北京化工大学-电子材料导论复习题
电子材料期末考试题库10套
电子材料期末考试题库10套第一套试题1. 请简述电子材料的定义和分类。
2. 举例说明半导体材料的应用领域。
3. 什么是材料的能带结构？它对材料性能有什么影响？4. 解释电子材料的光学性质，并提供一个实际应用的例子。
5. 分析金属材料的导电机制。
第二套试题1. 请列举几种典型的电子材料。
2. 什么是材料的晶格结构？它如何影响材料的性质？3. 解释压电材料的原理和应用。
4. 分析陶瓷材料的热性质。
5. 举例说明半导体材料在电子器件中的应用。
第三套试题1. 请解释电子材料的导电性和绝缘性之间的区别。
2. 举例说明聚合物材料的应用领域。
3. 解释超导材料的特性和应用。
4. 分析压敏材料的原理和应用。
5. 请简述液晶材料的特性和应用。
第四套试题1. 电子材料的光电性质包括哪些方面的内容？2. 解释半导体材料的禁带宽度和载流子浓度之间的关系。
3. 分析高分子材料的热性质。
4. 请列举几种常见的光电器件。
5. 举例说明金属材料在电子器件中的应用。
第五套试题1. 请简述电子材料的磁性质。
2. 什么是材料的导电性质？它如何与材料的能带结构相关联？3. 解释复合材料的特性和应用。
4. 分析玻璃材料的光学性质。
5. 请简述半导体材料的载流子浓度控制方法。
第六套试题1. 请列举几种典型的电子材料及其应用。
2. 什么是材料的热性质？它对材料在高温环境下的应用有什么影响？3. 解释磁性材料的原理和应用。
4. 举例说明陶瓷材料在电子器件中的应用。
5. 分析半导体材料的光电特性。
第七套试题1. 请解释金属材料的导电机制。
2. 举例说明聚合物材料在电子器件中的应用。
3. 解释光电材料的特性和应用。
4. 分析高分子材料的导电性质。
5. 请简述半导体材料的晶格结构和性质。
第八套试题1. 电子材料的热性质包括哪些方面的内容？2. 什么是半导体材料的载流子控制机制？3. 解释陶瓷材料的原理和应用。
4. 分析复合材料的特性。
5. 举例说明高分子材料的应用领域。
材料导论2006-2007-2 (2)
北京化工大学2006——2007学年第一学期《材料导论I》期末考试试卷课程代码M S E 2 0 2 1 T班级：姓名：学号：分数：题号一二三四五六七总分得分I. What do the following abbreviations of materials and unit cells stand for? Translate all abbreviations into Chinese. At least 10-point questions should be completed. (12 points)1. Names of materials: TP, PMC, MMC, CMC (4points)2. Names of equipment: SEM, TEM, SPM, DSC (4points)3. Names of unit cells: bcc, fcc, cph, sc (4points)II. Choose the BEST TERM to match the definition (15pts).A)Allotropic materialB)AmorphousC)AnionD)Atomic packing factor (APF)E)CationF)Coordination numberG)CreepH)CrystallineI)Electron affinityJ)ElectronegativityK)Engineering materialsL)Factor of safetyM)Interstitial solid solution N)InterstitialcyO)Long-range-order materials P)MonomerQ)NeutronsR)PolymerS)Polymorphic materialT)ProtonU)Short-range-order materials V)Smart materialsW)Substitutional solid solution X)V acancyY)V an de waals forcesZ)Yield1. A chainlike molecule made up of smaller molecular units.2. A material exists in two or more crystal structures. After changing from one crystal structure into another, the material can reverse the phenomenon and return to its previous crystal structure.3. A point defect is produced by the presence of an extra atom in a void, the space between normal lattice positions.4. A solid solution in which the impurity atoms take up sites in the lattice structure that are normally unfilled or unoccupied by the pure (solvent) atoms.5. A term referring to a variety of liquids and solids that have the ability at a predetermined condition to sense stresses and respond to alter their properties.6.An ion with a positive charge.7.One basic form of solid possesses an ordered, three-dimensional, geometric arrangement that repeats itself.8.The degree to which an atom attracts electrons.9.The forces that produce secondary (or weak) bonds.10.The materials have the structures in which the orderly arrangement of atoms extends throughoutthe entire material, forming a regular gridlike lattice or pattern.11.The ratio of the volume of atoms present in a crystal (unit cell) to the volume of the unit cell.12.The ratio of ultimate strength to allowable stress.13.The term implies that a material plastically deforms or flows very slowly under load as a function of time.14.The term is used to describe how many atoms are touching each other in a group of coordinated atoms.15.Uncharged particles in the nucleus with a mass nearly equal to the proton’s mass.III. Choose the correct answer to the following questions (35points)1. The method used during design and manufacturing to determine the impact of a product or system on the environment.A)Life cycle analysisB)Life cycle inventoryC)Systems approachD)Characterization2. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the atom?A)It has 6 protons in its nucleus.B)It has 12 neutrons in its nucleus.C)It has 6 electrons orbiting the nucleusD)Its atomic number is 63. A useful tool that is used to study the crystal structures of solids by measuring the angles of electrons glancing off material specimens.A)Electron microscopeB)Optical microscopeC)X-ray diffraction (XRD)D)Differential thermal analysis (DTA)4. A field that involves the generation and application of knowledge relating to the composition, structure and processing of materials to their properties and use.A)Engineering Materials TechnologyB)Materials EngineeringC)Materials ScienceD)Materials Science And Engineering5. The results obtained from fatigue tests are recorded on semilog or log-log paper to produce ______ diagrams.A) σ-εB) s-NC) τ-γD) T-θ6. Which of the following is the type of bond holding Na +and Cl-ions in NaCl?A)Ionic bondB)Covalent bondC)Hydrogen bondD)Metallic bond7. What factor in materials selection usually dominates the final choice?A)RecyclabilityB)CostC)ProcessibilityD)Properties of materials8. Which stage of the materials cycle is the most difficult for manufacturers to develop a full materials cycle?A)Extracting raw materialsB)Manufacturing engineered materialsC)Service of products and systemsD)Recycling/disposal materials9. How many space lattices (Bravais lattices) can atoms form in seven crystal systems?A) 3B) 4C)8D)1410. ____________ is a measure of heat flow through a material. It relates heat flow (the flow of heat energy per unit area, per unit time) to the temperature gradient, causing the heat to flow.A)Heat capacityB)Specific heatC)Thermal conductivityD)Coefficient of thermal expansion11. Which concept of the materials cycle has been LEAST AFFECTED by recent trends?A) Concern for the entire cycle that includes effects of harmful by-products and unrecycled old productsB) Ability to design materials to meet ever-increasing demands of technology rather than use “off-the shelf” materials.C) Need for a more highly educated workforce to support new manufacturing techniques.D) Desire to achieve the maximum properties from any given materials.12. ___________ crystal system has mutually perpendicular axes (α=β=γ=90°) but unequal lattice parameters, among which the z-intercept is larger than the x- or y- intercepts (c>a=b).A)CubicB)HexagonalC)MonoclinicD)Tetragonal13. _____________represents the energy per unit volume of a material required to produce fracture under static conditions.A)Modulus of elasticityB)Modulus of toughnessC)Modulus of resilienceD)Modulus of rigidity14. The key word in describing covalent bonding is ___________.A)TransferringB)SharingC)SwappingD)Swarming15. Vickers hardness numbers are a measure of the size of the penetration made by ______ with different loads.A)10-mm steel ballB)tungsten carbide sphereC)diamond pyramid indentorD)diamond cone indentor16. involves transforming gases, liquids, and solid elements by chemical and physical means, where atoms and molecules are combined to form solid materials.A)AnalysisB)ProcessingC)SynthesisD)Wroughting17. Which term describes the behavior of materials when subjected to some external force or condition?A)MaterialB)PropertyC)AutomationD)Synthesis18. _______ is the maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles.A)Fatigue limitB)Fatigue ratioC)Fatigue strengthD)Endurance ratio19. The electronic configuration of carbon is _________.A)1s22s22p2B)1s22s22p63s23p5C)1s22s22p63s2D)1s22s22p63s23p620. Which of the following symbol is used to specify a family of directions in a crystal structure?A)<>B)( )C)[ ]D){ }21. A concept that places recycling at the beginning or design stage of the materials cycle to ensure that waste going into municipal landfills will be minimized.A)Design for assemblyB)Design for disassemblyC)Green manufacturingD)Just-in-time techniques22. Which of the following is the type of bond between molecules of water?A)Ionic bondB)Covalent bondC)Hydrogen bondD)Metallic bond23. The maximum number of electrons in the M energy level is ____________.A) 2B)8C)18D)3224. Which statement of elements is NOT correct?A)An element is a substance whose atoms all have the same atomic number.B)The atoms of an element all contain the same number of protonsC)The atoms of an element all contain the same numbers of neutronsD)An element is a substance that cannot be broken down any further by chemical reaction25. A type of harness test that compares