Chapter1and2 answer
《外贸英语函电》（第二版）习题答案
《外贸英语函电》（第⼆版）习题答案《外贸英语函电》（第⼆版）习题答案Chapter 1 key to exercises1. Translate the following terms.（1）inside address 封内地址（2）salutation 称呼（3）complimentary close 结尾敬语（4）Ref. No. 参考编号（5）enclosure 附件（6）P.O.Box 邮箱（7）postscript 附⾔（8）full block style 齐头式2. Answer the following questions.（1）How many formats of business letters do we use today? What are they?Three formats are used in writing business letter. They are full block style, modified block style and indented style.（2）What are the standard parts of a business letter?There are seven standard parts which includes letterhead, date, inside address, salutation, body of the letter, complimentary close and signature.（3）What kinds of information should be written on an envelop? And what are their positions?The information of the sender and the receiver should be written on an envelop. The information of the sender is at the top-left corner, while the information of the receiver is almost in the middle of the envelop.3. Complete the structure of the following business letter which is with full block style and write down the names of the missing parts in the boxes.Date Body of the letter Complimentary closeChapter 2key to exercises1.Translate the following terms.(1) 传真信号; (2) 传真机储存器已满; (3) 电⼦邮件; (4) 通信错误，传输信号不好;(5) 接收⽅传真机忙，传真机重拨2.Translate the following sentences into English.(1)We have to apologize to you for not answering your letter in time.(2)Please confirm the order and e-mail a shipping schedule.(3)As soon as the goods are available, we’ll inform you by fax.(4)If you find our offer acceptable, please fax us for confirmation.(5)We are e-mailing you to enquire whether you’d be willing to establish business relation s with us.3.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.(1)如果存取⽂件有任何问题请和我联系。
2011功能语言学课程Chapter 1 and 2 课件PPT
Trochaic : iambic – 2 syllables
Trochaic（扬抑拍）: strong + weak e.g. better butter Iambic（抑扬拍）：weak +strong If all the world was ap--ple pie foot
Poem structure in two systems
Questions:
How many words consist of a sentence? ____one? two? Several? (maybe) E.g. “yes”, “ok”, “I did”, “I did it” How many letters consist of a word? ____one? Two? Several? (maybe) E.g. “I”, “no”, “and” ......
教材及主要参考书目
An Introduction to Functional Grammar Second edition by M. A.
K. Halliday.Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press and Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited (外语教学与研究出版社， 爱德华 阿诺德出版社）. 2000. Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold. By Thompson, Geoff. 1996. Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the clause. London: continuum. By Martin, J. R.and David Rose. 2003. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach. London: Edward Arnold. By Bloor, Thomas and Meriel Bloor. 1995. 《系统功能语法概论》胡壮麟，朱永生，张德禄，李占子， 北京： 北京大学出版社. 2005.
津津有味读经典LEVEL1《格林童话选》正文与评价手册答案
Level 1 Grimm’s Fairy Tales < Answer Key >Little Red Riding HoodPreview Questions1. Her name was Little Red Riding Hood because she had a red hood.2. Little Red Riding Hood goes into the forest to see her grandmother.3. Little Red Riding Hood will meet a wolf.Review Questions1. Mr. Wolf was in the forest.2. Mr. Wolf ate Little Red Riding Hood and her grandmother.3. The Woodcutter cut open the wolf. Little Red Riding Hood and her grandmother were inside the wolf. The Woodcutter put stones inside the wolf. The wolf was so full of stones that he died.Snow White and the Seven DwarvesChapter 1Preview Questions1. Her name was Snow White because her skin was very white.2. A king and a queen are in Snow White’s family. After the queen dies, Snow White gets a stepmother.3. Snow White and her stepmother do not get along. The new queen hates Snow White. Review Questions1. Snow White’s stepmother hated her because she was beautiful.2. Seven dwarves lived in the house in the forest.3. Her stepmother asked the mirror. The mirror told her Snow White was alive. Snow White’s stepmother dressed as an old woman. She pretended to sell pots and pans. She walked around and found the house.Chapter 2Preview Questions1. The dwarves will find Snow White on the floor.2. The queen will be angry because Snow White is still alive.3. The queen will try to kill Snow White.Review Questions1. The queen put poison in the apples.2. The dwarves made a glass box for Snow White. The dwarves made a clear coffin for Snow White because she was still very beautiful.3. The prince had the glass coffin moved. The apple came out of Snow White’s throat. She woke up. Snow White married the prince. The prince rescued Snow White. They lived happily ever after.BearskinChapter 1Preview Questions1. It is called Bearskin because it is about a man who uses a bearskin. It is about a man who wears a bearskin from the Devil.2. Answers vary: This story is about a bearskin. This story is about a bear and a soldier. This story is about the Devil and a soldier.3. The Devil will want the soldier’s soul.Review Questions1. The Devil gave the soldier a coat to wear. The Devil gave the soldier a green coat with gold in the pocket. The gold never runs out.2. He must wear the bearskin, and not bathe, shave, or cut his hair for seven years.3. The soldier will go to the man’s home because he wants to marry one of his daughters.Chapter 2Preview Questions1. The merchant’s daughters will be at home.2. The merchant’s daughters will not like the soldier because he is dirty, ugly, and smelly.3. The soldier will leave. The soldier will work hard. The soldier will be lonely.Review Questions1. The soldier gave the merchant’s daughter one half of a ring.2. The soldier made the Devil keep his promise. The soldier made the Devil clean him up and give him a shave. The Devil had to make the soldier rich.3. The merchant’s daughter knew who the soldier was when he showed her the other half of the ring.RapunzelPreview Questions1. Rapunzel is a girl with very long hair. Rapunzel is a pretty girl with long hair who is kept in a tower.2. Yes, a person can easily live in a tower. No, a person cannot easily live in a tower.3. A woman can grow her hair so it is very long. A woman can only grow her hair a certain length.A woman cannot have very long hair.Review Questions1. Rapunzel is another word for rampion, a kind of vegetable.2. The witch put Rapunzel in a high tower.3. Rapunzel used her hair as a ladder for other people to climb up. Level 1 Grimm’s Fairy Tales < Summaries >Little Red Riding HoodLittle Red Riding Hood took her grandmother some food. A wolf saw her walking in the woods towards her grandmother’s house. The wolf got to the house before Little Red Riding Hood. He pretended to be the grandmother and ate Little Red Riding Hood. A woodcutter saved her life.Snow WhiteChapter 1 The Dwarves’ HouseSnow White was more beautiful than her step-mother, the Queen. Angry because of this, the queen ordered a guard to kill Snow White but he let her go. She went to live with seven dwarfs. The Queen found her and tried to kill her.Chapter 2 The Queen’s TrickThe Queen gave Snow White some poisoned apples. She ate one and it made her so ill the dwarves thought she was dead. They buried her in a glass coffin. A prince saw her in the coffin and fell in love with her. He kissed her and she woke up. He married her.The Bear SkinChapter 1 The Devil and the SoldierThe Devil told a soldier that if he wore a bearskin for seven years he would become rich. He agreed and no one would talk to the soldier because he smelled bad. Then he met a merchant who took him to his home to meet his daughters. The youngest agreed to marry him in the future.Chapter 2 The Merchant’s DaughtersSeven years later, when he was clean, the soldier visited the merchant. The merchant and his daughters do not know who this clean man was. He asked to marry the youngest daughter but she said she was promised to another man,Then the soldier told her who he was.RazpunzelRapunzel’s mother wanted to eat some of a witch’s rampion. She agreed to give her first child to the witch. The witch locked her up in a tower. A prince climbed up Razpunzel’s hair into the tower and fell in love with her. The witch found out and sent Razpunzel into the desert. The prince returned and found the witch in the tower. Then he found Razpunzel and married her.Before You ReadI. W ork with your classmates. Write as much as youknow about the stories.(Answers may vary, and sample answers are given.) L ittle Red Riding Hood1. red hood2. grandmother’s3. wolf4. ate5. killed the wolfSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs1.died2.kill her / kill Snow White3. forest4. seven dwarfs5. a princeBearskin1.the Devil 2. a rich man3. soul4. a merchant / a merchant’s three daughters5. the merchant’s youngest daughterRapunzel1.couldn’t have a child 2. a witch3. the child / the girl4. a tower5. hairI I. S can through the book and answer the following.1.a. Snow Whiteb. Little Red Riding Hoodc. Dwarfd. Rapunzel’s parentse. T he wolff. The Devilg. T he soldier h. Rapunzel2. a. Witch / Tower / Hairb. G irl / Grandmother / Wolfc. Queen / Girl / Appled. S oldier / Devil / Bearskin3. a. R apunzel b. Little Red Riding Hoodc. Snow Whited. BearskinLittle Red Riding HoodI.A re these sentences correct? Write “T” for true and“F” for false.1.F2. T3.T4.F5. TI I.C hoose the best answer.1.d2. c3. b4. cI I I.W rite the correct word in each blank.1.girl2. loved3. forest4. fine5. path6. ate7. clothes 8. voice9. cottage 10. jumpedI V.W rite the sentences in the correct order.1.L ittle Red Riding Hood went to see hergrandmother.2. She met and talked to Mr. Wolf.3. Mr. Wolf found and ate the grandmother.4. Mr. Wolf ate Little Red Riding Hood, too.5. A woodcutter saved the grandmother and LittleRed Riding Hood.Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs[ Chapter 1 ] The Dwarfs’ HouseI.A re these sentences correct? Write “T” for true and“F” for false.1.T2. T3. T4.F5. FI I.Choose the best answer.1. c2. b3. a4. dI I I.C ircle the correct word or phrase.1.girl2. mother3. most beautiful4. the mirror5.hated 6. forest7. good 8. little9.seven 10. candlesI V.Write the sentences in the correct order.1.Snow White’s father, a king, had a new wife.2. T he new queen did not like Snow White becauseshe was so beautiful.3. T he queen told one of her guards to kill SnowWhite.4. Snow White went to live with seven dwarfs.5. T he queen dressed as a poor woman who soldpots and pans.[ Chapter 2 ] The Queen’s TrickI.P ut the sentences in order from 1 (first) to 5 (last).3, 1, 5, 2, 4I I.Choose the best answer.1. b2. a3. d4.c1I I I.M atch the word or phrase with the meaning usedin the chapter.1. f2. e3. i4. c5. b6. j7. d8. g9. h 10. aI V.C omplete the summary by writing the correct wordin each blank.1.poisoned2. coffin3. in4. moved5. appleBearskin[ Chapter 1 ] The Devil and the SoldierI.A re these sentences correct? Write “T” for true and“F” for false.1.F2. T3.T4.F5. TI I.Choose the best answer.1. c2. d3. a4. dI I I.W rite the correct word in each blank.1.soldier2. money3. rich4. large5. rifle6. skin7. green 8. gold9.old 10. merchantI V.Write the sentences in the correct order.1.T he Devil told a soldier to wear a bearskin andnot to cut his hair or beard for seven years.2. The soldier became very rich.3. After a while, the soldier became very smelly.4. The soldier gave gold to a merchant.5. The merchant took the soldier home.[ Chapter 2 ] The Merchant’s DaughtersI.P ut the sentences in order from 1 (first) to 5 (last).4, 5, 2, 1, 3I I.Choose the best answer.1. c2. d3. b4. a I I I.C ircle the correct word or phrase.1.daughters2. youngest3. ring4. three5. Devil6. new7.handsome 8. did not9. ate 10. floorI V.C omplete the summary by writing the correct wordin each blank.1. daughters2. youngest3. three4. Devil5. hurtRapunzelI.A re these sentences correct? Write “T” for true and“F” for false.1.F2. T3.T4.T5. FI I.Choose the best answer.1. b2. c3. c4. aI I I.M atch the word with the meaning used in thechapter.1. e2. a3. i4. b5. f6. c7. h8. d9. g 10. jI V.Write the sentences in the correct order.1.A woman gave her daughter, Rapunzel, to awitch.2. Rapunzel soon became a beautiful woman.3. Rapunzel was locked in a tower.4. A prince fell in love with her.5. T he witch hid Rapunzel, but the prince foundher, and they got married.After You ReadI. R ead the clues in each box and write the correctstory number in the box. Each story number willbe used more than once.a. 1b. 4c. 3d. 2e. 3f. 1g. 2h. 42。
美国文学简史常耀信版Chapter_1and_2
两次世界大战之间
现实主义文学的发展
小说（德莱塞 ；辛· 刘易斯 ；薇拉· 凯瑟 ） “哈莱姆文艺复兴” （休斯；卡伦；理查德· 赖特 ） 左翼文学与反法西斯文学 （约翰· 里德 ；多斯· 帕索
斯 ；斯坦贝克 ；海明威；海尔曼 ） “南方文艺复兴” （威廉· 福克纳 ） 戏剧的“黄金时代” （奥尼尔 ） “新批评” （注重对文学作品本身进行精密分析， 在现代诗歌的分析上有其独到之处，他们摆脱了过 去仅仅介绍背景知识与发挥个人印象的批评方式。 但这一流派总的倾向是忽视文学作品的社会意义， 割断作品与历史、社会背景的关系）
American Puritanism
Puritanism
was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World– a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual and social order of New England.
