美国总统选举电视辩论趣事.doc
肯尼迪与尼克松电视辩论及公共广播电视法案
1961年1月20日正式宣誓肯尼迪就任美国第三十五任总统
• 肯尼迪、尼克松开辟了电视辩论的时代 • 电视作为总统竞选政治活动中的决定性媒介立刻脱颖而出。
二、政客利用电视，推动电视的普及和推广
• 肯尼迪总统是第一位充分认识到电视的传播潜力， 并充分发挥电视功能的政治家，正如罗斯福总统 是第一位深谙广播魔力的领导人一样。 • 大约从20世纪50 年代中期开始电视新闻在美国开 始受人青睐，尤其在政治领域，比如总统竞选， 电视新闻的作用日趋显著。 • 1963年，在美国依靠电视了解新闻的人第一次超 过依靠报纸了解新闻的人，这是一个历史性转变， 标志电视新闻时代的到来。
英国 《 公共广播电视法案》
• • • • •
四部广播电视法案： 《1980年广播电视法案》、 《1981年广播电视法案》、 《1990年广播电视法案》、 《1996年广播电视法案》
关于《1996年广播电视法案》
• 背景：
• 英国《1996年广播电视法案》对《1990年广播电
视法案》的某些条款做了修订，其中最主要的内
• 介绍
• •
• • • •
肯尼迪、尼克松总统电视辩论
《 公共广播电视法案》
第十一小组组员：安嫩 何显丽 汪全艳 林晓伟
• 一、首次电视辩论的背景 • 二、政客利用电视，推动了电视的普及和 推广 • 三、美国大选中电视媒体的宣传功能
一、首次电视辩论的背景
• 1960年9月26日，在芝加哥、哥伦比亚广播公司的一个电 视直播间里，总统候选人尼克松和肯尼迪站在摄像机和聚 光灯前，进行了美国总统竞选历史上第一次电视辩论。
பைடு நூலகம்
三、 美国大选中电视媒体的宣传功能
•
在美国，人们倾向于通过看电视得到各式各样的信息。 因此，电视这一媒介就成了总统竞选的主要武器，并成为 候选人成功的关键。在竞选期间，候选人时刻铭记电视宣
2016美国总统大选电视辩论第二场 希拉里川普互爆黑料斗智斗勇
2016美国总统大选电视辩论第二场希拉里川普互爆黑料斗智斗勇第二场总统大选电视辩论——川普希拉里巅峰对决高清视频全网独家下载对于美国总统候选人来讲，电视辩论是一场智力和体力的终极对决。
因为便是辩论中的表现可能会直接影响到最终的大选结果。
在历经了9月26日的第一场总统大选电视辩论上的剑拔弩张之后，副总统之间的角力对决也已经于10月4日落下帷幕。
今天美国总统大选第二场辩论，将于北京时间今日(10月10日)早上9点，在美国华盛顿大学举行。
美国共和党候选人特朗普有90分钟时间挽回自己的竞选生涯。
辩论主持人是美国有线电视新闻网(CNN)的安德森·库伯及美国广播公司(ABC)的拉达兹。
各大主流视频网站在线直播地址GET：Youtube直播地址： Youtube 2nd Presidential Debate at Washington UniversityCNN直播地址： CNN 2nd Presidential Debate at Washington UniversityNBC直播地址：NBC 2nd Presidential Debate at Washington University第二场电视辩论有哪些看点?——矛盾升级MAX如果说第一场电视辩论是礼尚往来之后，2016美国总统大学电视辩论第二场就开始来真格的了!【互挖黑历史】两位候选人辩论前夕都被曝出有损各自形象的“黑材料”。
《华盛顿邮报》7日公布了特朗普2005年一段用语非常粗俗的谈话录音，内容含有侮辱女性的言论。
“维基解密”网站也随即公开了黑客获取的希拉里华尔街高价演讲部分内容以及希拉里竞选团队一些内部邮件，其中一些言论与希拉里的公开立场不同，可能令民众对希拉里的诚信产生怀疑。
【提问环节】和第一场电视辩论的提问环节有所不同的是，这一的主持人仅负责提出半数问题，另半数将由盖洛普民意测验中心(Gallup)选出的未决选民提出。
截止小编发稿时候，第一个问题来自场下观众，这位观众问：上次辩论太“激烈”，小孩子要在大人陪同下才能观看，你们怎么看?【辩论爆点】特朗普避税疑云希拉里此前痛批共和党对手特朗普避税多年，称他是冷酷无情的商人，对国家没有贡献，她主张立法规定，参选总统必须公布税表。
【笑话大全】美国大选段子,笑死偶们这些吃瓜群众了
【笑话大全】美国大选段子,笑死偶们这些吃瓜群众了1. 美国大选期间，一个女士对着电视机说：“我要是特朗普我就会一边大喊‘我赢了’，一边把自己藏到墨西哥去。
”2. 特朗普在演讲中说，“如果我输了，我就会去旅游。
”某人问他去哪儿，他回答说：“去胜利之岛（Victory Island）。
”3. 有一个特朗普粉丝问：“为什么那么多人讨厌特朗普？” 我回答说：“我们对身边人产生的影响是基于他们所做的事情，而不是基于他们的长相。
”4. 希拉里说：“我相信女性能够改变世界。
” 特朗普说：“我相信男人也可以改变女性。
”5. 特朗普：我将建造一堵很高的墙来防止非法移民进入美国。
希拉里：你怎么知道这堵墙不是把人困在美国里？6. 希拉里和特朗普在辩论中互相攻击。
特朗普：“你的女儿用私人邮箱发送重要文件吗？” 希拉里：“我至少没有把Twitter当成外交政策。
”7. 一个小男孩问他的父亲：“特朗普是否真的会成为美国总统？” 父亲回答说：“不要担心，儿子，我们不在美国。
”8. 特朗普声称，他会把墨西哥人赶出美国并让墨西哥为建墙买单。
墨西哥总统回答，说他也要把美国的巨大草坪推到美国一边，让美国为建墙买单。
9. 特朗普和希拉里在一条绳上拉扯，两人都非常用力，但最后绳断了… 希拉里把绳子递回给特朗普，说：“让我们再玩一次吧。
” 特朗普捡起绳子，说：“等明年吧…我每年都会在金砖酒店玩藏独…”10. 特朗普和希拉里参加了一个反对气候变化的辩论会议，听众问：“你们是否认为全球变暖是真的？” 特朗普回答：“我不知道，我从来没去过那个星球。
” 希拉里回答：“我知道全球变暖是真的，因为我在看巴西丛林被砍伐。
”。
美国总统大选第三场电视辩论
MR. ROMNEY: Well, they sell us about this much stuff every year. And we sell them about this much stuff every year. So it's pretty clear who doesn't want a trade war. And there's one going on right now that we don't know about. It's a silent one and they're winning. We have an enormous trade imbalance with China. And it's worse this year than last year. And it was worse last year than the year before.
Now, with respect to what we've done with China already, U.S. exports have doubled, since I came into office, to China. And actually, currencies are at their most advantageous point for U.S. exporters since 1993. We absolutely have to make more progress, and that's why we're going to keep on pressing.
I was with one company that makes valves in -- in process industries. And they said, look, we were -- we were having some valves coming in that -- that were broken, and we had to repair them under warranty. And we looked them up, and -- and they had our serial number on them. And then we noticed that -- that there was more than one with that same serial number. They were counterfeit products being made overseas with the same serial number as a U.S. company, the same packaging. These were being sold into our market and around the world as if they were made by the U.S. competitor.
2016年美国大选第一场辩论
2016年美国大选第一场辩论2016年美国总统候选人“首场电视辩论”于美东时间26日晚在纽约长岛霍夫斯特拉大学开锣，民主党的希拉里·克林顿和共和党的唐纳德·特朗普首次同台正面交锋。
点下方视频观看完整版“红黑大战”，练听力和辩论的绝佳素材!首次电视辩论共设三大议题：（1）美国的繁荣（2）美国的未来方向（3）国家安全问题1 如何化解种族纷争主持人提问特朗普，他不断质疑奥巴马的出生地，问他对化解种族纷争有何说法。
特朗普答：“我没有说法。
是我迫使他拿出出生证明，他早就应该拿出来了。
我没说法。
”2 真相查证战在经济议题上，特朗普称希拉里曾经赞扬《跨太平洋伙伴关系协议》(TPP)。
对此，希拉里回击表示，特朗普误导大众，让外界以为她赞成TPP，“我知道你活在自己的世界里，但这些都不是事实。
”希拉里请观众上她的官网，直接点击查证特朗普说的话是真是假。
特朗普稍后则回击称：“去查她的网站，她只会告诉我们如何打击IS，在她的网站讨论打击IS，我不认为麦克阿瑟将军也会做同样的事。
”希拉里忍不住开玩笑说：“我感觉，今晚我会一直被怪罪所有以前发生的事情。
”特朗普反击道：“为什么不?”希拉里则说：“是啊，为什么不?继续在辩论会上说更多疯狂的事吧!”3 特朗普缴税议题希拉里质疑特朗普迟迟未公布缴税纪录。
对此，特朗普回应称：“我会公布我的缴税纪录，尽管我的律师不同意。
只要她(希拉里)公布被她删除的3万3千封电邮内容，我就会公布缴税纪录。
”希拉里表示，特朗普不公布税务纪录的原因有三：“第一，他(特朗普)不如他所说的有钱。
第二，或许他也没有如他所说捐出这么多钱。
第三：我们根本不知道他做些什么生意。
”希拉里还说，或许特朗普根本没缴任何所得税，特朗普则回答：“这显示我很聪明。
”4 特朗普捍卫做生意的方式希拉里抨击特朗普苛刻员工，并让数间公司倒闭。
特朗普则回击，他是生意人，自然会利用对他有利的法律规范经营公司，如果希拉里不满意，她应该去改这些法条。
美国总统大选第二场电视辩论
Transcript of second McCain, Obama debate NASHVILLE, Tennessee (CNN) -- Presidential candidates JohnMcCain and Barack Obama debated in Nashville, Tennessee, onTuesday night. NBC's Tom Brokaw moderated the debate. Here is a transcript of that debate.TOM: Good evening from Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee. I'm Tom Brokaw of NBC News. And welcome to this second presidential debate, sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates. Tonight's debate is the only one with a town hall format. The Gallup Organization chose 80 uncommitted voters from the Nashville area to be here with us tonight. And earlier today, each of them gave me a copy of their question for the candidates. From all of these questions -- and from tens of thousands submitted online -- I have selected a long list of excellent questions on domestic and foreign policy. Neither the commission nor the candidates have seen the questions. And although we won't be able to get to all of them tonight, we should have a wide-ranging discussion one month before the election. Each candidate will have two minutes to respond to a common question, and there will be a one-minute follow-up. The audience here in the hall has agreed to be polite, and attentive, nocheering or outbursts. Those of you at home, of course, are not so constrained. The only exception in the hall is right now, as it is my privilege to introduce the candidates, Senator Barack Obama of Illinois and Senator John McCain of Arizona. Gentlemen? Gentlemen, we want to get underway immediately, if we can. Since you last met at Ole Miss 12 days ago, the world has changed a great deal, and not for the better. We still don't know where the bottom is at this time. As you might expect, many of the questions that we have from here in the hall tonight and from online have to do with the American economy and, in fact, with global economic conditions. I understand that you flipped a coin. And, Senator Obama, you will begin tonight. And we're going to have our first question from over here in Section A from Alan Schaefer. Alan ?QUESTION: With the economy on the downturn and retired and older citizens and workers losing their incomes, what's the fastest, most positive solution to bail these people out of the economic ruin?OBAMA: Well, Alan , thank you very much for the question. I want to first, obviously, thank Belmont University, Tom, thank you, and to all of you who are participating tonight and those of you who sent e-mail questions in. I think everybody knows now we are in the worstfinancial crisis since the Great Depression. And a lot of you I think are worried about your jobs, your pensions, your retirement accounts, your ability to send your child or your grandchild to college. And I believe this is a final verdict on the failed economic policies of the last eight years, strongly promoted by President Bush and supported by Senator McCain, that essentially said that we should strip away regulations, consumer protections, let the market run wild, and prosperity would rain down on all of us. It hasn't worked out that way. And so now we've got to take some decisive action.Now, step one was a rescue package that was passed last week. We've got to make sure that works properly. And that means strong oversight, making sure that investors, taxpayers are getting their money back and treated as investors. It means that we are cracking down on CEOs and making sure that they're not getting bonuses or golden parachutes as a consequence of this package. And, in fact, we just found out that AIG, a company that got a bailout, just a week after they got help went on a $400,000 junket. And I'll tell you what, the Treasury should demand that money back and those executives should be fired. But that's only step one.The middle-class need a rescue package. And that means tax cuts for the middle-class. It means help for homeowners so that they can stay in their homes. It means that we are helping state and localgovernments set up road projects and bridge projects that keep people in their jobs. And then long-term we've got to fix our health care system, we've got to fix our energy system that is putting such an enormous burden on families. You need somebody working for you and you've got to have somebody in Washington who is thinking about the middle class and not just those who can afford to hire lobbyists.TOM : Senator McCain?MCCAIN: Well, thank you, Tom. Thank you, Belmont University. And Senator Obama, it's good to be with you at a town hall meeting. And, Alan , thank you for your question. You go to the heart of America's worries tonight. Americans are angry, they're upset, and they're a little fearful. It's our job to fix the problem.Now, I have a plan to fix this problem and it has got to do with energy independence. We've got to stop sending $700 billion a year to countries that don't want us very -- like us very much. We have to keep Americans' taxes low. All Americans' taxes low. Let's not raise taxes on anybody today. We obviously have to stop this spending spree that's going on in Washington. Do you know that we've laid a $10 trillion debt on these young Americans who are here with us tonight, $500 billion of it we owe to China? We've got to have a package of reforms and it has got to lead to reform prosperity and peace in the world. And I think that thisproblem has become so severe, as you know, that we're going to have to do something about home values. You know that home values of retirees continues to decline and people are no longer able to afford their mortgage payments. As president of the United States, Alan, I would order the secretary of the treasury to immediately buy up the bad home loan mortgages in America and renegotiate at the new value of those homes -- at the diminished value of those homes and let people be able to make those -- be able to make those payments and stay in their homes. Is it expensive? Yes. But we all know, my friends, until we stabilize home values in America, we're never going to start turning around and creating jobs and fixing our economy. And we've got to give some trust and confidence back to America. I know how the do that, my friends. And it's my proposal, it's not Senator Obama's proposal, it's not President Bush's proposal. But I know how to get America working again, restore our economy and take care of working Americans. Thank you.TOM: Senator, we have one minute for a discussion here. Obviously the powers of the treasury secretary have been greatly expanded. The most powerful officer in the cabinet now. Hank Paulson says he won't stay on. Who do you have in mind to appoint to that very important post? Senator McCain?MCCAIN: Not you, Tom.TOM : No, with good reason.MCCAIN: You know, that's a tough question and there's a lot of qualified Americans. But I think the first criteria, Tom, would have to be somebody who immediately Americans identify with, immediately say, we can trust that individual. A supporter of Senator Obama's is Warren Buffett. He has already weighed in and helped stabilize some of the difficulties in the markets and with companies and corporations, institutions today. I like Meg Whitman, she knows what it's like to be out there in the marketplace. She knows how to create jobs. Meg Whitman was CEO of a company that started with 12 people and is now 1.3 million people in America make their living off eBay. Maybe somebody here has done a little business with them.But the point is it's going to have to be somebody who inspires trust and confidence. Because the problem in America today to a large extent, Tom, is that we don't have trust and confidence