翻译理论与实践 Lecture 5 Chapter4
[英语学习]翻译理论与实践
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2. The Relationship between Translation Theory and Techniques (Practice)
Those who can, translate; those who can't, teach translation; those who can't teach translation, teach translation theory. Those who can, write; those who cannot, translate; those who cannot translate, write about translation.
See TB P19
Enjoyment
广告之后更精彩
成都家教，成都家教网；
优乐美
Elegant, Happy & Beautiful U.loveit U.loveme
成都家教，成都家教网；
The definition is:
Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.
The Relationship between Translation Theory and Techniques
• Translation theory refers to the laws to help people to understand the laws and solve different kinds of problems in translation, while translation techniques refer to the experience people have accumulated in their practice of translation. Techniques are important, but they are not panacea. Different kinds of materials to be translated require different stresses in their rendition. For example, scientific materials stress their preciseness, novels and stories, their plots and characters, etc. We must master the translation theory to guide our translation work. (the teacher’s opinion) • In the point view of Eugene A. Nida, the famous American translator, “translation practice without an adequate theory produces only haphazard results, while theory without practice is completely sterile” (Nida, 1969).
翻译理论与实践[汉译英]汉英翻译new
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[例3] 这家机构因公正在国际上享有声誉 （名词） [译文] The agency enjoys an
international reputation for impartiality．（名词）
[例4] 玛丽铺上一块洁净的白桌布，又去取来些 葡萄。 (动词)
[译文] Mary unfolded a clean white table cloth and went to fetch some grapes．(动词)
[例1] 如果谷物收成不好，将会出现严重的粮荒。 [译文] If the crops fail there will be a serious food
shortage. [例2] 他朝它开了枪，但未射中。 [译文] He shot at it, but missed.
3）形容词和形容词短语：few, little, free from, far from, safe from, short of等等。
办公场地，闲人勿进。
乱发 （正说） ragged hair（正说） uncombed hair （反说）
冷酷的心（正说） stony heart（正说） remorseless heart（反说）
非同寻常（反说） out of the ordinary（正说） unusual （反说）
5） 连词：unless, before, until, (rather) than, or 等等。
[例1] 如果政府不同意提供更多的资金，这剧院 将不得不关闭。
[译文] Unless the government agrees to give extra money, the theatre will have to close.
翻译理论与实践教学课件
02 翻译技巧与实践
CHAPTER
理解与表达
理解
准确把握原文含义，包括词汇、语法 、语境等，是翻译的基础。
表达
将理解后的信息用目标语言表达出来 ，要求准确、流畅、符合目标语言习 惯。
直译与意译
直译
按照原文的词句、结构进行翻译，保留原文形式和意义。
意译
不拘泥于原文形式，以传达原文意义为主，更注重译文的流畅性和自然度。
03 翻译教学策略与方法
CHAPTER
翻译教学目标的设定
提高学生翻译技能
01
通过系统的翻译训练，帮助学生掌握基本的翻译技巧和方法，
提高翻译水平。
培养跨文化意识
02
引导学生理解不同文化背景下的语言差异，培养跨文化交流的
能力。
培养职业道德素养
03
强调翻译的准确性和规范性，培养学生的职业道德素养和责任
04 翻译实践案例分析
CHAPTER
文学翻译案例
总结词
注重语言艺术和文化内涵
VS
详细描述
文学翻译案例主要涉及诗歌、小说、戏剧 等文学作品，强调语言的美感和文化内涵 的传递。在翻译过程中，需要关注原文的 艺术风格、修辞手法和情感色彩，力求在 译文中保留原作的艺术魅力。
商务翻译案例
总结词
注重专业性和准确性
采用传统的讲授、练习和讨论相结合 的教学方法，确保学生掌握基本的翻 译知识和技能。
案例教学法
通过分析真实的翻译案例，让学生了 解实际翻译过程中遇到的问题和解决 方法。
合作学习法
组织学生进行小组合作，共同完成翻 译任务，培养学生的协作能力和团队 精神。
信息技术应用
利用现代信息技术手段，如在线学习 平台、智能翻译软件等，提高教学效 率和学生的学习效果。
英汉互译理论和实践(共104张PPT)精选
“no-no” in today’s market place.此句 中的no-no词典(cídiǎn)上根本查不到，经 推敲，结果译为“无人问津”较为合适。 误译：织物整理剂在今日的市场无人问津。