a material’s hardness to some 10 known minerals arranged in order of hardness.A)Scleroscope (HSc) testB)Mohs testC)Brinell hardness testD)Rockwell Hardness test26. Another name for an electron shell is _________A)QuantumB)Principal energy levelC)Energy stateD)orbital27. ____________ is the maximum stress developed in a material during a tensile test.A)Off-set yield strengthB)Fatigue strengthC)Tensile strengthD)Yield strength28. ________ is a homogeneous mixture of chemically distinct substances that forms a phase. The components (substances) lose their individual identities.A)AlloyB)SoluteC)SolutionD)Solvent29. The following compounds are all unsaturated hydrocarbons except________A)AcetyleneB)AlkenesC)AlkynesD)Methane30. Which is NOT the name of the recently discovered carbon structure that resembles a soccer ball?A)BuckyballB)C-60C)FullereneD)Graphite31. Protons and neutrons are known as _________A)ElectronsB)NeutrinosC)NucleonsD)Quarks32. The following statement of inert gases is right except________A)Inert gases are also called noble gases.B)Inert gases are mostly inactive.C)Inert gases do not get involved in making compounds with other elements.D)Inert gases have their outer energy levels incompletely full of valence electrons.33. What are (or is) not the conditions on which the substitutional solid solution form?A) The solute atoms and the solvent atoms are of similar size. Specifically, the size of their atoms do not differ by more than 15%B) The interstitial atoms are sufficiently smallC) The electron configurations of the solute atoms and the solvent atoms are comparableD) The solute atoms and the solvent atoms have a common crystalline structure34. Which statement of elastic modulus is NOT correct?A)Elastic modulus is also known as Young’s modulus.B)The higher the magnitude of elastic modulus the weaker the interatomic bonding forces.C)Elastic modulus is the constant of proportionality in Hooke’s law.D)Elastic modulus can be measured graphically in the elastic region of the stress-strain diagram.35. The coordination number for the atoms in the fcc unit cell is ____________.A) 2B) 6C)8D)12IV Fill in the following blanks according to the basic concepts. (10points)1. The atomic number is equal to the number of in a nucleus.2. ___________ is used to describe the basic building block or basic geometric arrangement of atoms in a crystal.3. Periodic table is divided into eight vertical columns known as A) _______________ and seven horizontal rows known as B)______________. All elements with the same C)_______ number have the same number of electrons in the outermost shell. It is the D)___________ electrons that take part in chemical reactions and determine the chemical properties of the elements.4. The two categories of crystal imperfections are A)__________ and B)_________.5. A metallic consisting of metal elements and other elements is named as .6. In impact testing of metals, metals will experience __________ (ductile/brittle) failures with a much greater absorption of energy above the critical temperature.V. True or false questions. If you think the statement is true, write the letter “T”; otherwise, write the letter “F”. At least 10 questions should be completed. (15 points, 1 point/Q)1. All elements are not readily available to use.2. Plastic deformation is recoverable while elastic deformation is irrecoverable.3. Ferrous metals include iron and alloys of at least 50% iron.4. The thermal conductivity of materials has a varied relationship to temperature.5. Isotopes are atoms of an element that contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.6. The material from which turbine blades are fabricated must possess low creep resistance.7. The ionization potential decreases as the atomic numbers of the elements increase in a given periodic group.8. All materials do not have endurance limit.9. Substances with high specific heat values do not change their temperature appreciably.10. All materials have a distinct ductile to brittle transition temperature.11. The strict definition of oxidation is the addition of oxygen to an element or a compound.12. In corrosion, removal part of the material is caused generally by some mechanical forces, while in wear, the only driving force is chemical reactions.13. Electrochemistry includes the studies of chemical reactions that produce electricity and of how electricity can be used to cause chemical reactions.14. In primary cells, when the reaction ends, the cells can be recharged.15. In the two cooling curves (A and B) shown in Figure 1, A is for pure metals and B for general glass.Figure 1VI. Give a simple answer to the following questions. At least 10-point questions should be completed. (20 points)1.Determine the miller indices for the rectangular plane pointed with an arrow in the unit cell shown in Figure 2, indicating the determination procedures. (3points)c=1a=1b=1Figure 22.How many parameters are needed to describe a unit cell adequately? What are they? (2points)3.What is phase diagram? Name the three variables needed to specify the conditions of equilibrium for a particular system. (3points)4.What is the family of materials composed of? (3points)5.Which properties rank highest in importance when selecting materials for many applications? What tests can provide the most useful information on such properties for material selection? (2points)6.Write out the chemical reactions for the electrolysis of water. (4points)7.Write out the Gibbs phase rule, and specify the meaning of the symbols in it. (3points)VII. Complex questions. At least 10-point questions should be completed. (20 points)1.Draw the tensile tress-strain diagrams for brittle and ductile materials, respectively. 1) Labelplastic region & elastic region; 2) Discuss how to distinguish ductile materials from brittle materials according to three different mechanical properties obtained from tensile stress-strain diagrams? 3) Determine graphically 0.2 percent offset yield strength in the stress-strain diagram.(10 points)2.Figure 3 shows Cu-Ni phase diagram. Describe the phenomena can be observed in the systemalong with the decrease in temperature from X to Y; Label the solidus line and liquidus line. How to calculate the contents of liquid and solid phase at point 3? How to calculate the compositions of liquid and solid phase at T3? (10 points)Figure 3。
北京化工大学-电子材料导论复习题
北京化工大学-电子材料导论复习题北京化工大学-电子材料复习题电子材料概论1、简述什么是结构电子材料,什么是功能电子材料?(p2)答：能承受压力和重力，并能保持尺寸和大部分力学性质（强度、硬度及韧性）稳定的材料，称为结构电子材料。
功能电子材料是指除强度性能外，还有其他特殊功能，或能实现光、电、磁、热力等不同形式的交互作用和转换的非结构材料。
2、什么是理想表面?什么是实际表面?一般情况下表面厚度大约是多少?(26~27)答：理想表面是为分析问题的方便而设定的一种理想的表面结构。
在自然界中存在的表面称为实际表面。
几十到数百纳米。
第一章导电材料1、电阻率最低的前三种元素是什么?其电阻率各是多少(20度时)?(57)答：银1.62μΩ.cm铜1.72μΩ.cm金2.40μΩ.cm2、硅碳膜的三层结构各起什么作用(102)答：在底层主要含有是SiO2和C,其SiO2和基体玻璃相形成Si-O 键，增加了硅炭膜对基体的附着力；中间层为主要导电层，与纯碳膜的结构和性能类似；最外层为保护层，主要含有SiO2和少量的sic。
3、蒸发金属膜的主要制作过程(103)答：金属膜电阻器是用以鉻硅系为主要成分的合金粉真空蒸发而成，制造时用酒精把合金粉调成糊状涂在钨丝的蒸发器上，在低于5×10-3PA的真空度下加热蒸发在陶瓷基体上淀积出金属膜。
4、镍铬薄膜的主要特点(105)答：电阻温度系数小、稳定性高、噪声电平小、可制作的阻值范围宽，使用的温度范围宽而高5、镍铬薄膜的主要制作方法(105)答：采用电阻式真空蒸发法，将镍鉻合金丝、薄板条或粉挂在或涂敷在蒸发器上在真空度高于6×10-3pa,用电加热至1500度左右进行蒸发。
6、在NiCr薄膜中掺入氧可以改善的是(110)答：不仅可以提高NiCr薄膜的电阻值，而且可以降低电阻温度系数和提高稳定性7、热处理对TaSi薄膜的影响(121)答：热处理对TaSi薄膜的电阻率有较大的影响，随着热处理温度升高，薄膜的电阻率减小，逐渐趋于平坦。
材料导论_北京化工大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
