翻译技巧1 词义的确定

I’m going to the doctor’s tomorrow so do you think you could cover my shift for me? 明天我要去看医生，你能替我代班吗？ Will £50 cover your expense? 50英镑够你花了吗？ Does your travel insurance cover you against the loss or theft of cash? 你的旅行保险金能补偿你的现金丢失或失窃吗？ I think more singers have covered “Yesterday” than any other song. 我想和其他他歌相比，“Yesterday”被更多的歌手翻唱 过。 We’ve got all the exits covered, so they’ve got no chance of escape. 我们封锁了所有的出口，使他们插翅难逃。
翻译技巧（1）
Transfer of the Word Meaning 词义的确定
1. Choice of word meaning. 2. Commendatory sense and derogatory sense 3. Amplification of word meaning
Choice of Wording Meanings（词义的选择）
A 虚实引申
1. 具体化引申
英语中也用代表抽象概念或属性的词表示具体事 物，译成汉语时一般作具体化引申（concretion) 。
e.g. During the meeting, the Chinese Premier met respectively with his German, British and Japanese counterparts.
他是个诚实正直的人，但却不幸有某种坏名声。我相 信他不该有这个坏名声。
C The word itself has both commendatory sense AND derogatory sense.
译者在确定词义时必须把握措辞分寸，准确地传达其情感色彩。
For example:
He is an aggressive salesman. 他是个很有进取心/干劲的销售 员。 Aggressive photographers followed the princess everywhere and flooded the media with photos of her private life.
B 术语移用
e.g. Ulysses Grant once explained his military success by writing, “The fact is I think I am a verb, instead of a personal pronoun.”
尤利西斯格兰特将军曾对自己的军事成就作了如下 评价：“事实上，我认为自己是个动词（独立而富于 行动）；而不是个人称代词（从属而被动）。”
无孔不入的摄影师们到处跟踪王妃，使得媒体上充斥着有关 她私生活的照片。
Hitler carried out an aggressive policy after he seized power.
希特勒摄取政权之后，推行了侵略政策。
Amplification of Word Meaning（词义的引申）
For example:
Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.
凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。
He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.
For instance:
He was a man of high renown. 他是位有名望的人。 His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.
他作为流氓/放荡的恶名是他死后才传开来的。
The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.
会议期间，中国总理分别会晤了德国总理、英国首 相和日本国内阁总理大臣。
2. 抽象化引申
英语中，特别是现代英语中，常用一 个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、一个 事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般将词 义加以抽象化引申（abstraction)，使译文流 畅、自然。 e.g. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character. 他的性格既凶暴又狡猾。
expectation 期待，预期 expectations 前程，成功的前景 horizon 地平线 horizons 眼界，见识 liability 责任；不利条件 liabilities 负债，债务 peanut 花生 peanuts 很少的钱 possibility 可能性 possibilities 发展前途；潜在价值 proceed 前进，着手 proceeds （货款）收益，收入 refreshment 精神爽快 refreshments茶点，点心 Sanction 批准，认可 Sanctions 国际制裁
实际上，这些书与金钱息息相关——谁得到 了它，把它藏到哪儿，一身衣服要多少钱，你能在 肉贩那儿赊多久的帐。
Find the different meaning of the single form and plural form of the following words: art 美术，艺术；技术 arts 人文科学，文科 chain 链条；连锁店 chains 枷锁，镣铐 charity 救济金；施舍物；宽大 charities 慈善机构 cord （细）绳 cords 灯心绒裤 damage 损害 damages 损害赔偿费
这座宝塔的塔顶是用深浅不同的黄色和绿色的琉璃瓦盖成 的。
2) She rejected his advances during the trip to Cannes.
在去戛纳的旅程中她拒绝了他的求爱。
Commendatory Sense or Derogatory Sense（词 义的褒贬）
A The word itself has commendatory sense or derogatory sense.
他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。 Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. 亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。
B The word itself is neutral but show commendatory or derogatory sense in certain context.
B Collocation:
Sometimes different Chinese Words should be employed to transfer the same English word in order to form proper collocation. e.g. exercise: exercise options（行使选择权）； exercise monopoly（实施垄断）； exercise judgment（作出判断）； exercise democracy（实行民主）； exercise responsibility（履行责任）； exercise influence（施加影响）
e.g. U.S. influence and prestige nosedived in Africa 美国在非洲的影响和声望急剧下降。
C 逻辑引申
e.g. Really, though, the books were about money – who has it, where to hide it, what a suit of clothing costs, how long you can keep the butcher waiting.
C Word Form:
In many cases, different word forms (such as tense, plural form, etc.) lead to great difference in word meaning. For example: 1) The roofs of this pagoda are constructed of colored glazed tiles of yellows and greens.
A Context:
The meaning and/or the word class of a polyseme can only be decided in certain context. For example:
1. cover:
They laid him on a stretcher and covered him with a blanket. 他们把他放上担架，给他盖上毯子。 The bandages were covered in blo in three hours. 三个小时我们赶了400公里路。 Do these parking restrictions cover residents as well as visitors? 这些停车限制对本地住户和外来人员同样适用吗？ The new office will cover the whole of Scotland. 新的办事处业务遍及全苏格兰。 She’s covering the American election for BBC television. 她在为英国广播公司的电视台报道美国大选。