专业英语4单元中文翻译
英语专业综合英语教程4Unit8-14text中文翻译
4. Although I might have to agree that all these things really bring harm to their practitioners. But it is their own body health or life that is harmed, what has that to do with you or others? Even though all these things harm them, but it is their own choice, who do you think you are or who gives the right to interfere with their freedom?
当我更加压低了我的声音，附耳对他说的 时候，肓人急切地把头贴近我。我从前从来 没有被这样全神贯注地倾听过。
Book 4-Unit 8
“离我们非常近的是一个上了年纪的日本妇女，从
舞台上传来的光部分地照亮了她的侧脸，”我说，“在
她旁边一个大概5岁的有着可爱的英挺的鼻子的小男
孩，向前倾着身子，构成了日本女人之下第二张被
Book 4-Unit 10
5.What are the pernicious effects of superstition and pseudo-science?
Book 4-Unit 10
包装设计 普莱默.安吉列的工作室位于圣弗朗斯斯科 一个时尚的街区里, 它看起来就像一件流行艺术 的作品。墙上的一幅喷涂画面上是一个五英尺 的香肠正盯着你看。一块巨大的花岗石被安放 在由陈腐的炸面圈垒起的宝塔上。我疑惑这炸 面圈怎么支撑得住花岗石。安吉列解释说：“这 块石头不是真正的花岗石而是一块制型纸板。 像在这个地方的许多东西一样，这个炸面圈
新编大学英语4(unit1~4)课文翻译(每单元有三篇翻译)
大学英语4（unit1~4）课文翻译Unit 1享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？1 听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。
这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。
那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？2 我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。
这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。
我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。
这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。
3 为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。
而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。
我们都听人说过这样的话：“我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。
”有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。
一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。
一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。
一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。
这么说是有道理的。
4 甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。
我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。
通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。
而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。
布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。
外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。
”5 典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。
第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。
英语专业综合教程4课后习题解释句子&英译汉
Unit 6
1. July4 is one of the times when the American in me feels a twinge of unease aboutthe great lacunae in our children’s understanding of who they are and isprompted to fill the gaps.
P: The human imagination hadbeen exhausted and stopped at the wreckage of the first ruined city and failedto reach even the outskirts of Nagasaki.
5. Weseem to need, in addition, some other picture to counterpoise against ruinedNagasaki.
2. Thatabsence, even more than wreckage, contains the heart of the matter.
P: That vanished city ratherthan its remains represents the true measure of the event.
化工专业英语lesson4翻译
仅供参考Iｎｔｒoduction to Oｒganｉc Ｃheｍiｓt ｒy1．Ｓources of Orｇaｎic ＣompｏunｄsTｈe major sourｃes of orｇanic cheｍｉｃａｌs ａre coal, petｒole ｕm, ａnd agriculturａｌprｏｄucｔｓ．Both coal and pｅtrｏlｅu ｍweｒe formｅd througｈthe gｅologic prｏcesseｓof ｃhanging aｎimal anｄpｌant rｅmains iｎto ｃarbｏn-contaｉniｎg reｓiｄues. Aboutｏｎe-thiｒｄof all oｒgａnic chemicａｌｓar ｅderived from coａlａndａbouｔonｅ－haｌf ｆrom thｅｐetrｏｌｅum inｄｕstｒy有机化合物的来源有机化学药品的主要来源是煤、石油和农产品。
动植物的遗体通过地质作用变成含碳残基然后形成煤和石油。
三分之一的所有有机化合物品是从煤中得到的,一般来自于石油工业。
２. ThｅMeｔhods and Objｅcｔives ｏｆOｒganic Chemiｓtr ｙBecause oｆｔhｅｔremendｏus nｕｍber of organic comｐouｎdｓkｎown, anｄof the ｍany more being syｎthesized daｉlｙ，t ｈe stｕｄy of ｏrgaｎic chｅmisｔｒｙｉs noｔｔhe sｔudy of i ｎdividuａｌcompoundｓ，ｉt iｓthe study oｆｇroups or families oｆｃompｏundsａｌl clｏsｅｌy rｅlateｄtｏeａch ｏther．Obviously，tｈe formeｒappｒoach woｕｌd ｂe prohibｉtｉve[pｒE5ｈibiｔiｖ］. Ｏnce the sｔｒucｔurａlｒelat ｉoｎｓhｉps of certaｉn ｔypｉcal mｅmbeｒs of a paｒticｕlar gr ｏｕp or ｆamily of coｍｐouｎds aｒe unｄerstｏｏd,ｔhese strucｔural ｆeａtｕres are uｎderstoｏdｆor any one of ｔhe m ａny memｂeｒs ｏf the faｍiｌy,ｅveｎｔhougｈsome may not be knｏｗn cｏmｐoｕｎds.因为已知的有机化合物的数目庞大,而且还在逐日合成更多的品种,所以有机化学不是研究单个的化合物,而是把彼此密切相关的化合物按类或族来研究。
《公共管理专业英语》Unit4 textB翻译
Recent Transformations Administration Theory：a revolution in public management？近代的变革管理理论：公共管理的改革Since the early１９８０s much work has been conducted in public administration theory and practice that claims to go beyond the conservative approach in the field．This “liberalization” of public administration is recognized today as the NPM trend．The self-identity problem of public administration was greatly aggravated by the launching of the idea of NPM．As noted by Kettl and Mitward，“public management is neithe r traditional public administration nor policy analysis since it borrows heavily from a variety of disciplines and methodological approaches．”Mainly drawing on the experience of the business／industrial／private sector，scholars have suggested taking a more demanding attitude to the dynamics，activity，and productivity of public organizations：however，“competing academic disciplines dueled to establish bridgeheads or，worse，virtually ignored each other as they developed parallel tracks on related problems”．Consequently，a cross-fertilization，which could have accelerated learning and improved performance of public systems，was delayed．自20世纪80年代初以来，很多工作都已经在公共行政理论和实践中开展，主张要超越公共行政领域的保守研究方法。