材料导论_北京化工大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.MSE involves the generation and application of knowledge relating _____ totheir _______ and uses, having interdisciplinary and multidisciplinarycharacteristics.答案:Composition, structure, and processing of materials, properties2. A concept that place recycling at the beginning or design stage of thematerials cycle to ensure that waste going into municipal landfills will beminimized.答案:Design for disassembly3.If there are components in the center of each face in addition to those at thecorners of the cube, then the unit cell is called.答案:Face Centered Cubic4.Which one typically has the largest thermal expansion?答案:Polymer5.Metals are good conductors of both_______________.答案:Electricity and heat6.The fiber reinforcement becomes more effective, when ____答案:the fiber length is larger than critical fiber length7.The hollow parts such as tanks can be produced by _______答案:Filament Winding8.Which one is the expression for the rule of mixture?答案:Ec=EmVm+EfVf9.________ experiment is carried out outside of the organism, usually in a testtube or petri dish.答案:In vitro10.Nanomaterials are generally defined as any particulate material with the sizeof __ nm in at least one dimension.答案:1-10011.The properties of crosslinked hydrogels depend on .答案:Crosslinking Density12.The cost of a finished piece includes _______.答案:The cost of raw materialsAny expense incurred during fabrication13.What are the characters of stiff materials?答案:High Bonding Energy within the MaterialHigh Elastic Modulus14.How to increase transition temperature range of brittle to ductile?答案:Increase grain sizeAdding certain elementsStrain hardening15.What are the factors influencing creep resistance of polycrystalline materials?答案:TemperatureStructures like Grain Types16.Sintering is a heat treatment applied to a powder compact toimpart _____________答案:IntegrityStrength17.LLDPE and LDPE have lower density than HDPE, because ______.答案:LLDPE and LDPE contains branchesHDPE is primarily a linear polymerThe formation of side branches will reduce the packing efficiency18. is an elastomer having physical cross-links in the “network” structure.答案:SISSBS19.Ceramics have the excellent properties as following:答案:Corrosion resistanceExtreme hardness20.Which can be selected as matrix materials for composites?答案:PolymerCeramicMetal21.The reinforcing effect of carbon black in tires is the result of the ______ of itsparticles.答案:Uniform DistributionGood adhesive bonding with the rubber molecules22.The additives used in polymer nanocomposites can be _____答案:NanofibersNanotubesNanoparticlesNanoclays23.Why fiberglass-reinforced composites are used extensively.答案:These composites have relatively high specific strengths.Glass fibers are very inexpensive to produce.They are chemically inert in a wide variety of environments.24.Materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist betweenthe structures and properties of materials.答案:正确25.Tensile strength can be estimated from the hardness reading.答案:正确26.Natural rubber usually is much stronger and harder than vulcanized rubber.答案:错误27.The modulus of crystalline polymers is higher than the modulus of anamorphous polymer答案:正确28.Viscoelasticity is a combination of elasticity and viscosity答案:正确29.Ceramics are crystalline compounds that combine metallic and nonmetallicelements.答案:正确30.Traditional ceramic materials include clays, refractories, glass, cement andabrasives.答案:正确31. A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which comefrom metals, ceramics, and polymers.答案:正确32.Carbon-carbon composite is based on carbon fibers答案:正确33.Surface erosion could be characterized as zero order release.答案:正确。
北京化工大学材料导论复习资料(吐血手打)
一，英译中1. BMC, bulk molding compound，块状模塑料2. CMC, ceramic matrix composite，陶瓷基复合材料3. DP, degree of polymerization，聚合度4. FRP（GRP）, fiber-reinforced plastics（glass fiber-reinforced plastics），纤维增强塑料5. LCPs, liquid crystal polymers，液晶聚合物6. MMC, metal matrix composite，金属基复合材料7. PMC, polymer matrix composite，聚合物基复合材料8. RTM, resin transfer molding，树脂转移模塑9. SMC, sheet molding compound，片状模塑料10. TP, thermoplastic，热塑性塑料11.TG,class transition temperature，玻璃化转变温度12.SBR,styrene butadiene rubber，丁苯橡胶二，连线1.A chainlike molecule made up of smaller molecular units. Polymer 聚合物2.The linking together of smaller units into long chains. Polymerization 聚合3.A chemical that serves as molecular matchmaker necessary to begin polymerization reaction.Catalyst 催化剂anic,ceramic,synthetic,or metallic materials with a length of 100 times the diameter, with aminimum length of at least 5mm. Fiber 纤维5.The individual fibers of indefinite length used in tows ,yarns, or roving. Filament 单丝6.The binder material of a composite, whether organic ,ceramic ,or metallic, that distributes theload among fibers or particulates. Matrix 基体7.A human-made, nearly perfect, single crystal with a diameter ranging from about 1 to10μm andlengths up to 3 cm. Whisker 晶须8.A reference to cross-linking ,which designates the number of cross-links per 100 linear bonds.Netting index 网数9.Materials used to work like adhesives, provide protective coatings, and keep out liquids and gases. Sealants 密封胶10.Attraction of molecules between an adhesive and substrate. Adhestion 粘合11.Any material that is capable of holding two materials together by surface attachment.Adhesive 粘合剂12.A material upon the surface of which an adhesive is spread for the purpose of bonding orcoating. Adherend 被粘物13.The ratio of the tensile strength of a fiber material to its weight density or mass density.Specific strength 比强度14.The term used to describe the crystallinity of polymers. Degree of crystallinity结晶度15.The number of repeating units in the polymer materials.Degree of polymerization聚合度16.The amount of reinforcement in a composite material. Fiber loading 纤维载量17.V ariation in the molecular structure of the same composition. Isomers 异构体18.The point at which polymers act as glass or become viscous liquids. TG 玻璃化转变温度19. A property unique to polymers that incorporates two properties of viscosity and elasticity.另一种解释：A combination of viscous and elastic properties in a material with the relative contribution of each being dependent on time,temperature,stress and strain rate. Viscoelasticity 粘弹性20. Energy loss through heating in elastomers, which creates problems in applications such as cartires. Hysteresis滞后作用21.The time-dependent permanent deformation that occurs under stress. Creep 蠕变22.The decrease in stress after a given time at constant strain. Stress relaxation 应力松弛23.Attrction of molecules within an adhesive or substrate. Cohesion 内聚力24.Wood’s ability to char when burned. Ablation 烧蚀25.An indicator of a material’s resistance to the extension of a preexisting crack. Fracturetoughness 断裂韧性26.The additive can be selected to moderate the plastics that are used for aircraft storage compartments subject to fire。
《材料导论》复习题
《材料导论》期末考试复习题一：基础知识1。
生物和生命科学、纳米技术、能源与环境、电子与信息、材料是目前科学技术的七大热点和重点领域.2.材料、能源和信息并列成为现代科学技术的三大支柱。
3。
材料的分类：金属（金属、金属合金）、非金属（有机高分子材料、无机非金属材料)4。
高分子材料的定义：包含由小分子通过共价键形成长链的天然或人工合成的材料。
5.高分子材料的分类：弹性体、热固性及热塑性树脂。
6.材料技术的发展趋势：从均质材料向复合材料发展、由结构材料往功能材料、多功能材料并重的方向发展、材料结构的尺度向越来越小的方向发展、由被动性材料向具有主动性的智能材料方向发展、通过仿生途径来发展新材料.7.塑料：塑料是以合成树脂为主要成分，另加有（或不加）改性用的添加剂或加工助剂，在一定温度、压力条件下可塑化成型、并在常温下保持其形状的材料。
有时还包括塑料的半成品,如压塑粉、注塑粒料等。
经过成型加工，可制成具有特定形状又具有实用价值的塑料制品。
8。
塑料的分类：合成塑料、天然塑料（按来源)；热塑性塑料、热固性塑料（按热行为）;通用塑料、工程塑料（使用范围和用途)。
9.塑料的特性：质轻、耐腐蚀、电绝缘、加工性能好；不耐热、易变形、不耐老化、易燃、原料受石化资源制约10.常用的塑料加工方式：挤出成型、注射成型、压延成型。
11.橡胶的定义：橡胶是一类线形柔性高分子聚合物。
其分子链柔顺性好，在外力作用下可产生较大的变形，除去外力后能迅速恢复原状。
12.橡胶的分类：天然橡胶、合成橡胶（按来源）；热固性橡胶、热塑性橡胶（按加工性）。
13。
橡胶配方的五大体系：生胶、填充补强、硫化促进、防老、软化增塑体系。
14.纤维的定义：指长度比直径大很多倍并且有一定的柔韧性的纤细物质.15。
涂料的定义和组成:涂料是合成树脂另一种应用形式，用来涂覆物体表面，形成保护或装饰膜层。
主要有三种组分:成膜物、颜料、溶剂。
16.黏合剂的定义：黏合剂也称胶黏剂，是一种把各种材料紧密地结合在一起的物质。
电子材料复习题1及答案.doc
一、填空题（共10分，共20空，每空0.5分）4、品质因数是反映软磁材料在交变磁化时能量的贮能一和损耗 的性能。
氧体。
6. 磁性材料材料在交变磁场中产生能量损耗，称为 磁损耗 耗、磁滞损耗和剩余损耗。
7. 永磁材料的一个重要的性能指标为磁能积，具单位为MGOe 。
二、名词解释（共12分）3、氧参数（3分）描述尖晶石铁氧体单位晶胞中氧离子真实位置的一个参数（1分），是指氧离子与小立方（又名 子晶格）中最远一个面的距离（2分）。
4、饱和磁化强度（3分）磁体在饱和磁化状态（磁矩平行排列）时（1分），定义单位体积内磁体的磁矩矢量和为饱和磁 化强度（2分）。
（也可用公式表示）三、辨析题（共8分） 2、磁晶各向异性常数&为磁性材料的内禀磁特性，只与材料的成分有关。
故对Fe-Ni 合金， 只要其成分相同，其心值都相同。
请判断上而说法的对错，同时说明原因。
答：不对，磁晶各向异性常数&为材料的內禀磁特性，除与材料的成分相关外，述与其结构相关。
（2分）对成分和同Fe-Ni 合金，当热处理工艺不同时，其结构、显微组织将会不同,所以其K1值就有可能不相同。
（2分）四、问答题（共50分）3、什么叫固溶体？简述固溶体的分类及影响固溶度的主要因素。
（5分）固溶体：固态条件下，一种组分内溶解了其它组分而形成的单一、均匀的晶态固体。
（0.5分） 分类：① 按溶质原子在溶剂晶体中的位置来分类：置换型固溶体（0.5分）；填隙型固溶体（0.5分）； ② 按照溶解度：无限固溶体（或连续固溶体）（0.5分）；有限固溶体（或不连续固溶体）（0.5分）。
影响溶质原子在溶剂晶格中的溶解度的主要因素：① 晶体结构（0.5分）② 离子大小（0. 5分）③ 电负性（0.5分）④ 温度（0.5分）⑤ 离子电价（0.5分）5、铁氧体材料按•苴晶体结构分为尖晶石铁氧体、 石榴石铁氧体 和磁铅石（或六角晶系）铁 磁损耗包括二个方面涡流损 M = &L （A .m -1） AV6、请简述晶粒大小对常规磁性材料和纳米晶磁性材料性能的影响，并说明为什么。
材料导论复习题与答案
材料科学基础复习题2014.12.15 1.结合键根据其结合力的强弱可分为哪两大类？各自分别包括哪些细类？P2一类是结合力较强的主价键（一次键），包括离子键，共价键，金属键；另一类是结合力较弱的次价键（二次键），包括范德华力和氢键。
2.国际上通常用什么来统一标定晶向指数和晶面指数？P9分别以什么表示？国际上用密勒指数（Miller）来标定。
分别以方括号和圆括号表示，即[uvw]和（hkl）。
3.什么叫点阵、晶胞、晶带、配位数、固溶体、孪晶、蠕变、应力松弛、合金、致密度、聚合度、近程结构、远程结构、复合材料、界面。
