语言学 Language and culture

Ethnography of communication: 1.Speech community 2.Situation, event and act 3.Mnemonic speaking components
S=Situation P=Participants E=Ends A=Acts sequence K=Key I=Instrumentalities N=Norms G=Genres
2 important points
Linguistic Determinism（语言决定论）: Language may determine our thinking patterns.
Linguistic Relativity（语言相对论）: Similarity between languages is relative.
1. different world outlook:
lucky dog 幸运儿
vs 汉语：狗腿子lackey
2.different environment: to drink like a fish 牛饮 vs 汉语 巧 妇难为无米之炊 Without rice, even the cleverest housewife cannot cook.
Muldergate watergate
Koreagate
Objectives to teach culture in language class
1 2 To help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will 3 To emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices
To get the students familiar with cultural differences
language and culture correlate with each other at different levels of linguistic structure.
More about the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Linguistic determinism:
Language will mould our view of the world. (original hypothesis)
The strong version:
P150
The weak version:
A.the creativity and diversity of linguistic idiosyncrasy
two points
B. Who speak (or writes) what language (or language variety) to whom and when and to what end
Benjamin Lee Whorf 本杰明· 李沃尔夫
(Massachusetts April 24, 1897– July 26, 1941) American linguist known for his ideas about linguistic relativity, thehypothesis that language influences thought.
Two points
Verbal and non-verbal action of the participants
A. the participants, persons, personalities
Three B. the relevant objects summaries C. the effects of the verbal action
Eugene Nida尤金· 奈达
(November 11, 1914 – August 25, 2011) a linguist who developed the dynamic-equivalence Bibletranslatio theory.
Cross-Cultural Communication 跨文化交际
承认，部落在2的凯克特斯姆维(Kykotsmovi)设立了总部
.
Supporting Evidence
Evidence 1: Hopi “timeless language” Hopi has no word for “speed” “fast”. “He runs fast.” =“He very runs.”
3. different customs:
big potato 大人物 vs 汉语：丢了 饭碗（失业） big potato?
debategate
Billygate
gate
language
cattlegate
culture
ricegate
British watergate French watergate
red
green yellow
blue
brown
purple pink orange gray
modla vs mili white vs black
whitewarmness vs blackcoldness
7.1.3 Case Studies
The interplay of language and culture may range from textual structure to phonological variation.
5 types of sub-culture（亚文化）:
• • • • • Ecological culture Linguistic culture Religious culture Material culture Social culture 生态文化 语言文化 宗教文化 物质文化 社会文化
Franz Boas, Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf
In Trobriand An outsider from Islands a different off eastern cultural New background Guinea
WOOD
WOOD
CANOE
Hopi
Hopi: 霍皮语
史前阿纳萨齐人的有史时期后裔。住在亚利桑那东北和新墨西哥西北 的若干地点，密集定居，名为「普韦布洛」(西班牙语意为「村」或 「镇」)。
Hopi:霍皮人（族）
霍皮族是联邦政府认可的一个美洲原著名部落，主要生活在亚利桑那 州东北部的霍皮族保留地中。今天霍皮部落自治地位已得到联邦政府
A Controversial Theory
Sapir-Whorf Hypotheses （沙霍假说） : Our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speakers' unique ways of understanding the world.
But exhaustive research since Whorf have shown that the Hopi recognize past, present and future, understand temporal units (days, weeks, mouths, etc), and are about as obsessed with time as we are.
American
BOOT
British and Australian
BOOT
Firth ——John Rupert Firth
London School
London School of linguistics
Firth’s theory Context of Situation
three summaries
Language is an indispensable carrier of culture Culture finds a better representation through language use.
the development of relationship between language and culture
The phonological differences or dialectal accents reveal more than geographic origins of speakers.
RP
Vs
GA
educated educated and extrovert
Idioms and metaphorical uses:
18 century comparative and historical or structural and formalized
20century ANTHROPOLOGICAL ORIENTATION
ENGLANG North America
Bronislaw Malinwski and John P. Firth
7.1 Language and culture
组员： 方畏 曾峥 代棵情 龙莹 阳秋霞 李倩 张雅楠 王思懿 钟昱 20110511944 20110511945 20110511946 20110511947 20110511948 20110511949 20110511950 20110511951 20110511952
Dani:达尼人（食人部落）
印尼巴布亚省的瓦美那（Wamena），在附近的巴里 姆山谷有几个食人部落，达尼人（Dani）是其中之一。
Evidence 源自文库: Dani
Evolutionary Stages of Basic Color Words
Stage: Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅵ
White Black