语言学各章复习要点.docx

Chapter 11.要点a.the definition of languageb.the design features and the functions of languagec.the distinction between human language and animal communication or other artificial signsystemd・ major distinctions in linguistics2.实践1)Unlike animal communication systems, human language is _________ ・A.stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD・ stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest2)Which of the following is the most important function of language?A.interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative function D・ recreational function3)The function of the sentence "Water boils at 100 degree centigrade^ is ______ ・A.interrogativeB. directiveC. informative D・ performative4) _________ h as been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics?A. ChomskyB. Saussure C・ Bloomfield D. John LyonsChapter 21.要点a.the definition of phonetics and its three major research fieldsb・ the location, characteristics and function of the speech organsc.the definition and classifications of consonants and vowelsd.the place of articulation and manner of articulationse.cardinal vowelsf.IPAg.Broad and narrow transcription and the lip position in the pronunciation of the cardinal vowels h・ The definition of phonologyi.The comparison and contrast between phonetics and phonologyj- The definition of phone, phoneme, allophone, minimal pair and free variationk・ Theories on phoneme, phonemic contrast and complementary distribution1.Features on phonetic similarity and distinctionm. Suprasegmental features (syllables, stress, tone, etc.)2.实践1)Of the three cavities, ___ is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speechsounds・A.nasal cavityB. pharynxC. oral cavity2)All syllables contain a _______ ・A.nucleusB. codaC. onset3)A sound which capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language is a _______ ・A. allophone B・ phone C・ phoneme4) _________ i s one of the suprasegmental features.A. stopB. Voicing C・ Deletion D. tone5)Narrow transcription is the phonetic transcription with ___________ .A. diacriticsB. distinctive features C・ voicing D. articulation6)Velar refers to ________ ・A. larynx B・ soft palate C・ voicing D・ articulation7)Which of the following consonants does not exist in English?A. dental stopB. bilabial stop C・ alveolar stop D・ velar stop8._______ is not a distinctive feature in English phonology・A. NasalityB. VoicingC. AspirationD. Rounding9.______ is not an English consonant.A. labio-dental plosive b・ alveolar nasal C・ velar stop D. dental fricative10.The choice of an allophone in a given phonetic context is ________ ・A. random B・ predictable C・ variable D. independent11 ・ Voicing of explosives is a distinctive feature in _______ •A. ChineseB. EnglishC・ both Chinese and English D. neither Chinese and EnglishChapter 31 -要点a.the definitions of the basic concepts in this chapter： word, morpheme, morphology, free morpheme, bound morpheme, inflectional affix and derivational affix,b.inflection and word formation,3.实践1)Compound words consist of _______ morphemes.A. boundB. freeC. both bound and free2)Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are __________ ・A. grammatical words B・ Lexical words C. neither grammatical nor lexical words3)"Radar” is a/an _______ .A. acronymB. blendingC. coinage D・ clipping4)The words "take ” and “table ” are called ______ b ecause they can occur unattached.A. form words B・ bound morphemes C・ free morphemes D. inflectional morphemes5)A __________ is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword.A. BlendingB. Acronym C・ Abbreviation D. invention6)A ___ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added・A. stemB. root C・ allomorph D. Lexeme7) _____ is a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaningis fully borrowed・A. loanshiftB. Loan translation C・ loanword D. loanblend8) _______ is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as masculine/feminine/neuter, animate/inanimate, etc.9)the relation between words “rose” and “floweris that of __________ .A. synonymyB. antonymyC. homonymyD. hyponymyChapter 41要占* •-八八a.the important concepts in this chapter: syntax, endocentric and exocentric construction, the deep structure and surface structure, immediate constituent analysis, concord, government, category,Chapter 51.要点a.the definition of semantics,b.theory of semantic triangle，c.different kinds of meaning,cl. sense relationsponential analysisf.sente nee meaning2.实践1)The sense relationship between "John plays violin" and “John plays a musical instrument^ isA. hyponymy B・ antonymy C・ entailment2)"Semantics is the scientific study of meaning^ is a ___ ・A. synonymyB. polysemy C・ antonymy D. tautology.3)Conceptual meaning is _______ ・A. denotative B・ connotative C. associative D. affective4)When the word “rooL means "part of plat that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soif\ the meaning is_________ m eaning.A. connotativeB. conceptual C・ reflected5)"Wide/narrow "is an example of ___________ ・A. gradable opposite B・ relational opposites C. conversenesss D・ complementarity Chapter 61.要点a.speech act theoryb.principle of conversationc.Cooperative Principled.characteristics of implicaturee.context2.