点阵（空间点阵）：为了便于分析研究晶体中质点的排列情况，把它们抽象成规则排列于空间的无数个几何点，这些点可以是原子或分子的中心，也可以是彼此等同的原子群或分子群的中心，但各个点的周围环境必须相同。
这种点的空间排列就称为空间点阵。
P5晶胞：为了说明点阵排列的规律和特点，在点阵中取出一个具有代表性的单元作为点阵的组成单元，称为晶胞。
P5晶带：相交于同一直线的一组晶面组成一个晶带。
（晶带面、晶带轴）P12配位数：晶体结构中任一原子周围最相邻且等距离的原子数。
P21固溶体：固溶体是固体溶液，是溶质原子溶入溶剂中所形成的均匀混合的物质。
P25孪晶：孪生形变后，变形与未变形两部分晶体合称为孪晶。
P84蠕变：蠕变是指在恒温下对高分子材料快速施加较小的恒定外力时，材料的变形随时间而逐渐增大的力学松弛现象。
P279应力松弛：应力松弛是指在恒定温度和形变保持不变的情况下，高分子材料内部的应力随时间增加而逐渐衰减的现象。
P279合金：是指由两种或两种以上的金属与非金属经熔炼、烧结或其他方法组合而成并具有金属特性的物质。
P25致密度：晶体结构中原子体积占总体积的分数。
P21聚合度：将高分子材料的结构单元总数称为聚合度。
P253近程结构：包括构造和构型。
P264远程结构：是指单个高分子链的大小和形态、链的柔顺性及分子在各种环境中所采取的构象。
电子材料复习题
电子材料复习题电子材料复习题电子材料是现代科技发展的基础，它们在电子器件和电子系统中起着至关重要的作用。
为了更好地掌握电子材料的知识，我们需要进行复习和巩固。
下面是一些电子材料复习题，帮助我们回顾和加深对电子材料的理解。
一、基本概念与性质1. 什么是电子材料？电子材料有哪些主要分类？2. 请解释电子材料的导电性和绝缘性。
3. 介绍一下半导体材料的特点和应用。
4. 什么是导体的超导性？超导材料有哪些应用？5. 解释一下电子材料的磁性和铁磁、顺磁、抗磁的区别。
二、材料制备与性能调控1. 请简要介绍一下电子材料的制备方法。
2. 什么是材料的晶体结构？为什么晶体结构对材料性能具有重要影响？3. 请列举几种常见的电子材料的性能调控方法。
4. 介绍一下电子材料的表面处理技术及其应用。
5. 什么是材料的缺陷？材料缺陷对材料性能有何影响？三、电子材料的应用1. 请列举几种常见的电子材料在电子器件中的应用。
2. 介绍一下电子材料在光电子器件中的应用。
3. 什么是电子材料的热电性能？热电材料有哪些应用？4. 请解释电子材料在能源领域的应用。
5. 电子材料在生物医学领域有哪些应用？请举例说明。
四、电子材料的发展趋势1. 请简要介绍一下电子材料的发展历程。
2. 电子材料的发展趋势是什么？请说明原因。
3. 介绍一下目前热门的电子材料研究领域。
4. 请列举几个国际上重要的电子材料研究机构。
5. 你认为电子材料未来的发展方向是什么？请阐述你的观点。
通过对以上复习题的回答，我们可以加深对电子材料的理解和掌握。
同时，我们也可以发现自己对电子材料的知识掌握情况，从而有针对性地进行进一步的学习和提高。
电子材料作为现代科技的核心，掌握其基本概念、性质和应用是非常重要的。
希望大家能够认真对待电子材料的学习，不断提高自己的专业素养和实践能力。
材料导论试题及答案
材料导论试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 下列哪种材料属于复合材料？A. 钢铁B. 塑料C. 陶瓷D. 碳纤维增强塑料答案：D2. 材料的硬度通常是指材料的：A. 弹性B. 韧性C. 强度D. 塑性答案：C3. 下列哪种材料是半导体材料？A. 铜B. 铝C. 硅D. 铁答案：C4. 金属材料的导电性能通常与以下哪个因素无关？A. 金属的纯度B. 金属的晶体结构C. 金属的密度D. 金属的晶格缺陷答案：C5. 陶瓷材料的主要优点是：A. 良好的导电性B. 良好的导热性C. 良好的绝缘性D. 良好的延展性答案：C二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 材料的________是指材料在受到外力作用时抵抗变形的能力。
答案：弹性2. 材料的________是指材料在受到外力作用时抵抗断裂的能力。
答案：韧性3. 材料的________是指材料在受到外力作用时抵抗永久变形的能力。
答案：强度4. 材料的________是指材料在受到外力作用时抵抗塑性变形的能力。
答案：硬度5. 材料的________是指材料在受到外力作用时抵抗压缩变形的能力。
答案：抗压强度三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述金属材料的热处理过程。
答案：金属材料的热处理过程通常包括加热、保温和冷却三个阶段。
加热阶段使材料达到一定温度，保温阶段使材料内部结构发生变化，冷却阶段则使材料获得所需的组织和性能。
2. 什么是材料的疲劳强度？其影响因素有哪些？答案：材料的疲劳强度是指材料在重复或循环载荷作用下，经过一定次数的应力循环后发生断裂的最大应力值。
影响疲劳强度的因素包括材料的微观结构、表面状态、应力集中、温度以及载荷循环的频率等。
3. 请解释什么是材料的热膨胀系数。
答案：热膨胀系数是指材料在温度变化时，单位长度或单位体积的线性或体积变化量与温度变化量的比值。
它是衡量材料热膨胀性能的一个重要参数。
4. 简述塑料材料的加工方法有哪些。
答案：塑料材料的加工方法主要包括挤出成型、注射成型、吹塑成型、压缩成型、热成型等。
材料导论复习思考题及答案——北京化工大学
复习题（1）HDPE、LDPE分子结构、聚集态结构的差别是什么，应用领域有那些特点？1 分子结构：HDPE：只有少量的短支链LDPE：存在大量的长支链和短支链LLDPE：短支链数目与LDPE详单，但没有长支链。
UHMWPE：为线性，与HDPE相同2聚集态结构： HDPE：分子链非常柔顺，结构单元对称规整，非常容易结晶，结晶度很高，80~95%，支化程度小，规整型高，结晶度高LDPE：分子链柔性小，结晶困难，55~65%（提高分子量对结晶度提高） LLDPE：结晶度70%UHMWPE：分子间缠结非常强烈，和HDPE一样，结晶度70~80%3性能：a聚乙烯的基本性质：无臭无味无毒乳白色蜡状固体名半透明或不透明透水率小但透气性大易燃，是最易燃的燃料之一 b聚乙烯力学性能一般拉伸强度比较低强度不高抗蠕性变差抗冲击性能较好c结晶度，密度、拉伸强度、硬度、抗蠕变性： LDPE<LLPE<HDPE 抗冲击性HDPE<LLDPE<LDPE 耐环境应力开裂性 HDPE<LLDPE<LDPE d热性能： PE耐热性能低 HDT：HDPE>LLDPE>LDPE&MFI（熔融指数）提高（分子量下降），HDT降低。
PE的耐热性在塑料里比较高膨胀系数大：HDPE<LLDPE<LDPE 导热性：HDPE>LLDPE>LDPE耐寒性：分子量大，耐寒性好。
MIF升高 e耐化学药性优异f电性能：优异的电绝缘性（>1016Ωm）可做高频高压绝缘材料g加工性能：吸水率低，加工前不必干燥分子量和支化度度熔体速率有很大的影响，分子量提高，MFI下降，分子量相同，支化程度上升，MFI上升熔体流动LDPE>HDPE挤出成型：LDPE 要求慢速冷却：HDPE要求快速冷却 UHMWPE:力学性能优良，良好的塑性工程塑料结晶度比HDPE低，70~80%密度比HDPE低熔体的粘度很高工程塑料中抗冲击强度最高即使在低温下也可以保持韧性和很高的耐磨性4应用：LDPE HDPE LLDPE:不承载复合或在使用温度不高下承载较小的负荷的塑料制品。
材料导论2005-2006(3)
北京化工大学2005——2006学年第一学期《材料导论I》期末考试试卷-A班级：姓名：学号：分数：题号一二三四五六七总分得分I. Choose the BEST TERM to match the definition and translate the selected term into Chinese (20pts).A)Atomic packing factor (APF)B)CharacterizationC)Coordination numberD)CreepE)Design for assemblyF)Design for disassemblyG)Differential thermal analysisH)Electron microscopeI)Electron affinityJ)ElectronegativityK)ElectronsL)Ferrous metalsM)HardnessN)Ionization potentialO)IsotopeP)Life Cycle AnalysisQ)Life Cycle Inventory R)Long-range-order materials S)MixtureT)Modulus of resilienceU)Modulus of toughnessV)NeutronsW)Non-ferrous metalsX)Optical microscopeY)ProtonZ)Short-range-order materials AA)SolutionBB)Space latticeCC)V oid fractionDD)ToughnessEE)Unit cellFF)V alence electronsGG)X-ray diffractionHH)Yield1. A concept that places emphasis on designed products that lead themselves to easy assembly by robots and other automated equipment.2. A material that has no fixed composition and contains more than one phase. The components (substances) keep their individual identities.3. A measure of a material’s resistance to penetration (local plastic deformation) or scratching.4. A technique produces temperature patterns that can be interpreted to obtain information about the various structural changes that solids undergo as a result of the application of different external forces.5. A useful tool that is used to study the crystal structures of solids by measuring the angles of electrons glancing off material specimens.6. An instrument provides magnification of about 2000× and is relatively low-cost.7. A measure of the attraction between the electron and the nucleus.8. The energy required to remove a valence electron from an atom.9. The materials have the structures in which the order of atoms is limited to an atom’s nearest neighboring atoms.10. A measure of the energy per unit volume that material can absorb without plastic deformation.11.The method used during design and manufacturing to determine the impact of a product or system on the environment.12.The ratio of the volume of atoms present in a crystal (unit cell) to the volume of the unit cell.13.The small particles that occupy the outmost ring or shell from the nucleus, and control the chemical properties of an element.14.The term implies that a material plastically deforms or flows very slowly under load as a function of time.15.The term is described by saying that atoms of an element that contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.16.The term is used to describe how many atoms are touching each other in a group of coordinated atoms.17.The term that allows the identification and analysis of unique properties of a material’s microstructure as well as macrostructural properties, which focuses more on structure and composition.18.The term that includes iron and alloys of at least 50% iron.19.The term that is used to describe the larger pattern of atoms in a single crystal, which resulted from repeating the basic building block or basic geometric arrangement of atoms in all three dimensions. 20.A particle of matter that carries a positive electrical charge equivalent to the negative charge on an electron.II. Choose the correct answer(s) to the following questions (25points)1.Which of the following statement about the diffusion of atoms, molecules or ions is NOT correct?A)The rate of diffusion will decrease with an increase in temperature.B) A lattice structure that contains loosely packed atoms (less dense) will offer greater resistance to diffusing atoms than one whose structure contains tightly packed atoms.C)The stronger the bonding forces between the atoms the more difficult for the atoms to diffuse.D)Smaller permeating atoms stand better chance of diffusion through a structure of larger atoms.2. A field that deals with developing, preparing, modifying, and applying materials to a specific need.A)Engineering Materials TechnologyB)Materials EngineeringC)Materials ScienceD)Materials Science And Engineering3.Which of the following statement about hydrogen bonding is NOT correct?A)symmetrical charge distributionB)static electrical attraction between positive and negative chargesC)an attraction force between adjacent charges with opposite signsD)the strongest of the secondary bonding4.Which statement is MOST TRUE about materials technology?A)Existing specifications and laws make it easy to introduce new materials in fields such asbuilding construction and commercial aircraft.B)Materials Science and engineering usually follows the lead of developments in othertechnologiesC)Industry and the consumer are quick to accept new materials and processes innovationsD)Developments in materials science and engineering have allowed for innovations in most othertechnologies.5._______________ is the maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified number of stress cycles without fracture.A)Fatigue limitB)Fatigue ratioC)Fatigue