in our institutions because of the corruption on Wall Street and the greed and excess and the cronyism in Washington, D.C.TOM: All right. Senator McCain -- Senator Obama, who do you have in mind for treasury secretary?OBAMA: Well, Warren would be a pretty good choice -- Warren Buffett, and I'm pleased to have his support. But there are other folks out there. The key is making sure that the next treasury secretary understands that it's not enough just to help those at the top. Prosperity is not just going to trickle down. We've got to help the middle class. OBAMA: And we've -- you know, Senator McCain and I have some fundamental disagreements on the economy, starting with Senator McCain's statement earlier that he thought the fundamentals of the economy were sound. Part of the problem here is that for many of you, wages and incomes have flat-lined. For many of you, it is getting harder and harder to save, harder and harder to retire. And that's why, for example, on tax policy, what I want to do is provide a middle class tax cut to 95 percent of working Americans, those who are working two jobs, people who are not spending enough time with their kids, because they are struggling to make ends meet. Senator McCain is right that we've got to stabilize housing prices. But underlying that is loss of jobs and loss of income. That's something that the next treasury secretary is going to have to work on.TOM: Senator Obama, thank you very much. May I remind both of you, if I can, that we're operating under rules that you signed off on and when we have a discussion, it really is to be confined within abouta minute or so. We're going to go now, Senator McCain, to the next question from you from the hall here, and it comes from Oliver Clark (ph), who is over here in section F. Oliver?QUESTION: Well, Senators, through this economic crisis, most of the people that I know have had a difficult time. And through this bailout package, I was wondering what it is that's going to actually help those people out.MCCAIN: Well, thank you, Oliver, and that's an excellent question, because as you just described it, bailout, when I believe that it's rescue, because -- because of the greed and excess in Washington and Wall Street, Main Street was paying a very heavy price, and we know that. I left my campaign and suspended it to go back to Washington to make sure that there were additional protections for the taxpayer in the form of good oversight, in the form of taxpayers being the first to be paid back when our economy recovers -- and it will recover -- and a number of other measures.But you know, one of the real catalysts, really the match that lit this fire was Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. I'll bet you, you may never even have heard of them before this crisis. But you know, they're the ones that, with the encouragement of Senator Obama and his cronies andhis friends in Washington, that went out and made all these risky loans, gave them to people that could never afford to pay back. And you know, there were some of us that stood up two years ago and said we've got to enact legislation to fix this. We've got to stop this greed and excess. Meanwhile, the Democrats in the Senate and some -- and some members of Congress defended what Fannie and Freddie were doing. They resisted any change. Meanwhile, they were getting all kinds of money in campaign contributions. Senator Obama was the second highest recipient of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac money in history -- in history. So this rescue package means that we will stabilize markets, we will shore up these institutions. But it's not enough. That's why we're going to have to go out into the housing market and we're going to have to buy up these bad loans and we're going to have to stabilize home values, and that way, Americans, like Alan, can realize the American dream and stay in their home. But Fannie and Freddie were the catalysts, the match that started this forest fire. There were some of us -- there were some of us that stood up against it. There were others who took a hike.TOM: Senator Obama?OBAMA: Well, Oliver, first, let me tell you what's in the rescuepackage for you. Right now, the credit markets are frozen up and what that means, as a practical matter, is that small businesses and some large businesses just can't get loans. If they can't get a loan, that means that they can't make payroll. If they can't make payroll, then they may end up having to shut their doors and lay people off. And if you imagine just one company trying to deal with that, now imagine a million companies all across the country. So it could end up having an adverse effect on everybody, and that's why we had to take action. But we shouldn't have been there in the first place.Now, I've got to correct a little bit of Senator McCain's history, not surprisingly. Let's, first of all, understand that the biggest problem in this whole process was the deregulation of the financial system. Senator McCain, as recently as March, bragged about the fact that he is a deregulator. On the other hand, two years ago, I said that we've got a sub-prime lending crisis that has to be dealt with. I wrote to Secretary Paulson, I wrote to Federal Reserve Chairman Bernanke, and told them this is something we have to deal with, and nobody did anything about it. A year ago, I went to Wall Street and said we've got to reregulate, and nothing happened. And Senator McCain during that period said that we should keep on deregulating because that's how the free enterprise system works. Now, with respect to Fannie Mae, what Senator McCain didn't mention is the fact that this bill that he talked about wasn't hisown bill. He jumped on it a year after it had been introduced and it never got passed. And I never promoted Fannie Mae. In fact, Senator McCain's campaign chairman's firm was a lobbyist on behalf of Fannie Mae, not me. So -- but, look, you're not interested in hearing politicians pointing fingers. What you're interested in is trying to figure out, how is this going to impact you? This is not the end of the process; this is the beginning of the process. And that's why it's going to be so important for us to work with homeowners to make sure that they can stay in their homes. The secretary already has the power to do that in the rescue package, but it hasn't been exercised yet. And the next president has to make sure that the next Treasury secretary is thinking about how to strengthen you as a home buyer, you as a homeowner, and not simply think about bailing out banks on Wall Street.TOM: Senator Obama, time for a discussion. I'm going to begin with you. Are you saying to Mr. Clark (ph) and to the other members of the American television audience that the American economy is going to get much worse before it gets better and they ought to be prepared for that?OBAMA: No, I am confident about the American economy. But we aregoing to have to have some leadership from Washington that not only sets out much better regulations for the financial system. The problem is we still have a archaic, 20th-century regulatory system for 21st-century financial markets. We're going to have to coordinate with other countries to make sure that whatever actions we take work. But most importantly, we're going to have to help ordinary families be able to stay in their homes, make sure that they can pay their bills, deal with critical issues like health care and energy, and we're going to have to change the culture in Washington so that lobbyists and special interests aren't driving the process and your voices aren't being drowned out.TOM: Senator McCain, in all candor, do you think the economy is going to get worse before it gets better?MCCAIN: I think it depends on what we do. I think if we act effectively, if we stabilize the housing market -- which I believe we can, if we go out and buy up these bad loans, so that people can have a new mortgage at the new value of their home -- I think if we get rid of the cronyism and special interest influence in Washington so we can act more effectively. My friend, I'd like you to see the letter that a group of senators and I wrote warning exactly of this crisis. Senator Obama'sname was not on that letter. The point is -- the point is that we can fix our economy. Americans' workers are the best in the world. They're the fundamental aspect of America's economy. They're the most innovative. They're the best -- they're most -- have best -- we're the best exporters. We're the best importers. They're most effective. They are the best workers in the world. And we've got to give them a chance. They've got -- we've got to give them a chance to do their best again. And they are the innocent bystanders here in what is the biggest financial crisis and challenge of our time. We can do it.TOM: Thank you, Senator McCain. We're going to continue over in Section F, as it turns out. Senator Obama, this is a question from you from Theresa Finch. Theresa ?QUESTION: How can we trust either of you with our money when both parties got -- got us into this global economic crisis?OBAMA: Well, look, I understand your frustration and your cynicism, because while you've been carrying out your responsibilities -- most of the people here, you've got a family budget. If less money is coming in, you end up making cuts. Maybe you don't go out to dinner as much. Maybe you put off buying a new car. That's not what happens inWashington. And you're right. There is a lot of blame to go around. But I think it's important just to remember a little bit of history. When George Bush came into office, we had surpluses. And now we have half-a-trillion-dollar deficit annually. When George Bush came into office, our debt -- national debt was around $5 trillion. It's now over $10 trillion. We've almost doubled it. And so while it's true that nobody's completely innocent here, we have had over the last eight years the biggest increases in deficit spending and national debt in our history. And Senator McCain voted for four out of five of those George Bush budgets. So here's what I would do. I'm going to spend some money on the key issues that we've got to work on.You know, you may have seen your health care premiums go up. We've got to reform health care to help you and your budget. We are going to have to deal with energy because we can't keep on borrowing from the Chinese and sending money to Saudi Arabia. We are mortgaging our children's future. We've got to have a different energy plan. We've got to invest in college affordability. So we're going to have to make some investments, but we've also got to make spending cuts. And what I've proposed, you'll hear Senator McCain say, well, he's proposing a whole bunch of new spending, but actually I'm cutting more than I'm spending so that it will be a net spending cut. The key is whether or not we've got priorities that are working for you as opposed to thosewho have been dictating the policy in Washington lately, and that's mostly lobbyists and special interests. We've got to put an end to that.TOM: Senator McCain?MCCAIN: Well, Theresa (ph), thank you. And I can see why you feel that cynicism and mistrust, because the system in Washington is broken. And I have been a consistent reformer. I have advocated and taken on the special interests, whether they be the big money people by reaching across the aisle and working with Senator Feingold on campaign finance reform, whether it being a variety of other issues, working with Senator Lieberman on trying to address climate change.I have a clear record of bipartisanship. The situation today cries out for bipartisanship. Senator Obama has never taken on his leaders of his party on a single issue. And we need to reform. And so let's look at our records as well as our rhetoric. That's really part of your mistrust here. And now I suggest that maybe you go to some of these organizations that are the watchdogs of what we do, like the Citizens Against Government Waste or the National Taxpayers Union or these other organizations that watch us all the time. I don't expect you to watch every vote. And you know what you'll find? This is the most liberal big-spending record in the United States Senate. I have fought againstexcessive spending and outrages. I have fought to