实践1)An illocutionary act is identical with ________A.sentence meaningB. the speaker's meaningC. language understandingD. the speaker's competence2)The Indirect Speech Act was developed by ______ .A・ John Austin B. Levinson C. John Lyons D・ John Searle3) ______ is a branch of linguistics which is the study of meaning in the context use.A.Morphology B・ Syntax C・ Pragmatics D. Semantics4.Tautologies like boys are boys are extreme examples in which maxim of ____ is violated.A.qualityB. quantity C・ releva nee D・ ma nne「Chapter 71.要点a. morphological change and syntactic changeb・ vocabulary changec.addition of new wordsd.changes in the meaning of words2.实践1)Chapter 81.要点a. speech community and speech varietyb varieties of language： regional dialect, sociolect, idiolect ethnic dialect, register, standard dialect, pidgin and creole,c. bilingualism and diglossia2.实践1)In the present day, the stability of _ seems to be decreasing.A. social-class dialectB. idiolect C・ taboo D・ regional dialectChapter 9I.要点a.the relationship between language and cultureb.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis1 ・ Which of the following statements about language is Not true?nguage is a system.nguage is symbolic・C・ Animals also have language.D. Language is arbitrary・2・ What is the most important function of language?A.Interpersonal.B. Phaticrmative D. Meatlingual.3・ The distinction between competence and performance is proposed byA. SaussureB. HallidayC.ChomskyD. The Prague School4.Which of the following phonetic description matches the English consonant {p}A. a voiceless bilabial stopB・ a voiced bilabial stopC.a voiceless dental stopD.a voiceless dental fricative5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?A. voicingB. nasal C・ approximation D. aspiration6.If two similar sound segments never occur in the same phonetic environment, then they areA.two separate phonemesB.two allophones of phonemesC・ two free variation of a phonemeD.a minimal pair7.Where is the primary stress of the word phonology?A. phoB. no.C. ioD. gy8.If there is an English adjective “pornitial二 _____ is the most possible for negative form・A. ip・B. im-C. ilD.in-9.An ___ language is a language in which concepts that we express using proposition, possessive adjectives, and so on are expressed as morphs concatenanted in the same words as the relevant base・A. in fleetingB. agglutinatio n C・ isolating D. analytical10.Which of the following words is created through the process of acronym^A. adB. editC. AIDSD. BoboII.The word "lab" is formed throughA. back formation B・ blending C. clipping D. derivation12.If we are to use the technique of IC Analysis to analyze the sentence She broke the windowwith a stone yesterday, where is the first cut?A.between stone and yesterdayB・ between she and brokeC.between broke and the windowD.between window and with13.Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?A.gender.B. number C・ case D. voice14.Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is toA.study real "facts，，in daily settingsB.tell people how to speak appropriatelyC.look for 'the universal grammar?D.tell people what is right in language use15.A word with several meanings is called __ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormal D・ a mutilple16.Among Leech's seven types of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word andthe thing it refers toA. conceptualB. affective C・ reflected D. thematic17.___ is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of the meaning ofeach constituent word・A. CollocationB. IdiomC. Semantic component D・ Synonym18.___________ There are deixis in the sentence She has sold it here yesterday.A. 3B.4C. 5D. 619.___ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A・“Could you open the window?”B.“I hereby declare M匚William elected.^C."Good morning!MD・"I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow.^20.The maxim of ___ requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation.A. Quantity B・ quality C. manners D relation21 ・ A scientific study of language studies is conducted with references to some ___ of languagestructure ・A. dataB. general theoryC. facts D・ hypotheses22.studies the historical development of language over a period of time, it is a historical study.A・ synchronic B. descriptive C・ prescriptive D. diachronic23.The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction betweenA. prescriptive and descriptiveB・ synchronic and diachronicC・ speech and writingngue and parole24.Children can speak before they can read or write shows thatA. language is basically vocalB・ language is arbitraiyC. language is used for communicationD. language is productive25.A minimal pair can be illustrated byA.sip/sheepB. bread/breastC. same/shameD. breath/breathe26 Diphthongs are characterized by ___ •A. glidingB. voicing C・ aspiration D・ stress27. The phonetic symbol for "voiced, labiodental, fricative^ isA.[v]B. [d]C.[f]D.[m]28・'Look' is a monomorphemic word which conveys __ meaning.A. morphologicalB. morphemicC. lexicalD. grammatical29.__ morphemes are those than cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free of bound, to form a word・A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix30.There are rules that govern which affix can be added to that type of __ to form a new word・A. rootB. affixC. stemD. word31 ・ _ are closed categories because no new words are allowed fo匚A. syntactic categoriesB.Major lexical categoriesC. minor lexical categories D・ phrasal categories32.