strengthD)Endurance ratio6.Which is not an obstacle to acceptance of new engineering materials and processes?A)Time-consuming approach to gain sufficient experienceB)Concern for keeping up with one’s competitionC)Lack of experience by designers and fabricatorsD)Need for compromise between favorable properties and cost7.Among the following properties, temperatures have the greatest effect on ________.A)ductilityB)impact strengthC)hardnessD)strength8.Which term describes well-defined methods for solving specific problems, such as those used to develop an approach to materials selection?A)JITB)DesignC)AlgorithmD)CIM9.What factor in materials selection usually dominates the final choice?A)Properties of materialsB)AvailabilityC)ProcessibilityD)Cost10.Four quantum numbers characterize an electron as to its size, shape, and spatial orientation. The number of energy states for each orbital is determined by ________.A)The principal quantum numberB)The second quantum numberC)The third quantum numberD)The fourth quantum number11.Which stage of the materials cycle is the most difficult for manufacturers to develop a full materials cycle?A)Extracting raw materialsB)Manufacturing engineered materialsC)Service of products and systemsD)Recycling/disposal materials12.The maximum number of electrons in the N energy level is ____________.A) 2B)8C)18D)3213.___________ is a dynamic testing.A) Hardness testB) Impact testC) Tensile testD) Tensile creep test14. Brinell hardness numbers are a measure of the size of the penetration made by ______ with different loads.A)10-mm steel ballB)diamond pyramid indentorC)diamond cone indentorD)tungsten carbide sphere15.Inert gases can also be called ____________.A)Noble gasesB)ActiveC)Group 5 elementsD)Stable16.Which of the following statement about the thermal conductivity is NOT correct?A)Thermal conductivity of materials has a varied relationship to temperature.B)Oriented polymers have much lower conductivities than unoriented polymers.C)Incorporation of element to metals reduces the thermal conductivity.D)Metals have comparatively high thermal conductivities while polymers have rather low values.17.What is the CN for a bcc unit cell?A) 5B)8C)12D)2418. The results obtained from torsion test can be plotted as a ____________ diagram.A) σ-εB) s-NC) τ-γD) T-θ19.___________ crystal system has three axes (a1, a2 and a3) in the x-y plane 120° apart and a fourth axis (z) at 90° to the x-y plane. The intercepts along the three axes in the horizontal plane are equal in length, but the fourth intercept, labeled c, is of a different length.A) CubicB) HexagonalC) MonoclinicD) Tetragonal20.The key word in describing ionic bonding is ___________.A)TransferringB)SharingC)SwappingD)Swarmingler indices for crystal directions are expressed in ____ with no commas separating the numbers.A)<>B)( )C)[ ]D){ }22.Which statement of elastic modulus is NOT correct?A)Elastic modulus is also known as Young’s modulus.B)The higher the magnitude of elastic modulus the stiffer the material.C)Elastic modulus can be measured graphically in the elastic region of the stress-strain diagram.D)The higher the magnitude of elastic modulus the weaker the interatomic bonding forces.23.In the design of machine parts and structural members, ____________ must be taken into consideration to ensure that a machine part is safe for operation under normal operating conditions.A)allowable stressB)design stressC)factor of safetyD)safe stress24. _________ is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of exactly one gram of a material by exactly one degree (1℃or 1K).A) Heat capacityB) Specific heatC) Thermal conductivityD) Coefficient of thermal expansion25._________ is the name of the recently discovered carbon structure that resembles a soccer ball.A)DiamondB)GraphiteC)FullereneD)NanotubeIII. Choose a correct word or phrase according to the basic concepts and write it in the space provided. (10points)1.The term _____ describes behavior of materials when subjected to some external force or condition.2.The elements can be classified broadly into three basic groupings, i.e.: A) ________, metalloids, andB) _____________ because they have certain common properties.3.The four states in which matter exists include A) ________, B) _______, C) _____, and plasma.4.The family of materials is composed of A) ____, B) _____, C) ____, D _____, and other materials.5.In the periodic table, the horizontal rows are called A) _____ whilst the vertical columns are calledB) ____.6.Crystal defects can be classified into A)_____ defects, B)_____ defects, and C)______ defects.7. A)_______, B)______ and C)______tests can provide the most useful information on mechanical properties for material selection.8. A)_______ deformation is irrecoverable while B) _______ deformation is recoverable.IV. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. (10points)alkanes, alkenes, amorphous, allotropic, crystalline, interstitial, interstitialcy, Mohs test, polymorphic, Scleroscope (HSc) test, substitutional, torsional yield strength, ultimate torsional strength, vacancy.1.Solids occur in two basic forms A)____________ and B) ____________.2.A)____________ materials, after changing to one crystal structure, can reverse the phenomenon and return to its previous crystal structure; B)___________ materials do not possess this reverse phenomenon.3.___________ is produced by the presence of an extra atom in a void.4._______ is the absence of an atom at a lattice site in the otherwise regular crystal.5.In a _____________ solid solution, the impurity atoms take up sites in the lattice structure that are normally unfilled or unoccupied by the pure (solvent) atoms.6.In a _____________ solid solution, the solute atoms replace some of the solvent atoms in a crystal structure of the solvent.7.___________ is a type of hardness test that compares a material’s hardness to some 10 known minerals arranged in order of hardness.8.______________ is the maximum torsional stress occurring at the outer surface of the circular rod when subjected to a torsional stress.9. ___________ is a type of hardness test that measures the rebound of a small weight bounced off the surface of the material.10._______, also known as saturated hydrocarbons (HCs), are a series of related compounds thatcontain only single bonds.V. True or false questions. If you think the statement is true, write the letter “T”; otherwise, write the letter “F” (15points)1.Two electrons can exist in the same orbital if they have the same spins.2.The ionization potential increase as the atomic numbers of the elements increase in a given periodic group.3. A material exhibits an endurance limit, which means that the material can be cycled continuously without fracturing at any stress below the endurance limit.4.Six parameters are needed to describe a crystal system, including three angles and three lattice parameters.5.Solid tend to deform in the direction along the planes that are the most closely packed.6.In an interstitial solid solution, the solute atoms and the solvent atoms are of similar size.7.Steelmaking is made possible because of the formation of a substitutional solid solution.8.Grain boundaries improve movement of dislocations through a solid.9.The fatigue failures have occurred under such conditions when the stresses developed were below the ultimate stress and frequently below the yield strength.10.Insulating materials have high thermal conductivities and low thermal resistance.11.Not all materials produce stress-strain diagrams on which there is a clear indication of the start of yield as the load is increased. In such case, off set yield strength is expressed as the elastic limit.12.When a piece of material is subjected to a load, it will deform in the direction of the load only.13.Designers must consider creep strength as a basis for a structural design when a part is subjected to a sustained load in service.14.Mechanical properties rank highest in importance when selecting materials for many applications.15. In impact testing of metals, metals will experience ductile failures with much greater