4. Who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl. 原译：近朱者赤，近墨者黑。
5. We’d like to express our appreciation to you for all you’ve done for us in the trade. 原译：我们对于你们在这笔交易中为我们所做的一切表示由衷的 感谢。
第十五页，共104页。
第十六页，共104页。
第十七页，共104页。
第二节 翻译(fānyì)标准
汉朝和唐朝——“文”与“质”之争。 主张“文”的翻译家强调翻译的修辞和
通顺(tōngshùn)，强调翻译的可读性。 主张“质”的翻译家强调翻译的不增不
减，强调翻译中的忠实性。 该争论的实质是意译和直译之争。
第十八页，共104页。
清代翻译家严复 信（faithfulness）; 达(expressiveness); 雅（elegance）。
他曾如此阐述“译事三难：信、达、雅。求 其信，已大难(dànán)矣！顾信矣，不达，虽 译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。”（（《天演论》 （Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays）序 言，1896年）
第四页，共104页。
第五页，共104页。
1、简单(jiǎndān)语句的译文虽然生硬，但基本可读。 例2 原文：I can see three different types of
翻译理论与实践.doc
第一章英汉文化对比与翻译有一则趣谈:一所国际公寓闹火灾,里面住有犹太人,法国人,美国人和中国人.犹太人急急忙忙先搬出的是他的保险箱,法国人先拖出的是他的情人,美国人则先抱出他的妻子,而中国人则先背出的是他的老母.一、文化的定义文化是指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富,精神财富和相应的创造才能的总和。
文化包括物质文化与精神文化,物质文化是指文化中看得见,摸得着的那部分,因此也称之为硬文化.相对来说,精神文化就是软文化,而软文化则是文化的深层结构。
美国著名翻译理论家尤金．奈达将语言文化特性分为五类：Ecological Culture 生态文化Material Culture物质文化Social Culture社会文化Religious Culture宗教文化Linguistic Culture语言文化二.中西方文化差异（一）西方重唯理,思辩,中方重经验,直觉（二）西方的细节分析与中方的整体综合（三）中西方价值观与人生追求的不同三、文化影响翻译的表现形式:(一)词汇空缺现象（Zero of equivalent word）在一种语言里的有些词在另一种语言里没有对等或契合的词,有人称这种情况为词汇空缺(lexical gap) Salad沙拉Lost Generation迷惘的一代Beat Generation垮掉的一代Baby Boomers生育高峰儿婴儿潮一代Y uppies雅皮士Dinks丁克Sandwich Generation三明治世代Couch Potato电视迷老泡在电视机前的人；终日懒散的人Mall Rats购物狂Hippie嬉皮士功夫kongfu叩头kowtow 炕Kang太极Taichi粽子Zongzi苦力Kuli饺子jiaozi 还有一些民族文化内涵特别丰富的词语，在翻译时也必须采用释义或注释等方法，说明该词的语用含义，才能使译语读者了解原语独特的文化现象。
如：钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。
翻译理论与实践第5讲 词语的翻译(2) ppt课件
PPT课件
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wear black
穿黑衣，戴孝
black words
不吉利的话
black list
黑名单
run in black
盈利
black hearted
用心险恶
a black day
倒霉日
black art/magic
不可思议的巫术
go black in the face 气得脸色发紫
a black spot
Socialist China
brown sugar
Black tea
Gift money/bonus/bribes
Her eyes became moist
A gleaming knife is thrust in and it comes out dripping with blood
PPT课件
PPT课件
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开绿灯
give the green light
戴绿帽子
to cuckold/wear horns
灯红酒绿
dissipated and luxurious
green salad
蔬菜沙拉
greenhouse effect 温室效应
green awareness 环保意识
green hands
to be healthy and energetic
灰色收入
Income from moonlighting
她没有白干 She didn't try in vain.
PPT课件
20
red ruin
火灾
brown bread
黑面包
red tape
翻译理论与实践(全套)精品PPT课件
导学——课程要求
Tests: 60% There will be only one test: a final. But there may also be
Main Language points: 1. Comparative studies of language family 2. Comparative studies of word building in English and
Chinese 3. Comparative studies of syllable
Exercise
5
第三章：词语的翻译
教学目的：旨在帮助学生了解词义的多样性 （引申、褒贬）；并掌握词语翻译的选词技巧。
教学内容： 1. 词义的选择 2. 词义的引申 3. 词义的褒贬 4. 翻译练习
6
第四章：句子翻译技巧（上）
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。
教学内容： 1. 翻译的定义、分类 2. 翻译的标准 3. 翻译的过程：理解——表达——校对 4. 中、西译史
练习
4
第二章：英汉语言现象对比
Teaching aims: to learn about the similarities and differences of Chinese and English in word forming and vocabulary so as to translate them accurately.
