【威学教育王鑫整理出品】托福TPO7-2阅读文本
【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO24-3阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO 全集之TPO24-3TPO 24TPO24-3 Moving into Pueblos1. The word traumatic meaning to A Essential B highly stressful C highly unusual D unwise2. The word intense in the passage is closest in meaning to A strongB questionableC obviousD deliberate3. According to paragraph 1, before the thirteenth century the people of southwestern North America lived in households that A shared daily chores with neighboring households B occupied dwellings that were built into the sides of cliffsC were largely free to conduct their lives as they pleasedD enforced mon standards of behavior and cooperative conduct within their munitiesIn the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest, living patterns changed in the thirteenth century, with large numbers of people moving into large munal dwellings called pueblos, often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs. Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if not hundreds of other people wasprobably traumatic. Few of the cultural traditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomedto household autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almost at will. And besides the awkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated pueblos introduced other problems. For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food to their homes was a major chore. The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, was particularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic.4. Which of the following best indicates the organization of paragraph 1?A It presents the conditions that caused a change in a population' s living patterns and then explains why those conditions got worse.B It identifies certain present-day cultural traditions and rules and then traces them to their roots in the thirteenth century.C It casts doubt on one explanation of the move to pueblos and then introduces an alternative explanation that the passage will defend.D It describes a major change in a population's living patterns and then presents a number of problems that resulted from that change.5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following Given all the disadvantages of living in aggregated was one of the consequences of increasing population towns, why did people in the thirteenth century move densities?A People were increasingly crowded into into these closely packed quarters? For transitions of collections of large housing units. such suddenness, archaeologists consider either pullB People stopped planting crops that have relatively factors (benefits that drew families together) or push low yields. factors (some external threat or crisis that forcedC Domestic buildings were pushed beyond the canyonpeople to aggregate). In this case, push explanationslimits. dominate.D The natural landscape was destroyed.6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the♦Population growth is considered a particularlyessential information in the highlighted sentence ininfluential push. After several generations ofthe passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning inpopulation growth, people packed the landscape inimportant ways or leave out essential information.densities so high that munal pueblos may haveA Some scholars even claim that the intensification ofbeen a necessary oute. Around Sand Canyon, forfarmers' various efforts during the 1200s led to furtherexample, populations grew from 5 -12 people perpopulation growth and the consequent need for more arable land.square kilometer in the tenth century to as many as 30 -50 by the 1200s. As densities increased, domesticB Evidence of intensifying agriculture in the 1200sarchitecture became larger, culminating in crowdedindicates a need to feed a larger population and so pueblos. Some scholars expand on this idea byextends the argument that a growing population wasemphasizing a corresponding need for arable land tothe cause of the move to pueblos.feed growing numbers of people: construction oiC During the 1200s, farmers met the demand for moresmall dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field housesarable land, but they also succeeded in cultivatingindicates that farmers were intensifying their effortsexisting land more intensively with the help ofduring the 1200s. petition for good farmland mayagricultural construction projects.also have prompted people to bond together to assertD Some scholars feel strongly that the construction ofrights over the best fields.small dams, reservoirs, terraces, and field houses in the thirteenth century is independent evidence for growth in the number of people.7. The word transition in the passage is closest in meaning toA changeB climateC declineD problem8. Why does the author state that "Growing food at these elevations is always difficult because of the short growing season"?A To explain why the higher elevations were always relatively sparsely populatedB To suggest that any worsening of conditions would have significant consequencesC To emphasize how resourceful the people growing food at these elevations wereD To argue that farming was not the primary source of food at high elevationsAnother important push was the onset of the Little Ice Age, a climatic phenomenon that led to cooler temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. Although the height of the Little Ice Age was still around the corner, some evidence suggests that temperatures were falling during the thirteenth century. The environmental changes associated withthis transition are not fully understood, but people living closest to the San Juan Mountains, to the northeast of Mesa Verde, were affected first. Growing food at these elevations is always difficult because of the short growing season. As the Little Ice Age progressed, farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations, infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushing people together, thus contributing to the aggregations. Archaeologists identify a corresponding shift in populations toward the south and west toward Mesa Verde and away from higher elevations.9. the Little Ice發According to paragraph 4, what did farmers do in response to falling temperatures during t卜 Age?A Moved to areas away from Mesa VerdeB Moved closer to the northeastern part of Mesa VerdeC Began to cultivate crops adapted to a short growing seasonD Gave up the cultivation of the highest-lying lands10. According to paragraph 5, major ceremonial events we「e occasions forA leaders to persuade people from the countryside to move into a puebloB farmers to collect information about where crops could be reliably grownC people to develop better techniques for producing pottery and craftsD people in the early Puebloan era to share farm and craft products11. According to paragraph 5, which of the following was a reason people in the Mesa Verde area formed munal villages in the thirteenth century?A The climate in the Mesa Verde area became more locally diverse.B Individuals were no longer interested in exchanging pottery and food.C Cooperation between people became more important for survival.D Bad years of farming began to occur more frequently.12. Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements about cooperation among the people in the Mesa Verde area from the eleventh through the thirteenth century? A Cooperation allowed many households to give up farming and to specialize in making pottery and crafts.B People went from exchanging food and crafts they individually produced to sharing in a cooperative effort to produce as much food as possible.C Overtime there was less cooperation as farmers peted with each other for trade with distant areas.D Individuals stopped cooperating with each other because they did not have enough food for themselves.In the face of all these pushes, people in the Mesa Verde area had yet another reason to move into munal villages: the need for greater cooperation.Sharing and cooperation were almost certainly part of early Puebloan life, even for people living in largely independent single-household residences scattered across the landscape. Archaeologists find that even the most isolated residences during the eleventh and twelfth centuries obtained some pottery, and probably food, from some distance away, while major ceremonial events were opportunities for sharing food and crafts. Scholars believe that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy environment in which precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape: if you produce a lot of food one year, you might trade it for pottery made by a distant ally who is having difficulty with crops—and the next year, the flow of goods might go in the opposite direction. But all of this appears to have changed thirteenth century. Although the climate remained as unpredictable as ever between one year and the next, it became much less locally diverse. In a bad year for farming, everyone was equally affected. No longer was it helpful to share widely. Instead, the most sensible thing would be for neighbors to bine efforts to produce as much food as possible, and thus aggregated towns were a sensible arrangement.In the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest, living patterns changed in the thirteenth century, with large numbers of people moving into large munal dwellings called pueblos, often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs. Abandoning small extended-family households to move into these large pueblos with dozens if not hundreds of other people was probably traumatic. Few of the culturaltraditions and rules that today allow us to deal with dense populations existed for these people accustomed tohousehold autonomy and the ability to move around the landscape almostat will. | And besides theawkwardness of having to share walls with neighbors, living in aggregated1 pueblos introduced otherproblems. | For people in cliff dwellings, hauling water, wood, and food totheir homes was a majorchore. | The stress on local resources, especially in the firewood needed for daily cooking and warmth, wasparticularly intense, and conditions in aggregated pueblos were not very hygienic. |13. Look at the four squares [| ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Performing everyday household tasks required more effort.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points. In the thirteenth century, the people in the Mesa Verde area went from living in scattered independent households to living in large pueblos. A. Because the thirteenth-century inhabitants of the Mesa Verde area did not have the cultural expectations of today's city dwellers, they easily adapted to munal life.A. Even though living in pueblos had disadvantages, the population of the area had grown so large that there may have been no other arrangement that would have met its needs.B. From the eleventh century onward, farmers began to increase food production on existing farmland and started bringing more land under cultivation.C. A development that contributed to increasing population densities was a cooling climate that led many people to leave the coldest areas and crowd into climatically more favorable areas.D. The primary reason for moving to pueblos was the social benefits associated with munal life.E. People were brought together by the need to produce food cooperatively, as the use of food surpluses in one place to relieve shortages in another ended due to a change in climate.。
【威学教育王鑫整理出品】托福TPO8-3阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO 8-3阅读文本TPO 8TPO8-3 Running Water on Mars1. The word “merge” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. expandB. separateC. straighten outD. combine2. What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars?A. The atmosphere of Mars was once thinner than it is today.B. Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars.C. The river systems of Mars were once more extensive than Earth's.D. The rivers of Mars began to dry up about 4 billion years ago.3. The word “relics” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. remainsB. sitesC. requirementsD. sources4. The word “miniature” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. temporaryB. smallC. multipleD. familiarPhotographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These flow features are extensive systems—sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length—of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, andliquid water widespread.Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous—perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.5.In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow through the Amazon river per second?A. To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed through Mars' outflow channelsB. To indicate data used by scientists to estimate how long ago Mars' outflow channels were formedC. To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough to cause tear-shaped “islands” to formD. To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape the northern volcanic plains6. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT:A. They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.B. They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface.C. They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches.D. They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions.7. All of the following questions about geological features on Mars are answered in paragraph 3 EXCEPT:A. What are some regions of Mars that may have once been covered with an ocean?B. Where do mission scientists believe that the river forming the delta emptied?〔.Approximately how many craters on Mars do mission scientists believe may once have been lakes filled with water?D. During what period of Mars' history do some scientists think it may have had large bodies of water?Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed a n extended ear ly Pe riod dur ing wh ich rive rs, lakes , and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta —a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin’ s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.8. According to paragraph 3, images of Mars' surface have been interpreted as support for the idea thatA. the polar regions of Mars were once more extensive than they are nowB. a large part of the northern lowlands may once have been under waterC. deltas were once a common feature of the Martian landscapeD. the shape of the Hellas Basin has changed considerably over time9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.B. But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the presence of water.C. But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.D. But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of the south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.10. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?A.Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.A. The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.B. Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced “beaches” shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers—layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen—that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.C. The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.(hints” in the passage is closest in11.The word meaning toA. cluesB. featuresC. argumentsD. effectsAside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 2000, whi ch are inconclusive, astronomers have no direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is tiny. Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the outflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the past. Where did all the water go? The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet’ s polar caps.Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. ■They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. ■Instead, they are probably the pathstaken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. ■The onrushingwater arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped "islands” (resembling t he miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close tothe ends of the outflow channels. ■Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must havebeen truly enormous—perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.1. Look at the four s quares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?These landscape features differ from runoff channels in a number of ways.2. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. There is much debate concerning whether Mars once had water.A. Mars' runoff and outflow channels are large-scale, distinctive features that suggest that large quantities of liquid water once flowed on Mars.B. Although some researchers claim that Mars may once have had oceans, others dispute this, pointing to an absence of evidence or offering alternative interpretations of evidence.C. Various types of images have been used to demonstrate that most of Martian surface contains evidence of flowing water.D. The runoff and outflow channels of Mars apparently carried a higher volume of water and formed more extensive networks than do Earth's river systems.E. There is very little evidence of liquid water on Mars today, and it is assumed that all the water that once existed on the planet is frozen beneath its surface.F. While numerous gullies have been discovered on Mars since 2000, many astronomers dismiss them as evidence that Mars once had liquid water.。
【威学教育王鑫】整理出品托福TPO6-2阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO6-2阅读文本TPO6TPO6-2 William Smith1. The word “rudimentary” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. thoroughB. strictC. basicD. occasional2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about William Smith is NOT true?A. Smith learned surveying by reading and by apprenticing for a local surveyor.B. Smith’ s family lived in a small English town and possessed little wealth.C. Smith learned about fossils from books he borrowed from his uncle.D. Smith eventually left his village to work on the excavation of an English canal.3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?A. Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.B. Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.C. Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.D. Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.4. According to paragraph2, which of the following is true of the map published by William Smith?A. It indicates the locations of England's major canals.B. It became most valuable when the steam locomotive made rail travel possible.C. The data for the map were collected during Smith ’ s work on canals.D. It is no longer regarded as a geological masterpiece.In 1769 in a little town in Oxfordshire, England, a child with the very ordinary name of William Smith was born into the poor family of a village blacksmith. He received rudimentary village schooling, but mostly he roamed his uncle's farm collecting the fossils that were so abundant in the rocks of the Cotswold hills. When he grew older, William Smith taught himself surveying from books he bought with his small savings, and at the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to a surveyor of the local parish. He then proceeded to teach himself geology, and when he was twenty-four, he went to work for the company that was excavating the Somerset Coal Canal in the south of England.This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, "A Map of the Strata of England and Wales witha Part of Scotland,” a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.5. The word “meticulously” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.carefullyB. quicklyC. frequentlyD. obviously6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The discovery of regional differences in the sequences of rocks led geologists to believe that rock types could someday become reliable time markers.B. Careful analysis of strata revealed that rocks cannot establish geological time because the pattern of rock layers varies from place to place.C. Smith's catalogs of rock strata indicated that the sequences of rocks are different from place to place and from region to region.D. Because people did not catalog regional differences in sequences of rocks, it was believed that rocks could never be reliable time markers.This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales witha Part of Scotland, ” a map so meticulously researched that it can s till be used today.In 1831 when Smith was finally recognized by the Geological Society of London as the “father of English geology,” it was not only for his maps but also for something even more important. Ever since people had begun to catalog the strata in particular outcrops, there had been the hope that these could somehow be used to calculate geological time. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. Even without the problem of regional differences, rocks present a difficulty as unique time markers. Quartz is quartz—a silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions —there ’ s no difference at all betweentwo-million-year-old Pleistocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million years ago.7. Why does the author use the phrase “Quartz is quartz” ?A. To describe how the differences between Pleistocene and Cambrian quartz reveal information about dating rocksB. To point out that the chemical composition of quartz makes it more difficult to date than other rocksC. To provide an example of how regional differences in rock sequences can make a particular rock difficult to dateD. To explain that rocks are difficult to use for dating because their chemical compositions always remain the same over time8. According to paragraph 4, it was difficult for Smith to distinguish rock strata becauseA. the rocks from different strata closely resembled each otherB. he was often unable to find fossils in the younger rock strataC. their similarity to each other made it difficult for him to distinguish one rock type from anotherD. the type of rock between two consistent strata was always the same9. The word “endured” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. vanishedB. developedC. variedD. survivedAs he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks. Particularly in the younger strata, the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart. While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum. Fossils are thus identifying markers for particular periods in Earth's history.Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris.10. The word “virtually” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. possiblyB. absolutelyC. surprisinglyD. nearly11. Select the TWO answer choices that are true statements based upon the discussion of the principle of faunal succession in paragraph 5. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.A. It was a principle that applied to fauna but not to flora.B. It was discovered independently by two different geologists.C. It describes how fossils are distributed in rock strata.D. It explains why plants and animals undergo transformations through time.Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or— 300 million years later—in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.12.In m entioning "trilobite” , the author is making which of the following points?A. Fossils cannot be found in more than one rock stratum.B. Faunal succession can help put rock layers in relative temporal sequence.C. Faunal succession cannot be applied to different strata composed of the same kind of rock.D. The presence of trilobite fossils makes it difficult to date a rock.Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become morerecent. ■By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporalsequence. ■About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris.■Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France butvirtually everywhere.^ It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the sametransformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or—300 million years later— in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.13. Look at the four squares [_]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. William Smith’ s contributions to geology have increased our knowledge of the Earth’ s history.A. Smith found success easily in his profession because he came from a family of geologists and surveyors.B. Smith ’ s work on canals allowed him to collect fossils and study rock layers all over England.C. Smith found that fossils are much more reliable indicators of geological time than rock strata are.D. Smith was named “the father of English geology” for his maps rather than for his other contributions to the field.E. Smith and Cuvier discovered that fossil patterns are easier to observe in ancient rock strata than in younger rock strata.F. The discovery of the principle of faunal succession allowed geologists to establish the relative age of Earth’ s rock layers.。
【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO33-1阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO全集之TPO33-1TPO33TPO33-1 The First Civilizations1. The phrase “culminated in” in the passage is closest in meaning toA reached a high point withB logically followed fromC partly contributed toD marked2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following statements is true of early farmers?A They used farming to supplement other food sources.B They were driven out of small communities.C They were victims of flooding.D They farmed several plots of land at once.3. The word “undoubtedly” in the passage is closest in meaning toA increasinglyB certainlyC in generalD apparently4. According to paragraph 2, what are TWO reasons why farmers chose river valleys for cultivation? To receive credit you must select TWO answer choices.A The soils in river valleys were rich in nutrients.B The crops grown in river valleys were not completely dependent on rainwater.C Farming techniques could not be easily applied to soils far from rivers.D The heavier weight of river soil resulted in more reliable harvests.5. The word “enhance” in the passage is closest in meaning to A serveEvidence suggests that an important stimulus behind the rise of early civilizations was the development of settled agriculture, which unleashed a series of changes in the organization of human communities that culminated in the rise of large ancient empires.The exact time and place that crops were first cultivated successfully is uncertain. Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged in dependently in several different areas of the world when small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival. The first farmers, who may have lived as long as 10,000 years ago, undoubtedly used simple techniques and still relied primarily on other forms of food production, such as hunting, foraging, or pastoralism. The real breakthrough took place when farmers began to cultivate crops along the floodplains of river systems. The advantage was that crops grown in such areas were not as dependent on rainfall and therefore produced a more reliable harvest. An additional benefit was that the sediment carried by the river waters deposited nutrients in the soil, thus enabling the farmer to cultivate a single plot of ground for many years without moving to a new location. Thus, the first truly sedentary (that is, nonmigratory) societies were born. As time went on, such communities gradually learned how to direct the flow of water to enhance the productive capacity of the land, while the introduction of the iron plow eventually led to the cultivation of heavy soils not previously susceptible to agriculture.6. B improve C control D protectThe word “provoked” in the passage is closest in meaning toA securedB coordinatedC modeledD brought about7. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a reason why governments first arose among agricultural communities?A A significant increase in populationB The desire to control water resources for irrigationC The need for protection from outside forcesD The demand for organized communication with other communities8. According to paragraph 4, what is not known about the rise of the first civilizations?A Where the first steps toward civilization took placeB Who was allowed to replac e “big men” after the “big men” diedC Why some individuals became recognized as leadersD How governments emerged9. What is the relationship between paragraphs 3 and 4 in the passage?A Paragraph 3 explains why a need for leadership arose in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 describes how that leadership developed.B Paragraph 3 suggests that agriculture was first practiced in Asia and Africa, and paragraph 4 discusses how it might have later spread to the rest of the world.C Paragraph 3 describes several methods of early government, and paragraph4 gives an extended example of one of them.D Paragraph 3 discusses a cause of the spread of river valley agriculture in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 discusses a门 effect.The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civilizations. The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. The need to oversee the entire process brought about the emergence of an elite that was eventually transformed into a government.The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia B.C. in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India,and China. How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages. By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community. In time, the “big men” become formal symbols of authority and pass on that authority to others within their own family. As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the “big men” assume hereditary status, and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy.10.of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A Some cities were associated with economic activities, while others were government or religious centers.B Emerging cities generally served strategic administrative, economic, and religious purposes.C The creation of an economic or administrative activity led to the emergence of a city for its proper supervision.D Some cities emerged as economic centers and later became the sites of administrative or religious activities.11. Paragraph 5 suggests that which of the following was a consequence of the emergence of cities?A The decentralization of authorityB An increase in religious activityC The emergence of service- and production-related jobsD A decreased reliance on mineral resources12. According to paragraph 5, why were huge walls built around early royal palaces?A To protect the inhabitants from invadersB To mark the urban areasC To separate the ruling class from the rest of the populationD To represent the prosperity of a cityThe appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority came the emergence of the cities. While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. ■With the increase in population and the development of centralized authority ca me the emergence of the cities. ■While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of temples for the official cult or other ritual observances. ■Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for socialservices and consumer goods. ■Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances,such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct and the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.13. Look at the four squares [| ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?This was accompanied by increased professional specialization.