absorption of energy below the critical temperature.VI. Give a simple answer to the following questions (10points)1.How many crystal systems are there? How many patterns can atoms form with these crystal systems? What are the three types of unit cell that atoms form with cubic crystal system? (Note: full spelling and abbreviation are required for each type) (3points)2.What are the two methods of measuring ductility? Use formula to express the corresponding methods and indicate the meaning of each symbol in the formula. Explain how the value of ductility can be used to distinguish a ductile material from a brittle material. (3points)3.What thermal effects does a metal rod exhibit when it is heated deliberately? What are the corresponding properties for describing the effects? (3points)4.What are the two factors that should be considered in creep forming? (1points)VII. Complex questions. (10points)pare the thermal expansion of ceramics, metals and polymers using the symbol “<” or “>”. For example: The hardness of ceramics is greater than metals. Thus, the comparison is expressed as ceramics > metals. (2pts)Thermal expansion: A)From the above comparison, B)______________ have the lowest CTE and C)____________ have the weakest bonding forces among the aforementioned materials.2.Determine the miller indices of the crystal direction for the line passing through point A with coordinates 2/3, 1, 0 and the origin of the unit cell shown in Figure 1 (4pts)zyxFig. 1 A cubic unit cell3.Figure 2 is a stress-strain diagram. 1) Label A) tensile strength, B) yield strength, C) plastic region, D) elastic region, E) Modulus of elasticity; 2) Is this stress-strain diagram for a ductile material or a brittle material? Give two reasons to support your answer. (4 points)Fig. 2 A stress-strain diagram。
材料导论考试题库和答案
材料导论考试题库和答案一、单项选择题1. 材料科学中，材料的基本属性不包括以下哪一项？A. 力学性能B. 热学性能C. 光学性能D. 经济性答案：D2. 以下哪种材料不属于金属材料？A. 钢B. 铝C. 陶瓷D. 铜答案：C3. 材料的微观结构对其宏观性能的影响主要体现在哪些方面？A. 力学性能B. 热学性能C. 电学性能D. 所有以上选项答案：D4. 材料的疲劳是指材料在什么条件下的性能退化？A. 静态载荷B. 循环载荷C. 随机载荷D. 冲击载荷答案：B5. 以下哪种材料具有最高的热导率？A. 铜B. 铝C. 银D. 金答案：C二、多项选择题6. 材料的力学性能包括哪些方面？A. 弹性B. 塑性C. 硬度D. 韧性答案：ABCD7. 以下哪些因素会影响材料的腐蚀速率？A. 材料成分B. 环境介质C. 温度D. 应力状态答案：ABCD8. 材料的断裂韧性是衡量材料抵抗哪种类型裂纹扩展的能力？A. 疲劳裂纹B. 应力腐蚀裂纹C. 环境诱导裂纹D. 所有以上选项答案：D9. 以下哪些是材料的热处理过程？A. 退火B. 淬火C. 正火D. 回火答案：ABCD10. 材料的电学性能包括哪些？A. 导电性B. 绝缘性C. 半导体性D. 超导性答案：ABCD三、判断题11. 材料的硬度越高，其耐磨性越好。
（对/错）答案：对12. 材料的断裂韧性与材料的韧性成正比。
（对/错）答案：对13. 材料的疲劳寿命可以通过增加材料的强度来无限提高。
（对/错）答案：错14. 材料的热膨胀系数越大，其热稳定性越好。
（对/错）答案：错15. 材料的导电性与其电导率成正比。
（对/错）答案：对四、简答题16. 简述材料的疲劳现象及其影响因素。
答案：材料的疲劳是指材料在循环载荷作用下的性能退化和最终断裂的现象。
影响材料疲劳的因素包括应力水平、循环次数、材料的微观结构、表面状态、环境介质等。
17. 描述材料的热处理过程中的退火、淬火和回火的区别。
材料导论考试题及答案
材料导论考试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 材料科学中，下列哪种材料不属于金属材料？A. 钢B. 铝C. 塑料D. 铜答案：C2. 陶瓷材料的主要特点是：A. 良好的导电性B. 高熔点C. 良好的延展性D. 低硬度答案：B3. 以下哪种材料具有自修复功能？A. 金属B. 陶瓷C. 聚合物D. 生物材料答案：D4. 材料的硬度通常是指：A. 材料的抗拉强度B. 材料的抗压强度C. 材料的抗剪强度D. 材料抵抗外力压入的能力答案：D5. 以下哪种合金不属于铁合金？A. 不锈钢B. 铝合金C. 镍基合金D. 铜合金答案：B6. 材料的断裂韧性是指：A. 材料在拉伸过程中的最大应力B. 材料在压缩过程中的最大应力C. 材料在冲击过程中的最大应力D. 材料在断裂前吸收的能量答案：D7. 材料的疲劳是指：A. 材料在高温下的失效B. 材料在循环应力下的失效C. 材料在腐蚀环境下的失效D. 材料在静态应力下的失效答案：B8. 以下哪种材料不属于复合材料？A. 玻璃钢B. 碳纤维增强塑料C. 铝合金D. 陶瓷基复合材料答案：C9. 材料的蠕变是指：A. 材料在恒定应力下的塑性变形B. 材料在恒定应力下的弹性变形C. 材料在循环应力下的塑性变形D. 材料在循环应力下的弹性变形答案：A10. 材料的热膨胀系数是指：A. 材料在温度变化时体积的变化率B. 材料在温度变化时长度的变化率C. 材料在温度变化时密度的变化率D. 材料在温度变化时硬度的变化率答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 材料的________是指材料在受到外力作用时，能够发生形变而不破坏的能力。
答案：塑性2. 材料的________是指材料在受到外力作用时，能够抵抗形变的能力。
答案：弹性3. 材料的________是指材料在受到外力作用时，能够抵抗断裂的能力。
答案：韧性4. 材料的________是指材料在受到外力作用时，能够抵抗压缩的能力。
材料导论2006-2007-2 (1)
北京化工大学2006—2007学年第二学期《材料导论II》期末考试试卷课程代码M S E2022T班级：姓名：学号：分数：题号一二三四五六总分得分I. Choose the BEST TERM to match the definition and translate the selected term into Chinese (10pts).A.AdherendB.CohesiveC.AdhesiveD.Stress relaxationE.PlasticityF.CreepG.ElasticityH.ViscoelasticityI.Viscosity J.HysteresisK.RovingL.PreformM.Prepreg,N.Hybrid Composite O.Filled Composite minar Composite Q.IsomersR.Monomers1.Any material that is capable of holding two materials together by surfaceattachment.2. A material upon the surface of which an adhesive is spread for the purpose ofbonding or coating.3.The time-dependent permanent deformation that occurs under stress.4.The decrease in stress after a given time at constant strain.5. A combination of viscous and elastic properties in a material with the relativecontribution of each being dependent on time, temperature, stress and strain rate.6.Energy loss through heating in elastomers, which creates problems in applicationsuch as car tires.7.Variations in the molecular structure of the same composition.8.Resin-impregnated filaments, fabric or mat in flat form that is preimpregnatedwith resin before being stored for later use in molds and in hand lay-up.9.One type of composites which consists of layers (lamina) of at least two differentsolid materials bonded together so the fiber orientation runs at different angles. 10.One type of composites which combines two or more different fibers in a commonmatrix.II. Choose the correct answer(s) to the following questions (35pts)1.Monomers with one or more multiple covalent bonds, such as ethyleneA. Unsaturated hydrocarbonsB. AerogelsC. Saturated hydrocarbonsD. Zeolites2.is not a chemical reaction in which simple molecules are added toeach other to form long chain molecules without by products.A. Addition polymerizationB. Condensation polymerizationC. Ring-opening polymerizationD. Bulk polymerization3. A thermosetting polymer like epoxy_______________A. typically can not be recycled.B. usually involves the mixing of two or more components which are then polymerized.C. is relatively strong because molecules are crosslinked together.D. can not be easily re-shaped after curingE. all of the above4.Chemical that serves as “molecular matchmaker” necessary to beginpolymerization reaction.A. MonomerB. IsotopeC. CatalystD. Filler5.The strength of a thermoplastic polymer such as polyethylene tends to increaseafter uniaxial deformation, because___________.A. cross linking occurs during deformationB. oxidation occurs during deformation in air at room temperatureC. polymer chains tend to align themselves with the chain axis oriented along the direction of deformationD. none of the above.6. A low molecular weight polymer additive that enhances flexibility and reducesstiffness and brittleness is referred as .A. ColorantsB. PlasticizerC. Flame retardantsD. Foam agents7.are used in plastic in order to protect plastics againstdeterioration due to environmental conditionsA. LubricantsB. StabilizerC. FillerD. Accelerators8.is used in curing system to speed up the sulfur vulcanizing.A. Lubricants,B. Plasticizer,C. Hardener,D. Accelerators,9.is not the common phenomena of thermoplastic’s deterioration.A. Weight lossB. DiscolorationC. SwellingD. Cracking10.Which advantage do smart polymeric materials offer designers?A. Eliminate selection problem，B. Reduce raw materials costsC. Adapt to environmental changeD. Reduce processing11.Which of the following comparison is correct?A. Thermal conductivity: metal < plasticsB. Thermal expansion: metal > plasticsC. Density: metal > plasticsD. None of the above12.Which of the following polymers with little water-absorption resistance?A. high-density polyethylene，B. nylon 6/6C. fluorocarbons，D. polyester13.Hollow products (barrels, bottles, tanks) can be produced through .A. extrusionB. blowing moldingC. compression moldingD. calendering14.Recycling a thermoplastic polymer is possible, because______ .A. different polymer chains in a thermoplastic are held together by relatively weakVan der Waals bonds which can be broken at relatively low temperaturesB. thermoplastics are only lightly crosslinked in comparison to thermosetsC. both of the aboveD. neither of the above15.is the most effective approach to making plastic moreenvironmentally friendly.A. Using biodegradable plasticsB. Using photodegradable plasticsC. Recycling plasticsD. Burning plastics for volume reduction and/or energy16.What main advantage do cellular plastics offer?A. Reduced densityB. Improved crystallinityC. Greater densityD. Improved strength17.A key difference between a thermoplastic polymer and an elastomeric materiallike rubber is that .A. rubber has a relatively small number of covalent crosslinks and thermoplasticpolymers have none.B. thermoplastics don’t melt when heated but rubbers do.C. rubber can be subjected to extensive plastic deformation whereas typical thermoplastics have little plasticity.D. all of the above.18.The objective of vulcanizing rubberA. To improve processibilityB. To increase hardness and chemical resistanceC. To reduce materials costD. To increase amorphousness19.Highly oriented (rod-like) molecules that increase directional strength inpolymers.