二、教学过程：
1. 增译法 2. 省译法 3. 词类转换 4. 正说反译、反说正译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
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第五章：句子翻译技巧（下）
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。
《翻译理论与实践》课件
语言中蕴含的情感色彩是语用意义的重要组成部分，译者需要关注原文的情感色彩，并在译文中进行适 当的表达，以实现语用意义的完整传递。
语用等效与翻译策略
语用等效原则
在翻译过程中，译者应遵循语用等效原则，确保译文在目 标语言中产生与原文相同的效果，包括语言功能、语用意 义和修辞效果等方面。
翻译策略的选择
总结词
遵循法律文件的严谨性
详细描述
商务合同的翻译实践需遵循法律文件的严谨性。译者应仔 细核对原文，确保译文的准确性和完整性，避免因疏忽而 产生的法律风险。同时，在遇到法律术语时，译者应进行 深入研究，确保译文的准确性和专业性。
新闻报道的翻译实践
总结词
时效性是新闻报道的生命线
详细描述
新闻报道的翻译实践要求时效性极强，因为新闻报道需要 及时传递给目标语读者。在翻译过程中，译者应快速准确 地完成翻译工作，确保新闻报道的时效性不受影响。
为实现语用等效，译者需要根据具体情况选择合适的翻译 策略，如直译、意译、增译、减译等，以准确传达原文的 语用意义。
语用等效的评价
评价译文是否达到语用等效，需要考虑译文在目标语言中 的可接受度、表达的自然度以及读者反馈等因素，以确保 翻译质量。
05
翻译中的语言规范与风 格
语言规范与翻译
语言规范
在翻译过程中，需要遵循目标语言的语法、词汇和表 达习惯，以确保译文准确、流畅。
VS
异化
以源语文化为归宿，保留原文的异国情调 和文化特色，让译文读者了解不同文化。
增译与减译
增译
在翻译过程中，根据目标语的语言习惯和表达方式，增加一些词语或短语，以使译文更加完整、流畅 。
减译
在翻译过程中，删减原文中一些不必要的词语或短语，使译文更加简洁、明了。
翻译理论与实践Lecture5Chapter4
翻译理论与实践Lecture5Chapter4English-Chinese TranslationLecture Five：Chapter Four Conversion(转换法)【Teaching Aims】1. To let Ss know about the theoretical basis for the translation technique: conversion2. To direct Ss into using conversion in translation【Teaching Contents】1. Part 1: Specimen Reading for Comments2. Part 2: Conversion of Word Classes3. Part 3: Conversion of Sentence Members4. Part 4: Conversion of Impersonal Subjects5. Part 5: Conversion of Perspective6. Part 6: AssignmentsSpecimen Reading for Comments: How to Grow Old (Excerpts)(P117)【Teaching Emphasis and Difficulty】Conversion of Impersonal Subjects and perspective 【Teaching steps】Part 1 Specimen Reading for CommentsBertrand RussellThe best way to overcome the fear of death—so at least it seems to me—is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river—small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls.克服怕死念头的最好办法．至少在我看来，就是逐步扩大你的兴趣，并使更加脱离个人所关心的事情，直到禁锢自我的壁垒退渐步步隐退．直到你的生命越来越同大千世界的生命融合在一起。
翻译理论与实践(全套)PPT课件
导学——课时安排
课时安排：
教学内容
导学
第一章：翻译概述
第二章：英汉语言对比 第三章：词语的翻译
第四章：句子翻译技巧（上） 第五章：句子翻译技巧（下） 第六章：常见文体的翻译
注：可能 因授课实际情况，课时安排会做适当调整。
课时 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
14
导学——学法指导
译者素养：
➢译者的素质： 外语素质 语言敏感度 心理素质
导学——课程要求
Tests: 60% There will be only one test: a final. But there may also be
several short quizzes through the term. Attendance: 20%
Daily attendance will be recorded. Each time a student will get 2.5 points. 1point for attendance, 1 point for being on time, and 0.5 point for participating in discussion and interacting positively with fellow classmates.