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points. The practice of settled agriculture in some areas of Asia and Africa was crucial to the development of early civilizations.Answer ChoicesA. Prehistorians disagree as to whether early farmers first cultivated crops along floodplains or first tried cultivating crops in less successful environments.B. Cultivation in fertile river valleys resulted in predictable harvests, which meant that farmers no longer needed to migrate constantly in search of food.C. Because crops could be cultivated more successfully where farmers were not completely dependent on rainfall, hostilities between groups arose over control of the river systems.D. The need to organize the effort to ensure the food supply and defend the land led to the formation of elite supervising groups that eventually became the first governments.E. Increasingly centralized forms of administration resulted in the emergence of social classes and in the development of cities as trade, administration, or religious centers.F. Unlike other early civilizations, those that developed in the Indus River Valley did not have any spectacular palaces or areas for exclusive use by the authorities.。
【威学教育王鑫】托福阅读TPO2-1文本
【王鑫托福阅读】TPO2-1阅读文本TPO2TPO2-1 Desert Formation1. The word threatened in the passage is closest in meaning toA. RestrictedB. EndangeredC. PreventedD. Rejected2. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of the following consequences for soil?A. Increased stony contentB. Reduced water absorptionC. Increased numbers of spaces in the soilD. Reduced water runoffThe deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.Desertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by windand water. In some cases the loose soil is blown completely away, leaving a stony surface. In other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.In some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming has produced an increase in aridity for some areas over the past few thousand years. The process may be accelerated in subsequent decades if global warming resulting from air pollution seriously increases.3. The word delicate in the passage is closest in meaning toA. FragileB. PredictableC. ComplexD. Valuable4. According to paragraph 5, in dry periods, border areas have difficultyA. Adjusting to stresses created by settlementB. Retaining their fertility after desertificationC. Providing water for irrigating cropsD. Attracting populations in search of food and fuel5. The word progressively in the passage is closest in meaning toA. OpenlyB. ImpressivelyC. ObjectivelyD. Increasingly6. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated with raising crops?A. Lack of proper irrigation techniquesB. Failure to plant crops suited to the particular areaC. Remova丨 of the original vegetationD. Excessive use of dried animal waste;mlluwmg isThere is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removalof the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.7.The phrase devoid of in the passage is closest in meaning to A Consisting of B Hidden by C Except for D Lacking inThe raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.Firewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.D.Bring salts to the surfaceThe final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.9. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to desertification EXCEPTA. Soil erosionB. Global warmingC. Insufficient irrigationD. The raising of livestock10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.11. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following about the future of desertification?A. Governments will act quickly to control further desertification.B. The factors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in the future.C. Desertification will continue to increase.D. Desertification will soon occur in all areas of the world■The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation.^The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. ■This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion._12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Many factors have contributed to the great increase in desertification in recent decades.A. Growing human populations and the agricultural demands that come with such growth have upset the ecological balance in some areas and led to the spread of deserts.B. As periods of severe dryness have become more common, failures of a number of different crops have increased.C. Excessive numbers of cattle and the need for firewood for fuel have reduced grasses and trees, leaving the land unprotected and vulnerable.D. Extensive irrigation with poor drainage brings salt to the surface of the soil, a process that reduces water and air absorption.E. Animal dung enriches the soil by providing nutrients for plant growth.F. Grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation in semiarid lands.。
托福综合写作TPO7及材料
托福综合写作TPO7及材料托福综合写作TPO7范文及材料这次的托福综合写作材料是关于美国的木材公司是否采用环保策略的，下面是店铺整理的托福综合写作材料和范文，希望能帮到大家! 托福综合写作TPO7范文：The lecture and the reading passage give contradictory opinions on the topic of ecocertification, a form of accreditation conferred by on international agency in recognition of a company’s eco-friendly practices. The passage explains that it is not necessary for American wood companies to pursue ecocertification while the lecture provides several counterarguments to this view.First, the lecturer argues that the reading passage is too general in its statement that American consumers reject advertising completely. He asserts that Americans do not trust advertising claims for a product only when these claims are made by the company that sells the product. When a claim is made by an independent third party such as a wood certification company, he posits, consumers respond very positively with strong acceptance of the certified product.The lecturer also refutes the second point in the reading –that price-sensitive American consumers are likely to choose cheap wood products without certification. The professor contends that certified wood is only slightly (less than 5%) more expensive than uncertified wood, and therefore, he argues, consumers will tend to ignore the price difference and choose the eco-friendly product.Finally, receiving eco-certification is, according to the professor, an important strategy used by American woodcompanies to ensure that their products can compete against ecocertified wood products imported into the domestic market from foreign countries. According to the reading, however, this strategy is unnecessary because American consumers are likely to be content with domestically manufactured products, even if they are not ecocertified.托福综合写作TPO7阅读材料：In an effort to encourage ecologically sustainable forestry practices, an international organization started issuing certifications to wood companies that meet high ecological standards by conserving resources and recycling materials. Companies that receive this certification can attract customers by advertising their product as ecocertified. Around the world, many wood companies have adopted new, ecologically friendly practices in order to receive ecocertification. However, it is unlikely that wood companies in the United Stated will do the same, for several reasons.为了能过促进林业的可持续发展，有个国际组织开始着手给那些达到了环保和再生利用要求的木材公司颁发认证。
托福阅读第三篇tpo75R -3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
托福阅读第三篇tpo75R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文 (1)译文 (4)题目 (7)答案 (13)背景知识 (14)原文Seismic Waves①Seismic waves-energy waves produced by earthquakes-permit scientists to determine the location,thickness,and properties of Earth's internal zones.They are generated when rock masses are suddenly disturbed,such as when they break or rupture.Vibrations spread out in all directions from the source of the disturbance, traveling at different speeds through parts of Earth's crust and interior that differ in chemical composition and physical properties.The principal categories of these waves are primary,secondary,and surface. All three types of waves are recorded on an instrument called a seismograph.②Primary waves,or P-waves,are the speediest of the three kinds of waves and therefore the first to arrive at a seismograph station after there has been an earthquake.They travel through the upper crust of Earth at speeds of4to5kilometers per second,but near the base of the crust they speed along at6or7kilometers per second.In these primary waves,pulses of energy are transmitted as a succession of compressions and expansions that parallel the direction of propagation of the wave itself.Thus,a given segment of rock set in motion during an earthquake is driven into its neighbor and bounces back.The neighbor strikes the next particle and rebounds and subsequent particles continue the motion.Vibrational energy is an accordion-like push-pull movement that can be transmitted through solids,liquids and gases.Of course,the speed of Pwave transmission will differ in materials of different density and elastic properties.③Secondary waves,or S-waves,travel1to2kilometers per second slower than do P-waves.Unlike the movement of P-waves,rock vibration in secondary waves is at right angles to the direction of propagation of the energy.This type of wave is easily demonstrated by tying a length of rope to a hook and then shaking the free end.A series of undulations will develop in the rope and move toward the hook-thatis,in the direction of propagation.Any given particle along the rope, however,will move up and down in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation.It is because of their more complex motion that S-waves travel more slowly than Pwaves.They are the second group of oscillations to arrive at a seismograph station.Unlike Pwaves, secondary waves will not pass through liquids or gases.④Both P-and S-waves are sometimes also termed body waves because they are able to penetrate deep into the interior or body of our planet.Body waves travel faster in rocks of greater elasticity,and their speeds therefore increase steadily as they move downward into more elastic zones of Earth's interior and then decrease as they begin to make their ascent toward Earth's surface.The change in velocity that occurs as body waves invade rocks of different elasticity results in a bending or refraction of the wave.The many small refractions cause the body waves to assume a curved travel path through Earth.⑤Not only are body waves subjected to refraction,but they may also be partially reflected off the surface of a dense rock layer in much the same way as light is reflected off a polished surface.Many factorsinfluence the behavior of body waves.An increase in the temperature of rocks through which body waves are traveling will cause a decrease in velocity,whereas an increase in confining pressure will cause a corresponding increase in wave velocity.In a fluid where no rigidity exists,S-waves cannot propagate and P-waves are markedly slowed.⑥Surface waves are large-motion waves that travel through the outer crust of Earth.Their pattern of movement resembles that of waves caused when a pebble is tossed into the center of a pond.They develop whenever P-or S-waves disturb the surface of Earth as they emerge from the interior.Surface waves are the last to arrive at a seismograph station.They are usually the primary cause of the destruction that can result from earthquakes affecting densely populated areas.This destruction results because surface waves are channeled through the thin outer region of Earth,and their energy is less rapidly scattered into the large volumes of rock traversed by body waves.译文地震波①地震波是由地震产生的能量波，它们使科学家能够确定地球内部区域的位置、厚度和性质。
托福TPO2综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO2综合写作阅读原文文本： First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge，expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues. Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong. Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone. 托福TPO2综合写作听力原文文本： Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed. On virtually every team, some members got almost a "free ride" ... they didn't contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well ... the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts. Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said "That will never work" about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a coupleinfluencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was "highly creative. " And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group. 托福TPO2综合写作满分范文： The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group system to handle their work. He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened in reality. First, some members got free rides. That is, some didn’t work hard but got recognition for the success nonetheless. This also indicates that people who worked hard were not given recognition they should have gotten. In other words, they weren’t given the opportunity to "shine". This directly contradicts what the passage indicates. Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are more responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and their aggregated resources. However, the speaker talks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in decision making. Groups needed more time for meetings, which are necessary procedures in decision making. This was another place where experience contradicted theory. Third, influential people might emerge and lead the group towards glory or failure. If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made. In other words, the group might turn into a dictatorship, with the influential party as the leader, and might become less flexible in its thinking. They might become one-sided, and thus fail to succeed. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO2综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