医学专业英语翻译4单元2
In osteomalacia there is a softening of bone tissue due to lack of formation of a calcium salts. Possible causes include deficiency of vitamin D (needed to absorb calcium and phosphorus from the intestine), renal disorders, liver disease, and certain intestinal disorders. When osteomalacia occurs in children, the disease is called rickets. It is usually due to deficiency of vitamin D.在骨软化症有软化,由于缺乏骨组织形成钙盐。可能的原因包括:缺乏维生素D(需要吸收钙和磷、肾疾病大肠)、肝脏疾病,和一定的肠道疾病。当骨软化症发生在孩子,这种疾病被称为——佝偻病。它通常是由于缺乏维生素D。
Tuberculosis may spread to bone, especially the long bones of the arms and the legs and the bones of the wrist and ankle. Tuberculosis of the spine is Pott’s disease. Infected vertebrae are weakened and may collapse, causing pain, deformity, and pressure on the spinal cord. Antibiotics can be used to control tuberculosis as long as the strains are not resistant to these drugs and the host is not weakened by other diseases.肺结核传播,特别是长到骨骨武器和腿部及腕部的骨骼和脚踝。放入是脊柱结核的疾病。被感染的椎骨会被削弱,并可能会倒塌,造成疼痛、畸形和脊髓的压力。抗生素可以用来控制结核病只要菌不耐这些药物和主机不被其他疾病。
医学专业英语翻译4单元1
Types of bones. Almost all of the bones of the body may be classified into four principal types on the basis of shape: long, short, flat and irregular. Long bones have greater length than width and consist of a diaphysis and a variable number of epiphyses. For example, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges have only one epiphysis. The femur actually has four. Other long bones have two.类型的骨头。几乎所有的身体的骨头可分为四个主要类型的基础上,形状:长的、短的、公寓、不规则的。长骨有更大的漫长而不是宽度和包括骨干和一个可变数目的epiphyses。例如,metacarpals、蹠骨,和趾骨只有一个epiphysis。股骨却有四个。其他长骨生两个
◆ Blood cell production: red marrow in certain bones is capable of producing blood cells, a process called hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis. Red marrow consists of blood cells in immature stages, fat cells, and macrophages. Red marrow produces red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets.◆血细胞生产:红色的骨髓在某些骨头能产下血细胞,这个过程称为造血或hemopoiesis。红色的骨髓由血细胞在不成熟的阶段,脂肪细胞和巨噬细胞。红色的骨髓产生红血球,有些白血球和血小板。
艺术大学英语Unit4翻译
Unit4TextChinese traditional painting has a long history. It bear s its own[əun] characteristic s and form ed a style of its own.traditional [trəˈdɪʃənl] 传统的;口传的;惯例的;bear [beə] v..具有；承担;支撑;生育;结（果实）n.熊;蛮横的人;adj.跌价的;股票行情下跌的;characteristic[ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk] n. 特征，特性，特色，独特性;性质;adj.特有的;独特的;form[fɔ:m] n.形状，形式;外形;方式;表格;vt.形成;构成;组织;塑造;vi.形成，产生;排队，整队;style[staɪl] n. 风格；方式;样式;品位;vt.设计;为…造型;vi.使符合流行式样;用刻刀作装饰画;中国画有着悠久的历史。
它具有自己的特征，并已形成了独特的风格。
Chinese PaintingChinese traditional painting is highly regard ed throughout the world for its theory, expression, and technique s, Different from Western paintings, a Chinese painting is not restrict ed by the focal point in its perspective. The picture “Mulan Returns Home” provide s an example. In the picture the artist painted all the scene s along the Yangtse River on a long and narrow piece of paper. One can see what people are doing both outside and inside the courtyard and the house. It can be said the adoption of shifting perspective is one of the characteristics of Chinese painting.highly 非常、高度地、赞许地speak/think highly of sb.高度赞美/评价某人regard [rɪ'ɡɑ:d] v.重视;关注；注意;注视;尊敬;throughout[θru:ˈaʊt] prep. 自始至终;在…期间;遍及…地域/场所;adv. 处处;始终;在所有方面;theory [ˈθiəri] n. 理论;学说;原理;expression[ɪk'spreʃn] n.表现，表示，表达;表情（脸色，态度）technique [tekˈni:k] n.技巧，技术，手段;技能;手法;restrict [rɪ'strɪkt] vt.限制，限定;约束，束缚restriction n. restrictive a.focal ['fəʊkl] adj.焦点的，有焦点的;集中在点上的;point[pɔɪnt] n.点;要点;得分;标点;v.指向;指路;表明perspective [pə'spektɪv] n.a.透视（画）法;远近（画）法；透视的;望远镜;shifting/ linear perspective散点/线性透视n.景;远景；前途；想法；观点；洞察力;in/out of perspectiveprovide [prə'vaɪd] vt.& vi.提供，供给，供应; provide sb with sth/ provide sth for sbscene [si:n] n.场面，现场;景色，风景narrow ['nærəʊ] adj.狭隘的;狭窄的;有限的;仔细的，精确的;v.限制，限定;变窄;收缩;n.海峡;狭路，隘路;courtyard[ˈkɔ:tjɑ:d] n.庭院，院子;天井adoption[ə'dɒpʃn] n.采用，收养;shifting[ʃɪftɪŋ] n.移位;转移，偏移;狡猾;v.改变(shift的现在分词);adj.移动的;多变的;It can be said that …It is know to all thatIt has been found that传统中国画因其理论、表现及技法特征在全世界受到高度关注。
钟理环境工程专业英语翻译unit1~unit4
Unit 1 What are Environmental Science and Engineering➢Natural Science➢In the broadest sense, science is systematized knowledge derived from and tested by recognition and formulation of a problem, collection of data throughobservation, and experimentation.➢自然科学➢在最广泛的意义上,科学是系统化的知识，来源于并且实践于对问题的认识和构想, 以及通过观察和实验的数据的收集。
➢We differentiate between social science and natural science in that the former deals with the study of people and how they live together as families, tribes,communities, races, and nations, and the latter deals with the study of nature andthe physical world.➢我们用来区分社会科学和自然科学的是，前者从事研究人作为家庭、部落、社区,种族,和国家如何生活在一起的,后者从事自然和物理世界的研究。
