Network Analyzer Basics网络分析仪基本使用方法以及原理
合集下载
相关主题
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Network Analyzer Basics
Copyright 2000
Transmission Line Terminated with 25 W
Zs = Zo
ZL = 25 W
V inc
Vrefl
Standing wave pattern does
not go to zero as with short
Example measurements Appendix
Copyright 2000
Transmission Line Basics
+
I
-
Low frequencies
wavelengths >> wire length
current (I) travels down wires easily for efficient power
Copyright 2000
Transmission Line Terminated with Zo
Zs = Zo
Zo = characteristic impedance of transmission line
Zo
V inc
Vrefl = 0! (all the incident power is absorbed in the load)
20
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
characteristic impedance for coaxial airlines (ohms)
Copyright 2000
Power Transfer Efficiency
RS
RL
For complex impedances, maximum power transfer occurs when ZL = ZS* (conjugate
Receivers Tuners Converters
VCAs Amplifiers
VCOs VTFs Oscillators Modulators VCAtten’s
Transistors
Active
Copyright 2000
Device Test Measurement Model
Complex
Simple
Lightwave Analogy to RF Energy
Incident Reflected
Network Analyzer Basics
Lightwave
DUT
RF
Transmitted
Copyright 2000
Why Do We Need to Test Components?
Transmission
Coefficient T,t
Copyright 2000
Transmission line Zo
• Zo determines relationship between voltage and current waves
• Zo is a function of physical dimensions and r
• Zo is usually a real impedance (e.g. 50 or 75 ohms)
Network analyzer hardware Signal separation devices Detection types Dynamic range T/R versus S-parameter test sets
Error models and calibration Types of measurement error One- and two-port models Error-correction choices Basic uncertainty calculations
High-frequency transistor model
Base
Network Analyzer Basics
Collector Emitter
4. Time-domain characterization
Mag
Time
5. Vector-error correction
Error
Measured
Actual
Copyright 2000
Agenda
Network Analyzer Basics
What measurements do we make? Transmission-line basics Reflection and transmission parameters S-parameter definition
1. Complete characterization of linear networks
2. Complex impedance needed to design matching circuits
S21
S11
S22
S12
3. Complex values
needed for device
modeling
PM conversion
• Ensure good match when absorbing power (e.g., an antenna)
K P W R F M 9 7
Network Analyzer Basics
Copyright 2000
The Need for Both Magnitude and Phase
Dielectrics R, L, C's
Antennas
Switches Multiplexers Mixers Samplers Multipliers
Diodes
Low
Passive
Network Analyzer Basics
Device type
RFICs MMICs T/R modules Transceivers
Network Analyzer Basics
Network Analyzer Basics
Copyright 2000
Network Analysis is NOT.…
Network Analyzer Basics
R o u te r B rid g e R e p e a te r H u b
Response tool
84000 Ded. Testers
VSA SA
VNA TG/SA
SNA NF Mtr. Imped. An. Param. An. Power Mtr. Det/Scope
RFIC test
Harm. Dist.
LO stability
Image Rej.
NF
Gain/Flat. Compr'n Phase/GD AM-PM Isolation Rtn Ls/VSWR Impedance S-parameters
transmission
matching to characteristic impedance (Zo) is very
important for low reflection and maximum power
transfer Network Anmalyzeer aBassicus red envelope voltage dependent on position
Reflection Coefficient
G, r
Return Loss
Impedance, Admittance
R+jX, G+jB
Network Analyzer Basics
Transmitted
B
TRANSMISSION
Transmitted
B
Incident
=R
Gain / Loss
S-Parameters S21, S12
• Verify specifications of “building blocks” for more complex RF systems
• Ensure distortionless transmission of communications signals
– linear: constant amplitude, linear phase / constant group delay – nonlinear: harmonics, intermodulation, compression, AM-to-
match)
1.2 1
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RL / RS
R s + j X - j X R L
Maximum power is transferred when RL = RS
Load Power (normalized)
Network Analyzer Basics
Network Analyzer Basics
normalized values
1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
10
attenuation is lowest at 77 ohms
50 ohm standard
power handling capacity peaks at 30 ohms
Y o u rIE E E 8 0 2 .3 X .2 5 IS D N s w itc h e d -p a c k e td a ta s tre a m is ru n n in g a t1 4 7 M B P S w ith a B E R o f1 .5 2 3 X 1 0 -9 ...
Copyright 2000
What Types of Devices are Tested?
High
Integration
Duplexers Diplexers Filters Couplers Bridges Splitters, dividers Combiners Isolators Circulators Attenuators Adapters Opens, shorts, loads Delay lines Cables Transmission lines Waveguide Resonators
Zs = Zo
V inc
Vrefl In-phase (0o) for open,
out-of-phase (180o) for short
For reflection, a transmission line
terminated in a short or open reflects all
power back to source
Network Analyzer Basics
or open
Copyright 2000
High-Frequency Device Characterization
Incident
R
Reflected
A
REFLECTION
Reflected
A
Incident = R
SWR
S-Parameters S11, S22
transmission
measured voltage and current Leabharlann Baiduot dependent on position
along wire
High frequencies
wavelength or << length of transmission medium
need transmission lines for efficient power
NF
Intermodulation Distortion
BER EVM ACP Regrowth Constell. Eye
Full call sequence Pulsed S-parm. Pulse profiling
LCR/Z
I-V
Absol. Power
Gain/Flatness
Measurement plane
For reflection, a transmission line terminated in Zo behaves like an infinitely long transmission line
Network Analyzer Basics
Copyright 2000
Transmission Line Terminated with Short, Open
DC CW Swept Swept Noise 2-tone Multi- Complex Pulsed-
freq power
tone modulation
Simple
Stimulus type
Protocol RF
Complex
Network Analyzer Basics
Copyright 2000
Copyright 2000
Transmission Line Terminated with 25 W
Zs = Zo
ZL = 25 W
V inc
Vrefl
Standing wave pattern does
not go to zero as with short
Example measurements Appendix
Copyright 2000
Transmission Line Basics
+
I
-
Low frequencies
wavelengths >> wire length
current (I) travels down wires easily for efficient power
Copyright 2000
Transmission Line Terminated with Zo
Zs = Zo
Zo = characteristic impedance of transmission line
Zo
V inc
Vrefl = 0! (all the incident power is absorbed in the load)
20
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
characteristic impedance for coaxial airlines (ohms)
Copyright 2000
Power Transfer Efficiency
RS
RL
For complex impedances, maximum power transfer occurs when ZL = ZS* (conjugate
Receivers Tuners Converters
VCAs Amplifiers
VCOs VTFs Oscillators Modulators VCAtten’s
Transistors
Active
Copyright 2000
Device Test Measurement Model
Complex
Simple
Lightwave Analogy to RF Energy
Incident Reflected
Network Analyzer Basics
Lightwave
DUT
RF
Transmitted
Copyright 2000
Why Do We Need to Test Components?