7月2号托福考试真题汇总
T1：听力Ø 原题：Many people like to choose to shop and buy items through internet, but some people do not like. Give specific details and examples to explain the disadvantages of buying items through internet.Ø Sample answer :Well, nowadays online shopping has become a popular shopping method. Of course it saves people time and money, but I think there are still some disadvantages. Firstly, many customers like to touch and see the products when they do shopping in order to test the quality of products. But shopping online doesn’t allow people to do so. For example, sometimes the product description and photos of the merchandise seem to be wonderful, but finally we find that the real product is of poor quality. Secondly, unlike buying at retail stores, online shopping requires people to wait for the items to arrive at home about 2 to 3 days or even longer. So people are unable to use the product instantly after they buy it.Ø T2：Ø 原题：Do you agree or disagree the following statement?Older doctors are more knowledgeable than young doctors?Use specific details and examples to explain why.Ø Sample answer :I agree with the statement. Firstly, experienced doctors are more reliable, coz they have seen so many different cases in the past, so the chances that a new patient's syndrome be misdiagnosed are slim, the doctor may just prescribe the right doze of medicine for the patient, and heal the wounded and rescue the dying in time; second, though young doctors also have a lot of merits like they are quite knowledgeable and responsible,compared with senior doctors, they have more book theories than real life practice, and fewer working experiences, so if they haven't conducted enough surgeries in the operation room, how can they guarantee they are qualified for any emergencies popping up during in the treatment.T3：Ø 标题：University Should Create Lounge for Commuter StudentsØ 阅读理由：学校里有很多学生家住的比较远，而且不住校，每天要带着很多上课用的书往返于不同的教室很辛苦，有提议给这些学生建休息室以供休息。
【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO18-2阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO 18-2阅读文本TPO 18TPO18-2 The mystery of yawning1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information .A. It is the conventional theory that when people are bored or sleepy, they often experience a drop in blood oxygen levels due to their shallow breathing.B. The conventional theory is that people yawn when bored or sleepy because yawning raises blood oxygen levels, which in turn raises alertness.C. According to conventional theory, yawning is more likely to occur when people are bored or sleepy than when they are alert and breathing deeply.D. Yawning, according to the conventional theory, is caused by boredom or lack of sleep and can be avoided through deeper breathing.2.In paragragh1, what point does the author make about the evidence for the tiredness theory of yawning? A.There is no scientific evidence linking yawning with tiredness.B. The evidence is wide-ranging because it covers multiple age-groups.C. The evidence is reliable because it was collected over a long period of time.D. The evidence is questionable because the yawning patterns of children and adults should be different.According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom. Unfortunately, the few scientific investigations of yawning have failed to find any connection between how often someone yawns and how much sleep they have had or how tired they are. About the closest any research has come to supporting the tiredness theory is to confirm that adults yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends, and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they do in kindergarten.3. The word “flaw” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. faultB. aspectC. confusionD. mystery4.In the paragraph 2, why does the author note that there were physiological changes when subjects opened their mouths or breathed deeply?A. To present an argument in support of the tiredness theoryB. To cast doubt on the reliability of the tests that measured heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductanceC. To argue against the hypothesis that yawning provides a special way to improve alertness or raise physiological activityD. To support the idea that opening the mouth or breathing deeply can affect blood oxygen levels5. The word “triggered”meaning to A.removedB. followedC. increasedD. causedin the passage is closest inAnother flaw of the tiredness theory is that yawning does not raise alertness or physiological activity, as the theory would predict. When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity. However, similar changes occurred when the subjects were asked simply to open their mouths or to breathe deeply. Yawning did nothing special to their state of physiological activity. Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide. Volunteers were told to think about yawning while they breathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an above-normal level of carbon dioxide. If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. In fact, neither condition made any difference to the frequency of yawning, which remained constant at about 24 yawns per hour. Another experiment demonstrated that physical exercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to double the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning. Again the implication is that yawning has little or nothing to do with oxygen.6. Paragraph 2 answers all of the following questions about yawning EXCEPTA. Does yawning increase alertness or physiological activity?B. Does thinking about yawning increase yawning over not thinking about yawning?C. Does the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air affect the rate at which people yawn?D. Does the rate of breathing affect the rate at which people yawn?7. The word "periodically” in the pas sage is closest in the meaning toA.continuouslyB. quicklyC. regularlyD. carefully8. According to the developmental theory of yawning presented in paragraph 3, what is the role of yawning?A. It caused hiccups, which aid in the development of the lungs.B. It controls the amount of pressure the lungs place on other developing organs.C. It prevents amniotic fluid from entering the lungs.D. It removes a potentially harmful fluid from the lungs.9. According to the developmental theory of yawning presented in paragraph 3, what is the role of yawning?A. It caused hiccups, which aid in the development of the lungs.B. It controls the amount of pressure the lungs place on other developing organs.C. It prevents amniotic fluid from entering the lungs.D. It removes a potentially harmful fluid from the lungs.A completely different theory holds that yawning assists in the physical development of the lungs early in life, but has no remaining biological function in adults. It has been suggested that yawning and hiccupping might serve to clear out the fetuses airways. The lungs of a fetus secrete a liquid that mixes with its mother's amniotic fluid. Babies with congenital blockages that prevent this fluid from escaping from their lungs are sometimes born withdeformed lungs. It might be that yawning helps to clear out the lungs by periodically owering the pressure in them. According to this theory, yawning in adults is just a developmental fossil with no biological function. But, while accepting that not everything in life can be explained by Darwinian evolution, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of theories like this one, which avoid the issue of what yawning does for adults. Yawning is distracting, consumes energy and takes time. It is almost certainly doing something significant in adults as well as in fetuses. What could itbe?10. The word “empirical” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. reliableB. based on common senseC. relevantD. based on observation11. The study of yawning behavior discussed in paragraph 4 supports which of the following conclusions?A. Yawning is associated with an expectation of increased physical activity.B. Yawning occurs more frequently when people are asked to record their yawning.C. People tend to yawn about fifteen minutes before they become tired or bored.D. 12.Why does the author mention“soldiersyawningbefore combat, musiciansyawningbeforeperforming, and athletesyawningbeforesical activityMental or physical stress tends to make people yawn.competing”?A. To argue that just the expectation of physica can make some people feel tiredB. To explain how the view that people yawn because they are tired accounts for yawning before stressful situationsC. To support the view that yawning helps prepare a person for mental or physical exertionD. To provide anecdotal evidence that conflicts with the experience of the volunteers in the studyThe empirical evidence, such as it is, suggests an altogether different function for yawning—namely, that yawning prepares us for a change in activity level. Support for this theory came from a study of yawning behavior in everyday life. Volunteers wore wrist-mounted devices that automatically recorded their physical activity for up to two weeks: the volunteers also recorded their yawns by pressing a button on the device each time they yawned. The data showed that yawning tended to occur about 15 minutes before a period of increased behavioral activity. Yawning bore no relationship to sleep patterns, however. This accords with anecdotal evidence that people often yawn in situations where they are neither tired nor bored, but are preparing for impending mental and physical activity. Such yawning is often referred to as "incongruous" because it seems out of place, at least on the tiredness view: soldiers yawning before combat, musicians yawning before performing, and athletes yawning before competing. Their yawning seems to have nothing to do with sleepiness or boredom—quite the reverse—but it does precede a change in activity level.physiological activity, as the theory would predict. When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity. However, similar changes occurred when the subjects were asked simply to open their mouths or to breathe deeply. Yawning did nothing special to their stateof physiological activity. Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by adrop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide. (Volunteers were told to think about yawning while theybreathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an above-normal level of carbon dioxide._ If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. _In fact, neither condition made any difference to the frequency ofyawning, which remained constant at about 24 yawns per hour. (Another experiment demonstrated that physicalexercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to double the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning. Again the implication is that yawning has little or nothing to do with oxygen.13. Look at the four squares ( that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THERR answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The tiredness theory of yawning does not seem to explain why yawning occurs.A. Although earlier scientific studies strongly supported the tiredness theory, new evidence has cast doubt on these findings.B. Some have proposed that yawning plays a role in the development if lungs before birth but that it serves no purpose in adults.C. New studies, along with anecdotal evidence, have shown that the frequency of yawning increases during extended periods of inactivity.D. Evidence has shown that yawning is almost completely unrelated to amount of oxygen in the blood and is unrelated to sleep behavior.E. Fluids in the lungs of the prevent yawning from occurring, which disproves the developmental theory of yawning.F. There is some evidence that suggests that yawning prepares the body and mind for a change in activity level.。
托福TPO7综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福】
托福TPO7综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福整理】在备考托福写作的过程中，总是将托福的独立作文放在了第一位，但是实际上，综合作文也是占到了作文总分30分里面的50%的分值，不要等到分数出来了，才发现其实是综合作文的limited或者fair极大的影响了自己的分数。
考过的同学会发现托福综合作文分数不高，很大程度上是受我们听力实力的影响，我们很多托福考生的听力分数只有16分上下的时候，对于托福综合作文的听力妥妥的是束手无策，而且很多托福考生还感觉自己都听懂了，那也只能说明你听懂了大意，但是听力里面要的是每一个细节！请注意，是每一个细节！雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。
如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。
文末教你如何使用这个材料。
TPO7 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingIn an effort to encourage ecologically sustainable forestry practices, an international organization started issuing certifications to wood companies that meet high ecological standards by conserving resources and recycling materials. Companies that receive this certification can attract customers by advertising their products as ecocertified. Around the world, many wood companies have adopted new, ecologically friendly practices in order to receive ecocertification. However, it is unlikely that wood companies in the United States will do the same, for several reasons.First, American consumers are exposed to so much advertising that they would not value or even pay attention to the ecocertification label. Because so many mediocre products are labeled 'new" or improved,'' American consumers do not place muchtrust in advertising claims in general.Second, ecocertified wood will be more expensive than uncertified wood because in order to earn ecocertification, a wood company must pay to have its business examined by a certification agency. This additional cost gets passed on to consumers-American consumers tend to be strongly motivated by price, and therefore they are likely to choose cheaper uncertified wood products. Accordingly, American wood companies will prefer to keep their prices low rather than obtain ecocertificationThird, although some people claim that it always makes good business sense for American companies to keep up with the developments in the rest of the world, this argument is not convincing. Pursuing certification would make sense for American wood companies only if they marketed most of their products abroad. But that is not the case,American wood businesses sell most of their products in the United States, catering to a very large customer base that is satisfied with the merchandise.ListeningWell, despite what many people say, there is a good reason to think that many American wood companies will eventually seek ecocertification for the wood products.First off, companies in the United States don't treat all advertising the same.They distinguish between advertising claims that companies make about their own products and claims made by independent certification agencies. Americans have a lot of confidence in independent agencies. Thus ecologically-minded Americans are likely to react very favorably to wood products ecologically certified by independent organization with a intenational reputation for trustworthiness.Second point ,of course it is true that American consumers care a lot about price ,who doesn't?But studies of how consumers make decisions show that price alonedeterimines consumers' decisions only when the price of one competing products is much higher or lower than the other.When the difference between two products is small ,say , less than 5 percent,as is the case with certified wood, American often do choose on factories other than price.And Americans are becoming increasingly convinced of the value of preserving and protecting the environment.And third, US Wood companies should definitely pay attention what is going on in the wood business internationally. Not because of foreign consumers but because of foreign competitors. As I just told you, there is a good chance that many American consumers will be interested in ecocertified products, and guess why? If American companies are slow capturing those consumers, you can be sure that foreign companies will soon start crowding into the American markets, offering ecocerfied wood that domestic companies don't.首先，就是在自己做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！很多时候，我们的综合作文之所以分低，就是因为听力写的不全！第二点，也可以用于在托福考试前来做跟读，有不少托福考生跟小托君说，自己的口语实力不够，那么做跟读，仔细地来模仿ETS官方素材，是一个很好的提高自己口语的方式。