Puritanism
Puritanism
is a highly strict religious doctrine. The Puritans were determined to find a place on the new continent where they could worship God in the way they thought true Christians should. also has its practical aspect. The Puritans had to work hard in order to make a living and be ready for any misfortunes and tragic failures that might lie in wait for them.
英语《阅读教程》第一册答案
P35-4 1.weather 2.slowly 3.typical 4.extreme 5.temperatures 6.storms 7.floods 8.rain 9.damage 10.worse
P53
1
1.diet 2.diet 3.fast food 4.universal 5.tacos and burrios 6.diabetes 7.low-carb diet plex carbohydrates 9.soy products 10.dairy
5) Some examples of directions from residents of the American Midwest are “Take this road here. Go straight north for two miles,” or, “Keep to the left around the curve. Then merge with Local Route 12 .”
w 7.public 8.restaurants 9.habits 10.health
Chapter 5
Part 1
5) A. family in the past
1. biometeorologists 2.atmosphere 3.rain,snow,humidity, air pressure 4.weather 5.strokes 6. sudden stopping of the heart 7.flu 8.lungs 9. emotional conditions and feelings 10. Seasonal Affective Disorder, long periods of darkness
泛读教程1答案
泛读教程1答案篇一：泛读教程1答案 Unit1-16Unit 1 University Student LifeSection AWord Pretest1. D2. B3. B4. C5. D6. D7. A8. BReading Comprehensionl. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. FVocabulary BuildingWord Matchrationally in a way based on reason rather than emotions established accepted; recognizedvarious differentpanic sudden fearconsolidate strengthenassignment homeworkbiological of living thingsflexible not fixedstrenuous stressful; requiring effort and energymaster overallrecreation way of spending free timeestimate calculate roughlyroutine regular; usualpriority first concernrelaxation rest1. flexible2. established3. panic4. strenuous5. priority6. routine7. Rationally8. recreationsSuffix1. familiarize2. visualize3. merely4. idealize5. finalize6. necessarily7. physically8. highlyClozefavorable their respected professors authority role expect need several changesSec tion B1. D2. C3. C4. B5. C6. B7. D8. DSection Cl. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. C 8. AUnit 2 Culture ShockSection AWord Pretest1. C2. A3. D4. C5. C6. B7. A8. DReading Comprehension1. C2. D3. D4. D5. D6. CVocabulary BuildingWord Matchexaggerate say more than the truth about somethingslang nonstandard vocabularyadapt make or become suitableinsecure weak; uncertain; unprotecteddistinct different; separatechallenging difficult, but in an interesting wayrange vary within limitsadjust change slightly in order to make suitableaggressive ready for conflictcope with deal withoccur happenidentity the distinguishing character or personality of an individual automatic self-acting; under its own power distortion twist; changing shapereverse opposite; contraryl. slang 2. exaggerate 3. cope with 4. reverse5. adapt / adjust6. range / ranged7. occurred8. aggressive Suffix l. dividable / divisible 2. determination 3. dependable 4. satisfaction5. correction6. relation7. usable / useable8. recognizable Cloze foreign anxious behavior mean necessarilyappear unsure approach frustrations systemSection Bl. C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. DSection Cl. C 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. DUnit 3 MovieSection AWord Pretestl. B 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. DReading Comprehensionl. C 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. C 8. AVocabulary Building篇二：英语泛读教程1答案英语泛读教程1答案Answer keys for reference:Unit 1: Education PolicyI. Warm-up: The American Education System2. Skimming and scanning(1) B. (2)C. (3)grade point average; Scholastic Aptitude Test; Graduate Record Examination (4)Associate Bachelor?s; Master Doctorate3. Reading comprehensioni. Read for main idea(1) A. (2) kindergarten-5/6; 6-8, 7-9; 9/10-12 (3) 11ii. Understanding the languageA. Vocabulary3. B4. C5. B6. A7. B8. BB. Phrases and sentences(1) Different colleges and universities have different admission policies.(2) If a student hasn t completed a minimum number of credit hours, he cannot graduate from a degree program.iii. Reading for facts(1) D.E. (2) C. (3) D. (4) B. (5) A.4. Interpretation and evaluationThe public school is actually funded by the public. Parents of students in grades 1-12 actually pay their children s tuition in the form of tax. II. In Focus: Education for All: The Vision Lives On2. Skimming and scanning(1) B. (2) 181 (3) C. (4) A.3. Reading comprehensioni. Read for main idea(1) C. (2) C. (3) C. (4) universal basic education by the year 2000 ii. Understanding the languageA. Vocabulary9. B 10. C 11. B 12. B 13. B 17. CB. Phrases and sentences(1) If a country is seriously willing to work hard on its basic education, it can get help from the donor countries and institutions when it lacks recourses in its achievement of this goal.committed to sth.: willing to work very hard at something(2) The quality of learning can t meet the needs of societies.fall short of sth.: to be less than what you need, expected, or hoped for, or to fail to reach a satisfactory standard(3)Besides, the quality of education in some areas is poor.coupled with: if one thing is coupled with another, the two things happen or exist together and produce a particular result(4)Will the Dakar forum bring about any real effect.make a difference: to have an important effect or influence on something or someone(5) Whereas when we first started this work at the Jomtien conference, we had not a bit of information torefer to.start from scratch: begin without using anything that existed or was prepared before(6) Whether the effort for Education for All will see a final success or not relies heavily on whether governments, NGOs, and donor groups want to view education as a priority.rooted in sth.: to have developed from something and be strongly influenced by itiii. Read for facts(1) B. (2) B. (3) C. (4) A. (5) B.4. Interpretation and evaluation(1) A.(2)The Dakar forum was based on the results of a world-wide two-year audit.(3)Political determination is needed to accelerate the success.(4)He is optimistic. We know it from the last paragraph.Unit 2: Entertainment (I)I. warm up2.Skimming and scanning(1) Albums chart.(2) March 2004.(3) P stands for “position of the album on this week at the charts”; L stands for “position of the album on the last week at the charts”; W stands for “weeks on the charts”.(4) “Feels Like Home”. The artist is Norah Jones.(5) Yes.(6) “Bad Boy?s 10th Anniversary… The Hits”. “Fallen” by Evanescence.(7) “In the Zone”.II. In focus2.Skimming and scanning(1) About memorial for salsa queen Celia Cruz.(2) Miami, Florida.3.Reading comprehensioni. Read for main idea(1) 1(2) Because she is the personification of Cuba, the free Cuba and the future Cuba, an idol as a person and as an artist.ii.Understanding the language.(1) shield (para. 6)-B(2) thrill (vt.) (para. 7)- C(3) idol (para. 8)- Aiii. Reading for facts(1) More than 75000.(2) She died of a brain tumor.(3) A (4) B (5) A(6) C (7) B (8) A4.Interpretation and evaluation(1) B (2) B (3) A (4) B (5) AIII. Follow up2. Reading comprehension and evaluation(1) At her home in Fort Lee, New Jersey.(2) Because Miami is the place with the largest concentration of Cuban-Americans and the place closest in her heart to Cuba.(3) Her long-held wish was to return to her homeland- Cuba. No.(4) Because people think that Cuba is in Celia Cruz music.(5) Because she was Cuban- American.(6) “Our deepest sympathy for your loss. She will always be with us.”(7) Because it was what Celia wanted, who had said to remember her by how she was, not by crying.(8) Yes.(9) Because people waved flags from many countries, sporadically broke into song, danced or chanted.(10) Because Celia Cruz didn?t like black umbrellas at her funeral.(11) Because by 3 p.m., authorities warned that many mourners just showing up would probably not get in.(12) Between 150,000 to 200, 000.(13) In the Bronx, New York, next Tuesday.Unit 3 Ancient ArchitectureI. Warm-up Stonehenge2. Skimming and scanning(1) The monumental arrangement of pillars at the Stonehenge?s centre could have been used to predict lunar eclipses.(2) the 19 upright columns at the Stonehenge?s centre(3) every 47 months3. Reading Comprehension(1) A(2) C(3) D(4) C(5) C4. Understanding Vocabulary1. B2. A3. A4. C5. C6. B7. C8. B 9. A 10. C 11. BII In Focus The Parthenon2. Skimming and scanning(1) a city state(2) the apartment of the virgin(3) sculpture, architecture, reasoning and individuality3. Reading Comprehensioni. Read for main idea(1) C(2) Cii. Understanding the language? Vocabulary12. C 13. C 14. A 15. B 16. A 17. A 18. B19. A 20. C 21. A 22. C? Phrases and sentences(1) The achievement of the Greeks in reasoning laid foundation for Western Civilization.(2) was added lateriii. Reading for facts(1) D (2) D (3) B (4) B (5) C4. Interpretation and evaluation(1) The list can be long, on which we find, for example, Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Aphrodite, Prometheus, Hercules and the Muses.Unit 4 Western HolidaysI Warm up The Lessons of Easter Island2. Skimming and scanning(1) the Dutch Admiral Roggeveen; about 3,000(2) deforestation(3) to provide clearings for agriculture, fuel for heating and cooking, and to move heavy statues3. Reading Comprehensioni. Read for main idea(1) C(2) B(3) Dii. Understanding the language? Vocabulary1. A2. C3. C4. A5. B6. B7. A8. A9. B 10. C 11. A 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. A? Phrases and sentences(1) although the Easter Island appears to be of little importance(2) when the wood was completely used up(3) Little attention was paid to the fact that few trees were left on the Island.iii. Reading for facts(1) C (2) B (3) B (4) C (5) C (6) D (7) C4. Interpretation and evaluation( Open questions)II In Focus Thanksgiving Day2. Skimming and scanning(1) In the autumn of 1621(2) In 1863(3) To officially announce the date when Thanksgiving is celebrated.(4) turkey, corn, pumpkins, and cranberry3. Reading Comprehensioni. Read for main idea(1) C(2) Cii. Understanding the languageA.Vocabulary16. B 17. C 18. C 19. C 20. B 21. A 22. B 23. A24. B 25. C 26. A 27. CB.Phrases and sentences(1) Happy family gathering; On this day, Americans give thanks for the blessings they?ve enjoyed during the year.(2) Sharing a traditional meal with those in need.iii. Reading for facts(1) C (2) D (3) A (4) B (5) D4. Interpretation and evaluation(1) Freedom and prosperity for early settlers. Besides the two mentioned, more responsibilities Americans faced were cooperation among nations, poverty relief and liberty and justice for all people.(2) Answers can be based on history.Unit 5 Popular MusicI. Warm-up Globalization of Culture2. Skimming and scanning(1) U.S culture(2) To find out the impact the U.S.A. has had on popular culture in the rest of the world.(3) Music, television, and films3. Reading Comprehensioni. Read for main idea(1) Different surveys of American cultural impact on the world(2) They don?t consider it a threat to other nations? cultures.ii. Understanding the language?? Vocabulary Phrases and sentences 1. B 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. C 7.A 8. C 9. C(1) What?s the standpoint of the majority of the Americans?(2) Worries from other countries are considered exaggerated.iii. Reading for facts(1) D (2) B (3) B (4) B (5) A4. Interpretation and evaluation(1) This is almost not a good excuse for U.S. cultural dominance.(2) A place where different influences are mixedII In Focus The Beatles2. Skimming and scanning(1) John, Paul, Ringo and George; John Lennon(2) in the 1960s3. Reading Comprehensioni. Read for main idea(1) D(2) Dii. Understanding the language? Vocabulary10. A 11. B 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. C 16. B篇三：大学英语泛读教程第一册参考答案大学英语泛读教程第一册参考答案（高等出版社，2021年3月版）Unit 1Chapter 1 A family sees America Together (P. 2—17)G. Blank Filling (P 11)1. describing2. journal3. sign4. websites5. missH. Translation (P.12)1. By using computers and the Internet2. if we are friendly and helpful to others3. learn about our country and (our) people4. enjoyed his trip in Europe5. on the day that/when they leftChapter twoF. Word forms (p. 27)1. a. solves (v.) b. solutions (n.)2. a. education (n.) b. educate (v. )3. a. locate (v.) b. locations (n.)4. a. construction (n.) b. construct (v.)5. a. organization (n.) b. organizes (v.)G. Blank Filling (p. 28)1. habitat2. community3. endangered4. solution5. For instanceH. Translation (p 28)1. but also give them a chance to learn about cultures of other countries2. still others got angry3. construct homes for the poor and homeless all over the world4. but the work depends on your patience and sense of responsibilities5. who want to be helpful to those in needCNN video report: volunteer vacations1. answers will vary2. 1. c 2. d3. e4. b5. a3. Working together to build a house is similar to the tradition of harvesting. This tradition is important because it helps build a better community.Reading Strategy (P. 34-36)1. 孤儿院2. 象鼻3. 七胞胎4. 语义学5. 家禽6. 消失7. 摘要 8. 困境Chapter 3G. Blank Filling (P. 50)1. tell…apart2. inherited3. similarities4. be curious5. coincidenceH. Translation1. Out of every two children in the United States2. Tom and John are twin brothers3. Though the twins were separated when they were only two months old.4. when people in the earthquake zone are in pain and in trouble5. be open to each other’s thoughts.Chapter 4G. Blank Filling (P. 70)1. search for2. worthwhile3. confidential4. is scared of5. interfere withH. Translation (P. 70)1. Regulations alone doesn’t work2. whether to search for birth parents is a difficult decision to make3. even though twins grow up in different families4. what influences a person’s personality5. he still had mixed feelings toward her Follow-up Activities (PP 73-75)1. a 3 b. 1 c. 3 d. Answers will vary2. and3. Answers will varyCNN Video Report: Raising Triplets。
中级财务会计Chapter-01-Assignments-and-Answers讲解学习
Select the best answer for each of the following.M1-1 Accruing net losses on noncancelable purchase commitments for inventory is anc. Consistencyd. MaterialityThe information provided by financial reporting pertains toIndividual companies, rather than to industries or the economy as a whole or to b. Individual companies and industries, rather than to the economy as a whole or to members of society as consumers.c. Individual companies and the economy as a whole, rather than to industries or to members of society as consumers.d. Individual companies, industries, and the economy as a whole, rather than to members of society as consumers.M1-3 According to Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 2, an interim earnings report is expected to have which of the following?Predictive Feedbackvalue valueNoYesNod. No YesM1-4 A patent, purchased in 2007 and being amortized over a 10-year life, was determined to be worthless in 2010. The write-off of the asset in 2010 is an example of which of the following principles?d. ObjectivityAn accrued expense is an expenseb. Incurred and paidd. Not reasonably estimableM1-6 Which of the following accounting concepts states that an accounting transaction should be supported by sufficient evidence to allow two or more qualified individuals to arrive at essentially similar measures and conclusions?c. Periodicityd. Stable monetary unitM1-7 Which of the following is considered a pervasive constraint of providing financial Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 2?c. Timelinessd. VerifiabilityM1-8 The valuation of a promise to receive cash in the future at present value on the financial statements of a company is valid because of the accounting concept ofa. EntityM1-9 Under Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 2, which of the following relates to both relevance and reliability?a. Timelinessb. NeutralityM1-10 Under Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 6, which of the following, in the most precise sense, means the process of converting noncash resources and rights into cash or claims to cash?a. Allocationb. RecordationC1-3 Accounting Assumptions and PrinciplesCertain accounting assumptions and principles have had an important impact on the development of generally accepted accounting principles. The following is a list of these assumptions and principles as well as a list of statements describing certain accounting practices.A. Entity E. Monetary unitB. Continuity F. RealizationC. Period of time G. MatchingD. Historical cost H. ConservatismA 1. The business, rather than its owners, is the reporting unit.G 2. Depreciation costs are expensed in the periods of use rather than at the time the asset is acquired.E 3. Accounting measurements are reported in dollars.C 4. The year is the normal reporting unit.B 5. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the company will operate long enough to carry out its existing commitments.F 6. Revenue is usually recognized at the time of sale.D 7. Exchange price is retained in the accounting records.H 8. An accounting alternative is selected that is least likely to overstate assets and income.RequiredSelect the accounting assumption or principle that justifies each accounting practice and place the appropriate letter on the line preceding the statementC1-4 Qualitative CharacteristicsIn FASB Statement of Concepts No. 2, several qualitative characteristics of useful accounting information were identified. The following is a list of these qualities as well as a list of statements describing the qualities.A. Comparability H. VerifiabilityB. Understandability I. NeutralityC. Relevance J. RepresentationalD. Reliability faithfulnessE. Predictive value K. ConsistencyF. Feedback value L. MaterialityG. TimelinessH 1. Ability of measurers to form a consensus that the selected accounting method has been used without error or bias.G 2. Making information available to decision makers before it loses its capacity to influence decisions.C 3. Capacity to make a difference in a decision.B 4. Overall qualitative characteristic.I 5. Absence of bias intended to influence behavior in a particular direction.D 6. Reasonably free from bias.E 7. Helps decision makers forecast correctly.J 8. Validity.A 9. Interactive quality; helps explain similarities and differences between two sets of facts.L 10. Quantitative “threshold” constraint.K 11. Conformity from period to period.F 12. Helps decision makers confirm or change prior expectations.RequiredPlace the appropriate letter identifying each term on the line in front of the statement describing the quality.C1-5 Cost and Expense RecognitionAn accountant must be familiar with the concepts involved in determining earnings of a company. The amount of earnings reported for a company is dependent on the proper recognition, in general, of revenue and expense for a given time period. In some situations costs are recognized as expenses at the time of product sale; in other situations guidelines have been developed for recognizing costs as expenses or losses by other criteria.Required1. Explain the rationale for recognizing costs as expenses at the time of product sale.2. What is the rationale underlying the appropriateness of treating costs as expenses of a period instead of assigning the costs to an asset? Explain.3. Some expenses are assigned to specific accounting periods on the basis of systematic and rational allocation of asset cost. Explain the underlying rationale for recognizing expenses on this basis.1. Some costs are recognized as expenses on the basis of a presumed direct association with specific revenue. This presumed direct association has been identified both as "associating cause and effect" and as the "matching concept." Direct cause-and-effect relationships can seldom be conclusively demonstrated, but many costs appear to be related to particular revenue, and recognizing them as expenses accompanies recognition of the revenue. Generally, the matching concept requires that the revenue recognized and the expenses incurred to produce the revenue be given concurrent periodic recognition in the accounting records. Only if effort is properly related to accomplishment will the results, called income, have useful significance concerning the efficient utilization of business resources. Thus, applying the matching principle is a recognition of the cause-and-effect relationship that exists between expense and revenue. Examples of expenses that are usually recognized by associating cause and effect are sales commissions, freight-out on merchandise sold, and cost of goods sold or services provided.2. Some costs are assigned as expenses to the current accounting period because (a) their incurrence during the period provides no discernible future benefits; (b) they are measures of assets recorded in previous periods from which no future benefits are expected or can be discerned; (c) they must be incurred each accounting year, and no build-up of expected future benefits occurs; (d) by their nature they relate to current revenues even though they cannot be directly associated with any specific revenues; (e) the amount of cost to be deferred can be measured only in an arbitrary manner or great uncertainty exists regarding the realization of future benefits, or both; (f) uncertainty exists regarding whether allocating them to current and future periods will serve any useful purpose. Thus, many costs are called "period costs" and are treated as expenses in the period incurred because they have neither a direct relationship to revenue earned nor can their occurrence be directly shown to give rise to an asset. The application of this principle of expense recognition results in charging many costs to expense in the period in which they are paid or accrued for payment. Examples of costs treated as period expenses would include officers' salaries, advertising, research and development, and auditors' fees.3. In the absence of a direct basis for associating asset cost with revenue, and if the asset provides benefits for two or more accounting periods, its cost should be allocated to these periods (as an expense) in a systematic and rational manner. Thus, when it is impractical, or impossible, to find a close cause-and-effect relationship between revenue and cost, this relationship is often assumed to exist. Therefore, the asset cost is allocated to the accounting periods by some method. The allocation method used should appear reasonable to an unbiased observer and should be followed consistently from period to period. Examples of systematic and rational allocation of asset cost would include depreciation of fixed assets, amortization of certain intangibles, and allocation of rent and insurance.C1-9 Accruals and DeferralsGenerally accepted accounting principles require the use of accruals and deferrals in the determination of income.Required1. How does accrual accounting affect the determination of income? Include in your discussion what constitutes an accrual and a deferral, and give appropriate examples of each.2. Contrast accrual accounting with cash accounting.1. Accrual accounting recognizes and reports the effects of transactions and other events on the assets and liabilities of a company in the time periods to which they relate rather than only when cash is received or paid. Accrual accounting attempts to match revenues and the expenses associated with those revenues in order to determine net income for an accounting period. Revenues are recognized and recorded when earned. Expenses are recognized and recorded as follows:•Associating Cause and Effect. Some expenses are recognized and recorded on a presumed direct association with specific revenue.• Systematic and Rational Allocation. In the absence of a direct association with specific revenue, some expenses are recognized and recorded by attempting to allocate expenses in a systematic and rational manner among the periods in which benefits are provided.• Immediate Recognition. Some costs are associated with the current accounting period as expenses because (1) costs incurred during the period provide no discernible future benefits, (2) costs recorded as assets in prior periods no longer provide discernible benefits, or (3) allocating costs either on the basis of association with revenues or among several accounting periods is considered to serve no useful purpose.An accrual represents a transaction that affects the determination of income for the period but has not yet been reflected in the cash accounts of that period. Accrued revenue is revenue earned but not yet collected in cash. An example of accrued revenue is accrued interest revenue earned on bonds from the last interest payment date to the end of theaccounting period. An accrued expenses is an expense incurred but not yet paid in cash. An example of an accrued expense is salaries incurred for the last week of the accounting period that are not payable until the subsequent accounting period.A deferral represents a transaction that has been reflected in the cash accounts of the period but has not yet affected the determination of income for that period. Deferred (prepaid) revenue is revenue collected or collectible in cash but not yet earned. An example of deferred (prepaid) revenue is rent collected in advance by a lessor in the last month of the accounting period, which represents the rent for the first month of the subsequent accounting period. A deferred (prepaid) expense is an expense paid or payable in cash but not yet incurred. An example of a deferred (prepaid) expense is an insurance premium paid in advance in the current accounting period, which represents insurance coverage for the subsequent accounting period.2. In cash accounting, the effects of transactions and other events on the assets and liabilities of a company are recognized and reported only when cash is received or paid; while in accrual accounting, these effects are recognized and reported in the time periods to which they relate. Because cash accounting does not attempt to match revenues and the expenses associated with those revenues, cash accounting is not in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.C1-10 Revenue RecognitionThe following are brief descriptions of several companies in different lines of business.A. Company A is a construction company. It has recently signed a contract to build a highway over a three-year period. A down payment was collected; the remaining collections will occur periodically over the construction period based upon the degree of completion.B. Company B is a retailer. It makes sales on a daily basis for cash and on credit cards.C. Company C is a health spa. It has recently signed contracts with numerous individuals to use its facilities over a two-year period. The contract price was collected in advance.D. Company D is a land development company. It has recently begun developing a “retirement community” and has sold lots to senior citizens. The sales contract requires a small down payment and periodic payments until completion of the roads and a clubhouse, after which the remainder of the purchase price is due. Prior to this point, a purchaser may cancel the contract and receive a refund of all payments.RequiredDescribe when revenue should be recognized by each company. If revenue should not be recognized at the time of sale, indicate what method should be used to recognize the revenue. Justify your decision.A. Company A should recognize revenue under the percentage of completion method during production based upon the percentage of the highway completed each period. This approach is reasonable because realization takes place based upon the degree completed, and at that point a percentage of the revenue has been earned.B. Company B should recognize revenue at the time of sale because realization has occurred and revenue has been earned because the earning process is substantially complete.C. Company C should recognize revenue periodically under the proportional performance method based on the services completed to date. Although realization occurred at the time the contracts were signed, revenue was not yet earned because the earning process had not been completed.D. Company D should recognize revenue periodically under the installment method or cost recovery method until the roads and clubhouse are completed. This is because realization is uncertain up to this point and the revenue has not been earned because the earning process has not been substantially completed.。
语言学教程课后习题答案第一章资料(最新整理)
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics1. Define the following terms:design feature: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals.function: the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g. religious, legal).synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical ‘point’ in time.diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. prescriptive: to make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language.descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety.arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e.g. words) and meaningless segments (e.g. sounds, letters).displacement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker’s immediate situation.phatic communion: said of talk used to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact.metalanguage: a language used for talking about language.macrolinguistics: a broad conception of linguistic enquiry, including psychological, cultural, etc.competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language.performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing.langue: the language system shared by a “speech community”.parole: the concrete utterances of a speaker.2. Consult at least four introductory linguistics textbooks (not dictionaries), and copy the definitions of “language” that each gives. After carefully comparing the definitions, write a paper discussing which points recur and explaining the significance of the similarities and differences among the definitions.ANSWER:All the definitions should not exclude the description of design features that have been mentioned in this course book. Also it will be better if other design features, say, interchangeability or cultural transmission is included. But it seems impossible to give an unimpeachable definition on language, because the facets people want to emphasize are seldom unanimous. To compare several definitions can make you realize where the argument is.3. Can you think of some words in English which are onomatopoeic?ANSWERS:creak: the sound made by a badly oiled door when it opens.cuckoo: the call of cuckoo.bang: a sudden loud noise.roar: a deep loud continuing sound.buzz: a noise of buzzing.hiss: a hissing sound.neigh: the long and loud cry that a horse makes.mew: the noise that a gull makes.bleat: the sound made by a sheep, goat or calf.4. Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning?ANSWER:4. No matter you say "Yes" or "No", you cannot deny that onomatopoeia needs arbitrariness. Before we feel a word is onomatopoeic we should first know which sound the word imitates. Just as what is said in Chapter One, in order to imitate the noise of flying mosquitoes, there are many choices like "murmurous" and "murderous". They both bear more or less resemblance to the genuine natural sound, but "murmurous" is fortunately chosen to mean the noise while "murderous" is chosen to mean something quite different. They are arbitrary as signifiers.5. A story by Robert Louis Stevenson contains the sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose.” Could this be expressed as “As the wind rose, the night fell?” If not, why? Does this indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order? (Bolinger, 1981: 15)5. Yes. It is a case in point to illustrate non-arbitrariness about word order. When the two parts interchange, the focus and the meaning of the sentence is forced to change, because clauses occurring in linear sequence without time indicators will be taken as matching the actual sequence of happening. The writer’s original intention is distorted, and we can feel it effortlessly by reading. That is why systemic-functionalists and American functionalists think language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.6. Does the traffic light system have duality? Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?6. Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ calls.ANSWER:Red→stopGreen→goYellow→get ready to go or stop7. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the creativity of language. Can you write a recursive sentence following the example in section 1.3.3.ANSWER:Today I encountered an old friend who was my classmate when I was in elementary school where there was an apple orchard in which we slid to select ripe apples that…8. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language?ANSWER:On a whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means "OK/YES" for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying "NO". Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.9. Do you agree with the view that no language is especially simple?ANSWER:Yes. All human languages are complicated systems of communication. It is decided by their shared design features.10. What do you think of Bertrand Russell’s observation of the dog language: “No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were poor but honest”? Are you familiar with any type of ways animals communicate among themselves and with human beings? ANSWER:When gazelles sense potential danger, for example, they flee and thereby signal to other gazellesin the vicinity that danger is lurking. A dog signals its wish to be let inside the house by barking and signals the possibility that it might bite momentarily by displaying its fangs.11.Can you mention some typical expressions of phatic communion in Chinese? There is the dialog between Ms. P and Ms. Q. in section 1.5.5. When someone sneezes violently, do you say anything of the nature of phatic communion? Have you noticed your parents or grandparents say something special on such an occasion?Some of the typical phatic expressions in Chinese are: 吃了吗？家里都好吧？这是去哪里啊？最近都挺好的？ANSWER:If someone is sneezing violently, maybe you parents and grandparents may say: “Are you ok?”, “Do you need to see a doctor?”, “Do you need some water?”, “Do you need a handkerchief?”, “Do you have a cold?” or something like these to show their concerns.12．There are many expressions in language which are metalingual or self-reflexives, namely, talking about talk and think about thinking, for instance, to be honest, to make a long story short, come to think of it, on second thought, can you collect a few more to make a list of these expressions? When do we use them most often?ANSWER:To tell the truth, frankly speaking, as a matter of fact, to be precise, in other words, that is to saySuch expressions are used most frequently when we want to expatiate the meaning of former clauses in anther way in argumentation.13. Comment on the following prescriptive rules. Do you think they are acceptable?(A) It is I.(B) It is me.You should say A instead of B because “be” should be followed by the nominative case, not the accusative according to the rules in Latin.(A) Who did you speak to?(B) Whom did you speak to?You should say B instead of A.(A) I haven't done anything.(B) I haven't done nothing.B is wrong because two negatives make a positive.ANSWER:(1) the Latin rule is not universal. In English, me is informal and I is felt to be very formal.(2) Whom is used in formal speech and in writing; who is more acceptable in informal speech.(3) Language does not have to follow logic reasoning. Here two negative only make a more emphatic negative. This sentence is not acceptable in Standard English not because it is illogical, but because language changes and rejects this usage now.14. The prescriptivism in grammar rules has now shifted to prescriptions in choice of words. In the “guidelines on anti-sexist language” issued by the British sociological association, someguidelines are listed below. Do you think they are descriptive and prescriptive? What’s your comment on them?(1) Do not use man to mean humanity in general. Use person, people, human beings, men and women, humanity and humankind.(2) colored: This term is regarded as outdated in the UK and should be avoided as it is generally viewed as offensive to many black people.(3) civilized: This term can still carry racist overtones which derive from a colonialist perception of the world. It is often associated with social Darwinist thought and is full of implicit value judgments and ignorance of the history of the non-industrialized world.ANSWER:They are undoubtedly descriptive. Guidelines are not rules that can determine whether a sentence is right or not. The guidelines advise you to avoid the use of particular words that are grammatically correct but offensive to some certain groups. Actually, they describe the way anti-sexist advocators speak and write.15. Why is the distinction between competence and performance an important one in linguistics? Do you think the line can be neatly drawn between them? How do you like the concept “communicative competence”?ANSWER:This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical pair—competence and performance.16. Which branch of linguistics do you think will develop rapidly in China and why?It is up to you to decide after you have gone through the whole book. At this stage, we suggest all branches of linguistics have the potential to flourish.17. The following are some well-known ambiguous sentences in syntactic studies of language. Can you disambiguate them?The chicken is too hot to eat.Flying planes can be dangerous.ANSWER:The chicken is too hot to eat.The chicken meat is too hot, so it cannot be eaten at the moment.The chicken feels so hot (maybe after some intense aerobic exercises) that it cannot start eating and needs to calm down first.Flying planes can be dangerous.The ambiguity comes from "flying planes". It can be deciphered as "the planes that is flying" or "to fly planes".18. There are many reasons for the discrepancy between competence and performance in normal language users. Can you think of some of them?ANSWEREthnic background, socioeconomic status, region of the country, and physical state (such as intoxication, fatigue, distraction, illness) vary from individual to individual.19. What do these two quotes reveal about the different emphasis or perspectives of language studies?(1) A human language is a system of remarkable complexity. To come to know a human language would be an extraordinary intellectual achievement for a creature not specifically designed to accomplish this task. A normal child acquires this knowledge on relatively slight exposure and without specific training. He can then quite effortlessly make use of an intricate structure of specific rules and guiding principles to convey his thoughts and feelings to others, ... Thus language is a mirror of mind in a deep and significant sense. It is a product of human intelligence, created anew in each individual by operations that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness.(Noam Chomsky: Reflections on Language. 1975: 4)(2) It is fairly obvious that language is used to serve a variety of different needs, but until we examine its grammar there is no clear reason for classifying its uses in any particular way. However, when we examine the meaning potential of language itself, we find that the vast numbers of options embodied in it combine into a very few relatively independent “networks”; and these networks of options correspond to certain basic functions of language. This enables us to give an account of the different functions of language that is relevant to the general understanding of linguistic structure rather than to any particular psychological or sociological investigation. (M. A. K. Halliday, 1970: 142)ANSWER:The first quote shows children’s inborn ability of acquiring the knowledge of intricate structure of specific rules. It implies that the language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is the valuable object of study for linguists. The second attaches great importance to the functions of language. It regards the use of language as the choice of needed function. The meaning of language can be completely included by a few “networks” which is directly related to basic functions of language. It indicates the necessity to study the functions of language.20. You may be familiar with the following proverbs. How do you perceive them according to the arbitrariness and conventionality of language?The proof of the pudding is in the eating.Let sleeping dogs lie.You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear.Rome was not built in a day.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.All roads lead to Rome.ANSWER:20. Arbitrariness and conventionality derive from the choice of the subject matter. For example, in the “The proof of the pudding is in the eating.” The word “pudding” is selected arbitrarily, for we can use another word such as cheese instead of pudding without changing the associative meaning of the proverb. On the other hand, once such links between particular words and associativemeaning are fixed, it becomes a matter of conventionality.21. Give examples of situations in which a usage generally considered non-standard (e.g. ain’t) would be acceptable, even appropriate.ANSWER21. In the talks between intimate friends, one may say “gimme that!” instead of “give me that!” and “wachya doin’?” instead of “what are you doing?” and this list may go on.22. The following are some book titles of linguistics. Can you judge the diachronic and diachronic orientation just from the titles?English Examined: Two centuries of Comment on the Mother-Tongue.Protean Shape: A Study in Eighteenth-century Vocabulary and Usage.Pejorative Sense Development in English.The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation.Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular.ANSWER22. Synchronic:Protean Shape: A Study in Eighteenth-century Vocabulary and Usage.The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation.Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular.Diachronic:English Examined: Two centuries of Comment on the Mother-Tongue.Pejorative Sense Development in English。
英美国家历史与文化答案
Chapter 1 Land and History1.Choose the most appropriate answer to each question or statement.(5 points for each)1)The following figures were often considered the founding fathers of the American Republic EXCEPT__C_.A.George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Roger WilliamsD. John Adams2)The following were some of the characteristics of Puritanism EXCEPT_A_.A. Manifest destinyB. Religious freedomC. Intolerant moralismD. Separation of state and church3)The 1920s was associated with the following EXCEPT__D.A. Silent moviesB. Ku Klux KlanC. ProhibitionD. Television4)Clinton was the second US president to be impeached by the House of Representatives, but retired in the_A_.A. The SenateB.the Supreme CourtC. The Department of JusticeD. The Federal Reserve5)Which of the following did not take place in the Nixon administration? BA. VietnamizationB. Cuban Missile CrisisC. Watergate ScandalD. Re-establishing US with China.2.Match the US president with the event that took place in his presidency. (5 points for each)1)Abraham Lincoln e a. New Deal2)Franklin D. Roosevelt. a b. Rapid development in IT Industry3)John F. Kennedy d c. Watergate Scandal4)Richard Nixon c d. Cuban Missile Crisis5)Bill Clinton b e. Civil War3.Translate the English passage into Chinese.When an American says that he loves his country, he means not only that he loves the New England hills, the prairies glistening in the sun, the wide and rising plains, the great mountains, and the sea. He means that he loves an inner air, an inner light in which freedom lives and in which a man can draw the breath of self-respect. 当一个美国人说他热爱他的祖国，他不仅仅意味着他深爱着新英格兰连绵的山丘，阳光下熠熠生辉的草原，宽阔无边际的平原，巍峨的高山和一望无际的大海。
新思维3B 第2单元练习题
四年级Chapter1&2单元检测Class__________ Name__________ No.________ Score__________Listening Part (30%)I.Listen and choose. (选单词)( ) 1. A.parents B.library C.hungry( ) 2. A.camera B.medicine C.food( ) 3.A.toilets B.right C.autumn( ) 4. A.art room B.music room puter room( ) 5. A.sea B.seat C.sickII. Listen and choose the best answer. (听句子，选择正确的答语) ( ) 1. A. It’s on the second floor.B.They’re on the ground floor, on the left.C. Here’s some water for you.( ) 2. A. Yes, please. B. No, I don’t know. C. I get lucky money.( ) 3. A. Here’s some water for you. B. You can go to the canteen.C. Here’s some medicine for you.( ) 4. A. Here are some dumplings for you.B.Here’s some medicine for you.C. Here’s some water for you.( ) 5. A.Here are some money for you. B.Here’s some sand for you.C. Here’s some water for you.III. Listen to the passage and choose the best answer. (听短文，选择正确答案) ( ) 1. Jenny is having a _________ holiday.A. roller-skatingB. skiing( ) 2. It is _________ and _________ there.A. cold, snowyB. wet, hot( ) 3. Jenny's parents _________. Dad wins.A. have a babecueB. have a race( ) 4. _________ is falling over again and again on the snow.A.JennyB. Lily( ) 5. Sally is _________.A.drinking hot chocolateB. making a snowmanWriting Part ( 40%)I. Fill in the blank. (按要求填写单词)(1*5)1. The ______________ are on the left.2. I’m ___________. (热的) Here’s a f________for you.3. Tom is t__________, he needs a __________. (座位)II. Pronunciation. (判断下列单词划线部分发音是否相同，用T/F表示) (1*4) ( ) 1. A. hungry B. play ( ) 2. A. bird B. girl( ) 3. A. tired B. fire ( ) 4. A. sick B. thirstyIII. Grammar practice. Choose the best answer. (语法选择) (1*5) ( ) 1. The computer room is on the __________ floor.A. firstB. oneC. five( ) 2. Where _______ the classrooms?A. isB. areC. am( ) 3. The library is _________ the music room and canteen.A. onB. betweenC. next to( ) 4. Here _________ some water for you.A. areB. isC. be( ) 5. Here is ______ food for you.A. aB. someC. anyIV. Choose the best answer. (单选题) (1*10)( ) 1. _________. Where’s the music room?A.SorryB. Excuse meC. You’re welcome( ) 2. The canteen is on the _______ floor.A. oneB. groundC. two( ) 3. -- May I help you? --_______.A. Yes, please.B. No, go away.C. I don’t know.( ) 4. -- I’m tired. -- Here is a _______ for you.A.seatB. sitC. fan( ) 5. Betty is ________. She needs some medicine.A. sickB. thirstyC. hungry( ) 6. Be a good _________.A. cityB. citizenC. citizens( ) 7. - Where can I buy some medicine? - You can go to the _________.A. First Aid CentreB. restaurantC. gift shop( ) 8. What shouldn’t a good citizen do?A.Be honest.B. Help the poor.C. Say bad words.( ) 9. Do you give back things you find?A.Yes, we do.B. Yes, please.C. No, thank you.( ) 10. Mary is cold. Please give her ____ jacket.A.aB. someC. manyV. Put the words in order. (连词成句，写上标点符号)(2*4)1. Where the library is ?_______________________________________________________________ 2. a Here you is jacket for ._______________________________________________________________ 3. am I sick tired and ._______________________________________________________________ 4. some Here water is you for ._______________________________________________________________ 5. are floor on They the ground ._______________________________________________________________ VI. Read and match. (读问句，将正确答句的序号填在括号里)(1*5)A.meB. medicineC. helpfulD. seatE. foodF. fanI’m a _________ girl. When my friend is sick, I will give him some _________. When my teacher is tired, I will give her a ________. When my parents are hungry, I will give them some _________. When my grandparents are _____, I will give them a fan.They all like _________ .Reading Part (30%)( ) 1. Henry plays basketball, but Sara doesn’t play basketball.( ) 2. John doesn’t play computer games. Sara doesn’t play computer games.( ) 3. Sara watches TV. Henry watches TV, too.II.Read and write. (2*3)1.I __________basketball at school.2.You can __________ to music in the music room.3.My father wants to ___________ books in the morning.Passage B My schoolOur school building is big and tall. It’s yellow and green. There are six floors in the building. I am in Class One, Grade Three, and our classroom is on the second floor. My brother is on the fourth floor, he is in Class Two, Grade Five. My little sister is on the ground floor. She is in Class One. Can you guess which grade she is in?Read and Judge T or F (2*5) (阅读，判断正误，用“T”或“F”表示)( ) l. Our school building is tall.( ) 2. There are seven floors in the building.( ) 3. I’m on the first floor.( ) 4. My brother is on the first floor.( ) 5. My little sister in Grade one.Passage C I catch a cold (我感冒了)Mary: Hello, this is Mary. Can I speak to Jane?Jane: This is Jane. Hi, Mary.Mary: You didn’t come to school today, Jane. What’s wrong with you?Jane: I catch a cold. I feel sick.Marry: I’m sorry to hear that. You should drink more water and have a good rest. Jane: Ok, thank you. I think I will be better tomorrow. I will go to school tomorrow. Mary:That’s great. See you yomorrow.Jane: See you.I.Read and judge. (2*2)( ) 1. Mary didn’t go to school today.( ) 2. Jane should drink more water.II.Read and write. (1*4) (将下列单词替换一个字母，使他成为文中的单词并写出词义。
语言学教程课后习题与答案第一章