__________A. Liquid-crystal polymersB. Linear polymersC. Amorphous polymersD. Branched polymers20.The force of intermolecular attraction within the adhesive or adherend is definedas .A. Surface tensionB. Adhesive bondC. Cohesive forceD. Contact bonding21.Anaerobic adhesives set up into hard, strong adhesives when___.A. The two parts of resin and catalyst are mixedB. Squeezed into thin joints which block the oxygenC. The solvents evaporate or penetrate porous adherendsD. The heat source is removed22.______________are stored with the resin and catalyst (or hardener) separated;when mixed the catalyst cause cross-linking of the resin.A. hot-melt adhesives，B. loss-of solvent adhesivesC. anaerobic adhesives，D. two-part mix adhesives.23.The term for synthetic polymers used on soil, rock, and earth in construction.A. AramideB. Earth screensC. GeosyntheticsD. Styrofoams24.________are composites with a substance that is reinforced with nanometer sizeparticles which enhance the substrates’ physical propertiesA. Foam compositesB. Laminar compositesC. NanocompositesD. Sandwich composites25.In terms of modulus, which order (from low to high) is correct as far as glass,carbon, and Kevlar fibers are concerned?A.Kevlar fiber, glass fiber, graphite fiberB.Glass fiber, Kevlar fiber, graphite fiberC.Graphite fiber, glass fiber, Kevlar fiber26.Which of the following describes is correct as for carbon and graphite fibers?A.Carbon fiber has a higher modulus than graphite fiberB.Graphite fiber has a lower content than carbon fiber.C.Carbon fiber has a higher pyrolyzinig temperature than graphite fiber.D.None of above.27.Which statement is false concerning the objectives of applying coupling agent ontofiber?A.To protect the fiber surface from damage and bind fibers together for ease ofprocessing.B.To lubricate the fibers for less abrasion during subsequent processing operations.C.To impart thermal and electric conductivity.D.To provide a chemical link between the fiber surface and the matrix and improve the bonding at the interface.28.Choose the correct statement about the "wetting" phenomenon.A. A fiber can be properly wetted by a matrix only when the surface energy of matrix is greater than that of the fiber.B. A fiber can be properly wetted by a matrix only when the surface energy of matrix is lower that that of the fiber.C. A fiber can be properly wetted by a matrix only when the surface energy of matrix is equal to that of the fiber.D.It is nothing to do with surface energies of matrix and fiber.29.Interface features are regarded as a type of adhesion phenomenon and are ofteninterpreted in terms of the surface structure of the bonded material. Which are the major factors to be considered in explaining the adhesion phenomenon?A.The color, surface electric resistance, free radical groups, and roughness of thematerial to be bonded.B.The weight, surface free energy, smell, and roughness of the material to be bonded.C.The wettability, surface free energy, polar groups, and roughness of the material to be bonded.D.The thickness, surface free energy, polar groups, and flatness of the material to be bonded.30.Which statement about fiber loading is not correct?A. the amount of reinforcement in a composite materialB. is expressed in volume fractionC. a factor influencing the compositeD. the strength of the composite is inversely proportional to the volume fraction of fiber present31.Which feature is not associated with the compression molding technique?A.Producing parts with complex shapes and close tolerances;B.High part-to-part uniformity and reproducibility;C.Excellent control of fiber-to-resin ratios and low void content;D.Producing parts with constant cross-section shape in a continuous way.32.Directional properties in fiber composites are achieved mainly due to _________.A. fiber orientationB. laminate planeC. interphaseD. prepregs33.Which composite fabrication technique can only use chopped fibers in theirend-use products?A. Spay up,B. Filament winding,C. Resin Transfer Molding,D. Pultrusion,E. Hand Layup34.Which of the following composite fabrication techniques can only use continuousroving?A. Spay upB. Filament windingC. Resin Transfer MoldingD. Hand Layup35. In which of the following fiber orientations, a maximum of fiber loading in composites can be achieved?A. unidirectionalB. BidirectionalC. MultidirectionalD. RandomIII. Choose a correct word or phrase according to the basic concepts and write it in the space provided. (15 pts)1.Copolymers are classified into four subgroups: 1) 2) ，3) , 4) according to the ordered degree of moleculararrangement.2.According to mechanism the polymerization can be classified into 5) ,and 6) .3.According to the matrix materials, composites are classified into 7) ;8) ; 9) .4.10) is the ratio of the tensile strength of a fiber material to itsweight density.5.The ratio of length (L) to diameter (D) of a reinforcing fiber is known as11) .6.The four basic types of hybrid composites include 12) 13)14) , and superhybrid.7.The term used to describe the crystallinity of polymers is 15)IV. True or false questions. If you think the statement is true, write the letter “T”; otherwise, write the letter “F” (10pts)1.Chemical resistance will decrease in plastics as temperature increase.2.Amorphous structure in a material decreases its degree of transparency.3.Most plastics lose their strength at relatively low temperature.4.The creep resistance of thermosets is better than that of thermoplastics.5.Thermosetting plastics are generally better than thermoplastic plastics intoughness and impact resistance.6.There is a chemical cross-linking in the network of thermoplastic rubbers.7.Carbon/carbon composites have good resistance to oxidation at high temperature.8.Since larger repeat units, bulkier side groups, chain branches, and polar sidegroups each tend to inhibit molecular motion, they also tend to increase the glass transition temperature.9.Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and Fluoroelastomers have excellentresistance to oil, kerosene, and gasoline.10.Butyl rubber (IIR) has little resistance to gas permeating.11.The viscosity, plasticity or elasticity of Electrorheological (ER) andmagnetorheological (MR) fluids change with variations in the application of either current or magnetic fields.ually in brittle materials, the larger the flaw, the less the ability to withstandany degree of load.e landfilling method to treat MSW is the least desirable but the most commonmethod.14.Hot-melt adhesives usually have longer curing time than loss-of-solvent adhesives.15.As the wind angle increases, the hoop tensile strength decreases and the axialtensile strength increases in filament winding processing.16.The disadvantage of polymer matrix composites such as residual stresses,electrochemical effects and greater environmental degradation are resulted from the two-phase structures in the composites.17.Resin Transfer Molding, Injection Molding, and Spay up are closed moldingprocesses.18.Boron fiber is a composite fiber.19.Both strength and stiffness of materials in fiber form are over the same materialsin bulk form.20.Plywood is one type of laminate composites with isotropic properties.V. Give a simple answer to the following questions (10points)1. (3pts) What are polymers, homopolymers and copolymers? And another name for polymer is ?2. (4pts) Figure 1 is Graphical plot of the tensile modulus of a unidirectional composite material loaded under iso-strain & iso-stress conditions as a function of volume fraction of reinforcing fiber.(1) Which curve is for iso-strain loading, which curve is for iso-stress loading?(2) Draw a sketch to show iso-strain loading.(3) Under iso-strain loading, the modulus of elasticity can be calculated byequation .(4) Under iso-stress loading, the modulus of elasticity can be calculated byequation .3. (3pts) Explain why carbon fiber reinforced composites are widely used in manufacturing airplane.VI. Complex questions. (20pts)1. Predict which polymer in each pair listed can have higher degree of crystallinity, and justify your answers. (12 pts)(1) PE or Polystyrene (PS)(2) LDPE or HDPE(3) PE or Nylon(4) Atactic [C2H3(CH3)]n or isotactic [C2H3(CH3)]n(5) isotactic (C2H3Cl)n, or isotactic [C2H3(CH3)]n(6) Cooling molten PP to form solid PP under high cooling rate or under low cooling rate2. What is a fiber-reinforced composite primary composed of? Discuss the major functions of each component in a composite? Discuss the factors which affect the properties of fiber-reinforced composites. (8)。