【托福阅读】威学教育王鑫托福TPO12-2阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO 12-2阅读文本TPO12TPO12-2 Transition to Sound in Film1. The word “regarded” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. analyzedB. consideredC. alteredD. criticized2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is the most significant development in the history of film?A. .The technological innovation of sound film during the 1920sB. The development of a technology for translating films into other languagesC. The invention of a method for delivering movies to people's homesD. The technological improvements allowing clearer images in films3. The word “paradoxes” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. difficultiesB. accomplishmentsC. para丨丨elsD. contradictions4. Whydoes the author mention “Japanese benshi” and “original musical compositions”?A. To suggest that audiences preferred other forms of entertainment to film before the transition to sound inthe1920'sB. To provide examples of some of the first sounds that were recorded for filmC. To indicate some ways in which sound accompanied film before the innovation of sound films in the late 1920sD. To show how the use of sound in films changed during different historical periodsParagraph 1: The shift from silent to sound film at the end of the 1920s marks, so far, the most important transformation in motion picture history. Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed. In nearly every language, however the words are phrased, the most basic division in cinema history lies between films that are mute and films that speak.Paragraph 2: Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States. In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.5. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about Eisenstein's film The Battleship Potemkirf?A. The film was not accompanied by sound before its Berlin screening.B. The film was unpopular in the Soviet Union before it was screened in Berlin.C. Eisenstein ’ s film was the first i nstance of collaboration between a director and a composer.D. Eisenstein believed that the musical score in a film was as important as dialogue.8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentencein the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential informationA. It was difficult for some critics in the 1920s to imagine why the idea of sound film had faded from sight well before the First World War.B. As surprising as it seems today, some critics in the 1920s believed that the new attempts at sound films would fade just as quickly as the attempts made before the First World War.6. The word"overshadowed” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. distracted fromB. explainedC. conductedD. coordinated with7. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true of the technological and aesthetic experiments of the 1920's?A. Because the costs of introducing recorded sound were low, it was the only innovation that was put to use in the 1920's.B. The introduction of recorded sound prevented the development of other technological innovations in the 1920's.C. The new technological and aesthetic developments of the 1920s included the use of color, new screen formats, and television.D. Many of the innovations developed in the 1920s were not widely introduced until as late as the 1950's.Paragraph 3: Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously in the 1920s. New color processes, larger or differently shaped screen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or¥V^ 分 7ftried out during the period, sometimes with startlingupsuccess. The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or retarded advancement in these other areas. The introduction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century, and color, though utilized over the next two decades for special productions, also did not become a norm until the 1950s.C. Though some early critics thought that sound film would fade, its popularity during the First World War proved that it was not simply a technical novelty.no fo「an answer.D. Although some critics predicted well before the First World War that sound film would be an importanttechnical innovation, it was not attempted until the 1920s.9. The word "neglected” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. failedB. neededC. startedD. expected10. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about the technical problems of early sound films?A. Linking images with recorded sound was a larger obstacle than weak sound amplification or fragile sound recordings.B. Sound films in the 1920s were unable to solve the technical flaws found in sound films before the First World War.C. Technica丨 inadequacies occurred less frequently in early sound films than critics suggested.D. Critics assumed that it would be impossible to overcome the technical difficulties experienced with earlier sound films.11. In paragraph 5, commercial radio programming is best described as the result ofA. a financially successful development that enabled large telecommunications firms to weaken their competition.B. the desire of electronics and telecommunications companies to make sound technology profitableC. a major development in the broadcasting industry that occurred before the 1920sD. the cooperation between telecommunications companies and the motion picture industryParagraph 4: Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound. These critics were making a common assumption—that the technological inadequacies of earlier efforts (poor synchronization, weak sound amplification, fragile sound recordings) would invariably occur again. To be sure, their evaluation of the technical flaws in 1920s sound experiments was not so far off the mark, yet they neglected to take into account important new forces in the motion picture field that, in a sense, would not take no for an answer.Paragraph 5: These forces were the rapidly expanding electronics and telecommunications companies that were developing and linking telephone and wireless technologies in the 1920s. In the United States, they included such firms as American Telephone and Telegraph, General Electric, and Westinghouse. They were interested in all forms of sound technology and all potential avenues for commercial exploitation. Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. With financial assets12. considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures.According to paragraph 6, which of the following accounts for the delay in the conversion to sound films in Europe?A. European producers often lacked knowledge about the necessary equipment for the transition to sound films.B. Smaller European producers were often unable to afford to add sound to their films.C. It was often difficult to wire older cinemas in the major cities to play sound films.D. Smaller European producers believed that silent films with music accompaniment were aesthetically superior to sound films.Paragraph 6: In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films —a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual versions, to take account of the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. At the production level, in the United States the conversion was virtually complete by 1930. In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular.【Paragraph 5 】These forces were the rapidly expanding electronics and telecommunications companies that were developing and linking telephone and wireless technologies in the 1920s. In the United States, they included such firms as American Telephone and Telegraph, General Electric, and Westinghouse. They were interested in all forms of sound technology and all potential avenues for commercial exploitation. Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. ■With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures.【Paragraph 6】_In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films—a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual versions, to take account of the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. ■At the production level, in the United States the conversion wasvirtually complete by 1930. ■In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.When this research resulted in the development of vastly improved sound techniques, film studios became convinced of the importance of converting to sound.Where would the sentence best fit?14. 【Directions】 An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The transition from silent to sound films was the most important development in film history.A. Although music and speech had frequently accompanied film presentations before the 1920s, there was a strong desire to add sound to the films themselves.B. Because of intense interest in developing and introducing sound in film, the general use of other technological innovations being developed in the 1920s was delayed.C. The rapid progress in sound technology made possible by the involvement of telecommunications companies transformed the motion picture industry.D. Japanese filmmakers had developed the technology for creating sound films before directors in Europe and the United States began experimenting with sound.E. Before the First World War, film directors showed little interest in linking images with recorded sound.The arrival of sound film technology in the United States forced smaller producers in the motion picture industry out of business.。
【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO31-2阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO全集之TPO31-2TPO31TPO31-2 Early Childhood Education1. According to paragraph 1, parents in Japan tend to think of preschool primarily as a place where children canA. Get a good academic startB. Expand their emotional developmentC. Become more independentD. Experience being part of a group2. The word “whereas” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. AlthoughB. BecauseC. MoreoverD. already3. The word “focus” in the passage is closest in meaning to A.ConsiderB. RespectC. ConcentrateD. Advise4.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the Head Start program was designed to serve children whoA. Come from families that do not have a lot of moneyB. Are not doing very well in kindergartenC. Were born in the 1950sD. Need programs that focus primarily on social and emotional factorsPreschools 一 educational programs for children under the age of five - differ significantly from one country to another according to the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education. For instance, in a cross-country comparison of preschools in China, Japan, and the United States, researchers found that parents in the three countries view the purpose of preschools very differently. Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically, Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of a group. In the United States, in comparison, parents regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and self-reliant, although obtaining a good academic start and having group experience are also important.While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on social and emotional factors, some are geared mainly toward promoting cognitive gains and preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction they will experience when they start kindergarten. In the United States, the best-known program designed to promote future academic success is Head Start. Established in the 1960s when the United States declared the War on Poverty, the program has served over 13 million children and their families. The program, which stresses parental involvement, was designed to serve the “whole child”, including children's physical health, self-confidence, social responsibility, and social and emotional development.1. According to paragraph 3, the Head Start program had NOT been successful at which of the following?A. Helping children adjust to schoolB. Providing long-term increase in IQ scoresC. Improving school performance throughout high schoolD. Preventing children from being placed in special-education classes6.In paragraph 4, the author mentions the “results from other types of readiness programs ” toA. Provide support for the idea that preschool readiness programs have been somewhat successfulB. Question the idea that Head Start is more effective than other preschool readiness programsC. Indicate school completion is usually the most reliable indicator of success in most readiness programsD. Emphasize that participating in readiness programs can be increased if costs are reduced7. According to paragraph 4, a cost-benefit analysis of one preschool readiness program revealed that A Only one dollar's worth of benefit was gained for every seven dollars spent on the program B The benefits of the program lasted only until the participants reached age 27C Taxpayers saved seven dollars for every dollar spent on the programD To be successful, the program would need to receive about seven times as much money as it currently receivesWhether Head Start is seen as successful or not depends on the lens through which one is looking. If, for instance, the program is expected to provide long-term increases in IQ (intelligence quotient) scores, it is a disappointment. Although graduates of Head Start programs tend to show immediate IQ gains, these increases do not last. On the other hand, it is clear that Head Start is meeting its goal of getting preschoolers ready for school. Preschoolers who participate in Head Start are better prepared for future schooling than those who do not. Furthermore, graduates of Head Start programshave better future school grade. Finally, some research suggests that ultimately Head Start graduates show higher academic performance at the end of high school, although the gains are modest.In addition,results from other types of preschoolreadinessprogramsindicate that those whoparticipate and graduate are less likely to repeat grades, and they are more likely to complete school than readiness program, for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduates reached the age of 27.8. The word “ comprehensive ” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. Easily understoodB. ThoroughC. RespectableD. Objective9. Paragraph 5 mentions that participants in early intervention programs have been shown to do all of the following better than nonparticipants EXCEPTA. Take care of their healthB. Support themselves financiallyC. Take care of their own childrenD. Have increased emotional development10. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true about the benefits of early intervention programs?A. These programs produce good short-term benefits but few long-term benefits.B. Only the most expensive programs provide substantial benefits.C. The Head Start program provides a range of benefits that no other program can provide.D. Some children benefit more than others do from these programs.11. The word “seek” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. ClaimB. ManageC. FailD. Attempt12. The passage mentions “ developmental psychologist David Elkind” in order toA. Give an example of an expert who has designed an effective early childhood education programB. Introduce an alternative view about the value of early childhood educationC. Explain why early childhood education programs are less effective in the United States than in other countriesD. Refute the claim that academic success is dependent on factors outside parents’ control.The most recent comprehensive evaluation of early intervention programs suggests that, taken as a group, preschool programs can provide significant benefits, and that government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs. For instance, compared with children who did not participate in early intervention programs, participants in variousprograms showed gains in emotional or cognitive development, better educational outcomes, increased economic self-sufficiency, reduced levels of criminal activity, and improved health-related behaviors. Of course, not every program produced all these benefits, and not every child benefited to the same extent. Furthermore, some researchers argue that less-expensive programs are just as good as relatively expensive ones, such as Head Start. Still, the results of the evaluation were promising, suggesting that the potential benefits of early intervention can be substantial.Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. In fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents’ control, such as inherited abilities and a child’s rate of maturation. Consequently, children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. In short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. _n fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. ■Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents’ control, such as inherited abilities and a child’ s rate of maturation. ■Consequently, children of a part icular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. _n short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.13. Look at the squares [■] that indicate where following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?According to Elkind, not only does this cause the child emotional distress, it also fails to bring the intended cognitive gains.14. Prose Summary. Preschool programs provide opportunities for young children to develop socially, emotionally, and cognitively.Answer ChoicesA. In addition to stressing academic development, preschools should be enjoyable, since studies show that children benefit from programs they find fun.B. Preschool programs such as Head Start have been shown to help prepare children for school and may also have long-term benefits in helping children become effective adults.C. Studies have shown that preschool programs are most effective when they focus on only one area of development rather than trying to serve the “whole child” .D. The primary purpose of preschool programs varies by country, with some stressing the importance of group experience, and others self-reliance or getting a good academic start.E. Critics of preschool programs argue that these programs put undue pressure on children and may not be effective if children are not developmentally ready for academic work.F. David Elkind is a critic of publicly funded preschool programs, arguing that the parent cannot control their children’ s emotional development.。
【威学教育】王鑫托福阅读TPO25-2阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO全集之TPO25-2TPO25TPO25-2 The Decline of Venetian Shipping1. The word “resurgence” in the passage is closest in meaning toA transformationB comebackC programD expansion2. The word “compulsorily” in the passage is closest in meaning toA for freeB for a timeC by requirementD by design3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following contributed to the decline of Venetian shipping?A The loss of trade in Adriatic SeaB The move from galleys to round shipsC The decreased demand for galleysD The doubling of sailor's wages4. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 2 as ways that Venice provided rowers for its galley EXCEPT A Requiring business associations to provide sailorsB Recruiting sailors from other cities in northern ItalyC Drafting Venetian citizens into services as rowersD Appealing to the traditions of Venice as a sea power.In the late thirteenth century, northern Italian cities such as Genoa, Florence, and Venice began an economic resurgence that made them into the most important economic centers of Europe. By the seventeenth century, however, other European powers had taken over, as the Italian cities lost much of their economic might.This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade. First, Venice's intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea, where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties, were lost to direct trading. In the fifteenth century there was little problem recruiting sailors torow the galleys (large ships propelled by oars): guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers, and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. In the early sixteenth century the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space), with required fewer rowers. But theshortage of crews proved to be a greater and greater problem, despite continuous appeal to Venic's tradition of maritime greatness. Even though sailors' wages doubled among the northern Italian cities from 1550 to 1590, this did not elicit an increased supply.and g )wly5. The word meaning to A strictB enforcedC improvedD old-fashioned6. According to paragraphs 3, why did the building of ships in Venetian shipyards become increasingly expensive?A The wages of officers and workers in the Arsenale kept risingB Roman shipyards were using all the available fir trees for the warshipsC The timber used in the shipbuilding had to be brought from farther and farther awayD Venetian standards required that shipbuilders use top-quality materials.7. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph and 4 as contributing to the problems of the Venetian shipbuilding industry at the end of the sixteenthoutdated” in the passage is closest incentury EXCEPT A The quality of work performed in the Arsenale had declinedB Venetian-built ships were heavy and generally inefficientC Arsenale shipbuilders worked more slowD Only a few merchants controlled the buying and selling of most of the Venetian-built shipsThe problem in shipping extended to the Arsenale, Venice's huge and powerful shipyard. Timber ran short, and it was necessary to procure it from farther and farther away. In ancient Roman times, the Italian peninsula had great forest of fir preferred for warships, but scarcity was apparent as early as the early fourteenth century. Arsenale officers first brought timber from the foothills of the Alps, then from north toward Trieste, and finally from across the Adriatic. Private shipbuilders were required to buy their oak abroad. As the costs of shipbuilding rose, Venice clung to its outdated standard while the Dutch were innovation in the lighter and more easily handled ships.10. Why does the author mention “Vasco da Gama' around southern Africa to India took place at the endof the fifteenth century, and by 1502 the trans- Abrabian caravan route had been cut off by political unrest.Voyage around southern Africa to India” in the passage?A to indicate how the Portuguese came to challenge Venetian dominance of trade with the EastB to explain why political troubles resulted in the closing of the usual routes to IndiaC to prove that Venetians could not sail round ships as efficiently as sailors from other countries didD to show that Venetian reliance on round ships rather than galleys proved to be weakness8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A The loss of ships in battle at the end of the sixteenth century showed that Venetian shipbuilders lacked the skills they had possessed at the beginning of the century.B Venetian shipbuilding failed to quickly replace the ships lost in battle at the end of the sixteenth century as it would have done earlier in the century.C Frederic Lane noted that Venice lost ships in battle at the end of the sixteenth century, showing that Venetian shipbuilding was not longer known for its reliability.D Venetian shipbuilding had been known for its high quality of work at the beginning of the sixteenth century, but toward the end of the century Venetian ships were poorer in quality.9. The word “conventional” in the passage is closest meaning to A informalB logicalC correctD usualThe step from buying foreign timber to buying foreign ships was regarded as a short one, especially when complaints were heard in the latter sixteenth century that the standards and traditions of the Arsenale were running down. Work was stretched out and done poorly. Older workers had been allowed to stop work a half hour before the regular time, and in 1601 younger works left with them. Merchants complained that the privileges reserved for Venetian-built and owned ships were first extended to those Venetians who bought ships from abroad and then to foreign-built and owned vessels. Historian FredericLane observes that after the loss of ships in battle inthe late sixteenth century, the shipbuilding industryno longer had the capacity to recover that it haddisplayed at the start of the century.conventional explanation for the loss of Venetian dominance in trade is establishment of the Portuguese direct sea route to the East, replacing the overland Silk Road from the Black sea and the highly profitable IndianOcean-caravan-eastern Mediterranean route to Venice. The Portuguese Vasco da Gama's Voyage11. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the Venetian Council's decision concerning the use of round ships?A It resulted in a return to profitable in luxury goods for Venetian merchants.B Ultimately it did not restore the superiority in the spice trade that Venice had enjoyed earlier.C It eventually enabled Venetian merchants to increase the quantity and price of the spices they sold in Europe.D It means a long-awaited improvement in the fortunes of the shipbuilding industry in Venice.12. According to paragraphs 6, in the sixteenth century the price of spices declined becauseA France and Germany established monopolies and dictated pricesB Venetian merchant galleys competed with Venetian round ships for the spice tradeC More spices were available because both the Venetians and the Portuguese were importing themD Increased demand for silk, dyes, cotton and gold meant that people had less money to spend on spiices.The Venetian Council finally allowed round ships to enter the trade that was previously reserved for merchant galleys, thus reducing transport cost by one third. Prices of spices delivered by ship from the eastern Mediterranean came to equal those of spices transported by Paortuguese vessels, but the increase in quantity with both routes in operation drove the price far down. Gradually, Venice's role as a storage and distribution center for spices and silk, dyes cotton, and gold decayed, and by the early seventeenth century Venice had lost its monopoly in markets such as France and southern Germany.Venetian shipping had started to decline from about 1530-before the entry into the Mediterranean of large volumes of Dutch and British shipping-and was clearly outclassed by the end of the century. A contemporary of Shakespeare (1564-1616) observed that theVenetian shipping had started to decline from about 1530-before the entry into the Mediterranean of large volumes of Dutch and British shipping-and was clearly outclassed by the end of the century. A contemporary of Shakespeare (1564-1616) observed that the productivity of Italian shipping had declined, compared with that of the British, because of conservatism and loss of expertise. Moreover, Italian sailors were deserting and emigrating, and captains, no longer recruited from the ranks of nobles, were weak on navigations.This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade. First, Venice's intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea, where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties, were lost to direct trading. In the fifteenth century there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars): guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers, and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. | In the early sixteenth century the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space), with required fewer rowers. | But the shortage of crews proved to be a greater and greater problem, despite continuous appeal to Venic's tradition of maritime greatness.| Even though sailors' wages doubled among the northern Italian cities from 1550 to 1590, this did not elicit an increased supply.|13. Look at the four squares [| ] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.The increase in reward still did not attract young people to this hard life, and convicted criminals and slaves were pressed into services.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do notbelong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The loss of power and prestige of Italian cities by the sixteenth century is clearly seen in the decline of Venetian shipping.A. Venetian ships were famous for carrying large cargoes of spices and luxury goods around the world in fast, oar-driven galleys.B. Venetian round ships bringing spices and silk from the East helped drive prices down so that ordinary people could afford to buy themC. A shortage of timber for building the traditional galleys and a lack of sailors to row them meant a loss of Venetian shipping business.D. Venice failed to keep up with improvement in ship design, and the cost of shipbuilding rose a quality and efficiency declined.E. The Venetian Council made sure that Venetian-built and Eowned ships kept special privileges in transporting luxury goods in and out of Venice.F. The Portuguese direct sea route to the East adversely affected Venetian trade, and Venice fell behind the Dutch and the British in the quality of their ships and sailing skills.。