➢➢Natural science includes such diverse disciplines as biology, chemistry, geology, physics, and environmental science.➢自然科学包括生物学、化学、地质学、物理学和环境科学等不同的学科。
➢Environmental Science➢Whereas the disciplines of biology, chemistry, and physics (and their subdisciplines of microbiology, organic chemistry, nuclear physics, etc.) arefocused on a particular aspect of natural science, environmental science in itsbroadest sense encompasses all the fields of natural science.➢环境科学➢而生物学、化学和物理的学科(及其分支学科的微生物学,有机化学,核物理,等等)的重点是自然科学的一个特定方面,环境科学在其广义上包括所有的自然科学领域。
(完整版)英语专业四级词汇表(全)
pacific a.和平的n.太平洋pack vt.捆扎；挤满n.包package n.包裹，包，捆packet n.小包(裹)，小捆pad n.垫；本子vt.填塞page n.页pail n.桶，提桶pain n.痛，痛苦悲伤；辛劳painful a.使痛的；费力的paint vt.画；油漆vi.绘画painter n.漆工，画家，绘画者painting n.油画；绘画；着色pair n.一对vi.成对，配对palace n.宫，宫殿pale a.苍白的；浅的palm n.手掌，手心；掌状物pan n.平底锅，盘子panda n.小猫熊；猫熊pane n.窗格玻璃panel n.专门小组；面，板pant n.气喘；心跳paper n.纸；官方文件；文章parade n.游行；检阅vi.游行paradise n.伊甸乐园；天堂paragraph n.(文章的)段，节parallel a.平行的；相同的parcel n.包裹，小包，邮包pardon n.原谅；赦免vt.原谅parent n.父亲，母亲，双亲park n.公园；停车场parliament n.议会，国会part n.一部分；零件；本份partial a.部分的；不公平的partially ad.部分地participate vi.参与，参加；分享particle n.粒子，微粒particular a.特殊的；特定的particularly ad.特别，尤其，格外partly ad.部分地，不完全地partner n.伙伴；搭挡；配偶party n.党，党派；聚会pass vt.经过；通过；度过passage n.通过；通路，通道passenger n.乘客，旅客，过路人passion n.激情，热情；爱好passive a.被动的；消极的passport n.护照past a.过去的n.过去paste n.糊，酱；浆湖pastime n.消遣，娱乐pat n.&vt.&n.轻拍patch n.补钉；碎片vt.补缀path n.路，小道；道路patience n.忍耐，容忍，耐心patient a.忍耐的n.病人pattern n.型，式样，模，模型pause n.&vi.中止，暂停pave vt.铺，筑(路等)pavement n.(英)人行道paw n.脚爪，爪子pay vt.支付；付给；给予payment n.支付，支付的款项pea n.豌豆；豌豆属植物peace n.和平；和睦；平静peaceful a.和平的；安静的peach n.桃子，桃树peak n.山顶，巅 a.最高的pear n.梨子，梨树pearl n.珍珠；珍珠母peasant n.农夫pebble n.卵石，细砾peculiar a.特有的；特别的peel vt.剥(皮)，削(皮)peep vi.(从缝隙中)偷看pen n.钢笔，自来水笔pencil n.铅笔penetrate vt.穿过vi.穿渗入渗出peninsula n.半岛penny n.(英)便士；(美)分pension n.抚恤金，年金people n.人民，民族；人pepper n.胡椒，胡椒粉per prep.每perceive vt.察觉，发觉；理解percent n.百分之…percentage n.百分比，百分率perfect a.完美的；完全的perfectly ad.很，完全perform vt.履行，执行；演出performance n.履行；演出；行为perfume n.香味，芳香；香料perhaps ad.也许，可能，多半period n.时期；学时；句号permanent a.永久的，持久的permanently ad.永久地，持久地permission n.允许，许可，同意permit vt.允许n.执照persist vi.坚持，固执；持续person n.人；人身；本人personal a.个人的；本人的personnel n.全体人员，全体职员perspective n.透视；遥景；观点persuade vt.说服vi.被说服pessimistic a.悲看的；厌世的pet n.爱畜；宠儿a.宠爱的petrol n.(英)汽油petroleum n.石油phase n.阶段；方面；相位phenomenon n.现象philosopher n.哲学家philosophy n.哲学；哲理；人生看phone n.电话，电话机；耳机photograph n.照片，相片photographic a.摄影的，摄影用的phrase n.短语；习惯用语physical a.物质的；物理的physician n.医生，内科医生physicist n.物理学家physics n.物理学piano n.钢琴pick n.镐，鹤嘴锄pick vt.拾，摘vi.采摘picnic n.郊游，野餐vi.野餐picture n.画，图片vt.画pie n.(西点)馅饼piece n.碎片，块vt.拼合pierce vt.剌穿vi.穿渗入渗出pig n.猪，小猪，野猪pigeon n.鸽子pile n.堆vt.堆叠，累积pill n.药丸，丸剂pillar n.柱，柱子；栋梁pillow n.枕头pilot n.领航员；飞行员pin n.针，饰针n.别住pinch vt.捏，拧，掐掉pine n.松树，松木pink n.粉红色a.粉红色的pint n.品脱pioneer n.拓荒者；先驱者pipe n.管子，导管；烟斗pipeline n.管道，管线pistol n.手枪pit n.坑，地坑；煤矿pitch n.沥青pitch vt.投，掷vi.投掷pity n.怜悯；遗憾vt.同情place n.地方，地点；住所plain n.平原 a.清楚的plan n.&vt.计划，打算plane n.平面；飞机planet n.行星plant n.植物；工厂vt.栽种plantation n.种植园；栽植plaster n.灰泥；硬膏；熟石膏plastic a.可塑的n.塑料plate n.板，片，盘vt.电镀platform n.平台；站台；讲台play vi.玩，游戏；演奏player n.游戏的人；比赛者playground n.操场，运动场pleasant a.令人愉快的，舒适的please vt.使高兴，请vi.满足pleasure n.舒畅，快乐；乐事plentiful a.丰富的，富裕的plenty n.丰富，充足，大量plot n.小块土地vt.密谋plough n.犁vt.&vi.犁，耕pluck vt.采，摘；拉下n.拉plug n.塞子；插头vt.塞plunge vt.使投入；使陷渗透plural a.复数的n.复数plus prep.加，加上 a.正的P.M. n.下午，午后pocket n.衣袋n.袖珍的poem n.诗，韵文，诗体文poet n.诗人poetry n.诗，诗歌，诗作point n.点；要点；细目；分poison n.毒，毒药vt.毒害poisonous a.有毒的，有害的pole n.杆，柱pole n.极(点)，磁极，电极police n.警察；警察当局policeman n.警察policy n.政策，方针polish vt.磨光；使优美polite a.有礼貌的；有教养的political a.政治的，政治上的politician n.政治家；政客politics n.政治，政治学；政纲pollute vt.弄脏，污染，沾污pollution n.污染pond n.池塘pool n.水塘，游泳池，水池pool n.共用物vt.共有poor a.贫穷的；贫乏的pop n.流行音乐，流行歌曲pop n.砰的一声，爆破声popular a.民众的；流行的population n.人口；全体居民porch n.门廊，渗入渗出口处pork n.猪肉porridge n.粥，麦片粥port n.港，港口portable a.轻巧的；手提的porter n.搬运工人portion n.一部分；一分portrait n.消像，画像Portuguese n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语position n.位置；职位；姿势positive a.确定的；积极的possess vt.占用，拥有(财产) possession n.有，所有；占有物possibility n.可能；可能的事possible a.可能的；可能存在的possibly ad.可能地；也许post n.柱，桩，杆vt.贴出post n.邮政，邮寄；邮件post n.岗位，哨所；职位postage n.邮费，邮资postman n.邮递员postpone vt.延迟，推迟，延缓pot n.锅，壶，罐，盆potato n.马铃薯，土豆potential a.潜在的n.潜力pound n.磅；英磅pound vt.捣碎；舂烂；猛击pour vt.灌，倒vi.倾泻poverty n.贫穷，贫困powder n.粉末；药粉；火药power n.能力；力；权；幂powerful a.强有力的；有权威的practical a.实践的；实用的practically ad.实际上；几乎practice n.实践；练习；业务practise vt.练习，实习，训练praise n.赞扬，赞美vi.赞扬pray vt.&vi.请求；祈祷prayer n.祈祷，祈求precaution n.预防；警惕preceding a.在前的；在先的precious a.珍贵的，宝贵的precise a.精确的，准确的precision n.精确，精密，精密度predict v.预言，预报，预测preface n.序言，前言，引语prefer vt.宁可，宁愿preferable a.更可取的，更好的preference n.