“She gave the book to John.：' can be changed to "to whom did she give the book?" This involves ___ .A. NP一movement.B. WH-movementC・ AUX-movement D. Post-verb adjective movement33.The meaning of a language form is as the "situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer^ is proposed byA. PlatoB. FirthC. ChomskyD. Bloomfield34.Sound (adj.) and sound (n.) are identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. They are ___ .A. homophones B ・ homographsC. hyponymsD. complete homonyms35.A word with several meaning is a ____ ・A. synonymyB. polysemic wordC. co-hyponym. D・ complete homonym36.__ of a sentence depends on the context in which the sentence is uttered.A. sentence-meaningB. utterance-meaningC.the referenceD. the meaning37・"What a marvelous dinner you cooked广What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe?A. Modesty maxim B・ sympathy maximC・ approbation maxim D. tact maxim38.Morphological changes involves?A. The lossB. additionC・ alteration of morphological rulesD.all of above39.Proximately the number of pidgin speakers in the world isA.about 6 millionB.about 12 millionC・ somewhere between 6 and 12 millionD. unknown40.In Early modern English ___ was the second person pronoun used by social superiors to inferiors ・1-5 cccad 6-10 bbbbc 11-15 cbdca 16-20 abbad 21-25 bddac 26-30 aacbc 31bcddb 36-40 bcdbb・ politeness principlesThe CP itself cannot explain why people are often to indirect in conveying what they really mean and why the conversational maxims are frequently infringed in social contexts・ If these questions are considered in a broader, socially and psychologically oriented approach of pragmatics, they may be answered by the Politeness Principle (PP). Politeness can be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person^ public self-image.1.Tact maxim策略原则(尽量减少他人损失、尽量使别人获益)2.Generosity maxim 慷慨原则3.Approbation maxim 赞颂原则4.Modesty maxim 谦虚原则5.Agreement maxim 附和原则6.Sympathy maxim 同情原则1) A. May I invite you to dinner this evening?B・ Sorry. I have an appointment.2)A. How's bill's term paper?B・ The handwriting is beautiful.3)A. Bill has taken your parking place again.B.Well, I like that.3.deitic words: are related to the orientation or position of events of entities in the real world. They may be personal, such as you, me, or spatial such as this, that, here, there, or temporal such as mow, then, elc.example:speaker: The professor has got a car.英语语言学常识练习1・ What is true of linguist?A.He needs to be able to speak a large number of languages.B.He must have a wide experience of different types of languages・C・ He takes great interest in analyzing and attempting to explain various linguisticphenomen on.D. His task is basically to study and understand the general principles upon all languages arebuilt.2・ Which of the following is Not true of linguistics?A.It does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.B.It is descriptive, not prescriptive.C.It regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.D.It stresses the importance of strict grammatical rules.3・ Study of grammar and its development over different historical periods is ________ ・A.applied linguisticsB.synchronic linguisticsC.diachronic linguisticsD.sociolinguistics4.Human language is distinguished from animal communication due to the following definingfeatures except________ .A. creativityB. arbitrarinessC.cultural transmissionD. fluency5.The _________ o f a language is the system and pattern of the speech sounds used in thatparticular language・A. phonologyB. phoneticsC.morphologyD. semantics6・ Which of the following is not a dental?7.Which of the following is not a plosive?& _______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed ・A. phonologyB. morphologyC・ semantics D. pragmatics9・ The word reliability consists of _______ morphemes.A. 2B. 3C.4D.510. Which of the following words is not a compound?A. management B・ loudspeakerC.baby-sitD. warm-hearted11 ・is the study of how sentences are structured of in others words, it tries to state what wordscan be combined with others to form sentences and in what orde匚A. syntaxB. phonologyC. semanticsD. grammar12. Simply stated, _______ is the study of meaning in language・A. syntax B・ semanticsC. morphology D・ phonology13・ According to the semiotic triangle of Ogden and Richards, the referent refers to ________ .A.the linguistic element, that is the word, sentence, etc.B.the object, etc. in the world of experienceC.conceptD・ name of the object.14.Which of the following pairs are collocationally-restricted synonyms?A.brotherly fraternalB.man chapC.addled eggs rancid baconD.statesman politician15.The word site is the _______ of sight.A. homophoneB. homographC・ hyponym D. antonym16.Which of following is the hyponym of the word flower?A. plantB. treeC. roseD. petal17.The words male and female are _________ ・A. homographsB. hyponymsC. synonymsD. antonyms1& _______ is the study of how speakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communications.A. pragmatics B・ syntaxC. semanticsD. morphology19.According to John Austin's speech act theory, a speaker, while making an utteranee, is in mostcases performing