二、教学过程：
1. 增译法 2. 省译法 3. 词类转换 4. 正说反译、反说正译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
7
第五章：句子翻译技巧（下）
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。
二、教学过程：
1. 重译法 2. 语态变换法 3. 词序调整法 4. 拆译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
We should take considerable ( or a good portion of ) responsibility for the problems that arouse. 19
翻译理论与实践（TranslationtheoryandPractice）
翻译理论与实践（Translation theory and Practice）This paper consists of the 8888 contributionPpt documents may experience poor browsing on the WAP side. It is recommended that you first select TXT, or download the source file to the local view.Translation theory and PracticeI., What, is, translation, II., Is, it, to, translate, easy, III.,, Can, all, the, translated, words, be?I., What, is, translation?1, the definition of translation? 2, translation is to translate the text or? E.g.1:, My, sister, went, to, school, at, 7., e.g.2:, have you eaten? Where to? E.g.3: you're beautiful today! -- where?!II., Is, it, easy, to, translate?Henchman? Go back to man in the? The? Street? Crow s feet a hen party '? Fog lock hill mountain fog water disappears in the sky with rain window, two East West three point cut to carve up the piece, seven horizontal eight vertical knife knife toward the sea towards towards falling towards long clouds long long.III., Can, all, the, words, be, translated?According to the nephew lanterns (old uncle)? East sunrise rain, is (clear) the situation is a (clear)? --The professor shouted:Gentlemen, order --The entire class yelled:! "" Beer! "--Why is the river very? Rich? --Because it has two banks.You can cage a swallow, but you can t swallow a "cage. --The secret is going to? Be exposed, and we ll look pretty silly. --You" already look pretty and silly. bathing on bikini? Girl, eyeing, boy, finds boy eyeing bikini on bathing girl.Chapter 1The definition of translation, the purpose of translation, the type of translation, the standard of translation, the process of translation, the conditions for translationDefinition of translationTranslation is the practice of language in which the content of another language is re expressed in one language. Feng Qinghua? Translation is a kind of language (i.e., primitive) information in another language (the target language) express, so that the readers can get the original thoughts expressed by the author, are roughly the same as the original readers feel. - Fan Zhongying, translation is the translator's re understanding of the same thing and the use of another text. - Qiao HaiqingDefinition of translationTranslation is "an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language Translation is." Jakobson? "The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) byequivalent textual material in another language (TL). Catford Translation is the replacement of? A representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. HudsonThe purpose of translationA bridge of communication and communication between different languages and cultures.Types of translationIntra language translation (intralingual translation) an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language (interlingual translation) translation? An interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language? Intersemiotic translation (intersemiotic translation) an interpretation of verbal signs by means of nonverbal signs systemChinese translation theoriesYan Fu: Xindaya translation - Three: xindaya. It is hard to ask for a letter. Take care of the letter and fail to reach it,Even if you do not translate it, you will also interpret it. ? Lu Xun: faith, Shun - a course to make it easy, one is to preserve the original charm. / / faith rather than fluency? Qu Qiubai: the notion of equivalence translation should be the original intention, exactly China introduced to readers, make readers get China concept concept equal to other language from the textto the reader. Contradiction: to reproduce the artistic conception the highest task of literary translation is to reproduce the artistic conception so that the target readers can enjoy the beauty as much as the original.Chinese translation theoriesLiu Zhongde: letter, reach, cut letter: believe in content: as long as it is cut: to adapt to style, Zhang today: true, good, beautiful, truth: truth, principle, good: ideological principles: Beauty: artistic principlesForeign translation theoriesTytler: 1. The translation should the same effect on give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. style and manner of 2. The writing should be of the same character as that of the original. translation should have all 3. The the ease of the original composition.Federov: on Translation should produce a translation version which may be read with as much pleasure as the original, and yet remain faithful to its spirit, sense and style. Nida: dynamic equivalence theory readers get responses, and feelings with the original readers read the original income roughly equal. Newmark: text centered theoryProcess of translationIt is generally believed that the original text is understood expression Nida: original text testAnalytical translationTarget textRestructureFour steps: analysis, translation, reconstruction, testTranslation, from, English, to, Chinese:1., The, days, run, into, weeks., the days go by, for a few weeks.2. It, s, all, Greek, to, me., the translation condition, I do not understand at all. Mandarin Chinese is better than3. Mary has? A clever tongue. Marie (glib glib). English language ability is better than4., You, can, never, tell., wide knowledge, no one can say.5., My, memory, failed, me, at, that, moment., I can't remember that moment.6., Your, name, obstinately, escapes, me., I can't remember your name.7., To, think, that, you, should, fail., I don't think you will fail. 8., Would, it, were, otherwise, if that's not the case. There was more mischief than harm in him. he is only mischievous, and no harm. 10., I, never, go, past, my, old, school, but,, think, of, our, headmaster.. Every time I pass my alma mater, I remember our headmaster. 11., The, book, is, beyond, me., I can't read this book. 12., There, is, nothing, like, leather, for, shoes., leather shoes are great. 13., It, is, too, recent, to, be, forgotten., fresh in memory.14., The, mountain, is, not, valuable, because, it, is, high.,mountain is precious, not at its height. The "This is the last place I where expected to meet you." did not expect to meet you here. 16., He, is, nothing, if, not, stubborn., he's a stubborn man. 17., I, was, not, a, little, surprised., I was shocked.18., He, can, do, it, if, any, one, can., only he can do it.19. You cannot make something out of nothing. one can't make bricks without straw. 