偏爱，优先；优先权prejudice n.偏见，成见preliminary a.预备的，初步的premier n.总理，首相preparation n.准备，预备；制备prepare vt.&vi.准备，预备preposition n.前置词，介词prescribe vt.命令；处(方) presence n.出席，到场；在present a.现在的n.目前present vt.赠送; 介绍; 提出present n.礼物，赠送物presently ad.一会儿；目前preserve vt.保护；保存；腌渍president n.总统；校长；会长press vt.压，按，揿；催促pressure n.压力；压力；压，按pretend vt.假托，借口vi.假装pretty a.漂亮的，标致的prevail vi.胜，优胜；流行prevent vt.预防，防止；阻止previous a.先的；前的ad.在前previously ad.先前，预先price n.价格，价钱；代价pride n.骄傲；自豪vt.自夸priest n.教士，牧师，神父primarily ad.首先；主要地primary a.最初的；基本的prime a.首要的n.春，青春primitive a.原始的；粗糙的prince n.王子，亲王princess n.公主，王妃principal a.主要的n.负责人principle n.原则，原理；主义print vt.印刷n.印刷；正片prior a.在先的；优先的prison n.监狱，监禁prisoner n.囚犯private a.私人的；私下的privilege n.特权，优惠prize n.奖赏，奖金vt.珍视probability n.可能性；概率probable a.或有的；大概的probably ad.或许，大概problem n.问题；习题，问题procedure n.程序；手续；过程proceed vi.入行；继续入行process n.过程；工序vt.加工procession n.队伍，行列proclaim vt.宣告，宣布；表明produce vt.生产；产生；展现product n.产品，产物；(乘)积production n.生产；产品；总产量productive a.生产的；丰饶的profession n.职业professional a.职业的n.专业人员professor n.教授profit n.益处；利润vi.得益program n.节目单；大纲；程序progress n.前入，进展；入步progressive a.入步的；向前入的prohibit vt.禁止，阻止project n.方案，工程vi.伸出prominent a.实起的；突出的promise n.诺言；指望vt.允诺promising a.有希望的；有前途的promote vt.促入，发扬；提升prompt a.及时的vt.敦促pronoun n.代名词pronounce vt.发…的音；宣布pronunciation n.发音，发音法proof n.证据；证实；校样proper a.适合的；合乎体统的properly ad.适当地；彻底地property n.财产，资产；性质proportion n.比，比率，部分proportional a.比例的；相称的proposal n.提议，建议；求婚propose vt.提议vi.求婚prospect n.展望；前景，前程prosperity n.繁荣；昌盛，兴旺prosperous a.繁荣的，昌盛的protect vt.保护，保卫，警戒protection n.保护，警戒protective a.保护的，防护的protein n.蛋白质，朊protest vt.&vi.&n.抗议proud a.骄傲的；自豪的prove vt.证实vi.结果是provide vt.提供；装备，供给provided conj.以…为条件province n.省；领域，部门provision n.供应；预备；存粮psychological a.心理的，心理学的public a.公众的n.公众publication n.公布；出版；出版物publish vt.公布；发表；出版pudding n.布丁puff n.(一)喷，(一)吹pull vt.拉，拖；拉，拉力pulse n.脉搏；脉冲，脉动pump n.泵vt.用抽机抽punch vt.冲出n.冲压机punch vt.用拳猛击n.拳打punctual a.严守时刻的；准时的punish vt.罚，惩罚，处罚punishment n.罚，惩罚，处罚pupil n.学生，小学生pupil n.瞳孔puppet n.木偶，玩偶；傀儡purchase n.买，购买vt.买pure a.纯粹的；纯洁的purely ad.纯粹地，完全地purify vt.使纯净，使洁净purity n.纯净；纯洁；纯度purple n.紫色 a.紫的purpose n.目的；意图；效果purse n.钱包，小钱袋，手袋pursue vt.追赶，追踪；入行pursuit n.追赶；追求；事务push vt.推，逼迫vi.推put vt.放，摆；使处于puzzle n.难题；谜vi.使迷惑Q qualify vt.使具有资格quality n.质量；品质，特性quantity n.量，数量，分量quarrel n.争吵，吵架，口角quart n.夸脱(=2品脱)quarter n.四分之一；一刻钟quarterly a.季度的ad.季度地queen n.王后；女王queer a.奇怪的，古怪的question n.发问；问题；疑问queue n.行列vi.排队等候quick a.快的；敏捷的quicken vt.加快vi.加快quickly ad.快，迅速quiet a.寂静的；安静的quilt n.被(子)quit vt.离开，退出；停止quite ad.完全；相当；的确quiz n.小型考试，测验quotation n.引用；引文；报价单quote vt.引用，引证；报价R rabbit n.兔子，野兔race n.比赛，竞赛，竞争race n.人种，种族，民族racial a.种族的，人种的rack n.搁物架；行李架rack vt.使苦痛，折磨racket n.球拍radar n.雷达，无线电探测器radiate vi.发射光线；辐射radiation n.放射，发射；辐射能radio n.无线电；收音机radioactive a.放射性的radioactivity n.放射性，放射(现象) radish n.小萝卜radium n.镭radius n.半径rag n.破布，碎布，抹布rage n.(一阵)狂怒，盛怒raid n.袭击；突然搜查rail n.横条，横杆；铁轨railroad n.铁路vi.由铁路运输railway n.铁路，铁道rain n.雨，雨水vi.下雨rainbow n.虹，彩虹rainy a.下雨的，多雨的raise vt.举起；引起；提高rake n.耙子vi.耙；搜索range n.排，行；山脉；范围rank n.排，横行；社会阶层rapid a.快的n.急流rapidly ad.迅速地rare a.稀薄的；稀有的rarely ad.很少，难得rat n.老鼠，耗子rate n.比率；速度；价格rather ad.宁可，宁愿；相当ratio n.比，比率rational a.理性的；出于理性的raw a.未煮过的；未加工的ray n.光线，射线，辐射线razor n.剃刀reach vt.抵达；伸出vi.达到react vi.起反应；有影响reaction n.反应；反作用read vt.读，观懂vi.读reader n.读者；读物，读本readily ad.乐意地；无困难地reading n.读，阅读；读书ready a.准备好的；愿意的real a.真的；现实的reality n.现实；真实realize vt.实现；熟悉到really ad.真正地；实在realm n.王国，国土；领域reap vt.&vi.收割，收获rear n.后部，后面；背面rear vt.抚养，培养；栽种reason n.理由；理性vi.推理reasonable a.合情合理的；公道的rebel vi.造反n.造反者rebellion n.造反；叛乱；反抗recall vt.往返想；叫来回；收来回receipt n.收到；收条，收据receive vt.收到；得到；接待receiver n.收受者，收件人recent a.新近的，最近的recently ad.最近，新近reception a.接待；招待会；接受recite vt.&vi.背诵，朗诵recognition n.认出，识别；承认recognize vt.认识，认出；承认recollect vt.往返忆，追忆，想起recommend vt.推荐，介绍；劝告recommendation n.推荐，介绍；劝告record n.记录；履历vt.记录recorder n.记录者；录音机recover vt.重新获得；挽来回recovery n.重获；痊愈，恢复red a.红色的n.红色reduce vt.减少，减小；简化reduction n.减少，减小，缩减reed n.芦苇，芦杆，芦丛reel n.卷轴，卷筒refer vt.使求助于vi.谈到reference n.参考；出处；提及refine vt.&vi.精炼，提纯reflect vt.反射；反映；思考reflection n.反射；映象；反映reflexion n.反射；映象；反映reform vt.&n.改革，改良refresh vt.使清新vi.恢复精神refreshment n.茶点，点心，便餐refrigerator n.冰箱，冷藏库refuge n.避难，庇护；庇护者refusal n.拒绝refuse vt.拒绝vt.拒绝refute vt.驳斥，反驳，驳倒regard vt.把…观作；尊敬regarding prep.关于regardless ad.不顾一切地region n.地区，地带；领域register n.&vt.登记，注册regret vt.懊悔；抱歉n.懊悔regular a.规则的；整洁的regularly ad.有规律地regulate vt.管理，控制；调整regulation n.规则，规章；管理rehearsal n.排练，排演；练习reign n.君主统治；支配rein n.缰绳vi.驾驭，控制reinforce vt.增援，支援；加强reject vt.拒绝；丢掉；驳回rejoice vi.欣喜，高兴relate vt.叙述；使联系relation n.关系，联系；家属relationship n.关系，联系relative a.有关系的；相对的relatively ad.相对地，比较地relativity n.相关性；相对性relax vt.使松弛vi.松弛release vt.释放；放松；发表relevant a.有关的，贴切的reliability n.可靠性reliable a.可靠的，可信赖的reliance n.信任，信赖，信心relief n.减轻；救济；援救relieve vt.减轻，解除；救济religion n.宗教；宗教信仰religious a.宗教的；虔诚的reluctant a.不愿的，勉强的rely vi.依赖，依靠；信赖remain vi.剩下，余留；保持remains n.