reduce the earmarks and eliminate them. Do you know that Senator Obama has voted for -- is proposing $860 billion of new spending now? New spending. Do you know that he voted for every increase in spending that I saw come across the floor of the United States Senate while we were working to eliminate these pork barrel earmarks? He voted for nearly a billion dollars in pork barrel earmark projects, including, by the way, $3 million for an overhead projector at a planetarium in Chicago, Illinois. My friends, do we need to spend that kind of money? I think you have to look at my record and you have to look at his. Then you have to look at our proposals for our economy, not $860 billion in new spending, but for the kinds of reforms that keep people in their jobs, get middle-income Americans working again, and getting our economy moving again. You're going to be examining our proposals tonight and in the future, and energy independence is a way to do that, is one of them. And drilling offshore and nuclear power are two vital elements of that. And I've been supporting those and I know how to fix this economy, and eliminate our dependence on foreign oil, and stop sending $700 billion a year overseas.TOM: We've run out of time. We have this one-minute discussion period going on here. There are new economic realities out there thateveryone in this hall and across this country understands that there are going to have to be some choices made. Health policies, energy policies, and entitlement reform, what are going to be your priorities in what order? Which of those will be your highest priority your first year in office and which will follow in sequence? Senator McCain?MCCAIN: The three priorities were health...TOM: The three -- health care, energy, and entitlement reform: Social Security and Medicare. In what order would you put them in terms of priorities?MCCAIN: I think you can work on all three at once, Tom. I think it's very important that reform our entitlement programs. My friends, we are not going to be able to provide the same benefit for present-day workers that we are going -- that present-day retirees have today. We're going to have to sit down across the table, Republican and Democrat, as we did in 1983 between Ronald Reagan and Tip O'Neill. I know how to do that. I have a clear record of reaching across the aisle, whether it be Joe Lieberman or Russ Feingold or Ted Kennedy or others. That's my clear record. We can work on nuclear power plants. Build a whole bunch of them, create millions of new jobs. We have tohave all of the above, alternative fuels, wind, tide, solar, natural gas, clean coal technology. All of these things we can do as Americans and we can take on this mission and we can overcome it.My friends, some of this $700 billion ends up in the hands of terrorist organizations. As far as health care is concerned, obviously, everyone is struggling to make sure that they can afford their premiums and that they can have affordable and available health care. That's the next issue. But we can do them all at once. There's no -- and we have to do them all at once. All three you mentioned are compelling national security requirements.TOM: I'm trying to play by the rules that you all established. One minute for discussion. Senator Obama, if you would give us your list of priorities, there are some real questions about whether everything can be done at once.OBAMA: We're going to have to prioritize, just like a family has to prioritize. Now, I've listed the things that I think have to be at the top of the list. Energy we have to deal with today, because you're paying $3.80 here in Nashville for gasoline, and it could go up. And it's a strain on your family budget, but it's also bad for our national security, because countries like Russia and Venezuela and, you know, in somecases, countries like Iran, are benefiting from higher oil prices. So we've got to deal with that right away. That's why I've called for an investment of $15 billion a year over 10 years. Our goal should be, in 10 year's time, we are free of dependence on Middle Eastern oil. And we can do it. Now, when JFK said we're going to the Moon in 10 years, nobody was sure how to do it, but we understood that, if the American people make a decision to do something, it gets done. So that would be priority number one.Health care is priority number two, because that broken health care system is bad not only for families, but it's making our businesses less competitive. And, number three, we've got to deal with education so that our young people are competitive in a global economy. But just one point I want to make, Tom. Senator McCain mentioned looking at our records. We do need to look at our records. Senator McCain likes to talk about earmarks a lot. And that's important. I want to go line by line through every item in the federal budget and eliminate programs that don't work and make sure that those that do work, work better and cheaper. But understand this: We also have to look at where some of our tax revenues are going. So when Senator McCain proposes a $300 billion tax cut, a continuation not only of the Bush tax cuts, but an additional $200 billion that he's going to give to big corporations, including big oil companies, $4 billion worth, that's money out of thesystem. And so we've got to prioritize both our spending side and our tax policies to make sure that they're working for you. That's what I'm going to do as president of the United States.TOM: All right, gentlemen, I want to just remind you one more time about time. We're going to have a larger deficit than the federal government does if we don't get this under control here before too long. Senator McCain, for you, we have our first question from the Internet tonight. A child of the Depression, 78-year-old Fiora (ph) from Chicago.Question: Since World War II, we have never been asked to sacrifice anything to help our country, except the blood of our heroic men and women. As president, what sacrifices -- sacrifices will you ask every American to make to help restore the American dream and to get out of the economic morass that we're now in?MCCAIN: Well, Fiora (ph), I'm going to ask the American people to understand that there are some programs that we may have to eliminate. I first proposed a long time ago that we would have to examine every agency and every bureaucracy of government. And we're going to have to eliminate those that aren't working. I know a lotof them that aren't working. One of them is in defense spending, because I've taken on some of the defense contractors. I saved the taxpayers $6.8 billion in a deal for an Air Force tanker that was done in a corrupt fashion. I believe that we have to eliminate the earmarks. And sometimes those projects, not -- not the overhead projector that Senator Obama asked for, but some of them that are really good projects, will have -- will have to be eliminated, as well. And they'll have to undergo the same scrutiny that all projects should in competition with others. So we're going to have to tell the American people that spending is going to have to be cut in America. And I recommend a spending freeze that -- except for defense, Veterans Affairs, and some other vital programs, we'll just have to have across-the-board freeze. And some of those programs may not grow as much as we would like for them to, but we can establish priorities with full transparency, with full knowledge of the American people, and full consultation, not done behind closed doors and shoving earmarks in the middle of the night into programs that we don't even -- sometimes we don't even know about until months later. And, by the way, I want to go back a second. Look, we can attack health care and energy at the same time. We're not -- we're not -- we're not rifle shots here. We are Americans. We can, with the participation of all Americans, work together and solve these problems together. Frankly,。
美国历史上最具争议的总统选举
美国历史上最具争议的总统选举在美国的历史长河中，总统选举一直是民主进程的重要体现。
然而，有些选举却因其特殊的情况和激烈的争议而被铭刻在历史的记忆中。
其中，一些总统选举引发了广泛的社会讨论和政治分歧，成为了美国历史上最具争议的事件。
2000 年的美国总统大选在小布什和戈尔之间展开，这场选举堪称美国历史上最具争议的总统选举之一。
在佛罗里达州的选票统计中，双方的差距极其微小，而该州的选举结果将直接决定整个大选的胜负。
选票的设计和计票方式成为了争议的焦点。
部分选票的设计存在模糊不清的问题，导致选民的意向难以准确判断。
比如，所谓的“蝴蝶选票”让一些选民产生了误解，不清楚如何正确地进行投票。
在计票过程中，人工重新计票和机器计票的标准不一致也引发了巨大的争议。
不同的县采用了不同的计票方法，这使得选举结果的公正性受到了广泛的质疑。
此外，法律诉讼也在这场选举中扮演了重要角色。
双方阵营在各级法院展开了激烈的法律争斗，最终案件一直上诉到了美国联邦最高法院。
最高法院的判决对选举结果产生了决定性的影响，小布什最终凭借微弱的优势赢得了佛罗里达州的选举人票，从而成功当选总统。
这一选举结果引发了广泛的社会不满和抗议。
许多人认为选举过程存在不公平和不透明的问题，对美国的民主制度产生了信任危机。
另一场备受争议的总统选举是 1876 年的海斯与蒂尔登之争。
在这次选举中，南方的重建问题成为了背景。
当时，南方的选举存在着大量的舞弊和暴力行为。
一些地方的白人至上主义者试图通过各种手段阻止黑人投票，以影响选举结果。
选举结束后，海斯和蒂尔登的普选票数非常接近，但选举人票的归属存在争议。
经过一系列的政治妥协和幕后交易，最终海斯在一些有争议的州获得了选举人票，从而当选总统。
这次选举的结果被认为是对南方黑人权益的一次打击，也在一定程度上延缓了南方的重建进程。
1960 年的肯尼迪与尼克松之间的总统选举同样充满了争议。
在竞选过程中，电视辩论首次成为了影响选举的重要因素。
肯尼迪与尼克松电视辩论及公共广播电视法案
第十一小组组员：安嫩 何显丽 汪全艳 林晓伟
• 一、首次电视辩论的背景 • 二、政客利用电视，推动了电视的普及和 推广 • 三、美国大选中电视媒体的宣传功能
一、首次电视辩论的背景
• 1960年9月26日，在芝加哥、哥伦比亚广播公司的一个电 视直播间里，总统候选人尼克松和肯尼迪站在摄像机和聚 光灯前，进行了美国总统竞选历史上第一次电视辩论。
1961年1月20日正式宣誓肯尼迪就任美国第三十五任总统
• 肯尼迪、尼克松开辟了电视辩论的时代 • 电视作为总统竞选政治活动中的决定性媒介立刻脱颖而出。
二、政客利用电视，推动电视的普及和推广
• 肯尼迪总统是第一位充分认识到电视的传播潜力， 并充分发挥电视功能的政治家，正如罗斯福总统 是第一位深谙广播魔力的领导人一样。 • 大约从20世纪50 年代中期开始电视新闻在美国开 始受人青睐，尤其在政治领域，比如总统竞选， 电视新闻的作用日趋显著。 • 1963年，在美国依靠电视了解新闻的人第一次超 过依靠报纸了解新闻的人，这是一个历史性转变， 标志电视新闻时代的到来。
容是放宽《1990年广播电视法案》中有关媒体所 有权的限制，以及建立英国数字地面广播的管理 机构。
1996年广播电视法案主要涉及内容：
• 第一部分涉及电视，第二部分涉及广播。
• 第三部分授权独立电视委员会确保某些体育赛事能够免费
报道和播出。
• 第四部分关于英国广播公司的传输网络资产、权利和债务
转移的有关规定。 • 第五部分涉及版税及相关事宜。 • 第六部分是综合部分，包括传输系统的新标准，有关有无 资格拥有执照的新规定，以及有关媒体所有权的新限制性 规定。
三、 美国大选中电视媒体的宣传功能
•
电视辩论选总统
电视辩论选总统作者：高晓松来源：《公务员文萃》2016年第06期现在，电视辩论已经成为美国总统竞选的一个传统，成了美国人民四年一次特别高兴的事儿。
两位总统候选人既要把对方辩倒，还要辩得有风度。
为了获得选票，美国总统候选人可以说是无所不用其极，既不能让人觉得你傻，又不能让人觉得你刻薄。
1960年9月26日，美国总统选举第一次进行电视辩论，那时候电视在美国还没有普及。
当时美国的一个大学生写信给政客，他说：“你们一天到晚互相说对方，都是隔空喊话。
你们能不能面对面，比如到我们学校，当着我们的面辩论一次？否则我们会觉得，那些都不是你们自己的观点，而是你们背后的团队在写文章攻击对方。
”这封信引起了政客的重视，他们决定举行一次电视辩论。
当时还没有足够好的电视设备来进行现场直播，只能在电视台的演播室里进行录制。
那场辩论赛是由肯尼迪对尼克松。
把两人的照片放在一起，反差极大——肯尼迪一表人才，年轻帅气；而尼克松是那种很阴险的样子，不但长得难看，而且看起来很不诚恳。
肯尼迪当时特别重视这场电视辩论。
他首先派人到现场去做了调查。
调查的人发现镁光灯一开会特别热，于是肯尼迪就为此专门做了一套特别薄的西装。
辩论那天，肯尼迪把自己打扮得非常帅气，做好了各种准备。
而尼克松去的时候连胡子都没有刮，他之前没去现场考察，所以穿了一套平常穿的厚西装。
辩论一开始，尼克松就开始出汗。
观众可不知道这个地方被灯光烤得很热，因此一看到他出汗，就觉得他肯定是紧张、心虚。
此前尼克松脚还受了点儿伤，这边热得不停地擦汗，那边脚又开始疼起来，表情看起来特别痛苦。
美国民众一看这表情，觉得肯尼迪说的都是对的，尼克松完全就没法招架。
在这场电视辩论赛之前，两人的支持率不相上下，但在电视辩论赛结束之后，尼克松的支持率急转直下，肯尼迪的支持率却直线上升，最终尼克松竞选失败。
当然，尼克松后来锲而不舍地坚持参加选举，终于在1968年当选为总统。
还有一次精彩的辩论，是在年轻的克林顿和老布什之间展开的。
美国总统大选：奥巴马罗姆尼第二场辩论完整文本
主持：(CNN) - President Barack Obama and Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney met in Hempstead, New York Tuesday evening for the second of three presidential debates, moderated by CNN Chief Political Correspondent Candy Crowley.Good evening from Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York. I'm Candy Crowley from CNN's "State of the Union." We are here for the second presidential debate, a town hall, sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates.The Gallup organization chose 82 uncommitted voters from the New York area. Their questions will drive the night. My goal is to give the conversation direction and to ensure questions get answered.记者：QUESTION: Mr. President, Governor Romney, as a 20-year-old college student, all I hear from professors, neighbors and others is that when I graduate, I will have little chance to get employment. What can you say to reassure me, but more importantly my parents, that I will be able to sufficiently support myself after I graduate?ROMNEY: Thank you, Jeremy. I appreciate your - your question, and thank you for being here this evening and to all of those from Nassau County that have come, thank you for your time. Thank you to Hofstra University and to Candy Crowley for organizing and leading this - this event.