20., I, can, t, bear, the, sight,, of, that, man.I can't stand seeing that man.Similar sentences1. He had made a box., he has made a box. He had a box made., he told people to make a box.2. Foolishly he spoke. he was so foolish to speak. He spoke foolishly. he talks very stupid.3. Quite properly he was punished. he deserved to be punished. He was punished quite properly., he was properly punished.4., We, asked, him, to, speak, from, his, experience., we ask him to talk about it based on his experience. We asked him to speak about his experiences. we asked him to talk about his experience.Similar sentences5. He is behind time. he's late. He, is, behind, the, times., he's behind the times.6. His success is out of question. his success is beyond doubt. His, success, is, out, of, the, question, he's never going to be successful.7., They, went, to, sea., they're going to besailors. They, went, to, the, sea., they went to the beach. 8., It, has, been, raining, continually, for, two, days., rain, intermittent two days. It has, been, raining, continuously, for,, two, days rain continued for two days.Similar sentences9., He, has, no, more, than, ten, books., he has only ten books. He has not more than ten books., he has ten books at most.He is not a little afraid of it. he was very scared. He is not a bit afraid of it., he is not afraid at all. 11., I, didn, t, go, because, I, was, afraid., I am not afraid to go. I, didn, t, go, because, I, to., was, afraid, I did not go, because I dare not go. 12. She kept the house., she watches over the house. She kept house. her home.Similar sentences13., This, is, no, place, for, me, to, go., this is not whereI should go. There, is, no, place, for, me, to, go, I have nowhere to go. 14. I, had, a, good, talk, to, him, yesterday., I gave him a good dressing down yesterday. I had a good talk with him yesterday. I had a really good time talking to him yesterday. 15., Tom, escaped, prison., Tom escaped the jail. Tom, escaped, from, prison., Tom, jailbreak. 16., Is, there, any, difficulty, in, this? Do you have any difficulty with this? Is, there, some, difficulty, in, this? It's a bit difficult, isn't it?Similar sentencesWe are sure that man is mortal. we are sure that man will always die. We, are, sure, that, man, is, dead., we are sure the man is dead. 18., We, hired, the, boat, by, the, hour.. We ship by hour. We hired, the, boat, for, an, hour., we rented an hour boat.Similar sentences19., I, did, not, notice, him., I didn't notice him. I, took, no, notice, of, him., I don't care about him. 20., Happily, he, did, not, die., thankfully he did not die. He did not die happily., he died uneasy.The second chapter is semantic translationFirst, the choice of meaning in the understanding of polysemy (polysemy)The translation of runRun, a, car, run, shop, run, oil, run, message, a, fever, run, a, computer, run, run, a, meeting, run,, chickens, run, a, arms, advertisement, run, anHead translation10. He arranged his speech under five heads. his speech is divided into five parts. 11., We, have, thirty, head, of, cattle.We have thirty cows. 12., Heads, or, tails? Heads or tails? 13., Where, is, the, head? Where is the toilet?The translation of head:1. head of the English Department, director of the English Department of2. head of the government head of the bed, head of government3.4. head of the staircase a of the needle at the top of the stairs5. head6. He was badly wounded in a the head. he was badly wounded in the head.7. He has a good head for maths. he has a lot of mathematical talent.8., You, should, use, your, head., you should use your head.9. The, dinner, cost, US, five, dollars, a, head., the meal cost us 5 yuan each.The translation of I. poor:1. The, cloth, is, poor, in, quality., this cloth is of poor quality.2. The, water, is, poor, in, oxygen., this water is anoxic.3. Her first concert had a poor audience., her first concert, with very few listeners.4. This, to, her, was, a, poor, consolation., this comfort does not work for her.5. In my poor opinion, you should let her go. in my humble opinion, you should let her go. Boat. She was a poor sailor and always went to bed immediately on on getting the she has seasickness problems, so always go to bed on board.The translation of II. runThe He will not be running in the next election., he is not ready to run for the next election. 2., The, train, is, not, running, today., that train is off today. 3. The film began to run. filmat the. 4. His face was running with sweat. he Sweat streamed down the face. 5., It, was, such, a, ran., hot, day, that, the, butter, the weather was so hot that the butter melted. 6., The, road, runs, north., this road extends north. The "The rumor runs that he is going to resign." is rumoured that he is going to resign. 8., The, monsoon, had, six, weeks, more, to, run., the rainy season will last six weeks.The translation of II. run9., The, car, repair, will, run, you, at, least, two, hundred., repair, at least you spend two hundred yuan. 10. The play ran for only a week in that theatre.. The play was only staged for a week in that theater. 11., Potatoes, are, running, large, this, year., potatoes grow a lot this year. 12., A, freezer, doesn, run., t, cost, much, to, the use of the refrigerator is not very expensive.The translation of III. liveShe needs to find somewhere to live. she needs to find a place to live. 2., Where, do, these, plates, live? Where are these dishes? 3., Spiders, can, live, for, several, days, without, food., spiders can live without food for a few days. 4., We, saw, a, real, rattlesnake, live! We saw a live rattlesnake.The translation of III. live5. The club has live music most nights., the club has live music most nights.6. The show is going on live., the show is being broadcast live.7., Pollution, is, still, very, much, a, live,issue. pollution is still a very interesting issue at the moment.8., This, is, a, live, and, interesting, book., this is a lively and interesting book.The translation of IV. like1., He, likes, mathematics, more, physics., than, he prefers mathematics to physics.2., Bananas, don, t, like, me., I ate a banana and my stomach was upset. (bananas do not fit my stomach.) Three它的味道像芒果。
汉英翻译理论与实践
• 音译是翻译的一种方法。目前采用音译主要是人名、地名、 产品名等。 • 由于两种语言的发音系统不一样，音译取得百分之百的相 同是不可能的。汉语的四声无法区分，英语名字不可能每 个音节都一出来，常有删节。为求译名统一，一般可使用 英汉译音表或参考译名词典，统一译名。
• 高度重视语音和节奏对比的问题 • 英汉语音差异造成的问题常是译者在处理音译和 处理音韵和节奏时要注意的。
(Time Order 时间先后)
他人老心 不老。
Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart.