残余，余额；废墟remark vt.&vi.&n.评论，谈论remarkable a.异常的，非凡的remedy n.&vt.治疗；补救remember vt.记得，想起；记住remind vt.提醒，使想起remote a.相隔很远的；心灰意冷淡的removal n.移动；迁移；除掉remove vt.移动，搬开；脱掉render vt.表示，给予；使得renew vt.使更新vi.更新rent n.租金，租vi.出租repair vt.&n.修理，修补repeat vt.重说，重做n.重复repeatedly ad.重复地；一再repent vi.悔悟，悔改vt.后悔repetition n.重复，反复replace vt.把…放往返；取代reply vi.&n.来回答，答复report vt.&vi.报告；汇报reporter n.记者，通讯员represent vt.描绘；代表；象征representative a.代表性的n.代表reproach vt.&n.责备，指责reproduce vt.&vi.繁殖，生殖republic n.共和国，共和政体republican a.共和国的reputation n.名誉，名声；好名声request n.&v.请求，要求require vt.需要；要求，命令requirement n.需要；要求rescue vt.&n.援救，营救research n.&vi.调查，探究researcher n.调查者；探究者resemble vt.像，类似reserve vt.储备，保留；预定reservior n.水库；蓄水池residence n.居住；驻扎；住处resident a.居住的n.居民resign vt.放弃vi.辞职resignation n.放弃，辞职，反抗resist vt.&vi.抵抗，抵制resistance n.抵抗；抵制；抵抗力resistant a.抵抗的，反抗的resolution n.坚决，坚定；决定resolve vt.解决；决心n.决心resort vi.&n.求助，凭借resource n.资源，物力；办法respect n.&vt.尊敬，尊重respectful a.恭敬的，尊重的respective 各自的，各个的respectively ad.各自地，分别地respond vi.作答；响应response n.作答，回答；响应responsibility n.责任，责任心；职责responsible a.有责任的；尽责的rest n.休息；安静；静止rest n.剩余部分；其余的人restaurant n.餐馆，饭店，菜馆restless a.不安定的，焦虑的restore vt.恢复；回还；修补restrain vt.抑制，遏制；限制restraint n.抑制；遏制；克制restrict vt限制，限定，约束restriction n.限制，限定，约束result n.成果vi.发生，结果resume vt.恢复；重新开始retain vt.保持，保留，保有retell vt.再讲，重述，复述retire vi.退下；引退；就寝retreat vi.(被迫)退却，后退return vi.&n.往返来，返来回reveal vt.展现；揭示，揭露revenge vt.替…报仇n.报仇reverse vt.颠倒，翻转n.背面review vt.再检查n.复习revise vt.修订，校订；修改revolt vi.&n.反抗，造反revolution n.革命；旋转，绕转revolutionary a.革命的n.革命者reward n.报答；报酬vt.报答rhythm n.韵律，格律；节奏rib n.肋，肋骨ribbon n.缎带，丝带；带rice n.稻，米，饭rich a.富的，丰富的rid vt.使摆脱，使去掉riddle n.谜，谜语ride vi.&n.骑马，乘车rider n.骑马的人；乘车的人ridge n.脊；岭，山脉；垄ridiculous a.荒谬的，可笑的rifle n.步枪，来复枪right a.正确的ad.对，正好rigid a.刚硬的；僵硬的ring n.环形物(如圈、环等) ring vi.叫；按铃n.铃声ripe a.熟的；时机成熟的ripen vt.使熟vi.成熟rise vi.起立；升起；上涨risk n.风险，危险，冒险rival n.竞争者a.竞争的river n.江，河，水道road n.路，道路，公路roar vi.吼鸣；呼喊n.吼roast vt.&vi.烤，炙，烘rob vt.&vi.抢劫；劫掠robber n.强盗，盗贼robbery n.抢劫，劫掠，盗取robe n.长袍，长衣，浴衣robot n.机器人；自动机rock vt.摇，使动摇vi.摇rock n.岩，岩石；石头rocket n.火箭，火箭发动机rod n.杆，竿，棒role n.角色，作用，任务roll vi.&vt.滚动；转动roller n.滚柱，滚筒，滚轴Roman n.古罗马人a.罗马的romantic a.浪漫的；传奇的roof n.屋顶，车顶；顶room n.房间；地位；余地root n.根，根子vi.生根rope n.绳，索rose n.蔷薇花，蔷薇科植物rot vt.烂，腐坏n.腐烂rotary a.旋转的，转动的rotate vi.旋转vt.使旋转rotation n.旋转，转动；循环rotten a.腐烂的，发臭的rough a.表面不平的；粗略的roughly ad.粗糙地，粗略地round a.圆的n.兜圈；一轮rouse vt.唤醒，唤起；惊起route n.路，路线，路程routine n.例行公事 a.日常的row n.(一)排，(一)行row vt.划(舟等) vi.划舟royal a.王的；皇家的rub vt.摩擦，擦vi.摩擦rubber n.橡皮(擦子)；橡胶rubbish n.垃圾，废物；废话rude a.加工粗糙的；粗野的rug n.小地毯；毛毯ruin n.毁灭；废墟vt.毁坏rule n.统治；规定；习惯ruler n.统治者；尺，直尺rumour n.谣言，谣传，传闻run vi.跑，奔；行驶；流runner n.赛跑的人rural a.农村的，田园的rush vi.冲，奔vt.催促Russian a.俄罗斯的n.俄国人rust n.锈vi.生锈，氧化rusty a.生锈的；变迟钝的。
制药工程专业英语unit--1、2、3、4、5、16、17、18、19、20中文翻译(庄永思-吴达俊版)
1、生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：Ⅰ.完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ.天然产物，和Ⅲ.产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。
本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。
这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。
它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。
表1给出了获取药剂的不同方法的概述。
（表1对药物的可能性准备）方法举例1、全合成，超过75％的药剂（合成纤维）2、分离（天然产物）天然来源：2.1植物-生物碱;酶;心甙，多糖，维生素E;类固醇的前体（薯蓣皂素，sitosterin），柠檬醛（中间产品维生素A，E和K）2.2动物器官一酶;肽激素;胆酸从胆;胰岛素）从胰脏;血清和疫苗2.3从角蛋白和明胶L -氨基酸;三一胆固醇从羊毛油脂的其他来源水解3.一抗生素发酵; L -氨基酸，葡聚糖，对类固醇有针对性的修改,例如11 -羟基化;也胰岛素，干扰素，抗体，肽激素，酶，疫苗4。
部分合成修改（半合成剂）天然产品: 一生物碱化合物;半合成/ 3-内酰胺类抗生素;类固醇;人胰岛素其中几个重要的治疗作用最初是从天然产品天然来源获得更有效的今天，我。
大肠杆菌更经济的准备..由全合成。
这样的例子包括L-氨基酸，氯霉素，咖啡因，多巴胺，肾上腺素，左旋多巴，肽类激素，前列腺素，D -青霉胺，长春胺，以及几乎所有的维生素。
在过去的几年里发酵-岛大肠杆菌微生物过程变得极其重要。
通过现代技术和基因选择的结果导致了突变体的微生物创造高性能，发酵，已成为首选方法各种各样的物质。
这两个Eukaryonts（酵母菌和霉菌）和Prokaryonts（单细胞细菌，放线菌和）用于微生物。
下列产品类型可以得到：1.细胞的物质（单细胞蛋白），2.酶，3.主要降解产物（主要代谢物），4.二级降解产物（次生代谢物）。
不顾来自某些微生物，大肠杆菌粘膜生产的葡聚糖克明串珠mesenteroides，2和3级是毒品有关的准备工作。
unit4知识点课文翻译
Unit 4 Meeting the MuseUnderstanding ideasWhat inspires you?Every artist’s wish is to create something that expresses an idea. But where do artists get their ideas from? Who or what inspires them? Here we find out more about the influences behind the successes of three very different artists.express v. ____________ n. __________ influence__________inspire v. _____________ n. ___________ find out ___________段落翻译：________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Florentijn Hofman, visual artist①Florentijn Hofman is a Dutch artist, whose large sculptures are on display all over the world. One way for him to find inspiration is turning to his children’s toys. These objects have given him ideas for his animal sculptures, such as the famous Rubber Duck. A more recent work of his is the huge Floating Fish, which was set among the beautiful landscape of Wuzhen West Scenic Zone.②Hofman’s inspiration for Floating Fish came from Chinese folk tales passed down through the generations. He was particularly interested in the old story about a fish jumping through the “Dragon Gate”. This story came to life for Hofman when he visited Wuzhen and saw how people lived there.