材料导论复习题
材料导论复习题材料导论复习题材料导论是一门涵盖广泛且重要的学科，它研究材料的结构、性质、制备方法以及应用等方面。
在工程、物理、化学等领域中，材料导论都扮演着重要的角色。
为了更好地复习材料导论，下面将提供一些复习题供大家参考。
一、选择题1. 下列哪种材料具有最低的热导率？A. 铝B. 铜C. 玻璃D. 木材2. 对于金属材料而言，以下哪个参数最能反映其抗拉强度？A. 硬度B. 屈服强度C. 延伸率D. 破断应变3. 下列哪种材料具有最高的电阻率？A. 银B. 铜C. 铝D. 石英4. 在材料的应力-应变曲线中，下列哪个参数代表了材料的刚度？A. 斜率B. 最大应力C. 塑性应变D. 断裂应变5. 以下哪种材料是一种聚合物？A. 铁B. 铝C. 聚乙烯D. 玻璃二、填空题1. 材料的晶格结构可以用________来描述。
2. 硬度是材料抵抗________的能力。
3. 金属的导电性是由于其________。
4. 混凝土是一种由水泥、骨料和________组成的复合材料。
5. 材料的断裂韧性可以通过________来评估。
三、简答题1. 请简述材料的密排度是什么，并说明其对材料性质的影响。
2. 请解释材料的晶格缺陷是指什么，以及晶格缺陷对材料性能的影响。
3. 请简要介绍传统陶瓷和高级陶瓷的区别，并列举各自的应用领域。
4. 请解释材料的热膨胀是指什么，并说明热膨胀对材料的影响。
5. 请简述金属材料的晶体结构，并说明晶体结构对金属材料性能的影响。
四、应用题1. 请设计一个实验，来测量不同金属材料的导热性能，并分析实验结果。
2. 请设计一个实验，来比较不同聚合物材料的强度，并分析实验结果。
3. 请设计一个实验，来观察材料的断裂韧性，并分析实验结果。
通过以上的复习题，我们可以对材料导论的知识进行回顾和巩固。
选择题可以帮助我们检验对基本概念的掌握程度，填空题则要求我们能够灵活运用所学知识。
简答题和应用题则需要我们对知识进行深入理解和应用。
北京化工大学考研题库
北京化工大学考研题库北京化工大学作为一所以化学工程与技术、材料科学与工程等学科为特色的高等学府，其考研题库涵盖了多个学科领域。
以下是一些模拟题，供同学们参考：化学工程与技术1. 请简述化学反应工程中的“三传一反”原理，并举例说明其在工业生产中的应用。
2. 描述化学工程中的热力学平衡与动力学控制的区别，并解释在实际过程中如何判断是哪一种控制。
3. 阐述化工设备设计中，材料选择的重要性及其对设备性能的影响。
材料科学与工程1. 解释材料的微观结构如何影响其宏观性能，并给出一个具体材料的例子。
2. 论述纳米材料在现代科技中的应用及其潜在的挑战。
3. 描述复合材料的制备方法及其在航空航天领域的应用。
环境科学与工程1. 简述水污染控制的主要方法，并讨论其优缺点。
2. 阐述大气污染对人类健康的影响及其控制策略。
3. 论述固体废物处理与资源化利用的策略。
生物工程1. 描述基因工程在医药领域的应用，并给出具体实例。
2. 论述生物反应器的设计原理及其在生产过程中的作用。
3. 简述生物技术在食品工业中的应用。
机械工程1. 解释机械设计中的强度、刚度和稳定性的概念，并讨论它们在设计中的重要性。
2. 描述机械制造过程中常见的加工方法及其适用性。
3. 论述现代机械工程中的自动化与智能化趋势。
计算机科学与技术1. 简述计算机操作系统的基本原理及其在多任务处理中的作用。
2. 论述数据库管理系统的设计原则及其在信息管理中的应用。
3. 描述人工智能技术在数据分析和决策支持中的应用。
结束语考研是一个漫长而艰辛的过程，但通过不断的学习和实践，同学们可以不断提升自己的专业能力。
希望以上的模拟题能够帮助同学们更好地准备考研，实现自己的学术目标。
预祝大家考研顺利，取得理想的成绩。
电子材料导论各章复习
电子材料复习资料第一章名词解释1、电子材料：是指与电子工业有关的、在电子学与微电子学中使用的材料，是制作电子元器件和集成电路的物质基础。
结构电子材料是指能承受一定压力和重力，并能保持尺寸和大部分力学性质（强度、硬度及韧性等）稳定的一类材料；功能电子材料是指除强度性能外，还有特殊性能，或能实现光、电、磁、热、力等不同形式的交互作用和转换的非结构材料；先进电子材料是指具有优异的性能的高科技产品，正在进行商业化或研制之中，并具有一定的保密性。
2、晶胞：对于实际的三维晶体，将其恰当地划分成一个个完全等同的平行六面体，叫晶胞。
3、晶面：由不同位置原子组成的平面4、对于固体-固体界面，当这些固体属同一晶相，仅结晶取向不同时，这种界面称为晶界(grain boundary)或晶体边界(crystal boundary)，当这些固体晶相不同，即组成和晶体构造都不相同时，其界面称为相界(phase boundary)。
5、理想表面是为分析问题方便而设定的一种理想的表面结构。
6、实际表面是指材料经过一般的加工（切割、研磨、抛光、清洗）后，保持在常温、常压下的表面，当然有时也可能在低真空或高温之下。
7、不存在吸附物也不存在氧化层的固体表面，称为清洁面8、驰豫结构是指表面区晶格结构保持不变，只是晶格常数变化 。
9、表面结构重构：是指表面结构和体结构出现了本质的不同。
10、在一些单晶金属的表面区原子的重新排列时，它与内部（衬底）原子的排a列无直接关系，这种表面结构称超结构。
11、纳米材料是三维空间尺寸中至少有一维处于纳米量级（1-100nm）的尺度范围内或由此作为基本单元构成的材料。
包括：纳米微粒、纳米结构、纳米复合材料；12、表面效应：粒子直径减少到纳米级，表面原子数和比表面积、表面能都会迅速增加；处于表面的原子数增多，使大部分原子的周围（晶场）环境和结合能与大块固体内部原子有很大的不同：表面原子周围缺少相邻的原子，有许多悬空键，具有不饱和性质，易与其它原子相结合，故具有很大的化学活性。
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北京化工大学-电子材料复习题电子材料概论1、简述什么是结构电子材料,什么是功能电子材料?(p2)答：能承受压力和重力，并能保持尺寸和大部分力学性质（强度、硬度及韧性）稳定的材料，称为结构电子材料。
功能电子材料是指除强度性能外，还有其他特殊功能，或能实现光、电、磁、热力等不同形式的交互作用和转换的非结构材料。
2、什么是理想表面?什么是实际表面?一般情况下表面厚度大约是多少?(26~27)答：理想表面是为分析问题的方便而设定的一种理想的表面结构。
在自然界中存在的表面称为实际表面。
几十到数百纳米。
第一章导电材料1、电阻率最低的前三种元素是什么?其电阻率各是多少(20度时)?(57)答：银1.62μΩ.cm铜 1.72μΩ.cm金 2.40μΩ.cm2、硅碳膜的三层结构各起什么作用(102)答：在底层主要含有是SiO2和C,其SiO2和基体玻璃相形成Si-O键，增加了硅炭膜对基体的附着力；中间层为主要导电层，与纯碳膜的结构和性能类似；最外层为保护层，主要含有SiO2和少量的sic。
3、蒸发金属膜的主要制作过程(103)答：金属膜电阻器是用以鉻硅系为主要成分的合金粉真空蒸发而成，制造时用酒精把合金粉调成糊状涂在钨丝的蒸发器上，在低于5×10-3PA的真空度下加热蒸发在陶瓷基体上淀积出金属膜。
4、镍铬薄膜的主要特点(105)答：电阻温度系数小、稳定性高、噪声电平小、可制作的阻值范围宽，使用的温度范围宽而高5、镍铬薄膜的主要制作方法(105)答：采用电阻式真空蒸发法，将镍鉻合金丝、薄板条或粉挂在或涂敷在蒸发器上在真空度高于6×10-3pa,用电加热至1500度左右进行蒸发。
6、在NiCr薄膜中掺入氧可以改善的是(110)答：不仅可以提高NiCr薄膜的电阻值，而且可以降低电阻温度系数和提高稳定性7、热处理对TaSi薄膜的影响(121)答：热处理对TaSi薄膜的电阻率有较大的影响，随着热处理温度升高，薄膜的电阻率减小，逐渐趋于平坦。
当热处理温度高于1000度时。
电阻率为50左右。
电阻率减小的原因是Ta和Si形成互化的硅化旦，最后形成TaSi2结晶。
热处理温度低于400度时，薄膜未出现结晶相，这时电阻率的减小主要由缺陷的减小所致。
在热处理温度高于500度已上时，出现结晶，电阻率减小。
8、厚膜电阻浆料的组成(122)答：厚膜电阻浆料由导电相（又称功能相）、粘结相、有机载体和改性剂组成。
9、在钌系厚膜电阻浆料中常用玻璃做为粘接剂,其主要作用是?(124)答：主要起分散、粘结、固定导电相，并使电阻体牢牢地粘附在绝缘基体上，同时还起着调节电阻和电阻温度系数、增大机械强度、增强散热能力的作用。
10、影响钌系厚膜电阻性能的因素(128~131)答：1、导电粉末的粒径的影响2、掺杂对电性能的影响3、加入补偿杂质改善电阻温度系数4、烧结对钌系厚膜电阻性能的影响。
11、钯银合金的电阻产生机理(134)答：电阻的产生是由于杂质引入而导致晶格畸变，引起电子散射，使阻值增加；另一方面由于温度的增加而引起电子热运动速度加剧，使单位时间碰撞次数增多，电子的平均自由行程长度缩短，从而引起电阻增加。
12、多层化电极的共有几层，其名称是什么？(80)答：四层：1、欧姆接触层2、粘附层3、过渡层4、导电层13、铜互连的优缺点是什么（80）？答：优点：电阻率较Al低40%，在保持同样的RC时间延迟下，可以减少金属布线的层数，而且芯片面积可缩小20%--30%，其性能和可靠性均获得提高。
缺点：1、Cu原子在Si 和SiO2中扩散快将引入深能级受主引起Vt漂移和结漏电，需要引入适当的阻挡层2、由于Cu不能产生易挥发的物质，所以用一般的等离子腐蚀不容易制备图形3、在空气中容易氧化，而且不能形成自保护层来阻止进一步氧化和腐蚀。
14、按聚合物的结构和和导电机理划分时，高分子导电聚合物的分类（83）？答：1、载流子为自由电子的电子导电聚合物2、载流子为能在聚合物分子间迁移的正负离子的离子导电聚合物3、以氧化还原反应为电子转移机理的氧化还原型导电聚合物15、有机化合物中电子存在的四种形式为（84）？答：1、内层电子2、σ电子3、π电子4、π电子是两个成键原子中P电子相互重叠后产生的16、电子导电聚合物的主要应用领域是什么（87）？答:有机可充电电池电极材料、光电显示材料、信息记忆材料、屏蔽和抗静电材料，以及分子电子器件等10、多层化电极的共有四层，其名称是：欧姆接触层；粘附层；过度层；和导电层。
11、铜互连的优点：电阻率低、可以相对的减少金属布线的层数、其性能和可靠性有所有所提高。
铜互连的缺点：铜原子在硅和氧化硅中扩散快，引起电压漂移和节漏电，需要引入阻挡层；再空气中容易氧化，不能形成保护层来阻止进一步氧化和腐蚀。
12、按聚合物的结构和和导电机理划分时，高分子导电聚合物可分为：载流子为自由电子的电子导电聚合物；载流子为能在聚合物分子之间迁移的正负离子的离子导电聚合物；以氧化还原反应为电子转移机理的氧化还原型导电聚合物（导电能力是由于在可逆氧化还原反应中电子在分子之间的转移产生的）。
13、有机化合物中电子存在的四种形式是：a内层电子。
该电子仅靠原子核，它受到原子核的吸引较强，一般不参与化学反应，在正常电场作用下没有迁移能力。
bσ电子。
在分子中σ电子是成键电子，一般处在两个成键原子中间。
键能较高，离域性很小，被称为定域电子。
cπ电子。
这种电子与搀杂原子（O、N、S、P等）结合在一起，在化学反应中具有重要意义，当孤立存在时没有离域性。
dπ电子是两个成键原子中P电子相互重叠后产生的。
当π电子孤立存在时，这种电子具有有限离域性，电子可以在两个原子核周围运行。
在电场的作用下π电子可以在局部做定向移动。
14.电子导电聚合物的主要应用领域是：答：有机可充电电池电极材料、光电显示材料、信息记忆材料、屏蔽和抗静电材料，以及分子电子器件等15.导体具有可焊性指的是用什么焊料？答：主要指用锡基合金做的焊料16.分析电子材料表面形貌的方式是？42答：低能级电子衍射（LEED），采用30~~~500eV低能电子，这些能量的电子的穿透能力很小，一般进不了表面区的几层原子，所以能提供表面的信息。
低能级的德布罗意波长约为0.3~~0.5nm,与材料的晶格常数相当，所以能产生布拉格反射。
还有反射高能电子衍射（RHEED）中能电子衍射（MEED）;还有透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜；近代方法还有扫描探针技术。
17分析晶体结构的的方法是？X射线衍射方法：1、单晶体衍射法—老厄法2、粉末法18.发射光谱和原子吸收是用来分析什么信息的？42能量和能量分布19.为什么制备吕膜时不能够使用钨，钼等金属做舟来蒸发铝？答：由于铝和钼、钨等金属容易形成金属间化合物，该合金的熔点较低因此容易污染铝膜20.铝膜的优缺点比较。
答：优点：导电性好，成膜工艺简单，无需用别的金属“打底”，可焊性好成本低缺点：抗电迁移能力弱；容易和合金形成脆性的金属间化合物，造成焊点脱开；铝膜表面的氧化层给锡焊带来困难。
21.多层膜最少为几层？答：最少为2层。
粘附层和导电层为了防止粘附层的元素向导电层扩善可加阻挡层，为了保护导电层可加保护层。
第三章电阻材料1、请回答方电阻的定义（90）答：膜电阻Rs=ρ/d式中d为薄膜的厚度，单位为cm，膜电阻Rs，是指长宽相等的一块薄膜的电阻，即一方的电阻，又称方阻。
2、厚膜电阻材料的组成是什么（122）？答：厚膜电阻浆料由导电相（又称功能相）、粘结相、有机载体和改性剂组成3、合成型电阻材料的可能导电机理（94）答：起导电作用的主要是链状回路和间断回路（详解在课本）4、贱金属和贵金属电阻合金线的优缺点比较（98）答：贱金属：优点、电阻稳定性好，电阻温度系数小，具有中等的电阻率和良好的电器性能；缺点、使用温度范围窄，只宜做室温范围内的中、低阻值的精密线绕电阻器贵金属：优点、化学性能稳定、热稳定性和良好的电性能缺点、价格昂贵5、厚膜电阻浆料中需要用的有机载体的组成和溶剂的作用是什么？（123）答：有机载体的组成由溶剂、增稠剂、流动性控制剂和表面活性剂组成。
溶剂的作用：是比较粘稠的有机液体，能够提供极性基团，其特点是能够溶解纤维之类的增稠剂。
6.对钌系厚膜电阻粘合剂的要求是什么？（125）答：1、烧结温度适当，在最低烧结温度下，要使导电相能很好地粘合，并很好地粘附在绝缘基板上2、玻璃粘结剂不能腐蚀和严重影响导电相得性能3、烧结后粘附性好，机械性能高4、与导电相和基体的热膨胀系数尽可能接近。
1方电阻的定义是：dR s ρ=，其中ρ为薄膜的电阻率，d 为薄膜的厚度。
他指的是一块长方相等薄膜，厚度为d 是电阻。
即方阻。
2厚膜电阻材料的组成是：导电相；粘接相和有机载体。
34.贱金属和贵金属电阻合金线的优缺点比较（98）贱金属优点：电阻稳定性好，电阻温度系数小和良好电器性能；缺点：使用温度范围窄。
贵金属优点：具有良好化学稳定性，热稳定性好和良好电性能；缺点：价钱昂贵。
6.对钌系厚膜电阻粘合剂的要求是什么？（125）答：烧结温度适当；玻璃粘结剂不能腐蚀和严重影响导电相的性能；烧结后粘附性好，机械强度高；与导电相的和基体热膨胀系数尽可能接近。
2004.12.5.电子材料导论的复习题(超导材料)1简单回答高温超导体的结构特征.174答：1.、它们都具有层状钙钛矿结构，因而也保持了层状钙钛矿结构的基本特点它们的点阵常数a 和b 都接近0.38nm ，这一数值是由Cu-O 键长决定的，平面方向Cu-O 键长为1.9A 显示了高度公价性；但点阵常数c 随层状结构中层数的改变而改变2、分别由CuO 6八面体CuO 5正四方锥、CuO 4平面四边形组成的铜氧平面氧化物超导体中所共有，即存在二维的Cu-O 面，是主要的结构特性，决定了氧化物超导体在结构上和物理特性上的二维特点；3、这些铜氧面叫做电荷库层，被一层电荷源层所隔离，通过化学掺杂，改隔离层能控制Cu-O 超导面的荷电量4、在费米能级Ef 附近的电子能带是Cu 3d 和O 2p态等同作用的结果5、在掺杂过程中原来所处的反铁磁绝缘态失去它的本征磁矩变成金属态，继而出现超导电性，6、所有铜氧配位多面体的相互连结方式只能采取共顶点的形式，而不能共棱或共面7、所有已知的氧化物超导体的对称性仅限于四方或正交晶系，至今尚未发现存在于低级晶系中的氧化物超导体8、氧的含量和分布对氧化物超导体的结构和超导电性都具有重要的影响。
2.在高温超导体中是否有空穴,他们是在Cu 还是在O 上?161答:有，是在Cu 上面（173页）3.简述铜酸盐超导体中的缺陷对高温超导体Tc 的可能影响?171答：电子材料导论复习资料（第六章）2004.12.131何谓电介质材料？216答：电介质材料主要是指在较弱电场下具有极化能力并能在其中长期存在电场的一种材料。