记者：Thank you, Mr. President, also for being part of this - this debate.College kids all over this country. I was in Pennsylvania with someone who had just graduated - this was in Philadelphia - and she said, "I've got my degree. I can't find a job. I've got three part- time jobs. They're just barely enough to pay for my food and pay for an apartment. I can't begin to pay back my student loans."So what we have to do is two things. We have to make sure that we make it easier for kids to afford college.ROMNEY: And also make sure that when they get out of college, there's a job. When I was governor of Massachusetts, to get a high school degree, you had to pass an exam. If you graduated in the top quarter of your airlines, we gave you a John and Abigail Adams scholarship, four years tuition free in the college of your choice in Massachusetts, it's a public institution.I want to make sure we keep our Pell grant program growing. We're also going to have our loan program, so that people are able to afford school. But the key thing is to make sure you can get ajob when you get out of school. And what's happened over the last four years has been very, very hard for America's young people. I want you to be able to get a job.I know what it takes to get this economy going. With half of college kids graduating this year without a college - excuse me, without a job. And without a college level job, that's just unacceptable.And likewise you've got more and more debt on your back. So more debt and less jobs. I'm going to change that. I know what it takes to create good jobs again. I know what it takes to make sure that you have the kind of opportunity you deserve. And kids across this country are going to recognize, we're bringing back an economy. It's not going to be like the last four years. The middle-class has been crushed over the last four years, and jobs have been too scarce. I know what it takes to bring them back, and I'm going to do that, and make sure that when you graduate - when do you graduate?QUESTION: 2014.ROMNEY: 2014. When you come out in 2014, I presume I'm going to be president. I'm going to make sure you get a job. Thanks Jeremy. Yeah, you bet.CROWLEY: Mr. President?OBAMA: Jeremy, first of all, your future is bright. And the fact that you're making an investment in higher education is critical. Not just to you, but to the entire nation. Now, the most important thing we can do is to make sure that we are creating jobs in this country. But not just jobs, good paying jobs. Ones that can support a family.OBAMA: And what I want to do, is build on the five million jobs that we've created over the last 30 months in the private sector alone. And there are a bunch of things we can do to make sure yourfuture is bright.Number one, I want to build manufacturing jobs in this country again. Now when Governor Romney said we should let Detroit go bankrupt. I said we're going to bet on American workers and theAmerican auto industry and it's come surging back.I want to do that in industries, not just in Detroit, but all across the country and that means we change our tax code so we're giving incentives to companies that are investing here in the UnitedStates and creating jobs here.It also means we're helping them and small businesses to export all around the world to new markets.Number two, we've got to make sure that we have the best education system in the world. And the fact that you're going to college is great, but I want everybody to get a great education andwe've worked hard to make sure that student loans are available for folks like you, but I also want to make sure that community colleges are offering slots for workers to get retrained for the jobs that are out there right now and the jobs of the future.Number three, we've got to control our own energy. Now, not only oil and natural gas, which we've been investing in; but also, we've got to make sure we're building the energy source of the future, not just thinking about next year, but ten years from now, 20 years from now. That's why we've invested in solar and wind and biofuels, energy efficient cars.We've got to reduce our deficit, but we've got to do it in a balanced way. Asking the wealthy to pay a little bit more along with cuts so that we can invest in education like yours. And let's take the money that we've been spending on war over the last decade to rebuild America, roads, bridges schools. We do those things, not only is your future going to be bright but America's future is going to bright as well. CROWLEY: Let me ask you for more immediate answer and begin with Mr. Romney just quickly what - what can you do? We're looking at a situation where 40 percent of the unemployed have been unemployed have been unemployed for six months or more. They don't have the two years that Jeremy has.What about those long term unemployed who need a job right now?ROMNEY: Well what you're seeing in this country is 23 million people struggling to find a job. And a lot of them, as you say, Candy, have been out of work for a long, long, long time. The president's policies have been exercised over the last four years and they haven't put Americans back to work.We have fewer people working today than we had when the president took office. If the - the unemployment rate was 7.8 percent when he took office, it's 7.8 percent now. But if you calculated thatunemployment rate, taking back the people who dropped out of the workforce, it would be 10.7 percent.We have not made the progress we need to make to put people back to work. That's why I put out a five-point plan that gets America 12 million new jobs in four years and rising take-home pay. It's going to help Jeremy get a job when he comes out of school. It's going to help people across the country that are unemployed right now.And one thing that the president said, which I want to make sure that we understand, he said that I said we should take Detroit bankrupt. And that's right. My plan was to have the company go through bankruptcy like 7-Eleven did and Macy's and Condell (ph) Airlines and come out stronger.And I know he keeps saying, you want to take Detroit bankrupt. Well, the president took Detroit bankrupt. You took General Motors bankrupt. You took Chrysler bankrupt. So when you say that I wanted to take the auto industry bankrupt, you actually did.And I think it's important to know that that was a process that was necessary to get those companies back on their feet, so they could start hiring more people. That was precisely what I recommended and ultimately what happened.CROWLEY: Let me give the president a chance.Go ahead.OBAMA: Candy, what Governor Romney said just isn't true. He wanted to take them into bankruptcy without providing them any way to stay open. And we would have lost a million jobs. And that - don't take my word for it, take the executives at GM and Chrysler, some of whom are Republicans, may even support Governor Romney. But they'll tell you his prescription wasn't going to work.And Governor Romney's says he's got a five-point plan? Governor Romney doesn't have a five-point plan. He has a one-point plan. And that plan is to make sure that folks at the top play by a different set of rules. That's been his philosophy in the private sector, that's been his philosophy as governor, that's been his philosophy as a presidential candidate.You can make a lot of money and pay lower tax rates than somebody who makes a lot less. You can ship jobs overseas and get tax breaks for it. You can invest in a company, bankrupt it, lay off the workers, strip away their pensions, and you still make money. That's exactly the philosophy that we've seen in place for the last decade. That's what's been squeezing middle class families. And we have fought back for four years to get out of that mess. The last thing we need to do is togo back to the very same policies that got us there.CROWLEY: Mr. President, the next question is going to be for you here.And, Mr. Romney - Governor Romney - there'll be plenty of chances here to go on, but I want to... ROMNEY: That - that Detroit - that Detroit answer...CROWLEY: We have all these folks.ROMNEY: ... that Detroit answer...CROWLEY: I will let you absolutely...ROMNEY: ... and the rest of the answer, way off the mark.CROWLEY: OK. Will - will - you certainly will have lots of time here coming up.Because I want to move you on to something that's sort of connected to cars here, and - and go over. And we want to get a question from Phillip Tricolla.QUESTION: Your energy secretary, Steven Chu, has now been on record three times stating it's not policy of his department to help lower gas prices. Do you agree with Secretary Chu that this is not the job of the Energy Department?OBAMA: The most important thing we can do is to make sure we control our own energy. So here's what I've done since I've been president. We have increased oil production to the highest levels in16 years.Natural gas production is the highest it's been in decades. We have seen increases in coal production and coal employment. But what I've also said is we can't just produce traditional source of energy. We've also got to look to the future. That's why we doubled fuel efficiency standards on cars. That means that in the middle of the next decade, any car you buy, you're going to end up going twice as far on a gallon of gas. That's why we doubled clean - clean energy production like wind and solar and biofuels.And all these things have contributed to us lowering our oil imports to the lowest levels in 16 years. Now, I want to build on that. And that means, yes, we still continue to open up new areas fordrilling. We continue to make it a priority for us to go after natural gas. We've got potentially 600,000 jobs and 100 years worth of energy right beneath our feet with natural gas.And we can do it in an environmentally sound way. But we've also got to continue to figure outhow we have efficiency energy, because ultimately that's how we're going to reduce demand and that's what's going to keep gas prices lower.Now, Governor Romney will say he's got an all-of-the-above plan, but basically his plan is to let the oil companies write the energy policies. So he's got the oil and gas part, but he doesn't have the clean energy part. And if we are only thinking about tomorrow or the next day and not thinking about 10 years from now, we're not going to control our own economic future. Because China, Germany, they're making these investments. And I'm not going to cede those jobs of the future to those countries. I expect those new energy sources to be built right here in the United States.That's going to help Jeremy get a job. It's also going to make sure that you're not paying as much for gas.CROWLEY: Governor, on the subject of gas prices?ROMNEY: Well, let's look at the president's policies, all right, as opposed to the rhetoric, because we've had four years of policies being played out. And the president's right in terms of the additional oil production, but none of it came on federal land. As a matter of fact, oil production is down 14 percent this year on federal land, and gas production was down 9 percent. Why? Because the president cut in half the number of licenses and permits for drilling on federal lands, and in federal waters.So where'd the increase come from? Well a lot of it came from the Bakken Range in North Dakota. What was his participation there? The administration brought a criminal action against the people drilling up there for oil, this massive new resource we have. And what was the cost? 20 or 25 birds were killed and brought out a migratory bird act to go after them on a criminal basis.Look, I want to make sure we use our oil, our coal, our gas, our nuclear, our renewables. I believe very much in our renewable capabilities; ethanol, wind, solar will be an important part of our energy mix.But what we don't need is to have the president keeping us from taking advantage of oil, coal and gas. This has not been Mr. Oil, or Mr. Gas, or Mr. Coal. Talk to the people that are working in thoseindustries. I was in coal country. People grabbed my arms and said, "Please save my job." The head of the EPA said, "You can't build a coal plant. You'll virtually - it's virtually impossible given our regulations." When the president ran for office, he said if you build a coal plant, you can goahead, but you'll go bankrupt. That's not the right course for America.Let's take advantage of the energy resources we have, as well as the energy sources for the future. And if we do that, if we do what I'm planning on doing, which is getting us energy independent, North America energy independence within eight years, you're going to see manufacturing jobs come back. Because our energy is low cost, that are already beginning to come back because of our abundant energy. I'll get America and North America energy independent. I'll do it by more drilling, more permits and