ways to handle this: through trabeated structures or through arcuated structures.
Basic Elements
• • • • • Roof Walls Windows Doorways Orientation
Symmetry
Asymmetry
Analyzing a Building:
• Weight & Mass:
– – – – – – – – – Materials Massing for Weight Relationship to Ground (high or low?) Texture Color Ornamentation Light Acoustics Context
ARCUATED STRUCTURES
Hagia Sophia, Instanbul
Colosseum, Rome.
Venustas
art
beauty elevation
Hertziana, Rome
Gugenheim Museum, Bilbao
What makes architecture good?
Analyzing a Building:
• • • • Space: Solids and Voids Scale and Proportion Weight & Mass Basic Design Elements
Analyzing a Building:
• Space: Solids and Voids – Symmetry – Asymmetry
According to Vitruvius (Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, 1st cent. BCE), in De Architectura a building must be considered in terms of three elements:
Utilitas Firmitas
• Does it express its function in a meaningful, interesting, and appealing way? • Does it seem to “fit” its surroundings (by complementing or contrasting with it in an interesting and meaningful way)? • Is its design and execution structurally sound? • Does it create a meaningful (interesting, surprising, enjoyable, delightful, disturbing etc.) space? • Will it endure? Has it endured?
Venustas
Utilitas
need function plan
Firmitasቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ means structure section Venustas art beauty elevation
Utilitas
need function plan
Firmitas means structure section
Pentre Ifan Burial Chamber, 2000 BCE
John Portman, Bonaventure Hotel, Los Angeles. 1976.
Richard Neutra, Edgar J. Kaufmann House, Palm Springs, 1946.