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics1. Define the following terms:design feature: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals.function: the role language plays in communication . to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations . religious, legal).synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical ‘point’ in time.diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. prescriptive: to make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language.descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety.arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units . words) and meaningless segments . sounds, letters).displacement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from thespeaker’s immediate situation.phatic communion: said of talk used to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact.metalanguage: a language used for talking about language.macrolinguistics: a broad conception of linguistic enquiry, including psychological, cultural, etc.competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language.performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing.langue: the langu age system shared by a “speech community”.parole: the concrete utterances of a speaker.2. Consult at least four introductory linguistics textbooks (not dictionaries), and copy the definitions of “language” that each gives. After carefully comparing the definitions, write a paper discussing which points recur and explaining the significance of the similarities and differences among the definitions.ANSWER:All the definitions should not exclude the description of design features that have been mentioned in this course book. Also it will be better if other design features, say, interchangeability or cultural transmission is included. But it seems impossible to give an unimpeachable definition on language, because the facetspeople want to emphasize are seldom unanimous. To compare several definitions can make you realize where the argument is.3. Can you think of some words in English which are onomatopoeic？ANSWERS:creak: the sound made by a badly oiled door when it opens.cuckoo: the call of cuckoo.bang: a sudden loud noise.roar: a deep loud continuing sound.buzz: a noise of buzzing.hiss: a hissing sound.neigh: the long and loud cry that a horse makes.mew: the noise that a gull makes.bleat: the sound made by a sheep, goat or calf.4. Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning？ANSWER:4. No matter you say "Yes" or "No", you cannot deny that onomatopoeia needs arbitrariness. Before we feel a word is onomatopoeic we should first know which sound the word imitates. Just as what is said in Chapter One, in order to imitate the noise of flying mosquitoes, there are many choices like "murmurous" and "murderous". They both bear more or less resemblance to the genuine natural sound, but "murmurous" is fortunately chosen to mean the noise while "murderous" is chosen to mean something quite different. They are arbitrary as signifiers.5. A story by Robert Louis Stevenson contains the sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose.” Could this be expressed as “As the wind rose, the night fell” If not, why Does this indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order (Bolinger, 1981: 15)5. Yes. It is a case in point to illustrate non-arbitrariness about word order. When the two parts interchange, the focus and the meaning of the sentence is forced to change, because clauses occurring in linear sequence without time indicators will be taken as matching the actual sequence of happening. The writer’s original intention is distorted, and we can feel it effortlessly by reading. That is why systemic-functionalists and American functionalists think language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.6. Does the traffic light system have duality Can you explain by drawing a simple graph？6. Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ calls.ANSWER:Red→stopGreen→goYellow→get ready to go or stop7. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the creativity of language. Can you write a recursive sentence following the example in section1.3.3.ANSWER:Today I encountered an old friend who was my classmate when I was in elementary school where there was an apple orchard in which we slid to select ripe apples that…8. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language？ANSWER:On a whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means "OK/YES" for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying "NO". Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.9. Do you agree with the view that no language is especially simple？ANSWER:Yes. All human languages are complicated systems of communication. It is decided by their shared design features.10. W hat do you think of Bertrand Russell’s observation of the dog language: “No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were poor but honest” Are you familiar with any type of ways animals communicate among themselves and with human beings？ANSWER:When gazelles sense potential danger, for example, they flee and thereby signal toother gazelles in the vicinity that danger is lurking. A dog signals its wish to be let inside the house by barking and signals the possibility that it might bite momentarily by displaying its fangs.you mention some typical expressions of phatic communion in Chinese There is the dialog between Ms. P and Ms. Q. in section When someone sneezes violently, do you say anything of the nature of phatic communion Have you noticed your parents or grandparents say something special on such an occasion？Some of the typical phatic expressions in Chinese are: 吃了吗家里都好吧这是去哪里啊最近都挺好的？ANSWER:If someone is sneezing violently, maybe you parents and grandparents may say: “Are you ok”, “Do you need to see a doctor”, “Do you need some water”, “Do you need a handkerchief”, “Do you have a cold” or something like these to show their concerns.12．There are many expressions in language which are metalingual or self-reflexives, namely, talking about talk and think about thinking, for instance, to be honest, to make a long story short, come to think of it, on second thought, can you collect a few more to make a list of these expressions When do we use them most often？ANSWER:To tell the truth, frankly speaking, as a matter of fact, to be precise, in other words, that is to saySuch expressions are used most frequently when we want to expatiate the meaning of former clauses in anther way in argumentation.13. Comment on the following prescriptive rules. Do you think they are acceptable？(A) It is I.(B) It is me.You should say A instead of B because “be” should be followed by the nominative case, not the accusative according to the rules in Latin.(A) Who did you speak to(B) Whom did you speak toYou should say B instead of A.(A) I haven't done anything.(B) I haven't done nothing.B is wrong because two negatives make a positive.ANSWER:(1) the Latin rule is not universal. In English, me is informal and I is felt to be very formal.(2) Whom is used in formal speech and in writing; who is more acceptable in informal speech.(3) Language does not have to follow logic reasoning. Here two negative only makea more emphatic negative. This sentence is not acceptable in Standard English not because it is illogical, but because language changes and rejects this usage now.14. The prescriptivism in grammar rules has now shifted to prescriptions in choice of words. In the “guidelines on anti-sexist language” issu ed by the British sociological association, some guidelines are listed below. Do you think they are descriptive and prescriptive What’s your comment on them？(1) Do not use man to mean humanity in general. Use person, people, human beings, men and women, humanity and humankind.(2) colored: This term is regarded as outdated in the UK and should be avoided asit is generally viewed as offensive to many black people.(3) civilized: This term can still carry racist overtones which derive from a colonialist perception of the world. It is often associated with social Darwinist thought and is full of implicit value judgments and ignorance of the history of the non-industrialized world.ANSWER:They are undoubtedly descriptive. Guidelines are not rules that can determine whether a sentence is right or not. The guidelines advise you to avoid the use of particular words that are grammatically correct but offensive to some certain groups. Actually, they describe the way anti-sexist advocators speak and write.15. Why is the distinction between competence and performance an important one in linguistics Do you think the line can be neatly drawn between them How do you like the concept “communicative competence”？ANSWER:This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical pair—competence and performance.16. Which branch of linguistics do you think will develop rapidly in China and why？It is up to you to decide after you have gone through the whole book. At this stage, we suggest all branches of linguistics have the potential to flourish.17. The following are some well-known ambiguous sentences in syntactic studies of language. Can you disambiguate them？The chicken is too hot to eat.Flying planes can be dangerous.ANSWER:The chicken is too hot to eat.The chicken meat is too hot, so it cannot be eaten at the moment.The chicken feels so hot (maybe after some intense aerobic exercises) that it cannot start eating and needs to calm down first.Flying planes can be dangerous.The ambiguity comes from "flying planes". It can be deciphered as "the planes that is flying" or "to fly planes".18. There are many reasons for the discrepancy between competence and performance in normal language users. Can you think of some of them？ANSWEREthnic background, socioeconomic status, region of the country, and physical state (such as intoxication, fatigue, distraction, illness) vary from individual to individual.19. What do these two quotes reveal about the different emphasis or perspectives of language studies？(1) A human language is a system of remarkable complexity. To come to know a human language would be an extraordinary intellectual achievement for a creature not specifically designed to accomplish this task. A normal child acquires this knowledge on relatively slight exposure and without specific training. He can then quite effortlessly make use of an intricate structure of specific rules and guiding principles to convey his thoughts and feelings to others, ... Thus language is a mirror of mind in a deep and significant sense. It is a product of human intelligence, created anew in each individual by operations that lie far beyond the reach of willor consciousness.(Noam Chomsky: Reflections on Language. 1975: 4)(2) It is fairly obvious that language is used to serve a variety of different needs, but until we examine its grammar there is no clear reason for classifying its uses in any particular way. However, when we examine the meaning potential of language itself, we find that the vast numbers of options embodied in it combine into a very few relatively independent “networks”; and these networks of options correspond to certain basic functions of language. This enables us to give an account of the different functions of language that is relevant to the general understanding of linguistic structure rather than to any particular psychological or sociological investigation.(M. A. K. Halliday, 1970: 142)ANSWER:The first quote shows children’s inborn ability of acquiring the knowledge of intricate structure of specific rules. It implies that the language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is the valuable object of study for linguists. The second attaches great importance to the functions of language. It regards the use of language as the choice of needed function. The meaning of language can be completely included by a few “networks” which is directly related to basic functions of language. It indicates the necessity to study the functions of language.20. You may be familiar with the following proverbs. How do you perceive them according to the arbitrariness and conventionality of language？The proof of the pudding is in the eating.Let sleeping dogs lie.You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear.Rome was not built in a day.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.All roads lead to Rome.ANSWER:20. Arbitrariness and conventionality derive from the choice of the subject matter. For example, in the “The proof of the pudding is in the eating.” The word “pudding” is selected arbitrarily, for we can use another word such as c heese instead of pudding without changing the associative meaning of the proverb. On the other hand, once such links between particular words and associative meaning are fixed, it becomes a matter of conventionality.21. Give examples of situations in which a usage generally considered non-standard . ain’t) would be acceptable, even appropriate.ANSWER21. In the talks between intimate friends, one may say “gimme that!” instead of “give me that!” and “wachya doin’” instead of “what are you doing” and thi s list may go on.22. The following are some book titles of linguistics. Can you judge the diachronic and diachronic orientation just from the titles？English Examined: Two centuries of Comment on the Mother-Tongue.Protean Shape: A Study in Eighteenth-century Vocabulary and Usage.Pejorative Sense Development in English.The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation.Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular.ANSWER22. Synchronic:Protean Shape: A Study in Eighteenth-century Vocabulary and Usage. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation. Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Diachronic:English Examined: Two centuries of Comment on the Mother-Tongue. Pejorative Sense Development in English。
商务英语Chapter 2参考译文及答案
商务英语Chapter 2参考译文及答案In this chapter, we will provide a reference translation and answers for the exercises in Chapter 2 of your business English textbook. The translation and answers are presented in a clear and organized manner, ensuring a smooth reading experience. Please note that the following text does not contain any links or headings, as per your request.Translation:Text 1:Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. My name is John Smith, and I am the sales manager of XYZ Corporation. I would like to take this opportunity to introduce our new product line to all of you. Our company has been working tirelessly to develop innovative products that meet the needs of our customers, and I am proud to say that this new line is a result of those efforts. We believe that these products will greatly benefit your businesses, and we are excited to showcase them today. Thank you for your attention.Answer to exercise 1:John Smith introduces the new product line of XYZ Corporation and expresses his belief that the products will be beneficial for all attendees.Answer to exercise 2:The purpose of this talk is to provide information about the new product line of XYZ Corporation and generate interest among the audience.Text 2:Dear Mr. Johnson, I am writing to confirm the details of our upcoming meeting on Friday, September 15 at 2:00 PM. The meeting will be held in Conference Room A on the 9th floor of our office building. The agenda for the meeting includes a discussion on the new marketing strategy for our product launch and an update on the current sales figures. I kindly request that you come prepared with any relevant materials or data for these discussions. Please let me know if you have any questions or concerns. Thank you, and I look forward to meeting with you.Answer to exercise 1:The email confirms the date, time, and location of the upcoming meeting, as well as the agenda topics.Answer to exercise 2:The purpose of this email is to provide the necessary information about the meeting and request the recipient to come prepared with relevant materials.Text 3:To whom it may concern, I am writing to inquire about the availabilityof your products for wholesale purchase. I represent a retail company that specializes in home appliances, and we are interested in carrying your brand. Could you please provide me with information on the minimum order quantity, pricing, and any applicable discounts? Additionally, I would like to know if there are any exclusive distributorship opportunities in our area. Thank you for your attention to this matter, and I look forward to your prompt response. Best regards, Emily JohnsonAnswer to exercise 1:The email inquires about the availability of the products for wholesale purchase and asks for information on pricing, order quantity, and distributorship opportunities.Answer to exercise 2:The purpose of this email is to gather information about the availability of products for wholesale purchase and explore potential business opportunities with the company.。
医学探索 当代医学英语综合教程Chapter 1答案课件
4. Man-made cells seem to have limitless potentials because they could be programmed to do everything from _c_l_e_a_n_in_g__p_o_l_lu_t_e_d_w__a_te_r__to__p_o_w_e_r_i_n_g_y_o_u_r_ _c_a_r___.