licenses. We're going to bring that pipeline in from Canada. How in the world the president said no to that pipeline? I will never know.This is about bringing good jobs back for the middle class of America, and that's what I'm going to do.CROWLEY: Mr. President, let me just see if I can move you to the gist of this question, which is, are we looking at the new normal? I can tell you that tomorrow morning, a lot of people in Hempstead will wake up and fill up and they will find that the price of gas is over $4 a gallon.Is it within the purview of the government to bring those prices down, or are we looking at the new normal?OBAMA: Candy, there's no doubt that world demand's gone up, but our production is going up, and we're using oil more efficiently. And very little of what Governor Romney just said is true. We've opened up public lands. We're actually drilling more on public lands than in the previous administration and my - the previous president was an oil man.And natural gas isn't just appearing magically. We're encouraging it and working with the industry. And when I hear Governor Romney say he's a big coal guy, I mean, keep in mind, when - Governor, when you were governor of Massachusetts, you stood in front of a coal plant and pointed at itand said, "This plant kills," and took great pride in shutting it down. And now suddenly you're a big champion of coal.So what I've tried to do is be consistent. With respect to something like coal, we made the largest investment in clean coal technology, to make sure that even as we're producing more coal, we're producing it cleaner and smarter. Same thing with oil, same thing with natural gas.And the proof is our oil imports are down to the lowest levels in 20 years. Oil production is up, natural gas production is up, and, most importantly, we're also starting to build cars that are moreefficient.And that's creating jobs. That means those cars can be exported, 'cause that's the demand around the world, and it also means that it'll save money in your pocketbook.OBAMA: That's the strategy you need, an all-of-the-above strategy, and that's what we're going to do in the next four years.ROMNEY: But that's not what you've done in the last four years. That's the problem. In the last four years, you cut permits and licenses on federal land and federal waters in half.OBAMA: Not true, Governor Romney.ROMNEY: So how much did you cut (inaudible)?OBAMA: Not true.ROMNEY: How much did you cut them by, then?OBAMA: Governor, we have actually produced more oil –ROMNEY: No, no. How much did you cut licenses and permits onfederal land and federal waters?OBAMA: Governor Romney, here's what we did. There were a wholebunch of oil companies.(CROSSTALK)ROMNEY: No, no, I had a question and the question was how much did you cut them by? OBAMA: You want me to answer a question –ROMNEY: How much did you cut them by?OBAMA: I'm happy to answer the question.ROMNEY: All right. And it is –OBAMA: Here's what happened. You had a whole bunch of oil companies who had leases on public lands that they weren't using. So what we said was you can't just sit on this for 10, 20, 30 years,decide when you want to drill, when you want to produce, when it's most profitable for you. These are public lands. So if you want to drill on public lands, you use it or you lose it.ROMNEY: OK, (inaudible) –OBAMA: And so what we did was take away those leases. And we are now reletting them so that we can actually make a profit.ROMNEY: And production on private - on government land –OBAMA: Production is up.ROMNEY: - is down.OBAMA: No, it isn't.ROMNEY: Production on government land of oil is down 14 percent.OBAMA: Governor –ROMNEY: And production on gas –(CROSSTALK)OBAMA: It's just not true.ROMNEY: It's absolutely true. Look, there's no question but the people recognize that we have not produced more (inaudible) on federal lands and in federal waters. And coal, coal production is not up; coal jobs are not up.I was just at a coal facility, where some 1,200 people lost their jobs. The right course for America is to have a true all-of-the-above policy. I don't think anyone really believes that you're a person who's going to be pushing for oil and gas and coal. You'll get your chance in a moment. I'm still speaking.OBAMA: Well –ROMNEY: And the answer is I don't believe people think that's the case –OBAMA: - (inaudible).ROMNEY: That wasn't the question.OBAMA: OK.ROMNEY: That was a statement. I don't think the American people believe that. I will fight for oil, coal and natural gas. And the proof, the proof of whether a strategy is working or not is what the price is that you're paying at the pump. If you're paying less than you paid a year or two ago, why, then, the strategy is working. But you're paying more. When the president took office, the price of gasoline here in Nassau County was about $1.86 a gallon. Now, it's $4.00 a gallon. The price of electricity is up.If the president's energy policies are working, you're going to see the cost of energy come down. I will fight to create more energy in this country, to get America energy secure. And part of that is bringing in a pipeline of oil from Canada, taking advantage of the oil and coal we have here,drilling offshore in Alaska, drilling offshore in Virginia where the people want it. Those things will get us theenergy we need.CROWLEY: Mr. President, could you address, because we did finally get to gas prices here, could you address what the governor said, which is if your energy policy was working, the price of gasoline would not be $4 a gallon here. Is that true?OBAMA: Well, think about what the governor - think about what the governor just said. He said when I took office, the price of gasoline was $1.80, $1.86. Why is that? Because the economy was on the verge of collapse, because we were about to go through the worst recession since the Great Depression, as a consequence of some of the same policies that Governor Romney's now promoting.So, it's conceivable that Governor Romney could bring down gas prices because with his policies, we might be back in that same mess. What I want to do is to create an economy that is strong, and atthe same time produce energy. And with respect to this pipeline that Governor Romney keeps on talking about, we've - we've built enough pipeline to wrap around the entire earth once.So, I'm all for pipelines. I'm all for oil production. What I'm not for is us ignoring the other half of the equation. So, for example, on wind energy, when Governor Romney says "these are imaginary jobs." When you've got thousands of people right now in Iowa, right now in Colorado, who are working, creating wind power with good-paying manufacturing jobs, and the Republican senator in that – in Iowa is all for it, providing tax breaks (ph) to help this work and Governor Romney says I'm opposed. I'd get rid of it.That's not an energy strategy for the future. And we need to win that future. And I intend to win it as President of the United States.CROWLEY: I got to - I got to move you on –ROMNEY: He gets the first –CROWLEY: - and the next question –ROMNEY: He actually got –CROWLEY: - for you –ROMNEY: He actually got the first question. So I get the lastquestion - last answer –CROWLEY: (Inaudible) in the follow up, it doesn't quite work like that. But I'm going to give you a chance here. I promise you, I'm going to.And the next question is for you. So if you want to, you know, continue on - but I don't want to leave all –ROMNEY: Candy, Candy –CROWLEY: - sitting here –ROMNEY: Candy, I don't have a policy of stopping wind jobs in Iowa and that - they're not phantom jobs. They're real jobs.CROWLEY: OK.ROMNEY: I appreciate wind jobs in Iowa and across our country. I appreciate the jobs in coal and oil and gas. I'm going to make sure –CROWLEY: OK.ROMNEY: - we're taking advantage of our energy resources. We'll bring back manufacturing to America. We're going to get through a very aggressive energy policy, 31/2 million more jobs in thiscountry. It's critical to our future.OBAMA: Candy, it's not going to –CROWLEY: We're going to move you along –OBAMA: Used to being interrupted.CROWLEY: We're going to move you both along to taxes over here and all these folks that have been waiting.Governor, this question is for you. It comes from Mary Follano – Follano, sorry.ROMNEY: Hi, Mary.QUESTION: Governor Romney, you have stated that if you're elected president, you would plan to reduce the tax rates for all the tax brackets and that you would work with the Congress to eliminate some deductions in order to make up for the loss in revenue.Concerning the - these various deductions, the mortgage deductions, the charitable deductions, the child tax credit and also the - oh, what's that other credit? I forgot.OBAMA: You're doing great.QUESTION: Oh, I remember.The education credits, which are important to me, because I have children in college. What would be your position on those things, which are important to the middle class?ROMNEY: Thank you very much. And let me tell you, you're absolutely right about part of that, which is I want to bring the rates down, I want to simplify the tax code, and I want to get middle- income taxpayers to have lower taxes.And the reason I want middle-income taxpayers to have lower taxes is because middle-income taxpayers have been buried over the past four years. You've seen, as middle-income people in this country, incomes go down $4,300 a family, even as gasoline prices have gone up $2,000. Health insurance premiums, up $2,500. Food prices up. Utility prices up.The middle-income families in America have been crushed over the last four years. So I want to get some relief to middle-income families. That's part - that's part one.Now, how about deductions? 'Cause I'm going to bring rates down across the board for everybody, but I'm going to limit deductions and exemptions and credits, particularly for people at the high end, because I am not going to have people at the high end pay less than they're paying now.The top 5 percent of taxpayers will continue to pay 60 percent of the income tax the nation collects. So that'll stay the same.Middle-income people are going to get a tax break.And so, in terms of bringing down deductions, one way of doing that would be say everybody gets - I'll pick a number - $25,000 of deductions and credits, and you can decide which ones to use. Your home mortgage interest deduction, charity, child tax credit, and so forth, you can use those as part of filling that bucket, if you will, of deductions.But your rate comes down and the burden also comes down on you for one more reason, and that is every middle-income taxpayer no longer will pay any tax on interest, dividends or capital gains. No tax on your savings. That makes life a lot easier.If you're getting interest from a bank, if you're getting a statement from a mutual fund or any other kind of investment you have, you don't have to worry about filing taxes on that, because there'll be no taxes for anybody making $200,000.00 per year and less, on your interest, dividends and capital gains. Why am I lowering taxes on the middle-class? Because under the last four years, they've been buried. And I want to help people in the middle-class.And I will not - I will not under any circumstances, reduce the share that's being paid by the highest income taxpayers. And I will not, under any circumstances increase taxes on the middle-class. The president's spending, the president's borrowing will cost this nation to have to raise taxes on the American people. Not just at the high end. A recent study has shown the people in the middle-class will see $4,000.00 per year in higher taxes as a result of the spending and borrowing of this administration.I will not let that happen. I want to get us on track to a balanced budget, and I'm going to reduce the tax burden on middle income families. And what's that going to do? It's going to help those families, and it's going to create incentives to start growing jobs again in this country. CROWLEY: Thanks, Governor.OBAMA: My philosophy on taxes has been simple. And that is, I want to give middle-class families and folks who are striving to get into the middle-class some relief. Because they have been hit hardover the last decade. Over the last 15, over the last 20 years.So four years ago I stood on a stage just like this one. Actually it was a town hall, and I said I would cut taxes for middle- class families, and that's what I've done, by $3,600.00. I said I would cut taxes for small businesses, who are the drivers and engines of growth. And we've cut them 18 times. And I want to continue those tax cuts for middle-class families, and for small business.But what I've also said is, if we're serious about reducing the deficit, if this is genuinely a moral obligation to the next generation, then in addition to some tough spending cuts, we've also got to make sure that the wealthy do a little bit more.So what I've said is, your first $250,000.00 worth of income, no change. And that means 98 percent of American families, 97 percent of small businesses, they will not see a tax increase. I'm ready to sign that bill right now. The only reason it's not happening is because Governor Romney's allies in Congress have held the 98 percent hostage because they want tax breaks for the top 2 percent.But what I've also says is for above $250,000, we can go back to the tax rates we had when Bill Clinton was president. We created 23 million new jobs. That's part of what took us from deficits to surplus. It will be good for our economy and it will be good for job creation.Now, Governor Romney has a different philosophy. He was on 60 like you, making $20 million a。