③“During the walk and my stay here in the town, I saw the fish being fed by people. You see also some fish sculpted on the wall.” These sights set Hofman’s idea for Floating Fish in motion. visual___________ turn to___________on display____________________ inspiration ___________folk tales___________ in motion___________pass…down through generations ____________________ float___________being fed by people 在句子中作___________成分,修饰____________sculpted on the wall在句子中作___________成分,修饰____________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Tan Dun, poser④“There is no territory in the world of music.” These are the words of Chinese poser Tan Dun. He is most widely known for posing music for the film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon and the 2008 Beijing Olympics.⑤To listen to Tan’s music is to experience a mix of Chinese musical traditions and Western influences. Since his first opera, Nine Songs, Tan Dun has been using a bination of Chinese music and sounds from all over the world to tell stories. As Tan once said, Chinese music should carry “universal expression” of the human spirit so as to be recognised by the whole world.territory n. __________ poser n. _____________ v. _____________be widely known for ___________________ a mix of _______________a bination of__________________ v. _______________so as to/in order to _________________ 表_______________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yang Liping, dancer⑥Yang Liping’s passion is dancing. After winning a national petition in 1986 with her Spirit ofthe Peacock dance, she has been known as the “Peacock Princess”. The inspiration for her famousdances has e from the time she spent in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province.⑦“I feel very grateful for the years in Xishuangbanna,” says Yang. “It gave me a chance to godeeper into the lives of various ethnic groups... Our ethnic groups, especially the Dai people, admire the peacock. They think the peacock represents the beauty of nature. I especially like the dance style of the Dai people and it gives me lots of inspiration. My dance es from their traditional belief and aims to bring out the Dai women’s beauty.”passion ____________be known as ___________________ go deeper into ________________ethnic groups _____________________ princess ____________ 王子____________She spent in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province 是一个__________从句，引导词_________在从句中作___________,所以省略了be/feel grateful for sth.__________bring out the Dai women’s beauty_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Developing ideasART & TECHNOLOGY①Think “art”. What es to your mind? Is it Greek or Roman sculptures in the Louvre, or Chinese paintingsin the Palace Museum? Or maybe, just maybe, it’s a dancing pattern of lights?②The artworks by American artist Janet Echelman look like colourful floating clouds when they are lit up at night. Visitors to one of her artworks in Vancouver could not only enjoy looking at it, they could also interact with it—literally. They did this by using their phones to change its colours and patterns. Exhibits such as these are certainly new and exciting, but are they really art?③Whatever your opinion, people have been expressing their thoughts and ideas through art for thousands of years. To do this, they have used a variety of tools and technologies. Yet Michelangelo and others have been labelled as “artists” rather than “technicians”. This means that art and technology have always been seen as two very separate things.e to your mind __________________ dancing pattern of lights_________________light up_________________interact with_________________ literally______________a variety of_________________ rather than_________________ separate______________exhibits ____________ be labelled as_________________ technician_________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ④Today, however, technological advances have led to a bination of art and technology. As a result, the art world is changing greatly. Now art is more accessible to us than ever before. Take for example one of China’s most famous paintings from the Song Dynasty, Along the River During the Qingming Festival. As this artwork is rarely on display, people have sometimes queued up to six hours for a chance to see it. Once in front of the painting, they only have limited time to spend taking in its five metres of scenes along the Bian River in Bianjing. Thanks to technology however, millions more people have been able to experience a digital version of this painting. Threedimensional (3D) animation means that viewers can see the characters move around and interact with their surroundings. They can also watch as the different scenes change from daylight into nighttime.technological advances________________ lead to ________________is more accessible to ________________ surroundings________________queue______________ up to________________ take in____________________ threedimensional ___________________ animation______________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ⑤The arttech bination is also changing our concepts of “art” and the “artist”. Not only can we interact with art, but also take part in its creation. With new technological tools at our fingertips, more and more people are exploring their creative sides. The result has been exciting new art forms, such as digital paintings and videos.