Section III Extension Reading
Passage 1 Read the passage and fill in each blank with a suitable phrase or sentence from the list.
Paying Homage to the Wisdom of Voices from Medicine’s Past
Medicine’s Progress,
One Setback at a Time
__F___1. What the dean said to new medical students means that half of what they learn in medicine is unbelievable.
3. _E_x__a_m__p_le_s__o_f__s_u_c_c_e_s_s__fu_l__ta_r_g_e_t_e_d__t_h_e_r_a_p_i_e_s 4. _B__ig__c_h_a_l_l_e_n_g_e_s__in__c_a__n_c_e_r_t_r_e_a_t_m_e__n_t_a_n_d____
墨菲物流学英文版第12版课后习题答案第1章
PART IIANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONSCHAPTER 1: AN OVERVIEW OF LOGISTICS1-1. Did it surprise you that logistics has such an important economic impact? Why or why not?The answer to this question likely depends on the student’s prior exposure to logistics. A typical student in an undergraduate, introductory logistics course likely has had limited exposure to and knowledge about logistics and thus might be unaware as to logistics’ economic impact. As such, a student might be pleasantly surprised to learn that logistics is important for a country’s economic growth and development.1-2. Distinguish between possession, form, time, and place utility.Possession utility refers to the value or usefulness that comes from a customer being able to take possession of a product and can be influenced by the relevant payment terms. Form utility refers to a product’s being in a form that (1) can be used by the customer and (2) is of value to the customer. Time utility refers to having products available when they are needed by customers while place utility refers to having products available where they are needed by customers.1-3. How does logistics contribute to time and place utility?Logistics contributes to time utility by recognizing that different products have different sensitivities to time. For example, a three-day-late delivery of bananas likely has more serious consequences than a three-day-late delivery of a box of pencils. As for place utility, logistics facilitates the movement of products from points of lesser value to points of greater value.1-4. How can a particular logistics system be effective but not efficient? Effectiveness can be thought of as “how well a company does what it says it’s going to do;” efficiency focuses on how well (or poorly) company resources are used to achieve what a company promises it can do. There are a multitude of examples that would illustrate an effective, but inefficient, logistics system. For example, some companies routinely use premium and expedited methods of transportation—which increase transportation costs—to meet customer delivery requirements. As such, the logistics system could be considered effective (meeting delivery deadlines) but perhaps not efficient (increased transportation costs).1-5. Explain the significance of the fact that the purpose of logistics is to meet customer requirements.One reason for this significance is that meeting customer requirements means that companies must know—rather than assume—customer needs and wants. This knowledge is facilitated by communication between companies and their customers. Even today, some companies are hesitant to communicate with customers. In addition, meeting customer requirements means that a one-size-fits-all approach to logistics will result in some customers being overserved and others being underserved. As a result, companies should consider a tailored logistics approach, where groups of customers who have similar logistical needs and wants are provided with the appropriate logistical services.1-6. Explain how an understanding of logistics management could be relevant to your favorite charitable organization.There are any number of examples that can be used. The textbook mentions the Food Bank of New York City; from a logistical perspective, the Food Bank of New York City is responsible for collecting, sorting, repacking, and distributing food from its 90,000 square-foot warehouse.1-7. How has a reduction in economic regulation contributed to the increased importance of logistics?Reductions in economic regulation in the United States allowed individual carriers flexibility in pricing and service, and this flexibility was important to logistics for several reasons. First, it provided companies with the capability to implement the tailored logistics approach in the sense that companies could specify different logistics service levels and prices could be adjusted accordingly. Second, the increased pricing flexibility allowed large buyers of transportation services to reduce their transportation costs by leveraging large amounts of freight with a limited number of carriers.1-8. Discuss the logistical implications associated with the increased emphasis on the convenience associated with a family’s shopping experience.This convenience is manifested in various ways to include extended store hours, home delivery of purchased items, and ready-to-eat/ready-to-cook foods. From a logistics perspective, extended store hours force retailers to address issues such as the optimal delivery times for replenishment trucks and when to replenish merchandise. A logistical challenge with home delivery is the coordination of delivery times with the purchaser’s ability to receive the item(s). Finally, ready-to-eat-ready-to-cook foods have different packaging requirements, and food processors continue to experiment with packaging alternatives that will extend the shelf life of ready-to-cook foods.1-9. What are some ways in which technology has impacted logistics management? Technological advances have influenced channel design by allowing companies to offer an alternate distribution channel (or alternate distribution channels) to already existing channels. Technological advances can also improve the productivity of the order picking process, which traditionally involved paper pick tickets. Today, by contrast, order picking can utilize radio frequency devices, voice-directed picking, and robotic picking. Shipment tracking provides another example of how technological advances have impacted logistics management. Global positioning systems can provide real-time location information about a shipment, as well as provide information about a vehic le’s temperature, humidity, and vibrations.1-10. Explain how big-box retailers are logistical trendsetters.The logistics practices of big-box retailers are often viewed as barometers for emerging logistics trends. Big-box retailers have also been trendsetters with respect to environmental and social issues in logistics. As an example, one of Best Buy’s sustainability goals for 2020 is to recycle one billion pounds of consumer goods.1-11. What is the systems approach to problem solving? How is this concept applicable to logistics management?The systems approach to problem solving suggests that a company’s objectives can be realized by recognizing the mutual interdependence of its major functional areas, such as marketing, production, finance, and logistics. As such, decisions made by one functional area can have important implications for the other functional areas. With respect to logistics, the systems approach suggests that one should recognize the mutual interdependence of the various activities that constitute the logistics function. Thus, a transportation decision may impact inventory, warehousing, and packaging, among others.1-12. Distinguish between materials management and physical distribution.Materials management refers to the movement and storage of materials into a firm while physical distribution refers to the storage of finished product and movement to the customer.1-13. Explain what is meant by the total cost approach to logistics.The total cost approach to logistics is built on the premise that all relevant activities in moving and storing products should be considered as a whole (i.e., their total cost) and not individually. Use of the total cost approach requires an understanding of cost trade-offs. In other words, changes to one logistics activity cause some costs to increase and others to decrease. The key to the total cost approach is that all relevant cost items are considered simultaneously when making a decision. The objective is to find the approach with the lowest total cost that supports the organization’s customer service requirements.1-14. Define what is meant by a cost trade-off. Do you believe that this concept is workable? Why or why not?A cost trade-off acknowledges that changing patterns or activities of distribution will result in some costs increasing and other costs decreasing. The net effect, however, should be an overall cost decrease for providing a given level of customer service.The remainder of this question asks for the student’s opinion about the workability of this concept. Although nearly any answer is acceptable, those students who believe that cost trade-offs are unworkable might have difficulty with many of the concepts presented throughout the text.1-15. What are several areas in which finance and logistics might interface?The finance department is often in charge of capital budgeting decisions that would affect logistics, such as materials handling and packaging equipment. Another potential area of finance and logistics interface is with respect to inventory; finance tends to view inventory from a dollar perspective while logistics tends to be more concerned with the number of units of inventory. This dichotomy is highlighted by the concept of obsolescence, which reduces the monetary value of inventory by a certain amount per period of time—even though the actual quantity of inventory may be unchanged.1-16. Discuss the postponement concept as it relates to the production and logistics interface.Postponement refers to the delay of value-added activities such as assembly, production, and packaging until the latest possible time. Some value-added activities, such as case packing and case labeling, that were traditionally performed at a production plant are now performed in warehousing facilities. As a result, warehousing facilities are adding new types of equipment and being configured differently to allow specific value-added activities to take place.1-17. Define what is meant by a landed cost and explain its relevance for pricing decisions.Landed cost refers to the price of a product at its source plus transportation costs to its destination. On the one hand, a selling price that is based on a product’s landed cost allows the seller to offer “free” delivery of the product to prospective customers, because the transportation costs associated with delivery are captured in the landed cost. On the other hand, a selling price that is based on a product’s landed cost could result in a substantial increase in a product’s selling price, and a higher selling price tends to decrease buyer demand for most products.1-18. Discuss several possible interfaces between marketing and logistics in terms of product decisions.One interface involves the marked increase in product offerings; marketers like this increase because it allows for more customer choice, but these additional choices create logistical challenges in terms of identification, storage, and tracking. Another interface concerns the amount of a particular item (SKU) to hold. Marketers prefer to carry higher quantities for particular items because this reduces the likelihood of stockouts; however, from a logistics perspective, higher quantities of inventory necessitate additional storage space and increase inventory carrying costs.Students can also discuss product design and sustainable products.1-19. Briefly discuss the ownership, negotiations, financing, promotion, and logistics channels.The ownership channel covers movement of the title to the goods; the goods themselves might not be physically present or even exist. The negotiations channel is the one in which buy and sell agreements are reached and can include telephone, email, and electronic data interchange, among others. The financing channel handles payment for goods and the company’s credit, while the promotions channel is concerned with promoting a new or an existing product. Finally, the logistics channel handles the physical flow of the product.1-20. Discuss five activities that might be part of a company’s logistics department.The chapter presents, and briefly describes, 12 separate activities that might be part of a company’s logistics department. Any 5 of the 12 activities are acceptable for students to discuss.PART IIICASE SOLUTIONSCASE 1.1 KIDDIELAND AND THE SUPER GYMQuestion 1: List and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of purchasing a two-wheel trailer for each store to use for delivering the Super Gyms.Because the stores are in a number of states, one would have to check the motor vehicle and insurance requirements of each state. An advantage is that deliveries would be under the control of each store. A disadvantage may be labor costs, especially if two workers are needed to make the delivery. Also, once at the site, the store’s employees might be asked to assist in the assembly of the gym.Question 2: List and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having local trucking companies deliver the Super Gym from the retail stores to the customers.There are probably no disadvantages to using a local trucking company to make the delivery. However, a decision about how to handle the trucking firm’s charges would have to be made.Question 3: List and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of stocking Super Gyms at the distribution centers and then having the truck that makes deliveries from the distribution center to the retail stores also make deliveries of Super Gyms to individual customers.One problem focuses on the size of equipment—large tractor–trailer combinations are not suited to making home deliveries. The actual costs to KiddieLand of using trucks this way might be very high. There might be some savings in inventory costs by stocking the gyms at the distribution center rather than at each retail store.Question 4: List and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of charging customers for home delivery if they are unable to carry home the Super Gym.Perhaps the one advantage to charging for home delivery is that KiddieLand recoups the associated costs. However, because charged home delivery will add to the customer’s total purchase price, there could be a reduction in demand or this could generate customer dissatisfaction.Question 5: Which alternative would you prefer? Why?The student can choose any alternative. However, the text of the case seems to prefer the use of a local trucking company and charging the customer for home delivery.Question 6:Draft a brief statement (catalog copy) to be inserted in the firm’s spring–summer brochure that clearly explains to potential customers the policy that is recommended in Question 5.The brochure is intended for use in all stores, so whatever copy is prepared must be widely applicable. A sentence might read: “The Super Gym comes unassemb led and is packed in three boxes: One weighs ____ pounds and is ____ inches by ____ inches by____ inches; the second weighs ____ pounds and is ____ inches by ____ inches by ____ inches; and the third weighs ____ pounds and is ____ inches by ____ inches by ____ inches. Assembly requires the following tools: ____; ____; ____; and ____.”Question 7: At the first meeting, A.J. asked about SUVs, but there was no further mention of them. How would you follow up on his query?Anyone in the group could answer that SUVs have more carrying capacity than autos and many also have trailer hitches. SUVs are sufficiently popular—particularly in the United States—such that many buyers of the Super Gym equipment would either have a SUV or be able to borrow one.。
PublicFinanceandPublicPolicy第四版课后练习题含答案
Public Finance and Public Policy 第四版课后练习题含答案Chapter 1: IntroductionMultiple Choice Questions1.Which of the following is not a social science?a.Economicsb.Sociologyc.Chemistryd.PsychologyAnswer: c2.The study of public finance is concerned with thea.Microeconomics of the private sectorb.Macroeconomics of the public sectorc.Microeconomics of the public sectord.Macroeconomics of the private sectorAnswer: c3.Public finance deals witha.The study of the allocation of resources in the privatesectorb.The study of the allocation of resources in the publicsectorc.The study of the distribution of income and resources insocietyd.Both b and cAnswer: dShort Answer Questions1.What is public finance and how does it relate to economics?Answer:Public finance is the study of how governments make financial decisions and how they manage public resources such as money, property, and other forms of wealth. Public finance is closely related to economics because it deals with issues such as taxation, government spending, and the way in which public funds are allocated and used.2.Why is public finance important for society?Answer:Public finance is important for society because it helps government manage public resources more efficiently. Public finance also plays a crucial role in ensuring that public goods are provided to citizens in a fr and equitable manner. Additionally, public finance helps to ensure that government services and programs are accessible to all citizens.Chapter 2: Tools of Positive Analysis Multiple Choice Questions1.A normative statement is one thata.Describes how things areb.Is based on empirical evidencec.Makes a value judgmentd.Is testableAnswer: c2.The statement。
供应链管理 第三版 Unit1 习题与答案
Chapter 1Understanding the Supply ChainTrue/False1. A supply chain includes only the organizations directly involved in supplyingcomponents needed for manufacturing。
Answer： FalseDifficulty： Moderate2. A supply chain consists of all parties involved， directly or indirectly, in fulfilling acustomer request。
Answer： TrueDifficulty： Moderate3. A supply chain could be more accurately described as a supply network orsupply web。
Answer： TrueDifficulty： Moderate4. The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the overall value generated.Answer: TrueDifficulty： Easy5. The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the value generated for themanufacturing component of the supply chain.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate6. Every supply chain must include all 5 stages.Answer： FalseDifficulty： Easy7. The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain aredivided into a series of activities performed at the interface between successivestages.Answer： TrueDifficulty： Moderate8. The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain aredivided into 2 categories depending on whether they are initiated in response to or in anticipation of customer orders。
生物化学(英文版)biochemistry-chapter 1英文1
In 1828 ， F.WÖ hler (Germany Chemist，1800-1882）showed by synthesizing urea from ammonium cyanate that compounds found in living organisms could be made in the laboratory from inorganic substrances.Accordingly,he rejected the “Vitalism theory”
In 1883, Anselme Payen (French chemist) discover Amylase.“-ase” was postfix of enzymes. He isolated Cellulose and named it .“-ose” was postfix of carbohydrates.