2008年总统竞选第三次电视辩论稿(英文)
October 15, 2008The Third McCain-Obama Presidential DebateSENS. MCCAIN AND OBAMA PARTICIPATE IN A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES DEBA TE, HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY, HEMPSTEAD, NEW YORKSPEAKERS:U.S. SENATOR JOHN MCCAIN (AZ)REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL NOMINEEU. S. SENATOR BARACK OBAMA (IL)DEMOCRATIC PRESIDENTIAL NOMINEEBOB SCHIEFFER, MODERATOR[*] SCHIEFFER: Good evening. And welcome to the third and last presidential debate of 2008, sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates. I'm Bob Schieffer of CBS News.The rules tonight are simple. The subject is domestic policy. I will divide the next hour-and-a-half into nine-minute segments.I will ask a question at the beginning of each segment. Each candidate will then have two minutes to respond, and then we'll have a discussion.I'll encourage them to ask follow-up questions of each other. If they do not, I will.The audience behind me has promised to be quiet, except at this moment, when we welcome Barack Obama and John McCain.(APPLAUSE)Gentlemen, welcome.By now, we've heard all the talking points, so let's try to tell the people tonight some things that they -- they haven't heard. Let's get to it.Another very bad day on Wall Street, as both of you know. Both of you proposed new plans this week to address the economic crisis.Senator McCain, you proposed a $52 billion plan that includes new tax cuts on capital gains, tax breaks for seniors, write-offs for stock losses, among other things.Senator Obama, you proposed $60 billion in tax cuts for middle- income and lower-income people, more tax breaks to create jobs, new spending for public works projects to create jobs.I will ask both of you: Why is your plan better than his?Senator McCain, you go first.MCCAIN: Well, let -- let me say, Bob, thank you.And thanks to Hofstra.And, by the way, our beloved Nancy Reagan is in the hospital tonight, so our thoughts and prayers are going with you.It's good to see you again, Senator Obama.Americans are hurting right now, and they're angry. They're hurting, and they're angry. They're innocent victims of greed and excess on Wall Street and as well as Washington, D.C. And they're angry, and they have every reason to be angry.And they want this country to go in a new direction. And there are elements of my proposal thatyou just outlined which I won't repeat.But we also have to have a short-term fix, in my view, and long- term fixes.Let me just talk to you about one of the short-term fixes.The catalyst for this housing crisis was the Fannie and Freddie Mae that caused subprime lending situation that now caused the housing market in America to collapse.I am convinced that, until we reverse this continued decline in home ownership and put a floor under it, and so that people have not only the hope and belief they can stay in their homes and realize the American dream, but that value will come up.Now, we have allocated $750 billion. Let's take 300 of that billion and go in and buy those home loan mortgages and negotiate with those people in their homes, 11 million homes or more, so that they can afford to pay the mortgage, stay in their home.Now, I know the criticism of this.MCCAIN: Well, what about the citizen that stayed in their homes? That paid their mortgage payments? It doesn't help that person in their home if the next door neighbor's house is abandoned. And so we've got to reverse this. We ought to put the homeowners first. And I am disappointed that Secretary Paulson and others have not made that their first priority.SCHIEFFER: All right. Senator Obama?OBAMA: Well, first of all, I want to thank Hofstra University and the people of New York for hosting us tonight and it's wonderful to join Senator McCain again, and thank you, Bob.I think everybody understands at this point that we are experiencing the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. And the financial rescue plan that Senator McCain and I supported is an important first step. And I pushed for some core principles: making sure that taxpayer can get their money back if they're putting money up. Making sure that CEOs are not enriching themselves through this process.And I think that it's going to take some time to work itself out. But what we haven't yet seen is a rescue package for the middle class. Because the fundamentals of the economy were weak even before this latest crisis. So I've proposed four specific things that I think can help.Number one, let's focus on jobs. I want to end the tax breaks for companies that are shipping jobs overseas and provide a tax credit for every company that's creating a job right here in America. Number two, let's help families right away by providing them a tax cut -- a middle-class tax cut for people making less than $200,000, and let's allow them to access their IRA accounts without penalty if they're experiencing a crisis.Now Senator McCain and I agree with your idea that we've got to help homeowners. That's why we included in the financial package a proposal to get homeowners in a position where they can renegotiate their mortgages.I disagree with Senator McCain in how to do it, because the way Senator McCain has designed his plan, it could be a giveaway to banks if we're buying full price for mortgages that now are worth a lot less. And we don't want to waste taxpayer money. And we've got to get the financial package working much quicker than it has been working.Last point I want to make, though. We've got some long-term challenges in this economy that have to be dealt with. We've got to fix our energy policy that's giving our wealth away. We've got to fix our health care system and we've got to invest in our education system for every young person to be able to learn.SCHIEFFER: All right. Would you like to ask him a question?MCCAIN: No. I would like to mention that a couple days ago Senator Obama was out in Ohio and he had an encounter with a guy who's a plumber, his name is Joe Wurzelbacher.Joe wants to buy the business that he has been in for all of these years, worked 10, 12 hours a day. And he wanted to buy the business but he looked at your tax plan and he saw that he was going to pay much higher taxes.You were going to put him in a higher tax bracket which was going to increase his taxes, which was going to cause him not to be able to employ people, which Joe was trying to realize the American dream.Now Senator Obama talks about the very, very rich. Joe, I want to tell you, I'll not only help you buy that business that you worked your whole life for and be able -- and I'll keep your taxes low and I'll provide available and affordable health care for you and your employees.And I will not have -- I will not stand for a tax increase on small business income. Fifty percent of small business income taxes are paid by small businesses. That's 16 million jobs in America. And what you want to do to Joe the plumber and millions more like him is have their taxes increased and not be able to realize the American dream of owning their own business.SCHIEFFER: Is that what you want to do?MCCAIN: That's what Joe believes.OBAMA: He has been watching ads of Senator McCain's. Let me tell you what I'm actually going to do. I think tax policy is a major difference between Senator McCain and myself. And we both want to cut taxes, the difference is who we want to cut taxes for.Now, Senator McCain, the centerpiece of his economic proposal is to provide $200 billion in additional tax breaks to some of the wealthiest corporations in America. Exxon Mobil, and other oil companies, for example, would get an additional $4 billion in tax breaks.What I've said is I want to provide a tax cut for 95 percent of working Americans, 95 percent. If you make more -- if you make less than a quarter million dollars a year, then you will not see your income tax go up, your capital gains tax go up, your payroll tax. Not one dime. And 95 percent of working families, 95 percent of you out there, will get a tax cut. In fact, independent studies have looked at our respective plans and have concluded that I provide three times the amount of tax relief to middle-class families than Senator McCain does.OBAMA: Now, the conversation I had with Joe the plumber, what I essentially said to him was, "Five years ago, when you were in a position to buy your business, you needed a tax cut then." And what I want to do is to make sure that the plumber, the nurse, the firefighter, the teacher, the young entrepreneur who doesn't yet have money, I want to give them a tax break now. And that requires us to make some important choices.The last point I'll make about small businesses. Not only do 98 percent of small businesses make less than $250,000, but I also want to give them additional tax breaks, because they are the drivers of the economy. They produce the most jobs.MCCAIN: You know, when Senator Obama ended up his conversation with Joe the plumber -- we need to spread the wealth around. In other words, we're going to take Joe's money, give it to Senator Obama, and let him spread the wealth around.I want Joe the plumber to spread that wealth around. You told him you wanted to spread the wealth around.The whole premise behind Senator Obama's plans are class warfare, let's spread the wealth around.I want small businesses -- and by the way, the small businesses that we're talking about wouldreceive an increase in their taxes right now.Who -- why would you want to increase anybody's taxes right now? Why would you want to do that, anyone, anyone in America, when we have such a tough time, when these small business people, like Joe the plumber, are going to create jobs, unless you take that money from him and spread the wealth around.I'm not going to...OBAMA: OK. Can I...MCCAIN: We're not going to do that in my administration.OBAMA: If I can answer the question. Number one, I want to cut taxes for 95 percent of Americans. Now, it is true that my friend and supporter, Warren Buffett, for example, could afford to pay a little more in taxes in order...MCCAIN: We're talking about Joe the plumber. OBAMA: ... in order to give -- in order to give additional tax cuts to Joe the plumber before he was at the point where he could make $250,000. Then Exxon Mobil, which made $12 billion, record profits, over the last several quarters, they can afford to pay a little more so that ordinary families who are hurting out there -- they're trying to figure out how they're going to afford food, how they're going to save for their kids' college education, they need a break.So, look, nobody likes taxes. I would prefer that none of us had to pay taxes, including myself. But ultimately, we've got to pay for the core investments that make this economy strong and somebody's got to do it.MCCAIN: Nobody likes taxes. Let's not raise anybody's taxes. OK?OBAMA: Well, I don't mind paying a little more.MCCAIN: The fact is that