(Concession 让步)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
(隐性连贯) Paratactic
2
主要翻译阅读书目:
1、英汉语比较与对比 【1】《英汉语言对比与翻译》.王武兴. 北京：北京大学出版社，2003. 【2】《英汉语比较导论》. 魏志成. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 【3】《英汉语言对比研究》.何善芬. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 【4】《英汉比较研究与翻译》. 萧立明. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 【5】《中式英语之鉴》 [美] 平卡姆 著 姜桂华 校.外语教学与研究出版社 【6】《英汉对比研究》. 连淑能. 北京：高等教育出版社, 1993. 2、翻译理论 【7】《西方翻译理论精选》. 申雨平. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 2002. 【8】《翻译学》. 谭载喜. 武汉：湖北教育出版社, 2000. 【9】《当代翻译理论》. 刘宓庆. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1999. 【10】《文体与翻译》（增订版）. 刘宓庆. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1998. 【11】《翻译学：艺术论与科学论的统一》. 黄振定. 长沙：湖南教育出版社, 1998. 【12】《翻译文化史论》. 王克非. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1997. 3、翻译实践 【13】《英汉翻译手册》. 倜 西、董乐山. 北京：商务印书馆国际有限公司, 2002. 【14】《中国时尚热点新词速译》. 朱诗向. 北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社, 2002. 【15】《英文汉译技巧》. 陈廷祐. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 2001. 【16】《实用英语翻译技巧》. 吴伟雄、方凡泉. 昆明：云南人民出版社, 1997. 【17】《英美名著翻译比较》. 喻云根. 武汉：湖北教育出版社, 1996. 【18】《实用英汉翻译技巧》. 张鸾铃. 广州：广东高等教育出版社, 1996. 3
翻译理论与实践课后习题答案
第一章翻译概论第一节中外翻译史简介四、课内练习1. 东汉至唐宋时期。
2. 玄奘不仅译出了75 部佛经，而且还把老子的部分著作译成梵文，成为第一个向国外介绍汉语著作的中国人。
3. 20 世纪初的“五四”新文化运动，开创了白话文学和白话翻译的新纪元，语言从文言正宗转为白话本位。
五四运动前后，东西方各国的优秀文学作品，特别是俄国和苏联的作品开始被介绍进来，《共产党宣言》等一批马克思主义著作的译文就发表在“五四”时期，为中国后来的革命做了充分的理论和思想准备。
4. 圣经的翻译成为了西方翻译研究的重要源头之一。
5. 中外悠久的翻译历史已为我们积累了一份宝贵的文化遗产。
我们应当认真总结前人的翻译经验，借鉴吸收前人从实践中总结出的理论、方法，以便继续提高我们的翻译水平，为中外文化交流做出自己的贡献。
五、课后练习（一）将下列段落译成中文：一百年前的今天：一些海鸥；北卡罗来纳州杀魔山海岸警卫队的三个队员；救生站以及一些本地人，见证了威尔帕·莱特(Wilbur Wright)和奥维尔·莱特(Orville Wright)兄弟的第一次机动飞机飞行。
1903 年12 月17 日，莱特兄弟第一次用比空气重的飞行器进行了有动力的持续飞行。
1932 年，90 英尺高的杀魔山顶立起了一座60 英尺高的花岗岩纪念碑，用以纪念这两个来自俄亥俄州代顿市的梦想家。
莱特兄弟来自于美国中部。
他们有着天空般广阔的眼界，也有着十分务实的作风。
1892 年，他们在俄亥俄州的代顿开创了自己的自行车企业：莱特自行车公司。
虽然在当时世纪之交的美国，有着数不清的自行车公司，但只有一个在造轮子的同时造出了翅膀。
当莱特兄弟在1903 年最终着眼于动力载人飞行器，他们成功地使世界变小了……（二）将下列段落译成英文：As Jia baoyu，Xue Baoqin，Xing youyan and Ping’er had birthdays on the same day，the young ladies held a hilarious drinking party in the hall of the peony garden for them. When it was Xiangyun’s turn to compose a verse amid a drinking game，she made fun of the service maids by saying，holding a duck head in hand，“This ya tou （referring to the duck head in hand）is not that ya tou （referring to the service maids around，as both are homophones in Chinese），for this ya tou has applied no hair oil….”Everybody roared with laughter. Some service maids protested，laughing，“You made fun of us，so you have to drink another cup. Let’s pour a full cup her….”As the party went on drinkers’games continued with ceaseless laughter and people suddenly noticed that Xiangyun had disappeared. While they looked this way and that，a service maid rushed in laughing，“Young ladies. Hurry to have a look at the Lady Xiangyun. She’s sleeping on the stone bench over there.”The group tiptoed over，and sure enough，saw Xiangyun sleeping soundly. Fallen flowers scattered on her body，her hair and her face. Her fan had dropped on the ground aside. Bees danced in the air around her. Under her head was a make-shift pillow of peony flowers wrapped with her handkerchief. Amid laughter service girls gently woke her up and helped her-she was still mumbling something drunkenly-get inside theroom.第二节翻译的定义与性质四、课内练习（一）将下列英文译成中文：1. 海蒂读过阿瑟的信后陷入了绝望之中。