Transmission
Coefficient T,t
Copyright 2000
Transmission line Zo
• Zo determines relationship between voltage and current waves
• Zo is a function of physical dimensions and r
• Zo is usually a real impedance (e.g. 50 or 75 ohms)
Network analyzer hardware Signal separation devices Detection types Dynamic range T/R versus S-parameter test sets
Error models and calibration Types of measurement error One- and two-port models Error-correction choices Basic uncertainty calculations
High-frequency transistor model
Base
Network Analyzer Basics
Collector Emitter
4. Time-domain characterization
Mag
Time
5. Vector-error correction
Error
Measured
Actual
Copyright 2000
Agenda
Network Analyzer Basics
What measurements do we make? Transmission-line basics Reflection and transmission parameters S-parameter definition
1. Complete characterization of linear networks
2. Complex impedance needed to design matching circuits
S21
S11
S22
S12
3. Complex values
needed for device
modeling
PM conversion
• Ensure good match when absorbing power (e.g., an antenna)
K P W R F M 9 7
Network Analyzer Basics
Copyright 2000
The Need for Both Magnitude and Phase
Dielectrics R, L, C's
Antennas
Switches Multiplexers Mixers Samplers Multipliers
Diodes
Low
Passive
Network Analyzer Basics
Device type
RFICs MMICs T/R modules Transceivers
Network Analyzer Basics
Network Analyzer Basics
Copyright 2000
Network Analysis is NOT.…
Network Analyzer Basics
R o u te r B rid g e R e p e a te r H u b
Response tool
84000 Ded. Testers
VSA SA
VNA TG/SA
SNA NF Mtr. Imped. An. Param. An. Power Mtr. Det/Scope
RFIC test
Harm. Dist.
LO stability
Image Rej.
NF
Gain/Flat. Compr'n Phase/GD AM-PM Isolation Rtn Ls/VSWR Impedance S-parameters
transmission
matching to characteristic impedance (Zo) is very
important for low reflection and maximum power
transfer Network Anmalyzeer aBassicus red envelope voltage dependent on position
Reflection Coefficient
G, r
Return Loss
Impedance, Admittance
R+jX, G+jB
Network Analyzer Basics
Transmitted
B
TRANSMISSION
Transmitted
B
Incident
=R
Gain / Loss
S-Parameters S21, S12
• Verify specifications of “building blocks” for more complex RF systems
• Ensure distortionless transmission of communications signals
– linear: constant amplitude, linear phase / constant group delay – nonlinear: harmonics, intermodulation, compression, AM-to-
match)
1.2 1
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RL / RS
R s + j X - j X R L
Maximum power is transferred when RL = RS
Load Power (normalized)
Network Analyzer Basics
Network Analyzer Basics
normalized values
1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
10
attenuation is lowest at 77 ohms
50 ohm standard
power handling capacity peaks at 30 ohms
Y o u rIE E E 8 0 2 .3 X .2 5 IS D N s w itc h e d -p a c k e td a ta s tre a m is ru n n in g a t1 4 7 M B P S w ith a B E R o f1 .5 2 3 X 1 0 -9 ...
Copyright 2000
What Types of Devices are Tested?
High
Integration
Duplexers Diplexers Filters Couplers Bridges Splitters, dividers Combiners Isolators Circulators Attenuators Adapters Opens, shorts, loads Delay lines Cables Transmission lines Waveguide Resonators
Zs = Zo
V inc
Vrefl In-phase (0o) for open,
out-of-phase (180o) for short
For reflection, a transmission line
terminated in a short or open reflects all
power back to source
Network Analyzer Basics
or open
Copyright 2000
High-Frequency Device Characterization
Incident
R
Reflected
A
REFLECTION
Reflected
A
Incident = R
SWR
S-Parameters S11, S22
transmission
measured voltage and current Leabharlann Baiduot dependent on position
along wire
High frequencies
wavelength or << length of transmission medium
need transmission lines for efficient power
NF
Intermodulation Distortion
BER EVM ACP Regrowth Constell. Eye
Full call sequence Pulsed S-parm. Pulse profiling
LCR/Z
I-V
Absol. Power
Gain/Flatness
Measurement plane
For reflection, a transmission line terminated in Zo behaves like an infinitely long transmission line
Network Analyzer Basics
Copyright 2000
Transmission Line Terminated with Short, Open
DC CW Swept Swept Noise 2-tone Multi- Complex Pulsed-
freq power
tone modulation
Simple
Stimulus type
Protocol RF
Complex
Network Analyzer Basics
Copyright 2000