businesses in America today are paying the second highest tax rate of anywhere in the world. Our tax rate for business in America is 35 percent. Ireland, it's 11 percent. Where are companies going to go where they can create jobs and where they can do best in business?We need to cut the business tax rate in America. We need to encourage business.Now, of all times in America, we need to cut people's taxes. We need to encourage business, create jobs, not spread the wealth around.SCHIEFFER: All right. Let's go to another topic. It's related. So if you have other things you want to say, you can get back to that.This question goes to you first, Senator Obama.We found out yesterday that this year's deficit will reach an astounding record high $455 billion. Some experts say it could go to $1 trillion next year.Both of you have said you want to reduce the deficit, but the nonpartisan Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget ran the numbers on both of your proposals and they say the cost of your proposals, even with the savings you claim can be made, each will add more than $200 billion to the deficit.Aren't you both ignoring reality? Won't some of the programs you are proposing have to be trimmed, postponed, even eliminated?Give us some specifics on what you're going to cut back.Senator Obama?OBAMA: Well, first of all, I think it's important for the American public to understand that the $750 billion rescue package, if it's structured properly, and, as president, I will make sure it'sstructured properly, means that ultimately taxpayers get their money back, and that's important to understand.But there is no doubt that we've been living beyond our means and we're going to have to make some adjustments.Now, what I've done throughout this campaign is to propose a net spending cut. I haven't made a promise about...SCHIEFFER: But you're going to have to cut some of these programs, certainly.OBAMA: Absolutely. So let me get to that. What I want to emphasize, though, is that I have been a strong proponent of pay-as- you-go. Every dollar that I've proposed, I've proposed an additional cut so that it matches.OBAMA: And some of the cuts, just to give you an example, we spend $15 billion a year on subsidies to insurance companies. It doesn't -- under the Medicare plan -- it doesn't help seniors get any better. It's not improving our health care system. It's just a giveaway.We need to eliminate a whole host of programs that don't work. And I want to go through the federal budget line by line, page by page, programs that don't work, we should cut. Programs that we need, we should make them work better.Now, what is true is that Senator McCain and I have a difference in terms of the need to invest in America and the American people. I mentioned health care earlier.If we make investments now so that people have coverage, that we are preventing diseases, that will save on Medicare and Medicaid in the future.If we invest in a serious energy policy, that will save in the amount of money we're borrowing from China to send to Saudi Arabia.If we invest now in our young people and their ability to go to college, that will allow them to drive this economy into the 21st century.But what is absolutely true is that, once we get through this economic crisis and some of the specific proposals to get us out of this slump, that we're not going to be able to go back to our profligate ways.And we're going to have to embrace a culture and an ethic of responsibility, all of us, corporations, the federal government, and individuals out there who may be living beyond their means. SCHIEFFER: Time's up.Senator?MCCAIN: Well, thank you, Bob. I just want to get back to this home ownership. During the Depression era, we had a thing called the home ownership loan corporation.And they went out and bought up these mortgages. And people were able to stay in their homes, and eventually the values of those homes went up, and they actually made money. And, by the way, this was a proposal made by Senator Clinton not too long ago.So, obviously, if we can start increasing home values, then there will be creation of wealth. SCHIEFFER: But what...MCCAIN: But -- OK. All right.SCHIEFFER: The question was, what are you going to cut?MCCAIN: Energy -- well, first -- second of all, energy independence. We have to have nuclear power. We have to stop sending $700 billion a year to countries that don't like us very much. It's wind, tide, solar, natural gas, nuclear, off-shore drilling, which Senator Obama has opposed.And the point is that we become energy independent and we will create millions of jobs --millions of jobs in America.OK, what -- what would I cut? I would have, first of all, across-the-board spending freeze, OK? Some people say that's a hatchet. That's a hatchet, and then I would get out a scalpel, OK? Because we've got -- we have presided over the largest increase -- we've got to have a new direction for this country. We have presided over the largest increase in government since the Great Society.Government spending has gone completely out of control; $10 trillion dollar debt we're giving to our kids, a half-a-trillion dollars we owe China.I know how to save billions of dollars in defense spending. I know how to eliminate programs. SCHIEFFER: Which ones?MCCAIN: I have fought against -- well, one of them would be the marketing assistance program. Another one would be a number of subsidies for ethanol.I oppose subsidies for ethanol because I thought it distorted the market and created inflation; Senator Obama supported those subsidies.I would eliminate the tariff on imported sugarcane-based ethanol from Brazil.I know how to save billions. I saved the taxpayer $6.8 billion by fighting a deal for a couple of years, as you might recall, that was a sweetheart deal between an aircraft manufacturer, DOD, and people ended up in jail.But I would fight for a line-item veto, and I would certainly veto every earmark pork-barrel bill. Senator Obama has asked for nearly $1 billion in pork-barrel earmark projects... SCHIEFFER: Time's up.MCCAIN: ... including $3 million for an overhead projector in a planetarium in his hometown. That's not the way we cut -- we'll cut out all the pork.SCHIEFFER: Time's up.OBAMA: Well, look, I think that we do have a disagreement about an across-the-board spending freeze. It sounds good. It's proposed periodically. It doesn't happen.And, in fact, an across-the-board spending freeze is a hatchet, and we do need a scalpel, because there are some programs that don't work at all. There are some programs that are underfunded. And I want to make sure that we are focused on those programs that work.Now, Senator McCain talks a lot about earmarks. That's one of the centerpieces of his campaign. Earmarks account for 0.5 percent of the total federal budget. There's no doubt that the system needs reform and there are a lot of screwy things that we end up spending money on, and they need to be eliminated. But it's not going to solve the problem.Now, the last thing I think we have to focus on is a little bit of history, just so that we understand what we're doing going forward.When President Bush came into office, we had a budget surplus and the national debt was a little over $5 trillion. It has doubled over the last eight years.OBAMA: And we are now looking at a deficit of well over half a trillion dollars.So one of the things that I think we have to recognize is pursuing the same kinds of policies that we pursued over the last eight years is not going to bring down the deficit. And, frankly, Senator McCain voted for four out of five of President Bush's budgets.We've got to take this in a new direction, that's what I propose as president.SCHIEFFER: Do either of you think you can balance the budget in four years? You have said previously you thought you could, Senator McCain.MCCAIN: Sure I do. And let me tell you...SCHIEFFER: You can still do that?MCCAIN: Yes. Senator Obama, I am not President Bush. If you wanted to run against President Bush, you should have run four years ago. I'm going to give a new direction to this economy in this country.Senator Obama talks about voting for budgets. He voted twice for a budget resolution that increases the taxes on individuals making $42,000 a year. Of course, we can take a hatchet and a scalpel to this budget. It's completely out of control.The mayor of New York, Mayor Bloomberg, just imposed an across- the-board spending freeze on New York City. They're doing it all over America because they have to. Because they have to balance their budgets. I will balance our budgets and I will get them and I will... SCHIEFFER: In four years?MCCAIN: ... reduce this -- I can -- we can do it with this kind of job creation of energy independence.Now, look, Americans are hurting tonight and they're angry and I understand that, and they want a new direction. I can bring them in that direction by eliminating spending.Senator Obama talks about the budgets I voted for. He voted for the last two budgets that had that $24 billion more in spending than the budget that the Bush administration proposed. He voted for the energy bill that was full of goodies for the oil companies that I opposed. So the fact is, let's look at our records, Senator Obama. Let's look at it as graded by the National Taxpayers Union and the Citizens Against Government Waste and the other watchdog organizations.I have fought against spending. I have fought against special interests. I have fought for reform. You have to tell me one time when you have stood up with the leaders of your party on one single major issue.SCHIEFFER: Barack.OBAMA: Well, there's a lot of stuff that was put out there, so let me try to address it. First of all, in terms of standing up to the leaders of my party, the first major bill that I voted on in the Senate was in support of tort reform, which wasn't very popular with trial lawyers, a major constituency in the Democratic Party. I support...MCCAIN: An overwhelming vote.OBAMA: I support charter schools and pay for performance for teachers. Doesn't make me popular with the teachers union. I support clean coal technology. Doesn't make me popular with environmentalists. So I've got a history of reaching across the aisle.Now with respect to a couple of things Senator McCain said, the notion that I voted for a tax increase for people making $42,000 a year has been disputed by everybody who has looked at this claim that Senator McCain keeps on making.Even FOX News disputes it, and that doesn't happen very often when it comes to accusations about me. So the fact of the matter is that if I occasionally have mistaken your policies for George Bush's policies, it's because on the core economic issues that matter to the American people, on tax policy, on energy policy, on spending priorities, you have been a vigorous supporter of President Bush.Now, you've shown independence -- commendable independence, on some key issues like torture, for example, and I give you enormous credit for that. But when it comes to economic policies, essentially what you're proposing is eight more years of the same thing. And it hasn't worked.And I think the American people understand it hasn't worked. We need to move in a new direction. SCHIEFFER: All right...MCCAIN: Let me just say, Bob.SCHIEFFER: OK. About 30 seconds.MCCAIN: OK. But it's very clear that I have disagreed with the Bush administration. I have disagreed with leaders of my own party. I've got the scars to prove it.Whether it be bringing climate change to the floor of the Senate for the first time. Whether it be opposition to spending and earmarks, whether it be the issue of torture, whether it be the conduct of the war in Iraq, which I vigorously opposed. Whether it be on fighting the pharmaceutical companies on Medicare prescription drugs, importation. Whether it be fighting for an HMO patient's bill of rights. Whether it be the establishment of the 9/11 Commission.I have a long record of reform and fighting through on the floor of the United States Senate. SCHIEFFER: All right.MCCAIN: Senator Obama, your argument for standing up to the leadership of your party isn't very convincing.SCHIEFFER: All right. We're going to move to another question and the topic is leadership in this campaign. Both of you pledged to take the high road