1780s Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (French): Combustion of a candle is similar to the “respiration ”of animals, as both need O2 . For the first time a physiological process was explained with reference to a nonliving mechanism. Disaffirming “The Phlogiston Theory”
introducechemicalactionscourseslivingsystemsmetabolismproteinproteinenzymeenzymecarbohydratecarbohydratelipidlipidnucleicacidnucleicacidvitaminvitaminhormonehormonestaticbiochemistrydynamicbiochemistrymetabolismenergymetabolismenergycarbohydratemetabolismcarbohydratemetabolismlipidmetabolismlipidmetabolismproteinmetabolismproteinmetabolismnucleicacidmetabolismnucleicacidmetabolismgeneticinformationtransmissiongeneticinformationtransmissioncontentsbiochemistrycontentstextbooksprinciplesbiochemistryprinciplesbiochemistry3rdeditionhrhorton等主编科学出版社20034生物化学第三版生物化学第三版王镜岩朱圣庚等主编高等教育出20029chapterbiochemistrychapterbiochemistry11briefhistorybiochemistry11briefhistorybiochemistry1212whatanswer
小王子chapter1_3
Previous Story有一些人，世俗是关不住的，因为他们用心在看世界。
凭借一本《小王子》，安东尼•德•圣埃克佩里上了50元面值的法郎，因为它的全球阅读率仅次于《圣经》。
一个热爱飞翔的人，用一颗大人的童心勾勒出法国、乃至世界文学史上的著名形象——系着围巾的小王子。
《小王子》是一个哲理童话，但它与说教无关。
在一个许多人认为“上帝已死〞的时代，《小王子》试图用爱和责任作为世界的出路。
如果你是一个孩子，愿你感受到爱意满满的世界。
如果你已长大成人，愿你学会如何肩负一种责任。
接下来的20天，我们一起用心看这一本被无数人喜爱的《小王子》。
Chapter 1Once when I was six years old I saw a magnificent (壮观的) picture in a book, called True Stories from Nature, abo ut the primeval (原始的) forest.It was a picture of a boa (巨蟒) constrictor in the act of swallowing (吞咽) an animal. Here is a copy of the drawing.In the book it said: “Boa(巨蟒) constrictors swallow (吞咽) their prey (猎物) whole, without chewing (咀嚼) it.After that they are not able to move, and they sleep throu gh the six months that they need for digestion (消化) .〞图片I pondered (思索) deeply, then, over the adventures (冒险) of the jungle (丛林) .And after some work with a colored pencil I succeeded in m aking my first drawing.My Drawing Number One. It looked like this:图片I showed my masterpiece (杰作) to the grown-ups, and asked them whether the drawing fr ightened (惊吓) them.But they answered: “Frighten(惊吓) ? Why should anyone be frightened (惊吓) by a hat?〞My drawing was not a picture of a hat.It was a picture of a boa (巨蟒) constrictor digesting (消化) an elephant.But since the grown-ups were not able to understand it,I ma de another drawing: I drew the inside of the boa (巨蟒) constrictor, so that the grown-ups could see it clearly. They always need to have things explained.My Drawing Number Two looked like this:The grown-ups’response (反响) , this time, was to advise me to lay aside (在...旁边) my drawings of boa (巨蟒) constrictors, whether from the inside or the outside,and devote (致力于) myself instead to geography, history, arithmetic (算术) and grammar.That is why, at the age of six, I gave up what might hav e been a magnificent (伟大的) career as a painter.I had been disheartened (沮丧的) by the failure of my Drawing Number One and my Drawing Number Two.Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves, and it is tiresome for children to be always and forever (永远) explaining things to them.So then I chose another profession (职业) , and learned to pilot airplanes (飞机) .I have flown a little over all parts of the world; and it is true that geography has been very useful to me.At a glance (一瞥) I can distinguish (区分) China from Arizona. If one gets lost in the night, suc h knowledge is valuable.In the course of this life I have had a great many encoun ters (邂逅) with a great many people who have been concerned with matters of consequence (重要) .I have lived a great deal among grown-ups. I have seen the m intimately (熟悉地) , close at hand.And that hasn’t much improved (提高) my opinion of them. Whenever I met one of them who seemed to me at all clear-sighted,I tried the experiment (试验) of showing him my Drawing Number One, which I have alw ays kept.I would try to find out, so, if this was a person of tru e understanding.But, whoever it was, he, or she, would always say:“That is a hat.〞Then I would never talk to that person about boa (巨蟒) constrictors, or primeval (原始的) forests, or stars.I would bring myself down to his level.I would talk to him about bridge, and golf (高尔夫球) , and politics, and neckties (领带) .And the grown-up would be greatly pleased to have met such a sensible (通晓事理的) man.Little Prince - Chapter 1 知识点总结2016-09-01 百词斩阅读关闭•9月1日知识点总结•Little Prince - Chapter 1下面是今天讲义的总结，方便大家保存，复习。
学术英语作文视听说2第二版课后答案
学术英语作文视听说2第二版课后答案Title: Academic English Writing and Listening Speaking 2 Second Edition Post-lesson AnswersIntroduction:Academic English Writing and Listening Speaking 2 is a comprehensive textbook designed to help students improve their academic English skills. In this document, we will provide the answers to the exercises at the end of each chapter in the second edition of the textbook.Chapter 1: Introduction to Academic English1. What are the key features of academic writing?Answer: The key features of academic writing include clarity, coherence, precision, and objectivity. Academic writing should be formal, structured, and based on evidence.2. Why is it important to use citations in academic writing?Answer: It is important to use citations in academic writing to give credit to the original source of ideas and information, to avoid plagiarism, and to provide evidence for arguments.Chapter 2: The Writing Process1. What are the steps in the writing process?Answer: The steps in the writing process include prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and proofreading.2. How can brainstorming help you generate ideas for your writing?Answer: Brainstorming can help you generate ideas for your writing by allowing you to explore different perspectives, make connections between ideas, and identify key points to focus on.Chapter 3: Organizing Your Ideas1. What are some strategies for organizing your ideas in an academic paper?Answer: Some strategies for organizing your ideas in an academic paper include creating an outline, using topic sentences, and incorporating transitions between paragraphs.2. How can you effectively use evidence to support your arguments in academic writing?Answer: You can effectively use evidence to support your arguments in academic writing by citing credible sources, providing relevant examples, and analyzing and interpreting the evidence.Chapter 4: Developing Academic Vocabulary1. Why is it important to develop a range of academic vocabulary?Answer: It is important to develop a range of academic vocabulary to express ideas clearly and accurately, to understand complex texts, and to communicate effectively in academic settings.2. What are some strategies for learning and practicing academic vocabulary?Answer: Some strategies for learning and practicing academic vocabulary include reading academic texts, using a dictionary and thesaurus, and creating flashcards to study new words.Chapter 5: Understanding Academic Readings1. How can you improve your reading comprehension skills in academic texts?Answer: You can improve your reading comprehension skills in academic texts by previewing the text, identifying key ideas and main points, and making connections between the text and your own knowledge.2. What are some common reading strategies that can help you understand academic texts?Answer: Some common reading strategies that can help you understand academic texts include skimming, scanning, annotating, and summarizing the text.Chapter 6: Listening and Speaking Skills1. What are some strategies for improving your listening skills in academic settings?Answer: Some strategies for improving your listening skills in academic settings include focusing on key ideas, taking notes, and asking questions for clarification.2. How can you prepare for and participate in academic discussions and presentations?Answer: You can prepare for and participate in academic discussions and presentations by researching the topic, organizing your ideas, practicing your speaking skills, and actively engaging with others in the discussion.Conclusion:In conclusion, the exercises at the end of each chapter in Academic English Writing and Listening Speaking 2 providevaluable practice opportunities for students to enhance their academic English skills. By reviewing the answers to these exercises, students can reinforce their understanding of key concepts and improve their writing, reading, listening, and speaking skills in academic contexts.。
语言学chapter1课后练习答案
Chapter 1Revision exercises reference1.How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is thescientific study of language?Refer to section1.1.1Linguistics investigates not any particular language, e.g. English, Chinese, Arabic and Latin, but language in general. Its ultimate goal is to find the rules that govern the structure and use of language that can be applied to all human languages. It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of objective linguistic data, not sentence made up by linguists themselves. In their investigation linguistics follow a procedure quite similar to that of natural scientists. First of all they have to observe and collect language facts, i.e. the language people actually use. Based on the data thus obtained, they make some hypotheses about the structure of the language. Then the hypotheses have to be checked again and again against more language data before its validity is fully proved. Only at this stage can the linguists draw a conclusion. From the way the linguists work, we can say their study of language is objective and scientific.2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?Refer to section1.1.2The major branches of linguistics include the following:Phonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistics communication.Phonology: The study how sounds are put together and are used to convey meaning in communication.Morphology: The study of how morphemes, i.e. symbols, are arranged and combined to form work.Syntax: The study of rules that govern the grammatical formation of sentences.Semantics: The study of language meaning.Pragmatics: The study of how language is used in actual communication.The study of language can also be combined with other branches of learning of the humanities. These include the following:Sociolinguistics: The study of the social aspects of language and its relation with society.Psycholinguistics: The study of how the mind works when language is used.Applied linguistics: The study of how findings in linguistics studies can be applied to the solution of practical problem, such as the recovery of speech ability and foreign language teaching and learning.3.In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditionalgrammar?Refer to section 1.1.3, part 6.Modern linguistics and traditional grammar differ in at least the following three ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. A modern linguist is interested in what is said, not in what he thinks ought to be said.He describes language in all its aspects, but does not prescribe rules of “correctness”.Second, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tend to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Thirdly, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. To modern linguists, it is unthinkable to judge one language by standards of another.4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic because modern linguists believe that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.5.For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather thanto writing?Refer to section 1.1.3, part 3.First, from the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. Above all, for modern linguistics, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech .Thus the former is authentic language in their eyes, and thus the source of data for their investigation.6.How i s Saussure’s distinction between language and parole similar toChomsky’s distinction between competence and performance?According to Saussure, language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of language in actual use. Language is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by, and parole is the concrete use of theconventions and application of the rules. Chomsky defines competence as the id eal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. The similarity between the two distinctions is that Saussure’s language and Chomsky’s competence refer to what the lang uage user knows about his language, and Saussure’s parole and Chomsky’s performance refer to the actual use of language.7.