⑥However, the increase in the amount and variety of art produced has also raised questions over its overall quality. Can a video of someone slicing a tomato played in slow motion really be called “art”?⑦Similarly, such developments are making the line between art and technology less distinct. Can someone unfamiliar with traditional artists’ tools really call themselves an “artist”? And is the artist the creator of the art itself, or the maker of the technology behind it? A recent project used technology and data in the same way that Rembrandt used his paints and brushes. The end result, printed in 3D, was a new “Rembrandt painting” created 347 years after the artist’s death. These advances are perhaps bringing us closer to a time when puters rather than humans create art.⑧Where technology will take art next is anyone’s guess. But one thing is for sure—with so many artists exploring new possibilities, we can definitely expect the unexpected.the arttech bination____________________ concepts ______________at one’s fingertips ______________ raised questions over ______________overall quality______________ slice______________in slow motion ______________ distinct______________that Rembrandt used his paints and brushes 是____________从句，修饰_______________when puters rather than humans create art是____________从句，修饰_______________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________。
新标准大学英语四 单元课后英汉互译题答案~大宝免费出品
Unite 11.If you ask me, real life is not all it's cracked up to be. Twelve years at school and three years at university, teachers banging on about opportunities in the big wide world beyond our sheltered life as students, and what do I find?依我看，现实生活与人们想象的不一样。
我们上了12年的中、小学，又上了3年的大学，这期间老师们一直在没完没了地谈论在安宁的学生生活之外那个广阔天地里的各种机会，可我遇到的又是什么呢？2.Try as I might to stay cheerful, all I ever get is hassle, sometimes with people (especially boys, god, when will they grow up?), but mostly with money. It's just so expensive out here! Everyone wants a slice off you. The Inland Revenue wants to deduct income tax, the bank manager wants repayments on my student loan, the landlord wants the rent, gas, water, electricity and my mobile bills keep coming in, and all that's before I've had anything to eat. And then some bright spark calls me out of the blue, asking if I'm interested in buying a pension. At this rate, I won't even last till the end of the year, letalone till I'm 60.无论我怎么想保持心情愉快，麻烦事总是接踵而来：有时是跟人争吵（尤其是跟男孩，天哪！他们什么时候才能长大？），但通常是为钱发愁。
测绘工程专业英语翻译Unit4
Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement （角度和方向测量）Horizontal and vertical angles are fundamental measurements in surveying.（水平角和竖直角是测量的 基本测量工作）It is necessary to be familiar with the meanings of certain basic terms beforedescribing angle and direction measurement.（在描述角度和方向测量之前，有必要熟悉【be familiar with 熟悉】几个【certain 某些】基本术语的含义【meaning 】）The terms discussed here have reference to the actual figure of the earth.（这里讨论的这些术语与地 球的真实形状有关【have reference to 与……有关】）Basic Terms （基本术语）A vertical line at any point A vertical line at any point on the earth’s surface is the line that follows the direction on the earth’s surface is the line that follows the direction of gravity at that point.（地球表面任一点的垂线是指这点上沿着重力的方向的线【可译为：地球表面任一点的垂线方向 是过该点的重力方向】）It is the direction that a string will assume if a weight is attached at that point and the string is suspended freely at the point. （如果在这点上用线悬挂一个重物，当线自由【即无干扰】静止【suspended 暂停的、悬浮的】时，这条线所呈现【assume 呈现】的方向即重力方向。
计算机专业英语课文的翻译 中文 (4)[4页]
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第4单元操作系统第一部分听力和对话对话：关于操作系统的讨论（Henry想要了解更多有关于操作系统的内容，所以他在课后向Mark和Sophie请教）Henry: 一个操作系统可以实现的确切的功能是什么？Sophie: 它控制包括视觉体验、键盘、鼠标、麦克风以及触摸屏等搜集用户需求的用户接口的关键因素。
Mark：并且在幕后，操作系统忙碌地监控发生在设备内的操作。
Henry: 我了解诸如Wind ows、iOS等很基础的操作系统，但是我认为还有其他的操作系统有很广泛的用途。
Sophie：你说的很对。
操作系统可以根据它们在什么设备上使用来进行分类。
Mark：台式机操作系统是为台式机或者手提电脑而设计。
你在学校、在家或在工作中使用的电脑大部分都配置有台式机操作系统，如Microsoft Wind ows，OS X，或者Chrome OS。
Sophie：另外，像iOS和Android这样的操作系统被定义为移动操作系统，因为它们被设计用于手机、平板电脑、电子书阅读器。
Henry：还有其他的吗？Sophie：当然。
被部署用于网络、文件、应用、数据库、邮件服务器的电脑通常使用可以被多个用户同时使用的分布式网络的服务器操作系统。
Mark：Linux,、UNIX,、Wind ows和OS X服务器都是流行的服务器操作系统。
Henry：太棒了。
操作系统究竟存在于哪里？Mark：在一些诸如手机、电子阅读器的电子设备中，整个操作系统足够小所以可以被储存在只读存储器中。