in this campaign yet it has turned very nasty. SCHIEFFER: Senator Obama, your campaign has used words like "erratic," "out of touch," "lie," "angry," "losing his bearings" to describe Senator McCain.Senator McCain, your commercials have included words like "disrespectful," "dangerous," "dishonorable," "he lied." Your running mate said he "palled around with terrorists."Are each of you tonight willing to sit at this table and say to each other's face what your campaigns and the people in your campaigns have said about each other?And, Senator McCain, you're first.MCCAIN: Well, this has been a tough campaign. It's been a very tough campaign. And I know from my experience in many campaigns that, if Senator Obama had asked -- responded to my urgent request to sit down, and do town hall meetings, and come before the American people, we could have done at least 10 of them by now.When Senator Obama was first asked, he said, "Any place, any time," the way Barry Goldwater and Jack Kennedy agreed to do, before the intervention of the tragedy at Dallas. So I think the tone of this campaign could have been very different.And the fact is, it's gotten pretty tough. And I regret some of the negative aspects of both campaigns. But the fact is that it has taken many turns which I think are unacceptable.One of them happened just the other day, when a man I admire and respect -- I've written about him -- Congressman John Lewis, an American hero, made allegations that Sarah Palin and I were somehow associated with the worst chapter in American history, segregation, deaths of children in church bombings, George Wallace. That, to me, was so hurtful.And, Senator Obama, you didn't repudiate those remarks. Every time there's been an out-of-bounds remark made by a Republican, no matter where they are, I have repudiated them. I hope that Senator Obama will repudiate those remarks that were made by Congressman John Lewis, very unfair and totally inappropriate.So I want to tell you, we will run a truthful campaign. This is a tough campaign. And it's a matter of fact that Senator Obama has spent more money on negative ads than any political campaign in history. And I can prove it. And, Senator Obama, when he said -- and he signed a piece of paperthat said he would take public financing for his campaign if I did -- that was back when he was a long-shot candidate -- you didn't keep your word.And when you looked into the camera in a debate with Senator Clinton and said, "I will sit down and negotiate with John McCain about public financing before I make a decision," you didn't tell the American people the truth because you didn't.And that's -- that's -- that's an unfortunate part. Now we have the highest spending by Senator Obama's campaign than any time since Watergate.SCHIEFFER: Time's up. All right.OBAMA: Well, look, you know, I think that we expect presidential campaigns to be tough. I think that, if you look at the record and the impressions of the American people -- Bob, your network just did a poll, showing that two-thirds of the American people think that Senator McCain is running a negative campaign versus one-third of mine.And 100 percent, John, of your ads -- 100 percent of them have been negative.MCCAIN: It's not true.OBAMA: It absolutely is true. And, now, I think the American people are less interested in our hurt feelings during the course of the campaign than addressing the issues that matter to them so deeply.And there is nothing wrong with us having a vigorous debate like we're having tonight about health care, about energy policy, about tax policy. That's the stuff that campaigns should be made of.The notion, though, that because we're not doing town hall meetings that justifies some of the ads that have been going up, not just from your own campaign directly, John, but 527s and other organizations that make some pretty tough accusations, well, I don't mind being attacked for the next three weeks.What the American people can't afford, though, is four more years of failed economic policies. And what they deserve over the next four weeks is that we talk about what's most pressing to them: the economic crisis.Senator McCain's own campaign said publicly last week that, if we keep on talking about the economic crisis, we lose, so we need to change the subject.And I would love to see the next three weeks devoted to talking about the economy, devoted to talking about health care, devoted to talking about energy, and figuring out how the American people can send their kids to college. And that is something that I would welcome. But it requires, I think, a recognition that politics as usual, as been practiced over the last several years, is not solving the big problems here in America.MCCAIN: Well, if you'll turn on the television, as I -- I watched the Arizona Cardinals defeat the Dallas Cowboys on Sunday.OBAMA: Congratulations.MCCAIN: Every other ad -- ever other ad was an attack ad on my health care plan. And any objective observer has said it's not true. You're running ads right now that say that I oppose federal funding for stem cell research. I don't.You're running ads that misportray completely my position on immigration. So the fact is that Senator Obama is spending unprecedented -- unprecedented in the history of American politics, going back to the beginning, amounts of money in negative attack ads on me.And of course, I've been talking about the economy. Of course, I've talked to people like Joe the。
美国总统选举辩题
美国总统选举辩题
正方，美国总统选举应当采取民主选举制度。
在美国总统选举中，应当采取民主选举制度，因为这样可以确保公民的选举权
利得到充分尊重。
民主选举制度是现代社会的基本政治原则，它体现了人民的意志和选择。
正如美国第三任总统杰斐逊所说，“民主是自由的基础，只有在民主的制度下，人民才能真正享有自由。
”因此，采取民主选举制度是符合现代社会价值观的。
此外，民主选举制度也可以确保选举结果的合法性和公正性。
通过普选的方式，可以让更多的人参与到选举中来，从而使选举结果更具代表性。
正如美国第六任总统林肯所说，“民主政府是‘人民、由人民、为人民’的政府。
”只有通过民主选举，才能真正实现政府的合法性和公正性。
反方，美国总统选举应当采取选举人制度。
在美国总统选举中，应当采取选举人制度，因为这样可以更好地保护少数派的
利益。
选举人制度是为了防止多数派对少数派的压迫和剥削，它可以确保每个州的利益都得到充分尊重。
正如美国第二任总统亚当斯所说，“选举人制度是为了保护少数派的权利，防止多数派的暴政。
”。
此外，选举人制度也可以防止选举结果被操纵和篡改。
通过选举人的间接选举
方式，可以减少选举过程中的不确定性和动荡，从而确保选举结果的稳定和可靠性。
正如美国第四任总统麦迪逊所说，“选举人制度是为了确保选举结果的稳定和可靠，防止选举过程中的混乱和纷争。
”。
综上所述，选举人制度是更符合现实情况的选举方式，它可以更好地保护少数
派的利益，防止选举结果的操纵和篡改。
因此，在美国总统选举中，应当采取选举人制度。
美国历史上最具争议的总统辩论
美国历史上最具争议的总统辩论在美国的政治舞台上，总统辩论一直是选民了解候选人政策主张和领导能力的重要窗口。
然而，有些总统辩论却因其激烈的交锋、尖锐的言辞以及引发的广泛争议而被铭记在历史的长河中。
其中，1960 年尼克松与肯尼迪之间的那场辩论堪称经典。
当时，电视媒体刚刚兴起，这场辩论也成为了美国历史上首次通过电视直播的总统辩论。
尼克松在辩论前刚刚因生病而显得面容憔悴、神情疲惫，而肯尼迪则年轻英俊、充满活力。
在电视画面中，肯尼迪的形象和表现明显更具吸引力，这在一定程度上影响了选民的判断。
对于这场辩论，争议不仅在于候选人的外在形象对选举结果的潜在影响，还在于这标志着电视媒体在政治竞选过程中的影响力开始凸显。
而2016 年特朗普与希拉里的总统辩论，则充满了火药味和戏剧性。
特朗普以其直言不讳、打破常规的风格，与希拉里的传统政客形象形成了鲜明对比。
在辩论中，特朗普多次打断希拉里的发言，两人就经济政策、移民问题、外交事务等展开了激烈的交锋。
关于这场辩论的争议点众多，比如特朗普的言辞和态度是否过于激进和不尊重对手，以及希拉里在应对特朗普攻击时的策略是否有效。
在经济政策方面，特朗普主张大幅减税、减少政府监管，以刺激经济增长和创造就业机会。
他声称要让制造业回流美国，重振美国的工业实力。
而希拉里则强调通过加大对基础设施的投资、提高最低工资标准以及加强对金融行业的监管来促进经济的公平增长。
两人在经济政策上的分歧引发了广泛的讨论和争议，选民们对于哪种政策更能解决美国当时面临的经济困境各持己见。
移民问题也是这场辩论中的一个焦点。
特朗普提出要在美墨边境修建隔离墙，以阻止非法移民的涌入，并主张对移民采取严格的审查和限制措施。
他的言论引发了移民群体和人权组织的强烈反对，认为这种做法不人道且不符合美国的价值观。
希拉里则主张通过改革移民制度，为非法移民提供获得合法身份的途径，并强调移民对美国经济和社会的贡献。
这一议题的激烈辩论反映了美国社会在移民问题上的深刻分歧和对立。
美国总统大选第二场电视辩论会实录
美国总统大选第二场电视辩论会实录引言美国总统大选是全球关注的焦点，每场电视辩论会都成为选民了解并评估候选人的重要途径。
第二场电视辩论会作为决定选情的关键时刻，创造了紧张激烈的氛围。
本文将以Markdown文本格式输出美国总统大选第二场电视辩论会的实录，准确记录候选人之间的交锋和观点争论。
辩论主题本场辩论会的主题包括经济、外交政策和治理方式等关键问题。
两位候选人将在主持人的引导下，针对这些议题展开辩论。
辩论实录介绍阶段主持人：欢迎各位观众来到美国总统大选第二场电视辩论会。
我们将就经济、外交政策和治理方式等问题展开讨论。
请欢迎我们的候选人，A先生和B女士。
经济问题讨论主持人：我们首先将讨论经济问题。
A先生，您认为当前美国经济面临的最大挑战是什么？请您发表看法。
A先生：感谢主持人。
我认为当前最大的挑战是失业率过高和经济不稳定。
我们需要采取一系列措施来刺激经济增长和创造就业机会。
B女士：我不同意A先生的说法。
我认为贫富差距的扩大和无法解决中产阶级的问题才是我们面临的最大挑战。
我们需要通过改革税收政策来实现更公平的经济发展。
外交政策问题讨论主持人：让我们转向外交政策问题。
B女士，您认为美国在国际事务中的角色应该是什么样的？B女士：我认为美国应该继续发挥领导作用，致力于推动全球合作解决重大问题，如气候变化和恐怖主义。
A先生：我不同意B女士的观点。
我认为我们应该更加关注国内问题，将资源用于改善国内基础设施和提升国内就业率。
治理方式问题讨论主持人：最后我们将讨论治理方式问题。
A先生，您认为政府应该如何解决党派分歧和政治僵局？A先生：我认为我们需要更多的合作和妥协。
只有通过党派之间的合作，才能解决国家面临的重要问题。
B女士：我同意合作的重要性，但我认为我们需要采取更加果断的行动来推动改革和解决分歧。
我们不能再继续拖延了。
总结阶段主持人：谢谢A先生和B女士的观点。
在我们离开之前，请您向选民表达最后的呼吁。
A先生：我希望选民能够认真考虑候选人的观点和计划，为美国的未来做出明智的选择。
【笑话大全】美国大选段子,笑死偶们这些吃瓜群众了
【笑话大全】美国大选段子,笑死偶们这些吃瓜群众了美国大选一直是全球关注的焦点，而在这个紧张的时刻，人们也会通过各种方式来减轻压力，其中就包括逗趣的笑话。
今天我们就来分享一些关于美国大选的段子，希望能为大家带来一些欢乐和放松。
1. 希拉里和特朗普在选举辩论中展开激烈交锋，希拉里说：“特朗普，你在这场选举中表现得就像一个孩子！”特朗普回答：“那可不一定，因为如果我是孩子的话，你就得花更多的时间来照顾我。
”2. 有人问特朗普：“如果你当选总统，你会关心穷人吗？”特朗普回答：“当然会，因为他们是我最大的粉丝。
”3. 希拉里在竞选时说：“我会为所有人谋福利，让每个人都有机会成功。
”听众提问：“那么你会减少政治家的薪水吗？”希拉里笑道：“不会，但我可以让他们打电话到印度去。
”4. 有人调侃说：“特朗普当选总统后，白宫将会有大规模改建。
”原因是因为特朗普喜欢用金子装饰一切。
5. 有网友调侃说：“希拉里和特朗普的选举辩论就像是两个小时的真人秀节目，只是没有颜色人种和性别歧视的规则。
”6. 特朗普在竞选中表示要建一堵墙来隔离墨西哥，岛国委员会：我们也要建一堵墙来隔离美国，不让特朗普入境。
7. 希拉里和特朗普在选举辩论中互相攻击，有网友调侃说：“这是一场口水战吗？我看到了，不过感觉在看《韩国女团比基尼大战》。
”8. 有人问特朗普：“如果你没有当选，你会失去多少钱？”特朗普回答：“比起失去总统宝座，那点钱根本算不了什么。
”9. 希拉里在竞选中表示要为妇女争取权利，有网友调侃说：“如果希拉里当选总统，那么美国将有史以来第一位‘第一先生’。
”10. 特朗普在竞选中大肆宣传自己的商业成功，有网友调侃说：“如果特朗普当选总统，那么美国将有史以来第一位把总统府改成赌场的总统。
”以上这些笑话都是人们在美国大选期间的调侃，通过笑话我们可以看到选举的紧张气氛下人们的幽默和乐观态度。
希望这些笑话能给大家带来一些欢乐和轻松，同时也提醒大家在紧张的选举中保持乐观和幽默的心态。
2016美国总统大选电视辩论第二场副总统之间的角力对决
2016美国总统大选电视辩论第二场副总统之间的角力对决在继上一场希拉里和特朗普的2016美国总统大选第一场电视辩论9天之后，美国民主、共和两党的副总统候选人于当地时间4日晚间举行了一场火药味十足的辩论。
总统辩论委员会要求候选人在五个全国性民调中获得15%的支持率才能进入最后的电视辩论。
因此，美国自由党总统候选人加里-约翰逊以及绿党总统候选人吉尔-斯坦均无缘上场。
据民调显示，两人的支持率加起来只有16%。
辩论在弗吉尼亚州法姆维尔的朗沃德大学举行。
这是民主党副总统候选人凯恩和共和党候选人彭斯的首场，也是仅有的一场辩论。
两位副手原本应该通过辩论展现各自的能力，但整场辩论反而沦为一场“代理人战争”，两人把大部分时间花在攻击对方的竞选搭档上。
【辩论流程】副总统辩论一共分为九个部分，每个部分10分钟。
每个部分开始之前，主持人会向两位候选人发问，两位候选人分别有2分钟时间陈述观点。
剩余时间主持人会带领候选人对该问题做深入讨论。
【辩论议题】凯恩和彭斯两位候选人已经做好了充分的准备，过去几天二人都各自找人进行过多场模拟辩论。
在明天的正式辩论中，凯恩表示将继续就希拉里在上次辩论中陈述的主张进行细化，并且就特朗普表现出的政策弱点进行攻击。
彭斯称将把辩论重点放在攻击希拉里的历史丑闻上，同时也将就自己的政策观点进行陈述。
【代理人如何攻击对方主子】彭斯说：希拉里“软弱无力”，作为国务卿的时候就没能在外交政策上取得成功。
凯恩则说，如果特朗普上台，美国将面临和里根时代相似的“核武器危机”。
他引用这位已故共和党总统的话警告，核武器扩散会导致某些“傻瓜和狂人”启动“灾难性事件”。
凯恩说：“一想到唐纳德·特朗普担任总司令,我们就要被吓死了,”凯恩说,“我无法想象彭斯州长如何能够维护以侮辱他人为驱动力、自私的、唯我独尊的唐纳德·特朗普。
”【谁赢了】至于谁赢得了当晚的辩论，两党各执一词。
希拉里转发了多条认为凯恩获胜的“推特”，特朗普则发推文称，“彭斯获得大胜，应该为他感到骄傲”。
2016美国大选第二场总统候选人电视辩论文字实录
2016美国大选第二场总统候选人电视辩论文字实录第二场总统辩论：10月10日上午9：00-10：30，密苏里州的华盛顿大学主持人：ABC记者MarthaRaddatz以及CNN主播AndersonCooper。
2016年美国总统选举将于2016年11月08日星期二举行，此次是美国第58届总统选举，同时众议院全部435个席位及参议院100个议席也会进行改选以产生美国第114届国会。
选举人团将首先被选出，再由选举人团于2016年12月17日选举产生总统和副总统。
美国东部时间2016年10月9日晚间，共和党总统候选人唐纳德-特朗普和民主党总统候选人希拉里-克林顿展开第二场电视辩论。
双方就多个热点问题和政策议题进行了激烈的辩论，场面火热。
这次辩论首度纳入民众网络票选的热门议题，用“市政座谈会”（Town-Hall）形式，也就是民众提问、候选人作答。
希拉里、特朗普互相揭短，花样互黑，火药味十足。
以下为此次辩论的文字实录。
【主持人玛莎-拉达茨】晚上好，我是ABC新闻的玛莎-拉达茨【支持人安德森-库珀】我是来自CNN的安德森-库珀。
非常感谢来到这里，我们马上要开始第一个来自“市民会议”成员的问题。
你们每一个人有两分钟的时间回答这个问题。
希拉里国务卿，您先请。
【提问者】谢谢，晚上好。
请问一下您觉得您的行为是否适并为大学生作出表率?【希拉里-克林顿(以下简称希拉里)】你是一个老师吗?【提问者】是的。
【希拉里】你问的非常好，我从很多学生和老师的关切中发现我的行为表现非常关键，我们作为候选人一定要给孩子们作个表率，美国是一个了不起的国家，因为我们候选人也很优秀，我们应该要尊敬对方，同时帮助各位成功，我觉得大家都应该有理由庆祝我们的经济成功，我觉得每一个人无论青年人还是成年人，都应该为美国所奋斗，其实我是一个非常有正能量的人，我非常关注你们的一些情况，所以我的口号就是让我们一起越变越强，我们能够克服我们的一些种族的分离，达到四大目标：第一，就是经济体，能够为每个人提供资源，第二，那就是从学前到大学，整个教育体系要可支付，这些目标一旦实现了，只要美国人合力没有什么做不到，我们能够尽力的合作，我也希望大家能够把票投给我，我也希望可以获得大选最终的优势目标，因为我是美国人，我为美国人工作，我也为美国工作，不去管大家的政治理念、生活背景、宗教理念，我希望我们真正的团结起来，这是让我们能够最佳拥抱一个光明未来的唯一之道。
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美国总统选举电视辩论趣事
美国总统候选人在电视辩论时的形象、表情、言行、举止，都备受关注，甚至可以成为影响支持率的重要因素之一，一点都马虎不得。
举一反三，我们在参加辩论赛时，也需吸取尼克松和老布什的教训，莫要因小失大。
美国总统选举电视辩论趣事两则
2008年美国总统大选期间，总统候选人奥巴马和麦凯恩之间的三场电视辩论，让不少中国观众大开眼界。
其实，电视辩论在美国由来已久，逸闻趣事更是不少，本文就选取了两则，与广大读者分享。
辩论趣事一
1960年9月26日，美国举行了历史上第一次总统选举电视辩论，两位主角分别是肯尼迪和尼克松，全国有700万人收看了这场直播。
在此之前，两人的支持率旗鼓相当，但在电视辩论之后，尼克松的支持率却直线下降。
原来，电视台为了直播效果好，加强了舞台灯光;为了让候选人看起来精神抖擞，要求候选人站立辩论。
肯尼迪事先了解到这一点，预料到灯光加强，现场温度肯定升高，便在比赛时，穿了身较薄的西服。
而怕热、刚刚因脚伤住院两周的尼克松却忽视了这些信息。
比赛当天，尼克松不但拒绝化妆，甚至连胡子都没刮就走上了舞台;电视台也按照原计划，打开了所有的灯，将舞台照得恍如白昼，自然，舞台上的温度也特别高，尼克松只得在辩论中不停地拿手帕擦拭额头上的汗;并且，站了一段时间后，尼克松的刚痊愈的脚就开始隐隐作痛，表情也变得痛苦起来。
结果，电视观众们看到的尼克松连胡须也没有刮干净，形象十分邋遢;并且，脸色苍白，额头汗水清晰可见，不停地擦拭汗水的动作显得他十分紧张;甚至，表情也越来越痛苦，看起来十分疲惫。
而肯尼迪则不同，年轻英俊、仪态潇洒，整场辩论神
情自若、游刃有余。
两相对比，观众心中有了判断，辩论结束后，肯尼迪的支持率直线上升。
尼克松万万想不到，自己会败在几个他压根儿就没注意的小问题上。
一场辩论下来，他在观众心中就成了形象邋遢、上台紧张、表情疲惫的代言人，如此印象，支持率又怎能不下降呢?可这事儿怨天怨地怨不了任何人，虽然说输的有些冤枉，可谁让他自己不注意呢?
辩论趣事二
1992年，美国总统候选人电视辩论首次引入市民大会的形式，先由盖洛普民调机构抽样选出一班未决定将票投给谁的选民做现场观众，再由他们直接向候选人提出问题，而电视辩论的舞台上，也移走了传统的讲坛，改为让候选人坐在高脚椅上辩论，并且可以随意走动，增加与观众的互动。
辩论开始后，一位女士向两位候选人提问：知道不知道国债越来越多对于普通市民生活的影响?
老布什率先回答，但他的态度非常冷淡，言语间都是官话、套话，绕来绕去，较为空泛。
这位女士认为他的回答并没有解释清楚，锲而不舍地纠缠在这个问题上，对老布什咄咄相逼。
老布什却始终没有改变策略，不停将问题绕开。
轮到克林顿作答时，他则向前走了几步，来到这位女士跟前，用诚恳的语言，微笑着与她分享自己很多朋友的类似遭遇，克林顿与现场群众的互动，让现场气氛达到了高潮。
这时，老布什却做了一个动作：他悄悄地拉高了袖子，低头偷偷地看了看手表。
偏偏这个动作，被摄像机拍了下来，并向全国观众直播出去。
这场电视辩论结束后，美国一位著名记者说，打从老布什偷偷看表的这一刻开始，总统竞选战提早谢幕。
的确如此，老布什偷偷看表的小动作，让许多选民产生不满，导致其支持率大大下降，最终竞选失败。
俗话说：伸手不打笑脸人。
一边是老布什冷冰冰的态度，
一边是克林顿热呵呵的笑脸，观众当然会喜欢克林顿。
可谁想到，老布什不仅表面冷静，心里也很自在，竟在直播中偷偷看起了表，这种做法既不尊重对手，也不尊重提问的现场观众和观看电视直播的选民，支持率下降也在所难免了。
由此可见，美国总统候选人在电视辩论时的形象、表情、言行、举止，都备受关注，甚至可以成为影响支持率的重要因素之一，一点都马虎不得。
举一反三，我们在参加辩论赛时，也需吸取尼克松和老布什的教训，莫要因小失大。