《翻译理论及实践》PPT课件
a
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参考译文
1. 月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着 大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已经发 明的最高倍率的望远镜也不能看到它们。
2. 1826年杰斐逊逝世。按他生前遗愿，在他 墓地的石碑上刻着：独立宣言和弗吉尼亚 州信教自由法令的作者，弗吉尼亚大学创 建人之墓。
a
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2.1.4 静态与动态
▪ 英语有一种少用(谓语)动词、或用其他手段
a
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2.1.1 主语与主题
▪ 中国传统哲学主张“天人合一”、“万物与我为 一”，反映在语言上就是施事主体可以蕴含在行为 事件的主观表现中。
▪ 因此在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成 分。正如王力所说：“就句子结构而论，西洋语言 是法治的，中国语言是人治的。法治的不管主语用 得着用不着，总要呆板地求句子形式的一律，人治 的用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要能使人听懂说 话人的意思，就算了。”
4. We knew spring was coming as we had seen a
robin.
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参考译文
1.（由于）天气很好，我们决定去爬山。
2. 我妹妹在等我，我得走了。
3. 没有外力的作用，运动的物体就连续做匀 速直线运动。
4. 我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到 了。
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2.1.3 树状与竹状
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参考译文
5. 党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑洞，点着昏
暗的油灯，长时间地工作。
6. 今晚放映什么影片？
7. 他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。
8. 研究一下那封信，就使我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用
心的。
9. 他对她一见钟情。
a
翻译理论与实践
普陀山 ภูเขาผูโถ 大明山 ภูเขาตาหมิง
ภูเขาหวงซาน 衡山 ภูเขาเหิงซาน 起凤山 ภูเขาฉี่เฟงซาน
黄山
但象一些山峰因其形状象某种物品或动物而得名的。 翻译时应意译，可保持其名字的形象性，如：象鼻山 ภูเขางวงชาง、驼峰山ภูเขาอูฐ等。 另外，一些较著名的误译一直以来使用得比较普遍， 已被人广泛接受，可做保留。 例如：แมน้ําเจาพระยา 湄南河
โจง หายชิง เหอ หลงฉวิน หรง เปนเจิ้น
泰译汉 1、一般采用音译，翻译时按《汉泰对译表》尽 量实行一个泰语音节用一个汉字的对译原则。 2、复合辅音一般以第一辅音拼写的单辅音音节 为准。如：คึกฤทธิ์ ปราโมช 克立·巴莫，เปรม ติณสุลานนท炳·廷素拉暖 3、汉语中没有长短元音的区别，泰语的短元音 音节译成汉语时有时可以用入声字来译。
4、泰语中有闭音节，汉语没有，所以翻译时 应尽量使用入声汉字对译。 5、尽量使用常用字，避免使用生僻字。例如： มหาวิทยาลัยศรีนครินทรวิโรฒ 希那卡磷大学， 磷 可译为诗那卡琳大学。 6、尽量避免使用不雅的、含贬义的字及可能 产生歧义的字。例如：ชวลิต ยงใจยุทธ操哇 立·永猜裕，可译为差瓦利·永猜裕
►人名的翻译
汉译泰 一般采用音译，以普通话音为准。汉 语大部分字的音在泰语中基本上都能找到 对应的音，因此翻译的时候直接把汉字的 音用泰音拼写出来即可。尽量实行一字对 一音的原则。译成泰语后还是按照姓前名 后的顺序书写，姓和名之间用空格隔开。 如：“周恩来”译为“โจว เอินหลา为一般商品名都有意义，且简单明了，所以尽量意译。 但因现在泰国商品多用外文商标，所以对于外文商标可音译。
翻译理论与实践讲义
翻译理论与实践讲义翻译理论与实践讲义第一章绪论Definition of translation1. Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). --Catford2. To translate is to change into another lang uage, remaining the sense.‖ -- Dr. Samuel Johnson3. Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. --EugeneA. Nida 尤金奈达1. Her mother died of difficult labor.2. This is a very good price.3. Millet made a portrait of Lady Chesterfield, which flatter her.4. He always lives ahead of his salary.第二章翻译的过程1. 阅读并分析原文（analysis ）2. 将原文转为译入语（transfer ）3. 对译文进行修订（proofreading）2.1 阅读并分析原文2.1.1 原文的意图一.语法结构的选择二.形式对意义的表达例如诗歌等三、语义分析（semantic analysis ）a. 词的概念意义（conceptual meaning）和关联意义（associative meaning ）①chair the board meeting②seat oneself in a wooden chaira sharp knife a sharp child a sharp turn sharp eyesb. 把握意义关系，注意同反义、褒贬义、多歧义关系。