托福TPO7阅读原文Part2及翻译答案
托福TPO7阅读原文Part2及翻译答案现在大家在进行托福备考时TPO托福模考软件相信是大家用的最多的工具了，对于托福成绩的提升是非常有帮助的。
今天小编在这里整理了托福TPO7阅读原文Part2及翻译答案来分享给大家，希望对大家托福听力备考有帮助。
托福TPO7阅读原文Part2Ancient Rome and GreeceThere is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment-on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome's early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast isnot quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, pietas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece hadstyle; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. "Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we," asked Horace in his epistle, "what work of ancient date would now exist?"Rome's debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres-especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.Paragraph 1: There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principlesof law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment-on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.托福TPO7阅读题目Part21. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○The regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of their realm.○Although the Romans used different types of designs when building their walls, they used regular controls to maintain their realm.○Several types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together.○Romans built walls to unite the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was controlled by powerful laws.2. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are controls that held together the Roman world EXCEPT○ administrative and legal systems○ the presence of the military○ a common language○ transportation networksParagraph 2: The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome's early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes,the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.3. The phrase "obsession with" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ thinking about○ fixation on○ interest in○ attitude toward4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was NOT characteristic of Rome's early development?○Expansion by sea invasion○Territorial expansion○Expansion from one original settlement○Expansion through invading armies5. Why does the author mention "Alexander the Great" in the passage?○To acknowledge that Greek civilization also expanded by land conquest○To compare Greek leaders to Roman leaders○To give an example of Greek leader whom Romans studied ○To indicate the superior organization of the Greek military Paragraph 3: Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on thisalmost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.6. The word "fostered" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ accepted○ combined○ introduced○ encouraged7. Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the people of Latium?○ Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.○ They held different values than the people of Rome.○ Agriculture played a significant role in the society.○ They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instincts.Paragraph 4: Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body ofopinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. "Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we," asked Horace in his epistle, "what work of ancient date would now exist?"8. Paragraph 4 indicates that some historians admire Roman civilization because of○ the diversity of cultures within Roman society○ its strength○ its innovative nature○ the large body of literature that it developed9. In paragraph 4, the author develops a description of Roman civilization by○ comparing the opinions of Roman intellectuals to Greek intellectuals○ identifying which characteristics of Roman civilization were copied from Greece○ explaining how the differences betwe en Roman and Greece developed as time passed○ contrasting characteristics of Roman civilization with characteristics of Greek civilization10. According to paragraph 4, intellectual Romans such as Horace held which of the following opinions about their civilization?○Ancient works of Greece held little value in the Roman world.○The Greek civilization had been surpassed by the Romans.○Roman civilization produced little that was original or memorable.○Romans valued certain types of innovations that had be en ignored by ancient Greeks.Paragraph 5: Rome's debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.Paragraph 6: Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres-especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.11. The word "spheres" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ abilities○ areas○ combinations○ models12. Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?○They could read and write the Greek language.○They frequently wrote poetry and plays.○They focused their writing on military matters.○They wrote according to the philosophical law s of the Greeks.Paragraph 4: Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. ■As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. ■At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. ■For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. ■Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. "Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we," asked Horace in his epistle, "what work of ancient date would now exist?"13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.They esteem symbols of Roman power, such as the massive Colosseum.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question worth 2 points.The Roman world drew its strength from several important sources.●●●Answer choices○Numerous controls imposed by Roman rulers held its territory together.○The Roman military was organized differently from older military organizations.○Romans valued sea power as did the Latins, the original inhabitants of Rome.○Roman values were rooted in a strong attachment to the land and the stability of rural life.○Rome combined aspects of ancient Greek civilization with its own contributions in new areas.○Educated Romans modeled their own literature and philosophy on the ancient Greeks.托福TPO7阅读答案Part2参考答案：1. ○ 32. ○ 33. ○ 24. ○ 15. ○ 16. ○ 47. ○ 38.○ 29. ○ 410.○ 311. ○ 212. ○ 113. ○ 214. Numerous controls imposed…Roman values were rooted…Rome combined aspects of…托福TPO7阅读翻译Part2参考答案：古代罗马和希腊罗马具有一种希腊和其他任何不论是古代的还是现在的文明都不具备的凝聚力。
TPO7托福口语Task1加task2题目文本及答案解析
TPO7托福口语Task1加task2题目文本及答案解析托福TPO是我们托福阅读的重要参考资料，为了方便大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了TPO7托福口语T ask1加task2题目文本及答案解析，希望大家喜欢。
托福TPO7口语task1题目 Question:If friends from another country were going to spend time in your country, what city or place would you suggest they visit? Using details and examples, explain why.托福TPO7口语task1答案解析：Tips1. City: Beijing2. Activities to do in the city(2.1) Looking at famous landmarks(2.2) Visiting museums and galleries(2.3) Karaoke, night clubs and bars3. Local food(3.1) Beijing Duck(3.2) Chinese Dumplings(3.3) Mapo Tofu4. Great public transportation system(4.1) Subway and bus(4.2) Affordable taxi service托福TPO7口语task1范文：If friends from another country were going to spend time in my country, I would certainly suggest them to visit the Forbidden City. The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It is located in the middle of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum. For almost five hundred years, it served as the home of emperorsand their households, as well as the ceremonial and political center of Chinese government. It’s the biggest imperial palace of its kind in the whole world and also such a beautiful place to visit. I’m sure they won’t be disappointed.托福TPO7口语task2题目 Question:State whether you agree or disagree with the following statement. Then explain your reasons, using specific details in your explanation. Learning through online courses is more effective than learning in the traditional classroom setting.托福TPO7口语task2答案解析：Tips1. Internet courses(1.1) Convenience(1.1.1) Anywhere, any time(1.2) Flexible study schedule(1.2.1) Repeat, rewind, fast forward2. Traditional classroom(2.1) Teacher-student interaction(2.1.1) Ask questions and get feedbacks in class(2.1.2) Teacher knows students needs better(2.2) Student-student interaction(2.2.1) Making friends(2.2.2) Class discussions托福TPO7口语task2范文：I prefer taking courses in traditional classrooms for the following reasons. First of all, it’s very important that students get to work with an experienced professor in the learning process. It’s so much easier to engage in a discussion or ask questions directly in a traditional classroom. The presence of a professor plays a big role when you are trying to learn new things. Plus,learning in a study group can give students other perspectives which can’t be found when taking online courses.。
【威学教育王鑫整理出品】托福TPO7-3阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO7-3阅读文本TPO7TPO7-3 Agriculture Iron and the Bantu Peoplesng this time1. The word “diffused” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. emergedB. was understoodC. spreadD. developed2. According to paragraph 1, why do researchers doubt that agriculture developed independently in Africa?A. African lakes and rivers already provided enough food for people to survive without agriculture.B. The earliest examples of cultivated plants discovered in Africa are native to Asia.C. Africa ’ s native plants are very difficult to domesticate.D. African communities were not large enough to support agriculture.3.In paragraph 1, what does the author imply about changes in the African environment during period?A. The climate was becoming milder, allowing for a greater variety of crops to be grown.B. Although periods of drying forced people south, they returned once their food supply was secure.C. Population growth along rivers and lakes was dramatically decreasing the availability of fish.D. A region that had once supported many people was becoming a desert where few could survive.There is evidence of agriculture in Africa prior to 3000B. C. It may have developed independently, but many scholars believe that the spread of agriculture and iron throughout Africa linked it to the major centers of the Near East and Mediterranean world. The drying up of what is now the Sahara desert had pushed many peoples to the south into sub-Sahara Africa. These peoples settled at first in scattered hunting-and-gathering bands, a lt hough in some places near lakes and rivers, people who fished, with a more secure food supply, lived in larger population concentrations. Agriculture seems to have reached these people from the Near East, since the first domesticated crops were millets and sorghums whose origins are not African but west Asian. Once the idea of planting diffused, Africans began to develop their own crops, such as certain varieties of rice, and they demonstrated a continued receptiveness to new imports. The proposed areas of the domestication of Afri can crops lie in a band that extends from Ethiopia across southern Sudan to West Africa. Subsequently, other crops, such as bananas, were introduced from Southeast Asia.4. According to paragraph 2, camels were important because theyA. were the first domesticated animal to be introduced to AfricaB. allowed the people of the West African savannahs to carve out large empiresC. helped African peoples defend themselves against Egyptian invadersD. made it cheaper and easier to cross the Sahara5. According to paragraph 2, which of the following were subjects of rock paintings in the Sahara?A. Horses and chariotsB. Sheep and goatsC. Hyksos invaders from EgyptD. Camels and cattle6. What function does paragraph 3 serve in the organization of the passage as a whole?A. It contrasts the development of iron technology in West Asia and West Africa.B. It discusses a non-agricultural contribution to Africa from Asia.C. It introduces evidence that a knowledge of copper working reached Africa and Europe at the same time.D. It compares the rates at which iron technology developed in different parts of Africa7. The word “profound” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. fascinatingB. far-reachingC. necessaryD. temporaryLivestock also came from outside Africa. Cattle were introduced from Asia, as probably were domestic sheep and goats. Horses were apparently introduced by the Hyksos invaders of Egypt (1780-1560 B.C.) and then spread across the Sudan to West Africa. Rock paintings in the Sahara indicate that horses and chariots were used to traverse the desert and that by 300-200 B.C., there were trade routes across the Sahara. Horses were adopted by peoples of the West African savannah, and later their powerful cavalry forces allowed them to carve out large empires. Finally, the camel was introduced around the first century A.D. This was an important innovation, because the camel’ s abilities to thrive in harsh desert conditions and to carry large loads cheaply made it an effective and efficient means of transportation. The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into a still difficult, but more accessible, route of trade and communication.Iron came from West Asia, although its routes of diffusion were somewhat different than those of agriculture. Most of Africa presents a curious case in which societies moved directly from a technology of stone to iron without passing through the intermediate stage of copper or bronze metallurgy, although some early copper-working sites have been found in West Africa. Knowledge of iron making penetrated into the forest and savannahs of West Africa at roughly the same time that iron making was reaching Europe. Evidence of iron making has been found in Nigeria, Ghana, and Mali.This technological shift cause profound changes in the complexity of African societies. Iron represented power. In West Africa the blacksmith who made tools and weapons had an important place in society, often with special religious powers and functions. Iron hoes, which made the land more productive, and iron weapons, which made the warrior more powerful, had symbolic meaning in a number of West Africa societies. Those who knew the secrets of making iron gained ritual and sometimes political power.8. The word “ritual” in the passage is closest in meanin g toA. militaryB. physicalC. ceremonialD. permanent9. According to paragraph 4, all of the following were social effects of the new metal technology in Africa EXCEPT:A. Access to metal tools and weapons created greater social equality.B. Metal weapons increased the power of warriors.C. Iron tools helped increase the food supply.D. Technica丨 knowledge gave religious power to its holders.10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. While American iron makers developed the latest furnaces, African iron makers continued using earlier techniques.B. Africans produced iron much earlier than Americans, inventing technologically sophisticated heating systems.C. Iron making developed earlier in Africa than in the Americas because of the ready availability of carbon and iron ore.D. Both Africa and the Americas developed the capacity for making iron early, but African metallurgy developed at a slower rate.Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limited development, Africans had iron from a relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron. Much of Africa moved right into the Iron Age, taking the basic technology and adapting it to local conditions and resources.11. The word “fleeing” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. afraid ofB. displaced byC. running away fromD. responding to12. Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following as possible causes of the “ Bantu explosion ” EXCEPTA. superior weaponsB. better hunting skillsC. peaceful migrationD. increased populationThe diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people who may have carried these innovations. These people probably originated in eastern Nigeria. Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. They spoke a language,proto-Bantu (“Bantu” means “the people” ), wh ich is the parent tongue of a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa. Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone implements. Still, the process is uncertain, and peaceful migration — or simply rapid demographic growth—may have also caused the Bantu explosion.The diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people who may havecarried these innovations. These people probably originated in eastern Nigeria. (Their migration may have beenset in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up,of the Sahara. (They spoke a language, proto-Bantu (“Bantu” means “the people，，)，which is the parent tongueof a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa. Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their ironweapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone implements. (Still,the process is uncertain, and peaceful migration—or simply rapid demographic growth—may have also causedthe Bantu explosion.(13. Look at the four squares [(] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?These people had a significant linguistic impact on the continent as well.14. Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Agriculture and iron working probably spread to Africa from neighboring regions.A. Once Africans developed their own crops, they no longer borrowed from other regions.B. The harshness of the African climate meant that agriculture could not develop until after the introduction of iron tools.C. The use of livestock improved transportation and trade and allowed for new forms of political control.D. As the Sahara expanded, the camel gained in importance, eventually coming to have religious significance.E. The spread of iron working had far-reaching effects on social, economic, and political organization in Africa.F. Today's Bantu-speaking peoples are descended from a technologically advanced people who spread throughout Africa.。
托福TPO7阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
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▉托福TPO7阅读Passage2原文文本： Ancient Rome and Greece There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed. The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman. Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, pietas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order. Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed tothe thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?” Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements. Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was ▉托福TPO7阅读Passage2题目： Question 1 of 14 Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of their realm. B. Although the Romans used different types of designs when building their walls, they used regular controls to maintain their realm. C. Several types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together. D. Romans built walls to unite the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was controlled by powerful laws. Question 2 of 14。
【威学教育王鑫整理出品】托福TPO7-1阅读文本
【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO7-1阅读文本TPO7TPO7-1 The Geologic History of the MediterraneanAnother task for the Glomar Challenger's scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling.Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean?1. The word “objective” i n the passage is closest in meaning toA. achievementB. requirementC. purposeD. feature2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a change that occurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?A. Most invertebrate species disappeared during a wave of extinctions.B. A few hardy species wiped out many of the Mediterranean’ s invertebrates.C. Some invertebrates migrated to Atlantic Ocean.D. New species of fauna populated the Mediterranean when the old migrants returned.In 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger. An objective of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out, although a few hardy species survived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the migrants returned, bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur?3. What does the author imply by saying “Not a single pebb le was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent” ?A. The most obvious explanation for the origin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence.B. The geologists did not find as many pebbles as they expected.C. The geologists were looking for a particular kind of pebble.D. The different pebbles could not have come from only one source.4. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?A. It did not contain any marine fossil.B. It had formed in open-ocean conditions.C. It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.D. It contained sediment from nearby deserts.ve credit you5.Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit must select TWO answers.A. Volcanic rock fragments.B. Thin silt layersC. Soft, deep-sea mudD. Crystalline saltWith question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.1. What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?A. To describe the physical evidence collected by Hsu and RyanB. To explain why some of the questions posed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of the Glomar ChallengerC. To evaluate techniques used by Hsu and Ryan to explore the sea floorD. To describe the most difficult problems faced by the Glomar Challenger expedition2. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean ’ s waters?A. The movements of Earth’ s crustB. The accumulation of sediment layersC. Changes in the water level of the Atlantic OceanD. Changes in Earth’ s temperature3. The word “scores” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. membersB. large numbersC. populationsD. different types4. According to paragraph 4, what caused most invertebrate species in the Mediterranean to become extinct?A .The evaporation of chemicals necessary for their survivalA. Crustal movements that connected the Mediterranean to the saltier AtlanticB. The migration of new species through the narrow straitsC. Their inability to tolerate the increasing salt content of the MediterraneanThe time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes.Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.V5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.B. The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.C. The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.D. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.6. The word “Turbulent” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. FreshB. DeepC. ViolentD. TemperateThe salt and gypsum, the fauna丨 changes, and the unusual gravel provided abundant evidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.gypsum: a mineral made of calcium sulfate and water(Another task for the Glomar Challenger's scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. (These structures had been detected years earlier byecho-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? ( in the course of drilling.( Were they salt domes so, why should there have been so much solid7. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the followi ng sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin.8. Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. An expedition to the Mediterranean answered some long-standing questions about the ocean’ s history.A. The Glomar Challenger expedition investigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features.B. Researchers collected fossils to determine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species.C. Scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger were the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath the seafloor.D. Samples recovered from the expedition revealed important differences in chemical composition and fossil distribution among the sediment layers.E. Evidence collected by the Glomar Challenger supports geologists' beliefs that the Mediterranean had evaporated and become a desert, before it refilled with water.F. Mediterranean salt domes formed after crustal movements opened the straits between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean refilled with water.。
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【王鑫托福阅读】托福TPO7-2阅读文本TPO7TPO7-2 Ancient Rome and Greeceworld EXCEPT1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of their realm.B. Although the Romans used different types of designs when building their walls, they used regular controls to maintain their realm.C. Severa丨 types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together.D. Romans built walls to unite the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was controlled by powerful laws.2. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are controls that held together the Roman world EXCEPTA. administrative and legal systemsB. the presence of the militaryC. a common languageD. transportation networksThere is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army ^of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were bui lt on fear a n d punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.3. The phrase “obsession with” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. thinking aboutB. fixation onC. interest inD. attitude toward4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was NOT characteristic of Rome’s early development?A. Expansion by sea invasionB. Territoria丨 expansionC. Expansion from one original settlementD. Expansion through invading armiesThe source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome’ s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world wasassembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.5. Why does the author mention “ Alexander the Great” in the passage?A. To acknowledge that Greek civilization also expanded by land conquestB. To compare Greek leaders to Roman leadersC. To give an example of Greek leader whom Romans studiedD. To indicate the superior organization of the Greek military6. The word “fostered” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. acceptedB. combinedC. introducedD. encouraged7. Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the people of Latium?A. Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.B. They held different values than the people of Rome.C. Agriculture played a significant role in the society.D. They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instincts.Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, pietas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.8. Paragraph 4 indicates that some historians admire Roman civilization because ofA. the diversity of cultures within Roman societyB. its strengthC. its innovative natureD. the large body of literature that it developed9.In paragraph 4, the author develops a description of Roman civilization byA. comparing the opinions of Roman intellectuals to Greek intellectualsB. identifying which characteristics of Roman civilization were copied from GreeceC. explaining how the differences between Roman and Greece developed as time passedD. contrasting characteristics of Roman civilization with characteristics of Greek civilization10. According to paragraph 4, intellectual Romans such as Horace held which of the following opinions about their civilization?A. Ancient works of Greece held little value in the Roman world.B. The Greek civilization had been surpassed by the Romans.C. Roman civilization produced little that was original or memorable.D. Romans valued certain types of innovations that had been ignored by ancient Greeks.Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans.“Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”Rome’ s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.11. The word “spheres” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. abilitiesB. areasC. combinationsD. models12. Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?A. They could read and write the Greek language.B. They frequently wrote poetry and plays.C. They focused their writing on military matters.D. They wrote according to the philosophical laws of the Greeks.Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. HAs always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. HAt the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. | For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. ■Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “ Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the followi ng sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?They esteem symbols of Roman power, such as the massive Colosseum.14. Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do notbelong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question worth 2 points. The Roman world drew its strength from several important sources.A. Numerous controls imposed by Roman rulers held its territory together.B. The Roman military was organized differently from older military organizations.C. Romans valued sea power as did the Latins, the original inhabitants of Rome.D. Roman values were rooted in a strong attachment to the land and the stability of rural life.E. Rome combined aspects of ancient Greek civilization with its own contributions in new areas.F. Educated Romans modeled their own literature and philosophy on the ancient Greeks.。