对于其他大多数的电脑，操作系统很大，所以大部分存储在硬盘上或者固态硬盘上。
Sophie：是的。
在引导程序的过程中，操作系统内核被加载至随机存取存储器中。
内核提供关键的操作系统服务，如内存管理、获取文件。
在电脑运行的过程中，内核一直存在于随机存取存储器中。
其他的部分如定制化工具，被需要的时候会加载至随机存取存储器中。
Henry：我明白了！十分感谢你们。
练习以小组的形式，用右边的其他表达式来替换文中相应的陈述，组成类似的对话。
医学专业英语翻译四单元2
专业英语unit1 and unit4翻译
Unit 1 The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But with the formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense．When the first nations came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity．交通工具的演变紧密相连的人类在整个地球的历史发展。
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名字“Linux”源自于Linux内核,该内核是由李纳斯.托瓦尔兹<Linus Torvalds）于1991年最先编写出来地.Linux系统所用地工具和库,则常常来源于在1983年由理查德.斯塔曼<Richard Stallman）所发布地GNU操作系统.GNU地重要贡献是该系统有着别名GNU/Linux地原因.0YujCfmUCw
第4章操作系统
第一部分 阅读和翻译
A部分 Windows Vista
Windows Vista是一款微软开发地在个人电脑上使用地操作系统,这些个人电脑包括家用机和商用台式机,笔记本电脑,平板电脑和媒体中心PC .在2005年7月22日宣布之前, Windows Vista因为其代号Longhorn而被知悉.Windows Vista在2006年11月8号完成了开发,接下来三个月是其在计算机硬件和软件制造商,企业客户和零售渠道推出地阶段.2007年1月30号,它在全球进行发行,并提供购买和从微软地网站上下载.该版本地Windows Vista是其前任Windows XP五年多之后推出地,这是时间跨度最长地连续发布地Microsoft Windows.b5E2RGbCAP
B部分 Linux
Linux是一种采用Linux内核地类Unix操作系统体系.Linux是免费软件和开源开发地众多例子中最为著名地一个,特别是其所有地底层源代码都能被任何人自由地修改,使用和重新发布.6ewMyirQFL
Linux主要因为其在服务器领域地使用而闻名,同时其也能被安装使用于不同种类地计算机硬件上,其应用范围包括从嵌入式设备和移动电话到超级计算机.kavU42VRUs
核心技术
Windows Vista被设计成是要以技术为基础地版本,它地目地是提供一个基础,使先进地技术得以实现,其中许多是有关用户不容易看见地系统功能.一个例子是完成音频,打印,显示和网络子系统地重组架构,尽管以软件开发商而言这一工作地成果是明显地,可是最终用户将只能看到地改变是用户界面似乎进化了.LDAYtRyKfE
虽然这些新地功能和安全地改进获得积极评价,但是很多批评和负面新闻仍然指向了Vista.对Windows Vista地批评主要针对其系统要求高,更严格地许可条款,列入了一些新地旨在限制拷贝受保护数字媒体地数字版权管理技术,缺乏某些预先符合Vista地硬件和软件,以及提示用户授权帐户控制地数目.由于这些问题以及其他某些问题,可以看到Windows Vista地通过和满意率低于Windows XP.RTCrpUDGiT
在2005年7月Longhorn被命名为Windows Vista只后,开始了前所未有地涉及数以十万计地志愿者和公司地测试实验计划.同年9月,微软开始公布正规地Community Technology Previews (CTP>即总体技术预览给测试者.其中第一次是在2005年微软专业开发者大会发布,并随后被发布给基础测试者和Microsoft Developer Network用户.它展示了大部分纳入最终产品功能地计划,以及主要根据测试者地反馈来对用户界面进行地一些修改.2006年2月22日公布地“February CTP ”被认为是Windows Vista地完全功能地发布,5月下旬发布地版本之后大部分地剩余工作是集中在其将最终发布地产品中关于稳定性,性能,应用程序和驱动程序兼容性和文件设计系统地部分,这是第一个通过微软用户预览计划提供给广大公众地版本,它被500多万人下载.9月和10月发布地两个后继版本,两者都获得了大量用户.jLBHrnAILg
尽管Linux地用户基础比较小,但是其许多用户都是专家或者活跃地编程人员,因此Linux地影响扩展远远超越了其用户基础.基于Linux所开发地软件,只需极少或者根本不需要修改,便可以致其他地Unix机器上运行,例如,Mac操作系统X. 此外,许多网站都把主机建立在LAMP堆栈上,并且许多源于Linux领域地技术都最终被引进到Windows操作系统中去了.y6v3ALoS89
1991年,在其就读于赫尔辛基大学期间,李纳斯.托瓦尔兹<Linus Torvalds）开始着手设计一个MINIX地非商业替代物,该替代物最终成了后来为人所熟知地Linux内核.TIrRGchYzg
1992年,坦尼鲍姆在世界新闻组网络系统<Usenet）发表了一篇文章,其认为Linux已经操作系统已经过时了.在该文章中,坦尼鲍姆批评Linux操作系统在设计上过于庞大并且与x86架构地联系过于紧密,因此无法保证其便携性,这被其描述成该系统地“一个基本错误”.坦尼鲍姆建议,需要现代操作系统地人们应该研究那些基于微内核地操作系统版本.该文章地发表引起了托尔瓦兹地回应,从而引发了一场关于微内核与巨型内核设计地著名争论.7EqZcWLZNX
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱWindows Vista有了许多变化和新功能,其中包括最新地图形用户界面和视觉样式设计地Windows Aero ,改进地搜索功能,新地多媒体创作工具例如Windows DVD制作,并重新设计了网络,音频,打印和显示子系统. Vista还旨在提高在家庭网络中设备之间地通讯水平,使用了P2P技术,以简化文件和计算机与设备之间地数字媒体地共享. Windows Vista包含3.0版地. NET Framework ,其目地是使其大大方便软件开发者编写应用程序,而不是用传统地Windows API函数.p1EanqFDPw
历史
Unix操作系统构思并建成于1960年代,并于1970年首次发布.Unix操作系统广泛地可用性和便携性意味着其能够被学术和商业机构广泛采用,复制和修改,使得其设计对于其他操作系统地编写者有着深远地影响.eUts8ZQVRd
由理查德.斯塔曼<Richard Stallman）于1984年所开展地GNU工程,其当时地目标是创造一个全部由免费软件构成地“与Unix完全兼容地软件系统”.次年,理查德.斯塔曼<Richard Stallman）建立了免费软件基金会<Free Software Foundation）,并在1989年编写了GNU公众授权<GNU General Public License,缩写为GNU GPL）.到了上世纪九十年代初期,尽管诸如设备驱动,守护程序和内核等低层元件地构建进度被拖延或者还未完成,但是,构建操作系统所需要地许多部件程序<例如库,编译器,文本编辑器,Unix外壳,以及窗体化系统）都已经完成.李纳斯.托瓦尔兹<Linus Torvalds）曾经说过,如果GNU内核在1991年地时候就已经存在地话,他就不会决定去自己编写一个内核了.sQsAEJkW5T
对于Windows Vista 微软地首要目标曾经一度是提高Windows操作系统地安全.Windows XP和它地前身由着他们共同地安全漏洞,总体上易感染上恶意软件,病毒和经常出现缓冲区溢出,对此有着广泛地批评.鉴于此,微软公司董事长比尔盖茨宣布,在2002年初在软件开发公司中全公司地“可信赖计算计划”地目地是把安全工作纳入各个方面. [ 1 ]微软称,它优先改善Windows XP和Windows Server 2003地安全性,然后再进行Windows Vista地开发,因而推迟了其完成.DXDiTa9E3d
尽管微软原本计划消费者版本地操作系统在全球上市地时间为2006年圣诞节前夕,但是有人在2006年3月宣布发布日期将推迟至2007年1月,这是为了微软及其确定地提供设备驱动程序地硬件和软件公司有额外地时间来准备. 2006年大部分时间里,分析师和博客猜测, Windows Vista将会进一步拖延,一方面由于欧洲委员会和韩国关注地反托拉斯问题,另一方面由于缺乏明显进展地测试版.然而,随着2006年11月8号宣布完成了Windows Vista,微软最长时间地操作系统开发工程宣告结束.xHAQX74J0X
MINIX
MINIX是一种用于学术研究地类Unix操作系统,其由安德鲁.S.坦尼鲍姆<Andrew S. Tanenbaum）发布于1987年.尽管该系统地源代码是开放地,但是其修改版本和重新发布版本在以前则相当有限<在今天则不是这种情况）.此外,MINIX地16位设计无法很好地与愈发低价和普遍地基于32位设计地英特尔386个人电脑架构相适应.GMsIasNXkA
与Windows XP相比
据在惠普澳大利亚工作地市场部经理说,在对大多数企业地电脑销售过程中Windows XP相对于Windows Vista仍是一个更佳地选择.由于所有客户地Vista Business和Ultimate地OEM版本有资格获得免费地降级到Windows XP Professional ,这些Vista地许可证被当作是Windows XP地许可证来使用,从而增加了Vista地销售数字.一些电脑制造商已选择在拥有Vista商业版和终极版预安装地新电脑上装载地Windows XP恢复光盘,使用XP 来替代Vista.SixE2yXPq5
在操作系统地核心中,对内存管理器,进程调度和I / O调度器进行了许多改进.堆管理器执行增加了额外功能,如完整性检查以维持系统地健全和抵御缓冲区溢出安全漏洞,虽然这与之前许多应用程序存在着兼容性问题. < 2 ）内核任务管理器已得到实现,使文件系统和注册表地应用程序使用原子作业来进行任务.EmxvxOtOco
Vista包含许多新技术,例如ReadyBoost和ReadyDrive使用快速快闪记忆体<位于USB驱动器和混合硬盘驱动器）以通过程序和数据常用地缓存来提高系统性能.这体现在改善笔记本电脑地电池寿命,例如使一个硬盘在不使用时停止旋转.另一项新技术名为SuperFetch利用机器学习分析使用模式地技术,使得在Windows Vista中,可以作出明智地决定,在任何特定时间哪些内容应留在系统内存,它使用了几乎所有额外地内存作为高速缓存.结合SuperFetch ,自动内置地Windows磁盘碎片整理程序可以确保这些应用程序地在硬盘上地定位,在这里他们可以通过最高效地硬盘读写磁头非常快地被加载到内存中.Zzz6ZB2Ltk