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English-Chinese TranslationLecture Five：Chapter Four Conversion(转换法) 【Teaching Aims】1. To let Ss know about the theoretical basis for the translation technique: conversion2. To direct Ss into using conversion in translation【Teaching Contents】1. Part 1: Specimen Reading for Comments2. Part 2: Conversion of Word Classes3. Part 3: Conversion of Sentence Members4. Part 4: Conversion of Impersonal Subjects5. Part 5: Conversion of Perspective6. Part 6: AssignmentsSpecimen Reading for Comments: How to Grow Old (Excerpts)(P117)【Teaching Emphasis and Difficulty】Conversion of Impersonal Subjects and perspective【Teaching steps】Part 1 Specimen Reading for CommentsBertrand RussellThe best way to overcome the fear of death—so at least it seems to me—is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river—small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls.克服怕死念头的最好办法．至少在我看来，就是逐步扩大你的兴趣，并使更加脱离个人所关心的事情，直到禁锢自我的壁垒退渐步步隐退．直到你的生命越来越同大千世界的生命融合在一起。
个人的存在应当像一条河---起初狭小，局限在自已的河岸之间，然后激越地流过巨砺，冲下悬崖。
怎样才能活到老（节录）罗素Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. (From Portraits from Memory and Other Essays)河逐渐越流越宽广，河岸越来越后退，水流也越来越平静，最后和大海融为一体，分不出任何界线，毫无痛苦地失去了自我的存在。
如果一个老年人能以这样的态度来看待生命，他就是不会怕死，因为他所关心的一切将会继续下去。
《译自《记忆中的肖像及其他》）Part 2 Conversion of Word Classes4.1.1 English Nouns and Adjectives into Chinese Verbs and AdverbsIn English: Abstract nouns (denoting actions, manners, qualities, feelings, etc.) or gerunds are often used for verbs.The nominal style（名词化表达法)In Chinese: Two or more verbs instead of abstract nouns are usually used together or separately in one sentence.The verbal style（动词化表达法)Translation: English nouns into Chinese verbsEnglish adjectives into Chinese adverbsExamples：English Nouns and Adjectives into Chinese Verbs and Adverbs1. All peace-loving people demand the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons.一切爱好和平的人民都要求全面禁止核武器，彻底销毁核武器。
（cf.核武器的全面的禁止和彻底的销毁）2. Ford's first pledge was, "Mr. President, you have my support and my loyalty．”福特一开始就保证说，“总统先生，我支持你，并效忠于你。
”（cf.你有我的支持和我的效忠）3. Speakers called for the liberation of the oppressed of the world.发言人表示要解放世界上的被压迫者。
4. They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness.他们最后看了铁麦克一眼--它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。
5. He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern. (Vanity Fair)他是个聪明人，谈吐非常风趣，可是学习又不肯用苦功，他老是东挪西借，又喜欢上酒店喝酒。
6. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man's past wrong doings.在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。
Examples：English Nouns & Adjectives into Chinese V erbs & Adverbs4.1.2 Conversion from English Adjective into Chinese VerbsEnglish adjectives derived from verbs，adjectives denoting feelings, wishes, physical or mental perceptions, etc,, when used with linking verbs, are often converted into Chinese verbs. Examples:1. You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。
2. I am out fifty dollars.我亏了/损失五十美元。
3.The following plan may become available during the next decade.下列计划在10年间可能实现。
4.1.3 Conversion from English Prepositions into Chinese VerbsEnglish ：There are about 286 prepositions and prepositional phrasesChinese ：30 prepositions, which are mostly borrowed from their corresponding verbs. Examples:1. Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯。
2. If a ma n couldn’t walk into a room and tell who was for him and who was against him, then he wasn’t much of a politician.要是一个人不能在一上任就看出谁支持他．谁反对他．那么他能不配搞政治。
4.1.4 Conversion from English Nouns into Chinese Adjectives1. O. Henry is the creator of a new short story genre in literature.欧·亨利在文学上创造了短篇小说的一种新体裁。
2. I have full assurance of the reliability of the information.我完全相信这个消息是可靠的。
3. When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能的要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。