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good,comprehensive definition of language?A comprehensive definition of language should include the following features:1) Language is governed by rules; thus it is a system, or it is systematic.2) Language is primarily spoken, rather than written; therefore the system ofsymbols used in language is vocal rather than written.3) The symbols used in language are arbitrary, i.e. there is no logical connectionbetween the symbols and meanings.4) Language is used by humans to communicate with each other.5) And finally language is human-specific, i.e. it is unique to the human species.All the five features mentioned above are included in the following concise definition of language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.8.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?In the coursebook five of the twelve features of human language specified by C.Hockett are discussed: arbitrariness, productivity or creativity, duality, displacement, and cultural transmission.By arbitrariness it is meant that the symbols used in human language are arbitrary,i.e. there is no logical connection between the symbols and what they stand for.This feature may seem to be shared by animal communication systems, as the means used by animals to communicate are also arbitrary. But the arbitrary nature of human language is a sign of sophistication and makes it possible for human language to have an unlimited source of expression.The feature of productivity means that language is productive or creative, i.e. it is possible for its users to construct and understand an unlimited number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. This feature is undoubtedly human-specific for animals have, if any, a very limited number of signals for communication.Duality is a feature of the structure of the human language system, which consists of two levels. At the lower or the basic level there exist a limited number of sounds which are meaningless, while at the higher or the superficial level these meaningless sounds can be arranged and rearranged in various ways to form meaningful language units, unlimited in number. This enables language users to express whatever they want to express. This feature is not possessed by anyanimal communication system.The feature “displacement” means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or unreal, in the past, present, or future. This means that the expressive power of human language is not restricted to “the here and now.” In contrast, animal communication is restricted to the current time and circumstances. Cultural transmission, in contrast to genetic transmission, refers to the fact that human babies, though born with the ability to acquire a language, must be taught to use it. The ability to use a language is not transmitted genetically from our parents. But young animals seem to be born with the ability to use particular ways to communicate with their fellow creatures.9.What are the major functions of the language? Think of your own examplesfor illustration.Refer to section 1.2.3.To answer this question, you can base yourself on either tripartite framework or Jakobson’s model of language functions.According to the tripartite framework, there are three main functions: descriptive, expressive, and social.In Jakobson’s model, six functions have been specified: emotive, conative, referential, poetic, phatic communication, and metalinguistic.Supplementary exerciseWhy do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can beformed out of a small number of elements -----for instance, tens of thousands of words out ofa small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, whichin turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systemsdo not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, it will be like animal communicationalsystem which will be highly limited . It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations ( e.g. words ), which are distinct in meaning.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第1章 物质的pVT 关系和热性质基本概念1. (1) (3)。
2. (1)分子无体积；(2)分子间无相互作用。
3. 气。
4. 气液共存区的边界线；不稳定区的边界线。
375.0ccc c ==RT V p Z ，得到普遍化的范德华方程以及对应状态原理。
5. a 气体；b 饱和气体；c 气液共存；d 饱和液体；e 液体。
6. 不能，MPa 8.59=p7. 状态一定，状态函数的量值一定；状态函数量值的变化仅与系统的初终状态有关。
对于一个均相系统，如果不考虑除压力以外的其他广义力，为了确定平衡态，除了系统中每一种物质的数量外，还需确定两个独立的状态函数。
8. (1) 外p p =，(2) ＝常数外p p =。
9. (1) 封闭系统；(2) 封闭系统，恒容过程，非体积功为零；(3) 封闭系统，恒压过程，非体积功为零。
10. 压力为0.1MPa 下处于理想气体状态的气态纯物质。
压力为0.1MPa 下的液态和固态纯物质。
压力为0.1MPa 下浓度为3dm mol 1-⋅或1kg mol 1-⋅的理想稀溶液中的溶质。
11. 降低；＝。
12. BB B )0(νζn n -=。
从数量上统一表达反应进行的程度。
13. < ， =。
14. ＝， <。
15. ＝， >。
16. (1)×； (2)×；(3)√。
17. 实验测定；经验半经验方法；理论方法。
18. 反应前后气体的物质的量之差。
计算题1. 解：mol 1071.6mol )15.27330(3145.8101001021.169363--⨯=⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡+⨯⨯⨯⨯==RT pV n[]211122112211 )-(1 M y M y n M n y M y n M n M n m +=+=+= []2211) -( M M M y n +=836.001.4601.30101.461071.6219.0132121=-⋅⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⨯=-⋅⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=∴-M M M n m y 2. 解：以“1”代表空气，以“2”代表H 2O ，()mol 613.0mol 15.273253145.8100.1510325.1013311=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+⨯⨯⨯⨯==-RT pV n3.174kPa kPa 01982.0613.001982.0325.10121222=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+⨯=+⋅==n n n p y p p331121dm 5.15dm 0.15613.001982.0613.0=⨯+=⋅+=V n n n V3. 解：以“1”代表NO ，以“2”代表“Br 2”，以“3”代表NOBr 开始时，p 1(0) = 23.102kPa 9.76kPa Pa 10055.13003145.8)81.159/660.0()/()0(32222=⨯⨯⨯===-V RT M m V RT n p 平衡时，[]3213323132121)0()0(21)0()0(p p p p p p p p p p p p -+=+⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-+-=++=[]14.25kPa kPa )737.2576.9102.23(2)0()0(2213=-+=-+=∴p p p p8.85kPa kPa )25.14102.23()0(311=-=-=p p p 2.64kPa kPa )25.142176.9(21)0(322=⨯-=-=p p p 4. 解： ()RT b V p =-m ， b pRTV +=m ， 1,m 2,m kV V = 即kb p RT k b p RT k b p RT +=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=+112， ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=-=-21121)1(p p k p RT p RT p RT k k b ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⋅-=∴21111p p k p RT k b133mol m 10132.5101.3250.01107510101.325273.15)(08.31450.01107511-⋅⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⋅⨯+⨯⋅-=135mol m 102.437--⋅⨯=A 3*m 3444N r V b ⋅⋅==π0.134nmm100.134m10022.61610437.2316393/12353/1A=⨯=⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⨯⨯⨯⨯=⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=∴--ππNbr5. 解：(1) I，液－固；II，气－液；III，气－固。
1，固；2，液；3，气。
(2) 三相线，其压力为610.5 Pa，温度为273.16K。
c点称临界点，其压力为22.04MPa，温度为647.15K，其数学特征：0=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛∂∂TVp，022=⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛∂∂TVp。
(3)纯水的状态图水的相图6. 解：1mol H2O(l)100℃*p∆H 1mol H2O(g)100℃,50663Pa∆H11mol H2O(g)100℃,101325Pa∆H2()40.66kJkJ66.40121=+⨯=∆+∆=∆HHH()()()01122--∆≈--∆=∆-∆=∆nRTHVpVpHpVHU()[]37.56kJkJ1015.2731003145.8166.403=⨯+⨯⨯-=-（忽略液体体积）=W，kJ56.37=∆=-∆=UWUQ7. 解：3 C2H2 (g)25℃，o p∆H C6H6 (g)1200℃，o p∆H1C6H6 (g)25℃，o p∆H2()()g H C g H C 36622→()597.26kJ kJ 73.226393.8211-=⨯-⨯=∆H ()kJ 04.225kJ 1025120052.1911-32=⨯-⨯⨯=∆HkJ 22.37221-=∆+∆=∆∴H H H第2章 热力学定律和热力学基本方程基本概念1. 过程的方向和限度问题。
2. 热从低温物体传给高温物体而不产生其他变化是不可能的；从一个热源吸热，使之完全转化为功，而不产生其他变化是不可能的。
3. 不违背开尔文说法，因为理想气体的状态发生了变化。
4. 0dd ≥-环T Q -S 5. ⎰BARdefd ==ΔTQ -S ；系统混乱程度的度量。
6. 0d ≥S ，孤立系统或绝热过程。
7. ＝8. (1) 2；(2) ννpV C V V C W V V =-=⎰d BA ，⎰-=BAd V V V VnRTW 。
9. 1K J 15.1-⋅；1K .74J 2-⋅。
10. ＝， <， >。
11. (2)，(4)。
12. 证明：Vp S T U d d d -=p V S T V U TT -⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂ 由麦克斯韦关系式VT T p V S ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛∂∂=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂和nRT pV =得0=-=-⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛∂∂=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∂∂p V nR T p T p T V U VT 13. 理想气体恒温过程；恒压变温过程；可逆相变化；恒温过程；纯组分系统，0)(m ≈→l V V L ，，气体为理想气体，C H =∆m vap ；纯组分系统的两相平衡。
14. 根据克-克方程mmd d V T H T p 相变相变∆∆= 由于O H 2的)s ()l (m m V V <，而 66H C 的)s ()l (m m V V >所以水的相图中液固平衡线的斜率是负值，而苯的相图中液固平衡线的斜率是正值。
15. 当温度趋于0K 时，凝聚系统中恒温过程的熵变趋于零。
16. 当温度趋于0K ，系统中所有处于内部平衡的状态之间，熵变趋于零。
17. 在积分的温度范围内无相变化。
18. 恒温，恒容，非体积功为零的封闭系统。
19. 恒温，恒压，非体积功为零的封闭系统。
计算题1. 解：(1) J 4864J 00.1500.40ln2.2983145.82ln12-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯⨯⨯-=-=V V nRT W ； 0=∆U ； 0=∆H 。
(2) ()()J 2533J 1000.1500.40101325312-=⨯-⨯-=--=-V V pW 外；0=∆U ；0=∆H 。
(3) ()()()J 8265J 2.2982.7953145.821212-=-⨯⨯-=--=--=T T nR V V p W()()12.40kJ J 2.2982.7953145.823212m ,=-⨯⨯⨯=-=∆T T nC U V()()kJ 20.66J 2.2982.7953145.825212m ,=-⨯⨯⨯=-=∆T T nC H p2. 解：(1) 取He ，O 2为系统，经历恒容绝热过程。
021=∆+∆=∆U U U ， ()()02m,2,21m,1,1=-+-t t C n t t C n V V 0)0(255.0)100(231=-⨯+-⨯x R x R ， 解得 x = 54.55，即t = 54.55℃。
(2) 取He ，O 2为系统，经历恒压绝热过程。
021=∆+∆=∆H H H ，()()02m,2,21m,1,1=-+-t t C n t t C n p p0)0(275.0)100(251=-⨯+-⨯x R x R ，解得 x = 58.82，即t = 58.82℃。
0=∆U ，0=∆H ； 01=W ， 02=W ，()[]2151J J 2ln 15.2731003145.81ln C D 3-=⨯+⨯⨯-=-=V VnRT W()D E m ,44T T nC U W V -=∆=()J 935J 100253145.8231-=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-⨯⨯⨯=J 3086-=∴W ，J 3086=-∆=W U Q ， D A E D D A ---∆=∆+∆=∆S S S S AD A D m ,ln lnV VnR T T nC V += 11K J 32.14K J 14ln 3145.8115.2732515.273100ln3145.8231--⋅=⋅⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯+++⨯⨯= ()4270J J 32.1415.2980-=⨯-=∆-∆=∆S T U A ， J 4270-=∆=∆A G 。
4.⎰=∆21)m(g ,1d T T p T TnC S()113K J 165.8K J 2001001092.915.27320015.273100ln 21.30---⋅-=⋅⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-⨯⨯+++=1122K J 95.108K J 15.373225602.18--⋅-=⋅⨯-=∆=∆T H S1132)m(l ,3K J 90.16K J 15.27310015.27325ln 18.402.18d --⋅-=⋅⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++⨯==∆⎰T T p T T nC S1321K J 02.134-⋅-=∆+∆+∆=∆S S S S572527m,m ,===R R C C V p γ，521=-γ()K 5.119K 15.2730.270.10152B 1C B C =+⨯⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-T V V T γ()()1878J J 15.3005.1193145.8255.0A C m ,-=-⨯⨯=-=∆T T nC U V()J 2629J )15.3005.119(3145.8275.0A C m ,-=-⨯⨯=-=∆T T nC H p11A C m ,K J 57.9K J 15.3005.119ln 3145.8255.0ln--⋅-=⋅⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯⨯==∆T T nC S V J 2873J 0.101ln 15.3003145.85.0lnA B 121-=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⨯⨯==-=+=V V nRT W Q Q Q ()[]995J J 28731878=---=-∆=Q U W6. 解： (1) ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-∆-=12m vap *1*211lnT T R H pp ， 即⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+-⨯-=15.273401K 13145.81027.3560.37325.101ln 23T ，K 88.3372=T 。