simultaneously the following acts except __________ .A.A locutionary actB.an illocutionary actC.a per locutionary actD.a pre locutionary act20.Based on Gricel Cooperative Principle in making conversation, “Do not say what you believeto be false." Is a requirement of the maxim of _________ .A. quantityB. qualityC. relation D・ manner21.Which of the following words is a blend?A. gymB. smogC. radarD. edit22.The word cattle in Middle English means property, livestock9, but now the word generally refers to any of such mammals as cows, steers, bulls, and oxen. This is an example of ■A.meaning shift.B.widening of meaningC.narrowing of meaningD.loss of mecining23.Which of the following statements is correct?ngue refers to the language system itself.B.Parole is the realization of the language system in speechC- sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves^ while reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements and the non-linguistic world of experience・D.All of above.答案l・5adcda 6-10 dcbba 11-15 abbca 16-20 cdadb 21-23bcdBlank Filling1Linguistics is the scientific study of __ ・2To many people, a linguist is the same as a __ , one who can speak several Languages fluently. 3In professional usage, the ____ is a scholar who studies Language objectively, observing it scientifically, recording the facts of Language, and generalizing from them.4__ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech; ____ phonetics studies the way the sounds of speech are perceived by the human ear.5__ deals with how Language is acquired, understood and produced・6__ studies the neurological basis of Language development and use in human beings.7__ is concerned with the diversity of Language as it relates to various sociological factors•8__ is concerned with variation and use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.9The ancient theories of the origin of Language were of ___ origin・10The Egyptians considered themselves to have the oldest civilization and asserted that the original human Language was ___ ・1T he theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ___ theory.2The theory that primitive man instinctively gave vocal expression to every external impression has been called the __ theory.3A commonly held view among the classic Greeks was that at some ancient time there was a “__ “ who gave the correct, natural name to everything.4The theory that Language arose from instinctive emotional cries, expressive of pain or joy has been called the ___ theory.5The theory that primitive Language was an imitation of natural sound, such as animal cries, has been called the theory.6The theory that Language arose from human beings‘ instinctive need for contact with his companion has been called the __ theoiy・7Writing is a secondary Language form based upon ___ , and Morse code is tertiary, based upon8The reason why Languages other than our own sound like gibberish is because we have not mastered the complexity of their ___ .9The symbols are said to be cirbitrary because they do not _ what they represent・10Language is called upon not only for communication, but also for __ a nd cultural ____ ・1Language is an __ system of articulated sounds made use of by a group of humans as a means of carrying on the affairs of their society.2Language is a purely human and ___ method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a __ of voluntarily produced symbols.3Language is a system of arbitrary __ symbols which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the ___ of that culture, to communicate or interact・4The earliest grammar of any Language was ___grammar by the Hindu scholar Panini.5Plato proceeded first to divide the sentence into two parts: __ and ___ .6The Greek approach to Language was taken over by the ____ and applied with little change to their Language ___ ・7The first major new development in linguistics until the 13th century was __ g ram mar.8The 15th and 16th centuries were marked by the ____ of views of Language and an increased awareness of the __ among Languages・9In the 17th century the Port royal Grammarians stressed the __ of thought.10The beginning of modern linguistics was from the late 18th and early 19th century when the method was developed and established・1Chomsky's theory of generative grammar revolutionized work in linguistics in 1957, with the publication of his book __ ・2Saussure\ exposition of ____ analysis led to the school of ______ linguistics which developed around the work of Leonard Bloomfield in America.3A Language is responsive to the _ forces that shape history・4The Language of Britain was _ when the Romans invaded the land in 55 and 54 BC.5The Celtic Language was influenced by __ during the roman occupation after AD 44.6The three Teutonic groups established in England by the successive invasions after AD 450 were:__ • __ and ・7As a result of the Norman Conquest of 1066, vast quantities of _____ w ords were added to theEnglish vocabulary・8The most memorable writing in the Middle English period was __ b y Geoffrey Chaucer.9.As Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language established a uniform standard for ___ a nd word use, so Bishop Lowth's and other grammaria ns' works standardized English ___ .10Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce a pattern of ________ . These movements have an effect on the __ coming from the lungs.11When sounds are produced, the air-stream sent out from the lungs passes through the _______ contained in the larynx.12If the glottis is wide open, the air passes freely through the cords, but if it is narrowed, the presence of the air causes the cords to vibrate, producing __ sounds.13A sound which is made with the glottis wide open is called a __ sound.14Consonant sounds can be either __ or ___ 、while all vowel sounds are _ ・The shape of the ___ and ____ c avities can be changed, and each change produces a different sound.1The differences between the vowel in the word tea and the vowel in the word two is that the first is made with the lips __ and the front of the tongue humped, and the second is made with the lips ___ a nd the back of the tongue humped・2In the case of vowel sounds, the pharynx and the mouth cavities are changed by the shape and position of the __ and the ___ .3The sounds t, d, p, and b are made when the ____ in the mouth is suddenly opened and the air allowed to escape in a little puff or explosion.4Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __ •5The sounds f and v are the result of air escaping under friction between the lower ___ a nd upper •6All English sounds except me, n, and ny are made with the soft palate __ ・7When the ___ i s raised, the air cannot escape through the nose and the sounds ma, n, and ng cannot be made.8__ sounds are produced by a radical constriction at some point in the vocal tract.9__ sounds are produced by lowering the velum.1() _ sounds are produced by vibrating the vocal cords・11__ s ounds are produced by increasing the muscular effort in the lower jaw・12 _ sounds are produced b y maintaining the airflow in the vocal cavity (but not in the nasal cavity).1The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __ and the lips.2__ sounds are produced by retracting the body of the tongue from the neutral position.3Vowels can be described by referring to the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. If the front of the tongue is at the highest point near the hard palate, a vowel is produced. If the back of the tongue is at the highest point near the soft palate, a vowel is produced・4Vowels produced between the positions for a front vowel and a back vowel are called _______ vowel.5One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A seco nd eleme nt is the _to which that part of the tongue is raised ・6If the tongue is raised as high as possible in the mouth, without causing friction, the vowel which results is a ___ v owel.7If the tongue is placed as low as possible in the mouth, the vowel which results is an __ vowel. 8The position of the lips also has an effect on vowel quality. If the lips are drawn together so that the opening between them is round, we have a ____ vowel. If the lips are not drawn together, the vowel is ___ ・9If, in making a vowel sound, the organs of speech remain in one position without moving to another, the result is a ___ vowel. If the organs of speech start in the position for one vowel and then immedSiately glide to the position of another, the result is a __ .10A single impulse of breath from the lungs accompanied by voicing is known as a __ .11Diphthongs are represented by two symbols in phonetic transcription, the first shows the position of the organs of speech at the ____ o f the glide, and the second shows their approximate position at the __ of the glide.1If the tongue produces a diphthong by moving from a more open position to a more closed position in the mouth, the diphthong is known as __ diphthong・2If the movement of the tongue in making a closing diphthong is small, the diphthong which results is called a ___ d iphthong・3In the case of closing diphthongs the ____ l etter indicates the point towards which the glide is made・ The point towards which the glide is made is ___ necessarily reached・ Such diphthongs sound quite __ if the organs of speech perform only part of the maximum permissible movement. 4The diphthongs made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as _______ diphthongs.5Consonants are characterized in pi onunciation by __ of the air-stream in the vocal tract.6Labial refers to the use of the __ i n the process of articulating a sound・7Alveolar refers to the __ behind the top teeth.8Palatals are sounds articulated by the __ o f the tongue against the ___ palate・9Velars are sounds articulated by the _ of the tongue against the ___ p alate・10A nasal is produced by the release of air through the __ ・11A stop with a fricative release is called __ .12A ___ i s formed by an obstacle placed in the middle of the mouth, the air being free to escape at one or both sides.1Language may be defined as systematized sequences of vocal _____ t hat carry meaning to all members of a given cultural group.2Those who are interested in all possible variations of sound are called _ .3A sound produced in the larynx by closing off the air-stream in the glottis is called __ .4Those who are interested primarily in distinctive sounds are called __ •5A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __ ・6The sounds k and g are in distinctive opposition in English and they are themselves distinctive。